Google
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at |http: //books .google .com/I
,/c2^f rr^ ^-U^^-i
DICTIONARY
OP
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Canute Chaloner
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
EDITED BY
LESLIE STEPHEN
VOL. IX.
Canute C haloner
^i* '.
MACMILLAN AND CO.
LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO.
1887
/9//^-^
X,h
LIST. OF. WEITEES
m THE NINTH VOLUME.
\Jm A^ • • •
. . Osmund Airt. - ■ .
E. H.-A.
. . Edwabd Hebon-Aixsk. •
A. J. A. .
. . Sib a. J. Abbuthnot, K.C.S.I.
T. A. A.
. . T. A. Abchbb.
J. A. . .
. . John Ashton.
W. E. A.
A. W. E. A. Axon.
J. El. B. .
. . J. E. Baiuet.
G. F. R.
B. G. F. Russell Babzeb.
G. T. B.
. . G. T. Bettant.
A. C. B.
. . A. C. BiCKLEY.
W. G. B.
. . ThbRev.Pbofe8sorBlaieie,D.D
G. C. B.
. . G. C. BOASK.
H. B. . .
. . Hbnbt Bradley.
R. H. B.
. . R. H. Bbodie.
A. H. B.
. . A. H. BULLEN.
H. M. C.
. . H. Manners Chichester.
A. M. C.
. . Miss A. M. Clerxe.
i.. \j. > .
. . Thompson Cooper, F.S.A.
C. H. C.
. . C. H. COOTE.
W. P. C.
. . W. P. Courtney.
M. C. . .
. . The Ret. Professor Crriohton.
1j» c . .
. . Lionel Cust.
R. W. D.
. . The Rev. Canon Dixon.
F. £. . .
. . Francis Rspinasse.
C. H. F.
. . C. H. Fibth.
J. G. . .
. . Jambs Gaibdner.
S. E. G. .
. . S. R. Gabdinxr, LL.D.
B. G Richard Gabnett, LL.D.
W. G. . .^. ..William Gbobgb.
J. W.-G. ., . J. WSSTBT-GIBSON, I4L.D.
G. G. . ..- . . Gk)BDON Goodwin.
A. G The Ret. Alexandbb Gobdon.
J. A. H. . . J. A. Hamilton.
T. F. H. . . T. F. Hbndebson.
G. J. H. . . . G. J. HOLTOAXB.
J. H Miss Jennett Humphbets.
R. H-T. . . . Robebt Hunt, F.R.S.
W. H The Rev. William Hunt.
B. D. J. • • B. D. Jackson.
A. J The Rev. Augustus Jessopp, D.D.
C. K. . . . . Chables Kent.
J. K Joseph Xnight.
J. K. L. . . Pbofbssor J. K. Lauohton.
S. L. L. . . S. L. Lee.
G. P. M. . . G. P. Macdonbll.
JE. M. ... ^NEAS Macxay, LL.D.
C. T. M. . . C. Trice Martin. F.S.A.
A. M Arthur Miller.
CM Cosmo Monkhoubb.
N. M Norman Moore, M.D.
J. B. M. . . . J. Bass Mullinoer.
T. The Rev. Thomas Olden.
J. John Ormsby.
J. H. O. . . The Rev. Canon Ovbbton.
vi List of Writers.
J. F. p. . . J. F. Paths, MJ). H. M. & . . H. M. Stephens.
G. G. P. . . . Th» Bit. Canon Pkrby. W. B. W. S. Thb Rbv. W. B. W. Stephens.
B. L. P. . . B. L. Pools. C. W. S. . . C. W. Sutton.
S. L.-P. . . . Stanur L4NB-P00LS. £• M. T. . . £. Maxtnds Thompson.
£. B. . . . . £bnb8T Badpobd. H. B. T. . . H. B. Tbodbb.
J. M. B. . . J. M. BiQo. J. H. T. . . J. H. Thorpe.
C. J. B. . . Thb Bvr. C. J. BcumacHr. ; T. F. T. . . Pbofbsob T. F. Tout.
E. 8. S. . . K S. Shugkbuboh. , £. Y Thb Bet. Canon Yenables.
£. S £dwabd Smith. A. W. W.. . Pbofbssob A. W. Wabd, LL.b.
G. B. S. . . G. Babnbtt Smrb. M. G. W. . . The Bet. M. G. Watkins.
G. S Goiawin Smith. F. W-t. . . . Fbancis Watt.
W. B. S. . . W. Babglat Squibb. W. W. . . . Wabwiol Wboth.
L. S
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Canute
•
Canute
CANUTE or CNUT (994 P-1036), caUed
the Great, and by ScandinaTiian writers the
Mighty and the Old, king of the' -English,
Danes, and Norwegians, was the youn^r
son of Swe^, kii^ of Denmark, by Signd,
widow of Eric the Victorious, kiqg of Sweden
(Adam Bsem. iL 87). In his charters his
name is written Cnut, and sometimes Enu5,
in Norsk it is Cnutr, and in Latin correctly
Cnuto. The name is one peculiar to the
Danish royal family. The form Ganutus is
a corruption ; it is, however, as old as the
canonisation of the later king of that name
by Paschal 11 about 1100 (^lnoth, Vita
8, Kanutiy ap. Langebek, Scrip, Her. Dan.
iii. 340, 382 ; Fbeeman, Norman Conqtcestf
i. 442). While, then, Canute is certaiidy an
incorrect form, it has obtained such sanction
as wide and long use can give. Sweyn had
apostatised, but some time after the birth of
dnut he again became a christian, and was
rebaptised. As a boy, then, Cnut must have
b^n a pagan, but he seems to have received
baptism before 1013, and possibly before
1000, the date of the battle of Swold, won
by Sweyn, as it seems, after his conversion,
and by his allies, the Swedes. At his baptism
Gnut received the name of Lambert (comp.
C^ron. JBricif Lastgebek, i. }58 ; Adam
Bbek. ii. 87, 38, 49, and Schol. 38). He
b said to have urged his father to invade
England in 1013 (Enc. Emnue, i. 3) ; he
sailed witk him, and must therefore have
landed at Sandwich, uid thence gdne round
to Gainsborough, whve Swejm received the
submission of Earl Uhtred of Northumbria,
and of all the Danish part of the kingdom.
Grossing Watling Street into the purely Eng-
lish districts, the host advanced to London,
ravaging all the country. Being repulsed
firom London, the Danes marched westwards,
and all Wessez snbmitted to Sweyn, who
TOL.IZ.
was now acknowledged as ' fiill king ' (-4.-A
Chron, 1013). London gave hostages to
him, and ^thelred fled to Normandy. Thus
Gnut's conquest only completed and confirmed
the work of his father {^orman Conquest, i.
399). According to one writer, Sweyn, be-
lieving Ijis end to be near, talked much with
his son concerning the art of government and
the christian rebgion {Enc. EmmeBf i. 6).
His death, however, was unexpected, and the
gifts Cnut afterwards made to the monas-
tery of Bury seem to show that he shared the
general belief tnat it was due to the vengeance
of St. Eadmund. Sweyn died on the road
from Gainsborough to Bury on 3 Feb. 1014.
His son Harold succeeded him in Denmark,
and the Danish fleet chose Cnut to be kin^ of
England. The * witan,* however, sent after
^thelred, and declared every Danish king
an outlaw. ^Ethelred returned to England
during Lent. Meanwhile Cnut remained at
Gainsborough until Easter (17 April), evi-
dently gathering together as large a force as he
could, in order to crush the newly awakened
energy of the English. Following his father's
example, he now made an agreement with the
people of Lindesey that they should supply
him with horses, an indispensable step to-
wards inland conquest, and then join his army
in ravaging the countiy. Before he could
set out ^thelred marched into Lindesey at
the head of a great host, and forced Cnut and
his Danes to flee. They sailed to Sandwich,
and there Cnut cut ofi^ the hands, ears, and
noses of the hostages his father had taken,
and put them ashore. He then returned to
Denmark.
Meanwhile the Norwegians shook off the
Danish yoke. Olaf Haroldsson (the saint),
a Norwegian sea-king, had carried iEthelred
from Normandy to England in his ships. Fore-
seeing that the English war would caU for all
B
m:^
Canute
^ Canute
Cnut's strength, and knowing that the bravest
Danes were with him, and amon^ them Eric,
the earl of Norway, he landed in that country,
and by the spring of 1015 obtained the crown
(Corpus Poeticum Boreale^u. 116, 127, 163).
According to a strange story, Cnut, on land-
ing in Denmark, asked his brother Harold to
divide his kingdom with him. Harold re-
fused, and Cnut let the matter drop for the
time (Enc, Emnue, ii. 2). In another account
the Danes are said to have deposed Harold
on account of his slothful and unwarlike cha-
racter, and to have chosen his brother king
in his stead, but, subsequently becoming im-
patient at Cnut's long absence, to have again
chosen Harold, who reigned until his death
(Chron, End, Lang. i. 168). It seems pro-
bable that Cnut, on his return at the head of
a powerful fleet devoted to his service, became
at least virtual sovereign of the country; that
some time later (during Cnut's second absence
in England, 1015-19) Harold regained the
authority he had lost while his abler brother
was in the country, and that Harold died
before Cnut returned to Denmark from his
second visit to England.
Having thus lost England, Cnut is said to
have prepared himself for its reconquest by
two successful campaigns against tne Slavs
dwelling on the south coast of the Baltic in
Sclavia and Sembia. The two brothers are
also represented as acting together. They
went to Poland and brou^t back with them
their mother, who was the daughter of Mie-
ceslas, the last duke, and on their return they
received the body of their father Sweyn, which
was sent over horn England by an English
lady, and buried it with great pomp at Hoskild
(Enc, Emma, ii. 3).
Cnut eagerly set himself to raise a suffi-
cient force for a fresh invasion of England,
and with the help of his half-brother, Olaf of
Sweden, he equipped a splendid fleet (Adam
Brem. ii. 50). A promise from Earl Thurkill
that he woidd join him with his ships, whether
delivered in person or not, decided the date
of his departure. He sailed from Denmark
in 1016, perhaps accompanied by his brother
Harold and by the earl (Thibtmab, vii. 28),
though Harold's presence may at least be
doubted {Enc, Emma, ii. 4) ; while the state-
ment that Thurkill went with the fleet de-
pends on his identity with a Thurgut spoken
of by Thietmar. Cnut landed at Sandwich.
Thence he sailed round the coast to the mouth
of the Frome, and harried Dorset (the sack of
the monastery of Ceme is specially recorded,
M<m, ii. 626) and Wiltshire and Somerset.
He met with no opposition, ^thelred lay sick
at Corsham, and tne ffitheling Eadmund and
Earl Eadric were at enmity with each other*
Eadric joined Cnut, bringing forty ships with
him, and hj Christmas Wessex submitted
to the Danish king and supplied him with
horses. Early in 1016 Cnut crossed the
Thames at Cricklade and ravaged Warwick-
shire; thence he passed over to Bedfordshire,
and then led his host by Stamford and Not-
tingham to York (A-5'. C%ron.l016; Othebe,
Corp, Poet Bor. li. 176). There Uhtred and
all Northumbria submitted to him. Never-
theless he treacherously allowed Uhtred to
be slain by his private enemies, and gave his
earldom to Eric, who had married ms sister
Estrith (Simeon, ap. Twtsdbn, col. 81). At
York he stayed some time to gather his forces,
^thelred was now dead, and on hearing of
his death Cnut appears to have sailea to
Southampton, and to have held a meeting
of the witan there, at which he was chosen
king, and the great men present at it re-
nounced the sons of ^Ethelred, and swore to
obey him (Flob. Wiq. i. 173 ; Norman Omr
quest, i. 418). The silence of the chronicles,
however, throws some doubt on this story.
Meanwhile the Londoners made ^thelreas
son, Eadmund, king in his stead. On 7 May
Cnut laid siege to London. The invading fleet
is said to have consisted of 340 ships, each con-
taining eighty men (Thietmab), and as the
river was defended by London Bridge, Cnut
made a canal along the south side of it, and so
drew his ships to t-he west of the bridge {A,^8.
Chron, \ Flobencb, i. 173 ; Lithsmen's Song,
Corp, Poet, Bor, ii. 108). Eadmund left the
city to gather a force in Wessex, and it was
perhaps now that Emma, ^thelred's widow,
m order to give her stepson time to come to
the relief oi the city, entered into negotia-
tions with Cnut, and that he was thus for the
first time brought into communication with
her (Thibtmab). Cnut was forced to march
westwards with part of his army to meet
Eadmund, and after two engagements the
Danes broke up the siege ; it was again formed
and again broken up, and Cnut, foiled in
his attempt to take London, seems to have
made the Medway the headquarters of his
fleet, and to have thence sent out expeditions
to plunder. A vigorous attack was made on
his army in Kent by the English under Ead-
mund, who drove him and his men into She]^
pey with great loss. The total failure of his
expedition now seemed certain, but the Eng-
lish king was hindered from following up his
success, and the Dane« were thus enabled to
leave their place of refuge. , The^ruggle, the
jdetails of which must be reserv^ for the life
'of Eadmund, ended in the battle of Assandun,
a spot which may be identified by the hill of
Astdngton in Essex. There Cnut met an
army gathered from every part of England.
Aftirr s Btnliborn battle lasting throughout
t)i» H«v.flti'l PTun by moonlight, tlie EngliaU
""•' Mil. retreat soon bet«me a rout,
' Knwer of the KosUBh race was
. .(■ iA.-S. ChrmT)
vt'd the EnKlish Idng into Glou-
lirani as tie Tictory was, he
km'v ill lit iHadmimd might once more gallier
Ativngth, and ha therefore consuntMl to make
t«mi8 niih him. The two IdngB met on the i
i«le of Olney in the Severn, near Deerhuret.
Henry of Huntingdon's etoiy of a combat 1
between them, nnd that told by William of
MoltaesbuTT of a challenge sent by Eadmund
uid rettised by Cnut. may holli be set aside
an nytliical. At Olney the land was divided.
CbhI took the norl.bero part ; WessM re-
mained to Eadmuod (H.} Thia e«ems all
thtit enn Iv «jud with abeolute certainty about
''■- — '^-nt. By sxipplyiug a defective
i t.iri'ncefromRogecof Wendover,
I Hadmund'fl share hIbo included
rid Egwfxwith London, and that
, .r'i^vnofthc kingdom, Cnut being
an'(iider-WiTiff(I.'t,on.Wi9.i.l78;Roc.WeND.
1.456). On the other hand, Henrv of Hunt-
ingdati (7t>6), though be is probably wrong,
assigns Londonand thelteadahipof theking-
domloCnul. TheLondonera'Dought peace'
of thf Ihineu, and the fleet took up winter
quan«rathere(^.-&CAr[»«.;LitJumen'sSong,
Corp. Pott. Bor. a. 108), Eadmund was slain
30 riov. Tliere is no trustworthy evidence
thkt Cnnt hod any hand in this opportune
CTent. No English writer accuses him of it,
and the sloir in the ' KoytUnga Saga' that
tit? omployi^d Eadric to elay him ia unworthy
of btrLef. Saxo (193) speaks of the beli^
llmt h(i wnM put tn deaili by Cnut's order,
■vritbout accepting the story. UenrvofHunt-
ingdon gives a detailed account of the mur-
dci of the king Iiy Earl Kadric : he there makes
Eadric boast of Ilia deed to Cnut, who there-
upon ha» him slain, even as David didbv him
whn declureil that he had put Saul to death.
TlwrD seems no (wwon for doubting that the
kinff net a violent death ; that he was slain
by Eadric is certainly probable, and while
thereia nothing U> prove that Cnut instigated
■dor, it waa done in his interest by
jK vbo believed that they had good cause
~)«et diat he would reward ihem for
n tho deoth of Eadmund, Cnut imme-
ItcoUo^ the wit on to London, and, when
rably had met, bade thoi<e who were
t Bt the conference at Olney declare
ji had been settled there about the suc-
Tliey answered tltat Eadmund had
false. Onnt was then formally
; Canute
chu^n king, and be received the oatlis of the
witim; nnd when perhaps a fuller assembly
had been gathered, tiis hingsliip was Renerally
acknowledged. The great men and the people
swore to obey him, and he made oath to tbem
in return (i5. 180).
Cnut was about twenty-two wlii-n he as-
cended tlie throne in the tirst days of 1017.
In spile of the formal election end oaths
which accompanied his accession, he hod
reuUy won the kingdom by the sword, and in
order to render his position secure be indulged
his naturally stern and revengeful temper by
putting several of the most powerfiil English-
men to death. Among these were Kadric^
by whose treasons against his natural lord he
had often profited, and .^thelweard, the eon
of ^thelmter, the patron offline the Gram-
marian \t{. v.] An tetheling named Eadwig
was banisheo and afterwaii^ slain by his or-
ders, and with him, too, was hanishodanotlier
Ead wig, called the 'ceorls'king.' It is gene-
rally asserted on the authority of Florence of
Worcester that the eons of Eaiynund were sent
to Olaf of Sweden that he might slay them,
but that they were saved from death.andsent'
into Hungary. There is, however, good reason
for believing that for ' ad regem Suuavorum '
should be read ' ad regem Sclavorum,' that
Cnut sent the children to his brother-in-law
Bolealas, and that Mieceelas, his nephew, ^ent
them safely to Russia (Stbeitbtbitf, Nor-
manwTTW, lii. 305). The two sons of /Ethel-
red were with their mother at the court of
Richard, duke of the Normans, who might
have been disnosed to lake up hia sister's
cause, r Cnut, however, avoided this danger
by his marriuee with her.' Emma, or, as the
English calleJher.vElfgifu, whom /Ethelred
married ' before August ' in 1002, must have
been about ten years older than her new hus-
band. Nevertheless, the marriage need not
have been one of merepolicy, for.ilie-Jffaa !&
morkably beautiful. Cnut was already the
lover of another >EIfEif\i, sometime, it is said,
the mistress of Olaf of Norway fsee /Elfqifh
of Northampton]. By her he had two sons,
Harold and Sweyn. Emma, therefore, before
she accepted hisofier, stipulated that, should
she bear the king a son, no other woman's son
should aucceetl to the kingdom, and to thia
Cnut agreed {Enr. Emnue, ii.,16).
In 1018 Cnut levied a heavv danegeld of
"•2,000 pounds, besides lo,000"T^ch betook
from London alone. With thid money he
C'd offbisDaniah forces and sent them away,
^ing only forty ships with theircrews, who
formed the nucleus of his body of 'hua-carls.'
And inthe seme year he held a gemot at Ox-
fonl, wliere Danes and Engli^ joined to-
gether in the observance of ' Eadgar's law.'
B 'i
Canute 4 Canute
The phrase denotes a renewal of the good go-
yemment under which men had lived in the
reign of Eadgar, when both races dwelt to-
gether on terms of perfect equality, each being
judged by its own law, though indeed the
difference between the systems was scarcely
more than one of name. From this time
Cnut appears in England as a wise and just
fiEither had done the saint, turned out the
secular clerks, and filled their places with s
colony of monks brought from the monas-
tery of Hubn in Norfolk (Will. Malm. Gesta
Beg, ii. 181, Gesta Pontiff. 161 ; Monasticon,
iii. 135, 137). The solemn translation of the
body of Archbishop iElf heah from St. Paul's
to the metropolitan church in 1023 doubt-
ruler. He reigned as a native king, and | less had a political as well as a religious
though he was lord of vast dominions he ever I significance. The English saw that the days
treated Enjj^land as the chief of all. He con- | oi plimder by the heathen-men were over
stantly visited his other kingdoms, but he \ for ever, and that the Danish king delighted
made his home here, and while he ruled else- ! to honour the martyr whose death made him
where by viceroys he made this country the | a national hero. Another of his acta of de-
seat of his government, so that in his reign votion has been held to cast a suspicion
England was, as it Tsere^ the head of a north- ' upon him, for in 1032 he visited Glaston-
em empire (Adam Bbem. ii. 63). Yet even bury, and after praying before the tomb of
here he adopted something of an imperial : his rival Eadmund offered on it a pall worked
system of government ; for, following out the with the various hues of the peacock. He also
policy alrwwly pursued by Eadgar, he divided gave a charter to the monastery (Will. M alx.
the kingdom into fourearldoms, and entrusted . li. 184, 185). He appears as a benefactor at
the administration of each part to a single | Canterbury, Winchester, Ely, Ramsey, and
earl, Just as each of the four divisions of elsewhere. He held English churchmen in
the dferman land and race was under its high esteem. He admitted Lyfing, abbot of
own duke (Stubbs, Const Hist. i. 202, where i Tavistock, and aften^^-ards (1027) bishop of
the feudal tendency of this arrangement is Crediton, to intimate friendship, and took
marked). The highest offices in church and him with him on Ids journeys to Denmark
state were open to Englishmen. yEthelnoth ' and Rome (Will. Malm. Gesta Pontiff. 200).
was archbishop of Canterbury, Godwine earl | Archbishop /Ethclnoth evidently had con-
of W^essex. iJuring his later years, indeed, siderable influence over him. He took many
whenhe saw fit to banish certain Danish earls clergy from England to Denmark, and ap-
from England, he filled their places with ' pointed some of them to bishoprics there. One
Englishmen, and so ' Danish names gradually ' or more of these bishops were consecrated by
disappear from the charters and are succeeded , the English metropolitan. This brought the
by English names ' {Norman Conquest ^ i. 476) . king into communication with Unwan, arch-
Having set in order his new kingdom, bishop of Hamburg. Unwan seized Ger-
Cnut visited Denmark in 1019, usinf^ for : brand, who had been consecrated to the see
his voyage the forty ships he had retained, i of Roskild by ^thelnoth in 1022, and made
He took with him Englishmen as well as him profess obedience to him, and wrote to
Danes, and Godwine is said to have gained Cnut to complain of this ii^ingement of
his favour by doing him good service in a the rights of his see. Cnut was glad to
war he made during this visit against the oblige the powerful metropolitan of the
W^ends (Hen. Hu^n*. 757). On his return : north, and took care that all such matters
to England in 1020 he was present at the ; should be arranged as he wished for the
consecration of the church at A ssandun that future. Whatever headship England had
he and Earl Thurkill had built to commemo- among the dominions of the Danish king, it
rate the victory over Eadmund. The chro-
nicler notes that the building was ' of stone
was not to give the church of Canterbury
metropolitan rights over them (Adam Bbev.
and lime,' for in that well-wooded district i ii. 53). Cnut's munificence extended to foroim
timber would have been the natural and less ! churches, and by the advice of yEthelnoth he
costly material to use. Wulfstan, arch- ' greatly helped the building of the cathedral
bishop of York (the lee of Canterbury was of Chart res. His devout liberality took men
vacant), and many bishops were there, and . by surprise. Both he and his father Sweyn
the ceremony was one of national impor-^ seem to have been looked on as heathens by
tance. The foundation must have bceiy- Christendom at large until Cnut exhibited
small, for the church was served b v a single*! himself as the most zealous of christian kings.
secular priest. Cnut was a liberal ecclesi-
astical benefactor, generally favouring the
monks rather than the secular clergy. He
rebuilt the church of St. Eadmund at Burv,
evidently aa an atonement for the wrong Im
The affairs of the north were little known, and
Cnut, in spite of his baptism, gave men little
cause to deem him a christian until after his
accession. A contemporair writer, Ademar
of Chabannes, states that he was converted
•Aerhe c»Die tn the tlironn {BecueU, 1. 156),
and Folbert, biahoji of OlianrSB, writ.Lag
in 10S0 or 10-Jl to tiumk him for the giAs
be bad iDkde to his diurcli, imiilies that up
to tbot time he Lad behaved that he was a
pipTin {ih. 4+!'lj. In a li^nd of St. Ead^h,
•' ■' '■■■ ""■"■■>'n of MBlmesbury, Cnut 18 re-
I '! hy hia heathen prejudices
I Jiijheh saints. Ue especially
-anctity of Eadgyth as the
Lu.l^ar, whom he nnmounced a
Jiuli'ul ijniiit. jKtbelnotU rehuJted him, and
tile aunt heranlf rase up to convince him of
hit taa (WltL Malm. Gata Pontiff. 190).
TliD atotv if foolish enough, hot taken in cnn-
nection wilh the aasertiona tliat Cnut acted
by tlw advice of .'Ethelnoth in sending giftd
to Chortres, and that the archbiebop accom-
paoied him on hi« tisit to Glastonbury, it
perhaps su^^ests that .iCtlielnoth was the
BiMUiB of turning the king from a mere
DDminal Christianity, such as he professed
irbeii he luulilated the hosta^ in 1013, ^o
tt mal for tiie faith and a life uot wholly
unworthy of It. Tlie belief of Fulbert and
Ademai its to the king's bi'ntbenigni wus of
course eoimected with the fact that 'pugoni'
«■« the n-cognised description of the Danes.
Under the year 10l>2 it is said in the
Anc'o^o^"" Chronicle that Cnut 'went out
witli hi« ships to Wiht,' and the next year he
ift descriliod as returning to England. These
e&trioe havi^ been satietactorily explained as
nXesmtig to on expedition to WihtUnd in
EMhonia (Siebsbibup, Normannfme, iii.
SSS). Earl Thurkiil was outlawed from
Ei^land in 1U21. Nevertheless, beforeCuut
left Denmark to return hither after this ex-
xru nrobahly Swern, the son of iElfgifu of
Karthunpton. Tie king brought Thuckill's
•oa back with him aea hostage lor his father's
pnw! I)e!iayi"iir. About this time he banished
T-'..-i i.v.,. I.-,,,., England, and a few years
' iir'phew Uakon, giving their
'[■-!. to EnglJahmen.
iian^e to Rom€, assigned in
r„ liJsi, took place itil02a-7,
ff>r lie n-'i-ti'd at the coronation of the em-
peror Oonnid on 26 March 1037 (Wipo, c.
16; Si9KVJ,T, Oirp. Fbet. Bor. ii. 136). On
bi» way he gave rich gifts to the various mo-
BU[«rieM to which be came. At St. Umer
the wnt«r of the ' Encomium Emmie ' saw
Iliin aod mnrvBltsd at his devotion and mu-
iuflc«ni^. lie sent to England an account
of his visit to Home in a lettv addressed to
ibo archbishojM. biahops, and all the English
Sntle and lunple. He tells bis people how
I jpigamrtsv, vaved some time Wore, had
been put ot( by press of business, and bow
frhid be was that he bad at liLst. seen all the
loly places at Home ; he describes how
honourably be bod been^ceived by the pope
and the emperor, and says that he bad ob-
tained promises from the emperor and from
Rudolf of Burgiindy that matibonts and pil-
grims of England and Dkumark should not
lie oppressed on tiheir way to Rome, and
from tne pope that some abatement cbould
be made in the large sums doraauded from
his archbishops in return for the pall, and
that be had made a vow to rei^ woU and
amend whatever be had done amiss as a ruler
(FwiH. Wis. i. 186; WiLt, Malb. ii. 18.^).
The whole letter shows bis warm-bearled-
ness and his confidence in tbe sympathy of
his people. While, however, there is much
that is uoble in it, there is something alsoof
tbe simplicity of the backward civilisation
of Scandinavia. By a treaty arranged by
Archbishop Unwon, Cnut's daughter Qun-
hlld was Tietrothed to the emperor's son
Henry, and Conrad gave the Danish king
the march of Sleswic and accepted the Eider
as the boundary between Denmark and Ger-
muiy (ArAK BuBM. ii. 64).
•When Cnut was firmly established, on the
EngUsh throne, he sent messengera to Olaf
HaJvldsson, demanding that he should hold
Norway as his earl and pay liim tribute, Oa
Olaf 's refusal be set about creating a party
for himself in Norway, and spent money
freely in bribing the Norwe^ansto be thltb-
lees to their kin^ (SiaHVii, 4). Olaf sought
to strengthen hunself byfonning an alliance
ithtbeliingofSweden. About 1026 it seems
Eatritb, is said to have tried to make one of
hissonskingof Denmark inbisplace. Besides
the discontent that Cnut's absence from hia
paternal kingdom would naturallv occasion,
It ie probable that his active cnristianity
was unacceptable to some part of bis Danish
subjects {Ann. HiUlftheim. 1035). Hewent
over to Denmark probably in 10-26, and Ulf
is said to have submitted to him, He then
sailed to meet tbe allied fleets of Norway
and Sweden, which were ravaging Scania.
After a fierce engagement in the Uelgariver
the Bancs were worsted iA.-S. Chron. 1025 ;
Saxo, 195 ; Ann. Itl. an. 1027 ; according to
fithere'fl song they slopped tbe foray, Corp.
Pnet. Jior. ii. 156). After the battle, in
which many Englishmen are said to have
fallen, Cnut, as tbe story goes, picked a,
quarrel with Ulf and had bim assassinated
in St. Lucius .Church at Itoskild (I.Allra,
Hamikringla, ii. c. 163). That he caused
Ulf to be put to death there is no reason to
I -«i
Canute 6 Canute
doubt, and iv-hilo thort' is ni> eTi<lt*mv tliat not swm. to have been brought into any per-
ho aoteii unjustly, the killiiij in the church sonal ctDnnection. From tlie contradictoiy
i> |vrhni>$ almost ti>x> startling to W a mere notices of his reUtions with the Norman
invention, ami it* it tvx^k place it would of duchy it seems that after he had put Ulf to
course have btvn an out nice vMi the iVi-lln*:* of death he gave his sister Estrith, the earls
the ago. Cnut ov^niinu«Nl to intrigue with widow, in marriage to Duke Robert, who
I he Mibitvis of Olaf, and he did so wirh *uch hatrvl her and put her away ; that Kobert de-
gi>*vl etfivt thaT. wlu n in li>*JS he again saile-i , manded that the sethelings should be allowed
to Norway. iMuf was forct d to il«'. In kt>i.l 1 1 return, and that restoration should bemade
iHaf made an attempt to rt^.n4in h:s throne, t 'thrm; and that on Cnut's refusal the duke
but he was defeat ixl and slain by Cnu:'s tiiti-d out a fleet for the invasion of England,
|^r:y at StikelsTt-ad. l»y his diath Cn;iT but that many of his ships were wrecked off
gainixl sivure jw^scssion of Norway. IWsi :es .Tersi-y. and so the expedition was abandoned
h:s th:\v king^:on:s of Kng'-and. lV:in::irk. t llriK-LF Giaber. iv. 6: Saxo, 193; Pet.
and Noni\av, iu- rt^ign^sl o\ir certain S'ivic Oi-M.ap. Laxg. ii. fJi^o; Will. OF JuxikoBB,
iwi^les on tV.e CvX-ts: of :he IVihio. w::v^^ v:. 10; Will. Malm. ii. 1??0. who says that
lAuds art^ dos**T:K-.: .ss rv';iv:a sr. : Jvn-V:.^ s^me iv mains of the shattered fleet were to
iSvxo, UV\ r,r:i\-l*J^. i>:i :V.e s.::'.-r.:vo: be s^-tn at Kouen in his dav: yorman Owi-
Flort^nvv of W.^rvvsTtr V.e is sa*. : :o :.-iv.- A:^ c:.^-r. i. oi\^^». It was probably in order
ik-riUv. h-.:v.sol: -n :V.e K.iv.ai: 1-, :::t r.>*k-.r*: : ^ strtiigibm himsrif against any possible
cf iv^r: o:" the Swtv.os.* lU iVTTAir.'.y \v5.s a::acks fr.^m Normandv that Cnut made
nt\i7 ;r. .v.:y Mr.se k:::g ct :V.? ^^^ -.■>,>. sr..: aV.:&r..v w::h William \ . duke of Aquitaine
the iVi>>s^-:!- V.ss Uvii sa::*:^*:: r.'.x ■= xv'.;, :::-.'. ari cr^n: :•! Poiioa iAdexak. 149k ^
b> :h:^ >.igj:vs:i.*u :V.s: tV.-.n V..ss ivrr.A c-^n- Cr.:::"* ;aKe 'f laws, 'decreed with the '
f;;s.^ni U:^i-.:i "soi" *:v.i *s;." Ar. ; ::.;.: i: c.nf-.n: :f:hrwi:an* a: s<."»me uncertain date,
rktVrs t.^ V.is Sl.s^ic s;;V;iv*:s .>7V:Ns'.sv?. o r.:ii::s r.> a>«>xu:<^'.y new principles or cos-
JN, -^v;.?>»%.-'-x.'. :.■ ;\*_^r -:>['\ ILs vvr/..:. .r.* : n:-^ I: is uliviied into ecclesiastical and
art" tvr.>:.*kr.:'.} s'jVn-. r. v*:" ,ss s.v. i ::::.>. ir..l o:vi". li^s, Tbr command with which it
r.*"\\ ;;*. ;:v.;> 7..-i'. :,■*>:...''.; ;ii v-.- •.;■.::•.::: -.v. N rT»-^v ;>.-*. :::i: rurn • sh vjld ever love and wor-
Vat'. H.\xoa. li^.r::-.:: jr..;:. :*:.•: >;r. .:' F,r.i:v.i.
a'> ^ «,^> r.'.s^li 7.:'.v7 /:' '.\r.:v..^rk.
n.:" .:::":.'.: .:" tV,; N .— I r v."/: r.v.'.s : v :>.;■ ,-v.r o :-.«:::..::. -^i:: ibis is further illustrated
SiV.v .'.: r.-.iV.: -.v. .:: '.v ".S , v.'.y ^- r..>7r.s ::.• ry '/:.-: o.rLTiirLs.-^n brtwern breaches of the
IV r>. v.;,' V..#:.:% o: iV.v.: .v. sS f.sr .ss- :: *i<: li*."^ .- a I'iurch ajid in the king's house.
I.. -.v. :v. Af::7 >:-.'» Ts : .* '.Vr^v tV.v 5o: : t >>. V.r.^ :>.:r. Uyj 4:\ ;o h: strictly observed. The
1." :-.,sv..-\*":-'j;v ';. > >..*.> T-. .'7 :y A':r. ..^:. •.tf.yr.t-r.: : :::bt* as i o: other ecclesiastical
:..; >..Vv...x^. v. . : M^■. '.:v. a>.-.s .-: ::;t v.r;.-, :...:> .s ? r.: . r.-^-o. ar.i all men ar« bidden to
%.'.^v.. »-. ;,r«,. .;- *.s ;/.:". .7 .v.> . ,\*.i>. * .■:•:■-■.- '..V- IT. ::.t>".:y. a c>r!:s:And which leads one
r...v...r. . T^, ".«,: .■:■>■;. y ::...> :s:a: *.n:.:v. :.- s.:7":«.>!< :>.*: *b-. kr-ng had then separated
>:^.-.l ;• ,-:,'"" :V.; <o ::.-..•'.:..-■.:• 1.^ rrr-W-ir.:- :: N:r:Sanp:on. The civil
• ■■■-"-. ,. :.■..■..::-.;;■ ^:;.; ..>.^ Vv.^..>:. ".A-a-s t:^ :t tiif n.vt par: iv-enactments,
'.:.v... ..■ ...: N,-. ;■..>';■. ,-7.^^" "n>.> ::.; >.,:■. v. v. r.; ^r .'. .r. s: ~ i .":**-* r.iTilcfmen's, of the legis^
.■: A r.:.v.-. ; V.:. ..> .V.^r..:^ r. : : -: .■"r.s-j^^,-::' .: *,i: •- .:" ;.*.rl>.r kin^s^ and especially of
'. ;:-. '.■.■.-.■.*.-. . \ v\-...: >;'. " > : : fr. -. i.:: ./.'.% Yj. \r*.r. LnL r^ay rif i»kei on as the exi»la-
4v.;r.'.. S,^ . r .■. ... -». '^.'.",v'." > <. ■;-.*- r.'T .r. ,: ::jr arrttiCTT:: :n "Eadgnr's law*
* ■^•- -^- ■ .:>.*■.■.'> ,■ . . ^ V - ■ _ ■ ,■* . . 7. J :.. ":^ ;■; . -^..- :* -.xv -^,;^er« at iheOxford
V* '\ .••■-■ ^^ ■ -^ ^ ' ^ '■■ ? . . ~ ■'.^.•- .'»*s: ~ ': An- c^ : :.-: = >si n j-i^worthy pro-
»'.«....:-«: ■-. :■ :. .-. > ;■ ^ :- .:;■-> \ >'.T^i «.7v :*.- '..s: ri"'^f:i o: cases which the
>. *;>..:...-. -.. . s, ". •• . - '. : < ;... > >. 7,;>.?cr»::'.i:.'T :..?:wr.VLr:.ihelateri)leas
••"*■ "i *^;*'; ^ -i ^->'A V / - : : t^-i c^**T-. f^.i :i.'5 r-.-sr. virtually nominal,
..•,.:.: ..•;•.. :. . :':;\ .■»:-■.%. > 'v-t -:..■; .". ^i-^T.-.^js :^o.>^::3ft;•i ^tt-wrrn Danish and
V; " * ' ■■'" ■ K-' : v. "..^^ >.r ' • . . - 'ir-.^-. >'. ,-.is: ::tr.>^ ioci. t* *r.r tne paid bv the
•'• ■■ •■''•'^.•■"t *• '^ " : ' ' V^..:" ^-r.TLLr. -r»itr li* same r-f'wite and
^^. ?.- •» ;.i ..: !•.: ".- O *.: ".-<".■ r...-^ ; -. !.;V»j.7: .-r.vvT-.'ra: .-•f'lah-slite" i Thorpe,
• ■ -. ■
St.. 5 :--.- O V. and : ve King Cnut with right
:r.::"ri.:l-t***' tTvathrs the spirit of the king i
r-T:n.=:t:;: and puts f.-rward the reli^oos
?..::v :: l.vtiTv.still a somewhat new i^in
« •
*.."■:■ ..."*-. \o .Mi-i.'f* r.'-T'^ ".?i .. xhi- f-rest const itu-
*^*' • *■ ■ '^ .'■* S''\ : . .7.> ■» :. J.-.! '>fxarC'r«:t'ssassr are^ai least aa
*:• »*.':.sT.... .V. « * •..>;.-.-. • ". ' .. t ,;.■ . rv .^ :.f > . ,vi7i?i .^:wii 1 .-• US., a Utercompila-
V.i. .:..* :■ t^sr.:- N k.-. iT :..T. ; ..t. \". :>.*; is ta:wt tec ceitain ab*:tut
*> .lu.t lu^:. ^^ .;i; :iu ^^«-.s:. ^>r..: ,^a> 2. .s k>rfi^i.'tt .*& :iis siuser is contained in
Canute
Canute
ws, cap. 81 : ' And I will that every
le entitled to his hunting in wood and
1 on his own possessions ; and let every
>rego my hunting. Beware where I
lave it untrespassed 04^. under penalty
1 wite.' The payment of henots en-
. by caps. 71, 72, and said to have
ntroduced by Cnut, has been shown to
t>een exacted before his time, and the
sntment of Englishry/ attributed to
y the so-called ' Laws of Eadward the
Bsor/ belongs to the Norman period
L Hist, i. 196, 200, 206). The crews of
>rty Danish ships retained by Cnut
le the origin of the permanent band of
guards, named ' hus-carls,' which was
up until the Conquest. This force is
y Saxo (196) to have consisted of as
as 6,000 men, but this is probably an
eration. Cnut drew up regulations
3 discipline, which are described by
and are given in detail by Sweyn Ag-
(Leges Castrensiumj YtLsQ, iii. 139;
PE). The hus-carls have been fre-
ly compared with the comitatiLs ; their
ctly stipendiary character, however,
1 to make the comparison invalid (caps.
While some of the regulations have
piciously modem tone Te.g. cap. 14),
18 no reason to doubt that they sub-
ally represent the king's work. The
received many foreign recruits, and
ff them the famous Wendish prince Go-
Ic, who stayed with Cnut until the king's
Godescalc is said to have married
la, the daughter of Sweyn, the son of
th, Cnut's sister (Saxo, 208, 230). She
.ed Cnut's daughter by Helmold (Chron,
c. 19, comp. also Chron, Slav, c. 13, 14,
ANDENBROO, Rerum Germ, Scriptores),
dmply the daughter of the king of the
s by Adam of Bremen (iii. 18). Al-
jrh Siritlia must have been a young
for Godescalc if she was Cnut's great
, Saxo is probably right. She certainly
QOt the daughter eitner of Emma or of
;ifu of Northampton. The assertion
rnan Conquest y i. 649) that she is called
omyn ' arises from a misreading of the
onicon Slavorum'in Landenbrog s *Scrip-
' quoted above. Cnut's reign gave Eng-
eighteen years of peace ; it was a period
w and oraer, during which national life
bom again after it had been crushed by
lisasters and jealousies of the reign of
elred and by the terrible slaughter of
ndun. The distinctly English character
nut's reign isclosely connected with the
of Godwme. After his good service in
rVendish war, the king gave him to wife
la, the sister of Ulf, his brother-iu'-law.
During the whole reign he held the highest
place in the king's favour, he was the foremost
man in his court, and his appointment to the
West-Saxon earldom made him second only
to the king ( Vita Ead. 392-3).
Cnut's character is represented in dark
colours in the *• Northern Kings' Lives.' In
one important case, his alleged unfair dealings
with his Norwegian supporter. Calf Amason,
the editors of the ' Corpus Poeticum Boreale '
have shown that the compiler of the lives has
wronged him. That he was the enemy of
St. Olaf is sufficient reason for the unfavour-
able light in which he is represented by
northern writers. From the more trustworthy
songs of his contemporaries comes a picture
of the king as a mighty ruler, wise, politic,
and crafty^lover of minstrelsy and a patron
of poets, uliey exhibit a man endowed with
a remarkable power of judging the characters
of others, ana of using them to forward his
own interests.j His craftiness is abundantly
proved by his intrigues in Norway, and the
natural cruelty and violence of his temper
surely need no special proofs. Only indeed
as the natural bent of nis disposition is ap-
prehended can the extraordinary restraint
that he put on himself be duly appreciated.
As a bountiful patron of the church his praises
are loudly proclaimed by our chroniclers, and
even if they had been silent his laws and the
general character of his reign as an English
king would tell the same story. Of the two
most famous stories told of lum, the rebuke
tliat he is said to have given to the flattery
of his courtiers is preserved by Henry of
Huntingdon (758), who adds that thence-
forward he would never wear his crown, but
hung it on the head of the crucified Lord.
The other tale, which represents him goingj
in his barge to keep the feast of the Purifica-
tion with the monks of Ely, and bidding his
men listen to chanting which as he came
near was heard rising from the church, is
from the Ely historian (Gale, iii. 441), who
gives the words of the song Cnut is said to
have made at the time : —
Morio sungen t5e muncches binnen Ely,
Da Cnut ching rou "Sor by ;
RowetS cnichtes noer "5a land,
And here we |>cs muneches sieng.
The story is in strict accord with his love of •
minstrelsy as well as with his ecclesiastical
feelings. An incident recorded by the same
monastic historian, who tells how Cnut largely
rewarded a stout peasant who walked over the
ice to find out whether it would bear the
king's sledge, is in keeping with the gifts
he gave to the bards wlio sang his praises
(Corpus Poet, Bor ii. 158). ij[iother story
Canute
repreaentvbim &b tbe firet to break iik
litary regnlntions by ulnylng one of tis hiis-
carla in a flC of pasaioQ, and t^lla hovr he
Bummoned tlio court of the company, ap-
peared before it to take tia trial and demnnded
Bent«nce, and how, when the members refused
to condemn him, he sentenced himself to pr
nine times the Bum appointed as the v)Ji
of the man's life (Sam, 199). Cnut died .
Shaftesbury on !3Noy. 1036, and they carried
him thenee to Winchester and there buried
him with great honour in the Old Minsti
(A.-S. Chrm.; 1'lob. Wig,) Swejn and
JIarold,lu8HonBbyjElfgifu of Northampton,
and bis two children by Emma, Hanhacnut
and Qunhild, and both Emma and vElfffifii
themselves, aurvived him. Conscious Uii
fais dominions could not remain united afti
his death, he ordered that Ilarthacnut should
reign in England, and as it seems in Denmark
also, and that Norway should go to Sweyn;
for Iforold no proTision seems to hnTe been
msde, Gunhildorj^lhelthryth, betrothed by
her father to Henry, the son/of the emperor
Conrad, did not marry him unj^flOSO; she
died before her husband wavmado emperor.
[Anglo-Saxon Chron. ; FloroucBof WoK^tor,
Eng. HJHt, Soe, ; Williumof Malmosbury. Gosta
Begum, Eug. Hiit. Soc.nnd Geetu Pontiff. Rolls
Set.; Henry of HontingJoa. Mod. Hist. Brit.;
Symeon of Durham, De obsossione Dunolmi. ap.
'Tvyaden, col. 79; Hisn^mtnai, Miraeula S. Ead-
inuniii, cd. Liebcnnnnn ; Lives of Edward the
Cunfessor. Bolls Ser. ; HistoHa EliensisacdHiat.
KiimB., Qoltt.iii.; Kcmble^B Codei Ilipl. iv. 1-56,
and Diplomalarium ; Thorpe's Ancient Laws
and iBBtUutPs ; Kucomium EmmiE ; Adnmi Seats
Usmmabuig. eool. pontiff.; "Wiponis Vila Chaon-
radi Imp. ; Uelmoldi Chron. tilavurum (Lboiie
four are published sepurately ' in DKum scliola-
runi ex Mon. Germ. HiaC Portz) ; Aunalcs Hil-
detiheim. p. lOD.andTbictmaH ChrOD. vii.p.e36,
up. Scriptores rerum Germ, iii., Pertz; Sven
AKtMSon's CSiroD. p. 64; Chron. Erici, p. 15B;
Annales EErom. p. 236; Ann. Koakild. p. 37S
(t)icaefanr are eoutainodin .Scriptores reniin Ua-
niearum i., LingBbek) ; Petri Olai Eicerpla.
p. 205 [ibid, ii.); Ann. Iiilandorum regii, p. 40,
nndLt^csCnslroniriiun, p. 139,ibid.iii.; S^onis
Grammatici HiaC. Donicii, ed. 1614; Vigfusson
and Powell, CorpoB Poelicum Bocoale; laing'a
Heimsluringiaor Sea Kings of Norway — the Wt
■edilion ia Ongar'a 'Fris-bok;' Glabri Rodolphi
Sist. p. I ; Ademori Cabao. Uisl. p. Hi; £pp.
Pulberti Comot, Kp. 443 (tbese thcco are m
liecueil den HiBtoriens i., Bouquet); William
of Jumiigcs ap. Hist. Normann. Scripturas
Xhichesno. Freeman's Nanuan Conquest, i. 399-
£33, gives a full and critical account, with valn-
nblc ri'ferenCGB to original autboritien, which has
been i-qually nscfiil ss a history of Gnat's Eng-
lish doings and aa a guide to (he sources of in-
formation. Itthonldbo DOtcdthatDr.Fieeman'B
Canynges
work appeared befure ihe editors of the Corpus
Poet. Bor. threw sonio new and luiuable liglit
on Gnat's life, especially as regards its chrono-
logy. Dr. Freemiin'e work on Cnut has been
Bttributsd
England, 418-77, gives a pictureaque account o(
England under Cuut'srule. Bishop Stuljba's Cou-
stitntional History, i. c. 7, contains some adnii-
rable notices of points which bear on his subjecL
For Cnut's rekiUons with the Scots see Skeao's
Celtic Scotlanil, i., and Robertson's Scotland
under her Early Kinga.] W. H.
CANVANE, PETER (1720-1786). phy-
sicifin, an Americsn by birth, entered as a
medical student at Leyden on 4 March 1743.
After graduating M.I), at Rheims he became
a licentiate of the London College of PLyM-
ciana in 1744. He practised for many yean
at St. Kitts in the West Indies, and aftei-
warda settled at Qalh, Later he retired to
the
1 178a
t, dying nt H
Canvane was u fellow of the Hoyal Society,
and shares with Fraser, an army surgeon, tha
creditof introducing castor oil into this coun-
try, havitu; had large experience of its bene-
ficial emmoyment in medicine in tbe ^Ve8t
Indies. He published a pamphlet on tbA
subject in 1766.
[Monk's Coll, of Phjs. 1878, ii. IfiS.]
G. T. B.
CANTNOBS, WILLIAM {1399 P-1474),
merchant of Bristol, third son of John Cft-
nynges, burgess and raercliant of that city,ond
Joan Wottonhia wife, com*.' of a family that
stood high among the mtrchants of Bristol,
for tbe elder AVilliam Canynges, his grand-
father, a wcoltby cloth manufacturer, wu
si.T times mayor, and thrice a representativo
of the city in parliament. Besides making
cloth be exported hi.4 merchandise in his own
ships ; for, by b, writ of Richard II, Jolm
Hesilden, Andrew Hrowntoft, and others ore
summoned \o appear at Westminster on tlie
complaint of William and John Canynges
of Bristol, to answer for seizing and carrying
into Hartlepool one of their ships sailing to
Calais and Planders (Subtegs, J}urham, iii,
101). William Canynges the younger waa
probably bom in bis fnther's house in Touker
Street, in the parish of St. Thomas, in 1S99
or 1400, for he was but five years old when
his father died in 1405. After her husband's
death Joan married Thomas Young, merchant,
IB puriah of St. JInry Redcliffe, Somiireel,
" nnd u membi'r for tlin borougli,
„_,_P_j appears to have been broiight
IB EUptktbFr. Haviiigservedtheomc«
■", lie waa elected sheriff Lu 14S8, and
>riLe first ttmein 1441. Hissecond
T was in 1449, and in that year
!l wrote to the niHster-gtneral of the
: knight«, ashing bis orotection for
o fRctors of ' bia belovea and faithful
n PniB8ta (Ryueb; Fadera, xi 226).
'\a tenure of office certain ordinonces
ide concemiuc t he watches kept by the
nSt Joha'a lugbt aud St. Peter's, and
wtributions of wine t« be made to them
e mayor and eheriff. Although trade
f Iceland, Halgaland, and Finmark for
id other goods had been forbidden, yet
lOChristian of Denmark having made an
ji &TOur of Canynges in considera-
la debts due to him &om hie subjects
d and Finmark, license waa granted
rada with tlieee hwda for two years
ahips of any eiae (Fetdera, Jti.
i HaCFHBBSOK, i, 166-7). Canyng^s
eturned for Bristol to the parliament of
: faia colleague in the representation of
'" was bis half brother, Thomas Young,
a oommittnd to the Tower for pro-
g th>t the Duke of York should be de-
JheirtothBthrone(WiLL. WoRO, 770;
•btcb, ia3; StPBUB, iimtt. Hill. iii. 171).
Both Cnnyngcs and i'oiing were returned
~ ~ 'nt« tbeparliamentof 1465. Localhistn-
tttiat Onoynges was n Lancastrian,
« was forced to change bis nolitica
CcesB of Edward IV. AU trust-
ly eridence ebows that, like the greater
'' e inerchants of Bristol, he was al-
Igly attached to the Duke of York,
ibly during his third mayoralty
7 that he was able to do York signal
J selling a large quantity of ammu-
■t bad been consi^ed to a merchant
Wa wbo was an Irishman and one of
My of tbe YAt\ of Wiltshire (James
ri of Ormonde), York was pleased
nd wrote bidding the mayor and
J) couadl take charge of the castle and
irset out. This tbey did, and put
in a sUte of defence. In 1460
is said to have lost his wife Joanna.
:t year, whtfn he wa« mayor for the
in obedience to an order received
i IV, he prepared an expedition
% Bgoiiut the Lancastrians in Wales to
- *T against the king's coming. When
1 enortly oiterworda visited Bristol,
' le was most royallj received ' (Stow, I
416). Cnitynges is snid to have entertained
biminliis'hniisc in ItiflclilTe Street; the hall
and parlour of this house may s!ill lie seen,
though the building, now occupied Vty Messrs.
C. T. Jefferies & So bb, prin ters and booksellers,
has been much damaged by fire. C'anynges
and Young had lately sat on a cnramis^ion up-
Sinted to try Sir Baldwin Fuiford and John
eysant, who were pii( to death while the
king was in Bristol. Before Edward left
Canynges paid him 3,000 marks ' pro pace
habendk' (Will. WoRc.); this must have
been in discharge of what he owed for money
received bv him as escbeator during tlie year
of his mayoralty (Sbybr, ii. 191). In 1406
Canynges whs mayor for the titth and last
time. ^V^JUehewaa mayor on this occasion
be and the council made certain rules for
the government of the society of merchants
(Petce, 135).
Canynges' wealth was great. The list of
his ships IS given by William Worcester; they
were nine in number, a tenth having lately
been lost on the coast of Iceland. Among
them were the Mary and John of 900 tons,
the Mary Radclyf of oOO tons, and the Mary
Canyngya of 400 tons, in all 2.853 tons of
shipping manned by eight hundred seamen.
Even allowing for the difference between our
mode of computing a ship's burden and that In
use in the fifteeutli century, it is difficult \a
believe that Canynges'e ships can have been
of the size stated by Worcester. Besides his
sMmen he paid day by day a hundred car-
penters, masons, aod other workmen. These
rebujldiiigof the old church had been hegua
by William Canynges the elder, who carried
the work ' from the cross aisles downwards'
in ]il76; it was taken up by bis grandson,
and the Call of the steeple in 1446 and the
consequent destruction of much of the four-
teenth-century work probably determined
Canynges to rebuild nearly the whole of \ba
church, which he did with the advice of Noi^
ton, bis master mason. In 1467 Canynges
retired from the world, receiving acolvt«'s
orderson 19 Sept. in thi^ chapel of the coile((e
of West bury, on tlie title or the rectory of
St. Allan's, Worcester. A atory told by
Robert Ricaut in his ' Majror's Calendar oif
Bristol ' that he took this course to avoid a
marriage the king tried to force on him is
probabiymereidlegosBip. Onl2Marehl48r-
1468 he was admilled subdeacon; on 2 April
1468 he was admitted deacon, and on the
16th of thesame month priest, being collated
tfl a ennonrrin thecollegeof Westburv. On
3 Juno 1469 be was collated to the oilicii of
dean of the college, and was Inductod nnd
Cape
Capel
installed od the same day. He died 17 Nov.
1474. Besides his great work in rebuilding
St. Mary Kedclifie, ha was a benefactor to the
colle^ of Weatbury, and is said to liave re-
built it (DoeDALE, Monagficon,\i. 1439). At
Westburybe BlsofaundedanahDebouse,and .
by the payment of 44/. to the sheriff of Bristol I
freed this house and the college from tolls
oa provisiona coming from the city (Atxtkb, i
Glotferthire, p. 80^). He was buried in
Kedcliffechurchwitbhiswife Joanna. Their I
tombs were discovered and identifiedinl862. '
Uuch debate has been held over certain
effigies in the church sup[iosed to represent !
Canynges ; the question is carefully dis- \
cussed in Pryce's 'Memorials,' pp. 179-93. |
Canynges's two sons died before nim. His
elder aurviving brother, Thomas, lord mayor
of London in 14S6, is the ancestor of the Can-
nings of Koxcote, Warwickshire, and of the
Cannings of Oarv^h in Ireland, a &mily from
which have come George Canning, the states-
manfq.v.l, and StratfordCanning, Lord Strat-
ford de Redcliffe [q. v,] {Pbycb, 146-56). ,
[Pryce's Memorials of the Canynf;oB Family j
The Great Bed Bonk, SIS. in tlie council-hoiuie,
Bristol ; Wadley'a Notes oa Wills in the G reat
OrphsD Book at Bristol ; Bicant'a AUyor's Ca- I
lendar of Bristol, ed. L. T. Smith (Camden Soc.); I
Dallaway's Antiquities of BriBtuw; Seyer's Uiii- |
lory of Bristol, vol. ii.; Barrett's History and ■
AotiqaitieB of Bristol; Stow'a Annales, ed. 161S: '
Ilj-mer'a Ftedera, li. ed. 1710; William Wor-
cester's Itinerary ; Uogdalo's Monasticon ; Sur-
tees's Uurham; Alkyns's State of Gloatoishire;
Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, i. 663-7.]
W.H.
CAPE, ^VILLIAM TIMOTHY (180&-
1863), Australian colonist, bom at Walworth,
Surrey, 25 Oct. 1806, was eldest son of Wil-
liam Cape of Ireby, Cumberland. He was
educated at Merchant Taylora' School under
Dr. Bellamy, with a view to entering- tho
church, and showed great proficiency m hia
studies. The elder Cape was resident mana-
ger of the bank of Brovrn, Cobb, & Co.,
Lombard Street, but on the breaking up of
Brown'sbankhedecided t^emigrate. Having
obtained letters from Lord Bathurst to Sir
Thomas Brisbane, tli e goTern or, W illiam Cape,
accompanied by his son, sailed for Van Die-
men's Land in 1821, and after a nine months'
voyage reached Hobart Town. In 1822 they
removed to Sydney, where the father esta-
blished a private school, the ' Sydney Aca-
demy.' In course of time he became principal
of the Sydney public school, with his son as
assistant-master, and on tho resignation of the
father, in 1829, the son became head-maet«r
— Arc^deacoD Scott, a Mend of the famiW,
being king's viutor. In 1830, however, be
reopened the private school in Sydney, but
when the high school called ' Sydney Col-
lege' was founded in 1836, he truisfeiredhia
private pupils to it, and was elected head-
master. He held this office up to 1842, when
he founded a new private school at Padding-
ton, Sydney. In 1866 he decided to give np
scholastic Hfe. In 1869 he became member
for the constituency of Wollombi. His ex-
perience advanced him to the poution of
commissioner of national education, and abont
the same time he became a magiatrate. He
was also elected fellow of St. Baul'a Coll^
within the university of Sydney, and helped
on the Sydney School of Arts.
In 1866 he made a visit to England, and
the next year returned to New South Wales.
In 1860 ho again visited hia native country
with the younger branches of hia family, in
order to collect educational information, and
died of smaU-poi at Warwick Street, Hmlico,
14 June 1863. Hia funeralat Brompton was
attended by almost all the coloniats then in
London. His old pupils erected a taUet to hia
memory in St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney.
[Heaton'a Australian Dictionary, p. 33; Bar-
ton's Lit. of New South Wales, p. SO ; Oaat.
Mag. 1863, i. lU.] J. W.-G.
CAPEL, ARTHUR, Lord Capel oi
Hadh&m (1610 M649), royalist leader, was
the onlv son of Sir Henry Capel of Raines
Hall, Essei, by Theodosia, daughter of Sit
Edward Montagu of Broughton, Northamp-
tonshire, and sister of Hem?, first earl <A
Manchester. He was bom about 1610, and
appears to have lived the life of a countnr
gentleman until called upon to take hu
part in political life by being elected knight
of the shire for the county of Hertforain
the Short parliament, which met at Weat-
minater on 13 April and was dissolved on
5 May 1640. When the Long parliament
was summoned, in the following November,
Capel was againelected for Hertfordshire, and
tooli his seat accordingly. In the debate on
grievances, in which I^m made his celebrated
speech, 'the first member that stood up . . .
was Arthur Capel, esq., who presented a pe-
tition in the name of the freeholders [of the
county ofHertford] setting forth the burdens
and oppressions oi the people during the
long intermission of parliament in their con-
sciences, liberties, and properties, and part icu-
larly in the heavy tax of ship-money.' Ready
as he was to join the popular party, if only
real abuses could be got nd of, he was not the
Tn wi to side with those who aimed at a d^
mocratic revolution, and he soon broke with
I the party, whose views went far beyond any-
thing that he bad contemplated at faia fint
Btait. Shocked by the violence of language
of the leaders, who had sel themselves in
furious sntacoDi^m to the court pun^.C'apfl
toon threw himself into the opposite camp,
uid henceforth, durin^thelone struggle, the
kiog hod oi) adherent more faithful and de-
voted to the Ta;fftl cause, nor an; who made
more splendid sacrifices, ending ut lost in hie
de«lh upon the scaffold. On 6 Aug. 1611
Oawl wan raised to the upper house hy the
tit& of Lord Cspel of Hadham. Dnrinirthe
Knuinder of that memorable jeor we lose
Bight of bim, but when the kinf left London
forYorkin Jaouarr 1042, Capel accompanied
his majoat)-. and was one of the peers who
signed the declaration and profession dift-
kvowing ' all desiena of making war upon the
parliament,' In the straits to which the kine
w&a driven for want of money, Cspel showed
great energr in making coutributions from
•11 who could be prevailed on to subscribe.
And in 1&I3 he waa sent to Shrewshur;
with thtt commission of lieutenont-^neral
of Shropshire, Cheshire, and North Wales.
Here he found himself opposed by Sir Wil'
tism Brerc too, whom he held in check so
effectually that, for the time, Chester was
celicred, and if he hod been left alone to
ponue his own plans, he would in all proba-
tiUty have rendered more important service
durinD the war; but when Charles deter-
Buoen thai a council should he appointed 'to
be about ' the Prince of Wales, ' to meet fre-
quently Bt the prince's lodgings to confer
'witli lu3 highness,' Capel was appointed one
of the conuniasi oners, and from tnat time he
took small part in active hostilities. AAer
the uipculiun of Archbishop Lnud, when the
nt^tiatious for the treaty of Uxbridge were
mngon (February 1645), Capel was one of
the commissioners for the kin^, and when
the negotiatiozis came to nothing, he was
ordertil torni^e a regiment of foot and another
of kori>e at hiii ami charge to attend upon
the prince at Bristol. While Goring was
besieging Taunton and Fairfax was making
gnat exertions to raise the siege, Capel was
MaulOg7Teh)scounsei. Whatever that coun-
mI may liave been, it was tendered in vain.
and when Oxford surrendered to Fairfax on
^J April 1EEJ6, and the contest between the
king and the parliament was virtually at an
vaa, Capel accompanied the queen to Paris,
where hu remained but a very short time.
He was strongly opposed to the Prince of
Wales escaping to France, and, refusing to
aecompany uia hiehneBs on tie journey,
tired to Jersey, where he remained till
bwach between the army and the pnrli
revived ui'w hopes in tin more sanguine of
tim royalist party. Ue succeeded in obtain-
ing a pass and permission to retire to his own
house at lladham after compounding for lus
estates. These estates had already (30 AprU
1843) been bestowed, by a vote of the House
of Commons, upon the Earl of Essex, and &
considerable portion of tliem were actually
in the earl's hands. W^hile the king was at
Hampton Court, Capel was in frequent com-
munication with his majesty, and was privy
to the luckless flight to the Isle of Wight.
For the disastrous renewal of the civil war
Capel was in great measure responsible. Not
a gleam of success cheered the king's portv,
and in June 1648 Goring, Capel, and Sir
Charles Lucas found themselves with the
forces at their command abut up in Colches-
ter by Fairfax, and were summoned to sur-
render on the Idth of the month. The siege
was prosecuted with vigour, but the town
was defended with desperation. It was all
in vain. On '27 Aug. the garrison surren-
dered at discretion, and the second civil war
The uc-xt two months were crowded with
eventswhichhitrriedon the final catastrophe,
and in Octolwr Capel, with his old coiupanioii
in arms. Goring, earl of Norwich (Sir Charles
Lucojii was shot in cold blood when Colchester
surrendered), were impeached on a charge of
high treason and rebellion. They pleaded
that Fairfax had pledged his word to give
fair quarter to all prisoners who surrendered
themselves into his hands, and ' upon great
debate," both houses called upon i airfax to
explain his meaning. Fairfax was absent,
and was in no hurry to take upon himself
a re3[)onsibility which the parliament were
anxious t<j relieve themselves of ; he returned
no answer to the letter for months. When
the answer came it was so ambigTious that
in effect the explanation of his promise wns
left, to the civil power.
In January tJie king was beheaded, and
the House of Lords was aboliabed in due
course. Meanwhile Capel was committed to
the Tower, having been brought thither from
Windsor Castle, his first place of confinement.
By some means, which were never eiplaiurd,
he managed to provide himself with a cotd
and other necessary appliances, and a plan
of escape was arranged lor him by his friends
outside. It succeeded, though attended by
great difficulty, and Capel was kept in
concealment in the Temple for some days.
Then it was thought that he would be in
greater safety if he were removed to. a pri-
vate house in Lambeth, and taking a boat at
the Temple stairs he wna rowed up the river
attendee! by a single gentleman, who aeecns
to have inadvertently addressed him as 'my
lord.' The waterman thereupon followed the
Capel
12
Capel
two to their place of bidinsr, and betrayed
them to the government. Tne man received
a reward of 201, with a recommendation to
the admiralty for employment, but he had
to wait many months for his ' blood money/
which was not paid till the November after
the execution. Capel was again arrested,
and on Thursday, 8 March 1G4S-9, * in a thin
house, hardly above sixty there,' the giiestion
w^as put to the vot« whether the I)uke of
Hamuton, the Pearls of Holland and Norwich
(Goring), Capel, and Sir John Owen were to
live or die. Owen was spared. Goring es-
caped by the casting vote of Speaker Cent-
hall, the other three were condemned, and all
were beheaded next morning. To the last
Capel behaved with that magnanimity and
heroism which had marked his whole career.
He received the last consolations of religion
at tlie hands of Dr. George Morley, alter-
wards bishop of Winchester, who wrote an
account of his last hours in a letter which
was published in 1654 ; but inasmuch as there
was reason to fear that Dr. Morley 's well-
known opinion might expose him to insult if
he showed himselt before the people at the
last, Capel would not allow him to be present
on the scaiTold. There, says Bulstrode, * he
behaved much after the manner of a stout
K/)man. He had no minister with him, nor
showed any sense of death approaching, but
carried himself all the time . . . witli that
boldness and resolution as was to be admired.
He wore a sad-coloured suit, his hat cocked
up, and his cloak thrown imder one arm ; he
looked towards the people at his first coming
up, and put off his hat m manner of a salute ;
he had a little discourse with some gentle-
men, and passed up and down in a careless
posture.' Jolin, sou of Francis Quarles the
poet, seems to have been present at the exe-
cution, and wrote *An Elegy or Epitaph'
upon the occasion, which was printed shortly
afterwards.
Capel was buried at Hadham, where may
still be read the inscription on his monument:
* Hereunder lieth interred the body of Arthur,
Lord Capel, Baron of Hadham, who was mur^
dered for his loyalty to KingCliarles the First,
March 9tli, 1648.' Capel married P]lizabeth,
daughter and heiress of Sir Charles Morrison
of Cashiobury, Hertfordshire, and by her had
five sons and four daughters. At the Resto-
ration Arthur [q. v.], his eldest son, was cre-
ated Earl of Essex, a title which had become
extinct by the death of llobert Devereux, the
last earl, 14 Sept. 1646. By one of those
strange instances of retributive justice which
are not rare in history, the son of the mur-
dered man succeeded to the honours of him
who had benefited most by the spoliation of
his father's lands, and from him the present
Earl of Essex is lineally descended.
[Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion ; Wood^s Athene
Oxon. iii. 260, 698; Carlyle*s Cromwell; Bnl-
strode's Memoirs ; Devereux's Lives and Letters
of the Devereux, Earls of Essex, ii. 366, 462 ;
Sanderson's Hist, of the Eeign of Charles I ;
CoUins's Peerage of England, iii. 474; Rash-
worth's Historical Collections, pt. iiL voL u
p. 21, and vol. viii. p. 1272.] A J.
CAPEL, ARTHUR, Eabl of E89Bi(ie31-
1683), was bom in January 1631 (information
kindly given by the present Lord Essex), and
was the eldest son of Arthur, lord Capel
[a. v.] of Hadham, who was executed in
1649. His mother was Elizabeth Morrison.
Of his early years nothing appears to be
known, though from a letter of 13 June 1643
(Hist, MSS, Comm, 5th Rep. 143) he appears
to have then been at Shrewsbury fightmg for
the king. It is stated by Burnet (i. 3d6) that
his education was neglected by reason of the
civil wars, but that when he reached man-
hood he made himself master of the Latin
tongue, and learned mathematics and all the
other parts of learning. From a letter in 1681
{Hist. MSS, Comm, 4th Rep. 451) he appears
to have had some connection with &illiol
College, for he then subscribed to the pur-
chase of a large silver bowl for the conunon-
room. His correspondence during his resi-
dence in Ireland, preserved in tne 'Essex
Papers' {Stow Collection, Brit. Mus.),i8that
of a man of considerable literary cultivation.
The language is simple but scholarly, and the
style is singularly clear, dignified, and unaf-
fected. His letters also display an intimate
knowledge of law and of constitutional ques-
tions. Chaimcey (Antiquities of Hertford'
shire) describes him as handsome, courteous,
and temperate, a strong opponent of arbitrary
power, temperate in diet, and a lover of his
library. Evelyn says that 'he is a sober,
wise, judicious, and pondering person, not il-
literate beyond the rate of most noblemen in
this age, very well versed in English historie
and afiaires, industrious, frugal, methodical,
and every way accomplished' (18 April 1680).
Essex was never a wealthy man ; nis estate
had been sequestrated under the Common-
wealth, and was compounded for at 4,706^
7s. lid. ^Collins, Peerage), While lord-lieu-
tenant of Ireland he more than once mentions
the pay of his ofiice as being of importance
to his private interests (Essex Papers), And
Evelyn tells us that while there he * consider-
ably augmented his estate, without reproach'
(18 April 1680). At the Restoration he was
made Viscount Maiden and Earl of Essex
(20 April 1661\ with remainder fiirst to his
brother Henry [q. v.] and his male heirs, and
Capel
13
Capel
afterwards to his younger brother Edward.
The writ was issued 29 April (Hist. MSS,
Comm, 7th Rep. 142 a). Capel had previously
(7 July 1660) oeen created custos rotulorum
and lord-lieutenant of Hertfordshire, and
^April 1668) was made lord-lieutenant of
Wiltshire also. He married Elizabeth Percy,
dauffhter of Algernon, earl of Northumber-
land (d. 1717), mentioned as petitioning for the
death of Col.Titchboume in 1660 (*6. v.l69), by
whom he had six sons and two daughters ; but
only one son and one daughter, Algernon and
Anne, lived to maturity (Collins, Peerage),
Scarcely any facts are forthcoming regarding
Essex's life horn 1660 to 1669. On 7 Aug.
1660 he named, according to the iniauitous
vote of the House of Loras, Sir E. Wareing
as an expiatory victim for his father's death
(Hist. MSS. Qrnim. 5th Kep. 155). He was in
London in September 1666 (t^. 7th Rep. 485
b)y and in 1667 was in Paris, on his way home
from the waters of Bourbon. He was at that
time a member of the privy council. While in
Paris he was consulted by the queen mother
regarding the intentions of the Irish papists
to put Ireland into the hands of the French
when opportunity should arise, and he gave
a most unflattering opinion of her political
judgment (BinurET, i. 250). In 1669, when
Charles was endeavouring by personal solici-
tation to gsin the votes of tne members of
the House of Lords, he, with Lord Hollis,
had gained the reputation of being * stiff and
sullen men * (i/j. i. 272), and Charles always
treated him with respect. Burnet states
(i. 396) that he appeared early against the
court. His political opinions may be in part
gathered from those of his brother Henry,
member for Tewkesbury, with whom he
lived in entire sympathy. Henrv Capel prided
himself upon being descended from one who
lost both life and fortune for the crown and
nation; but, on the other hand, his speeches
are invariably directed against every a Duse of
the royal power, and against all tampering
with popery.
Essex s first public emplojrment was in
1670, when Charles, desirous of making use
of one whose opposition he wished to avoid
(ib. i. 396), sent him as ambassador to the
court of Christian V of Denmark. The go-
vernor of Croonenburg had orders to make
all the ships that passed strike to him. Essex
replied that the kings of England made others
strike to them, but their ships struck to none.
He himself regarded this as a cheap defiance,
saying that he was sure the governor would
not endeavour to sink a ship which brought
over an ambassador. His first business on
Iftfitling was to justify this behaviour to the
Danes, which he did by producing, from some
books upon Danish affairs lent him* by Sir J.
Cotton, evidence that by former treaties it
had in past time been expressly stipulated
that English ships of war should not strike
in the Danish seas. Burnet adds to his ac-
count of this matter that his conduct was so
highly rated that he was informed from court
that he might expecteverythinghe should pre-
tend to on his return. In April 167 1 we read
of him as * of the cabinet council, and seemeth
to be in very good grace ' {Hist. MSS. Comm.)
Actually he was, upon the removal of the
Duke of Ormonde from the lord-lieutenancy
of Ireland, appointed to the post, February
1672, to his own great surprise, being sworn
of the privy council of Ireland in that year.
He left Holyhead on 28 June in the Norwich,
but does not appear to have arrived in Dublin
until 6 Aug. {issex Papers). He continued
in this emplojrment until his recall in 1677,
with but one short journey to London. Of
his government Burnet speaks thus : *• He
exceeded all that had gone before him, and is
still considered as a pattern to all that come
after him. He studied to understand exactly
well the constitution and interest of the na-
tion. He read over all their council books,
and made large abstracts out of them to guide
him, so as to advance everything that had
been at any time set on foot for the good of
the kingdom. He made several volumes of
tables of the state, and persons that were in
every county and town, and got true charac-
ters of all that were capable to serve the pub-
lic ; and he preferred men always upon merit
without any application from themselves, and
watched over all about him, that there should
be no bribes going among his servants ' (i.
396). This is but one among many illustra-
tions of Burnetts most remarkable accuracy.
The full, detailed, and continuous correspon-
dence, both private and official, which can
now be consulted in the * Essex Papers,' bears
ample testimony to the truth of every word
in this quotation, which is further established
by the fact that Ormonde bore honourable tes-
timony to the integrity and ability of his go-
vernment (Carte, iv. 529). He set himself
vigorously to work against misgovemment,
withstanding the opposition and the preten-
sions of Orrery, Ranelagh, and others. He
managed very successfully to keep the Ulster
presbj-terians from following the example of
their Scotch brethren, and this without vio-
lence. Indeed, he several times moderates
the desires of the bishops for strong measures.
And he appears to have protected the papists
also, as far as English opinion woxild allow,
though he is informed from London that he
will be torn in pieces if he permits the secular
priests to say mass openly. His rule over the
Capel 14 Capel
natives was firm and mild, though the light ' ahno.<«t equally strong. His official corre-
in which the wilder portion of them were re- I spondence is chiefly directed to Arlington, the
garded is vividly shown by the following ex- i secretarr (in whose behalf on his impeachment
trtict from this letter, dated 16 Aug. 1673: j in 1674 Le moved all his relatives and firiends
' And in cast* any should happen to be killed, in the house), and, on the retirement of this
if it b«» made appan»nt that he is a tory, it : minister, to Henry Coventry, a personal
would Ik» n^asonable to pardon/ He forcibly , friend, who succeeded him. Ilis private let-
n'minds Arlington of the danger that may " ters are chiefly from his brother Henry, Fran-
arist* from sutfering the common jHHiple to ; cis Godolphin, Lord Conway, Sir William
know their own force. One of the main j Temple, Southwell, and William Harbord.
Sointa with which he was conceme<l was, by i Thiring his administration, February 1674-6,
rawing up new rules for the corporation, to ! he received a grant from the king of Essex
check tlie turbulence of the city of Dublin, f House in the Strand, but preat delay took
He sought to apply to Dublin the methoil of place before the grant actually took effect, if
'quo warrant OS employed by Charles in Eng- mi
land at the end of his reign. Througliout
his administration he had to struggle against
mdeed it did so at all. In 1674 it was inti-
mated to him that he was to have the Garter,
but this, too, apparently fell through. In
the whole influence of l^nelagh, who had the July 1676 he made a visit to London, visited
nH*t»ipt8 of the Irish revenue, on condition of ■. the king at Newmarket in April {Hist, M8S.
paying the civil and military cliargi»s of the ^ Comm. 7th Rep. 493), and returned to Ire-
crown, and who, fortifying hims^^lf by the land in May of the next year, reaching Dublhi
friendship of Danby and the Duchess of Ports- on the 6th. During his stay in England his
mouth, and by his promises to Charles to pro- I whole desire appears to be to get b»^k to his
"\'ide him with monev out of Irisli funds, • post. His letters while in London show
presentedaccounts which Essex resolutely ri^ him fully alive to the intrigues which were
fustnl to pass. Of the intrigues ct>ntinually being carried on to oust so incorruptible
carried on agfainst him in London he had full an otiicer from his place. The king himself
and timely warning from friends at court. ; always held him in great respect. These in-
He rt^fiu^ed, however, in dignifled language to trigues, based upon Charles's incessant need
alter his course of action on this account, and : of money, which Ranelagh promised to sup-
especially declined to put his depi»ndence upon i ply, proved successful during the course of
* little people,' such as Chilfinch, Elliot, and | the next year, and on 28 April 1677 Essex
the Duchess of Portsmouth, although we find , acknowledgers the king's letter of recall. His
him expressing pleasure that his agent, Wil-
liam Harbord, has, through the meiliation of
the Duke of Hamilton, made the latter his
friend. The only request he makes for him-
self is that no complaints shall be permitted
to be heard in England unless they have pre-
viously been notified to himself, a request im-
mediately granted by the king. He did his
utmost to stop the reckless grants of forfeited
estates by the king to his courtiers and mis-
tresses, and refused to injure his successors
interests by granting reversions. So careful
last few months of oflice were embittered by a
scandalous insult to his wife from a certain
Captain Brabazon, who declared her guilty of
an intrigue with him. The belief is several
times expressed that this was an annoyance
deliberately set on foot by Danby, Kanelagh,
and the Duchess of Portsmouth". Essex, by
his position, was precluded from seeking per-
sonal satisfaction, but before he left was able
to prove that the charge was a malicious
falsehood. Upon his return to England Essex
speedily identified himself with the country
was he about the purity of the administration party, Danby s opponents, of which, along
that he was able to sav, on handing over the with Russell, Halifax. Shaftesbury, Bucking-
n
ovemment to Ormoncle after five years, tliat ham, and Hollis, he became a leader in the
is secretary, Allworth, was the only man, | lords, this * cabal ' being kept at Lord Hollis s
not that hehad gratified, but that he requested J house. He probably, however, did not take
might be gratified by his successor. His go- j an active part in the opposition at once, for
vemment of Ireland was in striking contrast in a letter of 11 April 1678 the French am-
to the general corruption of Charles's reign, j bassador omits his name from the list of the
which is the more remarkable as his circum- chief members of the country party (Dalktm-
stances were always straitened. The most plb. Memoirs, i. 189). The leading objects
memorable example of his fearlessness was , of this party were the ruin of Danby, the ex-
when he successfully opposed the grant of the ' elusion of jTames, the persecution of popexy,
Phoenix Park to the Duchess of Cleveland, I and the dissolution of the pensionary parlia-
about which he wrote to Arlington : * I do I ment. To what extent he believed m the
desire there ma^ not be the least ^in of my pretended plot 'viiiich raised the popish terror
concurrence in it/ and to Charles in language | it is not easy to ascertain; it is, howerer,
Capel
IS
Capel
e never cxprtesei bis dUbellef in !
it. Imt. on ilip conimiy, ncled in full nccord ;
•Kith ltd iu'wl TJoU'nt tusaUeTB, whi?n he jcjined
tbem in prvwinc tlie king to diemiBB Jumes
(roBi the court (CoLUiie, Pferage).
On the ffttl of Dttohy in lfi79 the treaemr
vnt put in rommifiGion, and Enaei was placed
«t il« hnul {ii.) Along witli Simderliind
and Monmouth he now ur^ the liing to
tiT lie eiperimpnt of an entire chance of
policy by introducing the leaders of the
country mrtj into the council. By thus
acting inrtependently of hifl party he appears
to hsTo inimrred their jealousy- Bis own
«i^«iant to Itumet was that be hoped, by dc-
«eptinf; ofllce, to work the change that was
now nHV-cted. The dismissal of the old
council and the creation of a new one eom-
poBt^(] of the principal wbigs from both houses,
uniler t.ha presidency of Shafteshurv, were,
howeTer, undoubtetUy the results of Tempte'a
advice. Eisex was sworn a member of that
«wimcil on 31 April ; he declared that ita
creation would conciUate the pari iamenl in
ite relations with the king. The whig ]iart;p
Ofiw was uplit up into two Beclions on the
«xcli3i>ionqiifiBl.inn. Tliat led by Shaftesbury
a.ffinni'd that (o save England from the danger
of a popiah king the absolute exclusion of
Junius was necessary; and it put forward
Monmouth as iia candidate for the throne.
EssHz, acting under the leademhip of Halifax
and Sunderland, proposed the scheme of limi-
tations, wherebvi when thecrown should faU
(o him, .Tame4 snoiild bo disabled from doing
harmeitherinchurch or state, and these three,
who formed the triumvirate, regarded the
I'rinoi' of (Jrange, rather than Monmouth, as
the natural repreBentative of the protestant
int^cvst. Essex appears to liave confined
himself to treasury business, where ' his clear,
lliongh Blow sense, made him very acceptable
lo ibe king,' and to the endeavours to regu-
late the eijicnae of the court (Bitbmbt, i.466,
4&S). In tlie great, debate which arose on
llii; occasion of Danby's prosecution, he spoke
B{;*in8t the right of the bishops to vole in
%ay pftrl of a trial for treason. Un the ques-
tion of Ihe proposed dissolution of the pen-
sionary parliament he joined Halifax in atjiu-
~~g that since no agreement seemed possible
1 tha king upon the questions of the
tuioD and Danby's pardon, it would be
Jl to try whether a new parliament might
I ba dimmed to let those matters drop.
V ^is a^Ticn, according to Burnet (i. 469),
-- ,in incurred the anger of Shaftesbury
:« party, which, however, 'as he was
Mapt to be much heated,' he bore mildly.
^Tra» evidently much trusted by Charles,
r had in tlie previous year named bim
nlong with Halifax to discuss th? gH«iv-
oncea of the Scotch lords against Lauderdale
(jA. 469). Upon the discovery of the Meal
Tub plot, in which the forgers had repre-
sented Essex and Halifax as being impli-
cated, tbey u^;ed the king to summon
C"ament at once. Upon his refiisal iib.)
X, with his brother, left the treasury on
19 Nov. 1679. In order, however, that this
resignation might not strengthen Shaftes-
bury's party, a gloss was put upon his action
by tlie statement that he> had the king's leave '
to resisn (IUlfh, 489). It is, indeed, pro-
bable that the grounds of his leaving were
very different. In a letter from court of
27 Nov. 1679 (Hist. MSS. Camm. 7th Rep,
477 b) it is said, ' some eav the E. of Ewiex went
out on this score. The king had given Cleve-
land 25,000{., and slio sending to him for it
he denied the payment, and told the king he
(the king) had often promised them not to
pay monev on those accounts while he was so
much indebted to such as daily clamoared
ot their table for money ; but if his Msj.
would have it paid he wish't somebody el»e
to do i(, for he would not, but willingly sur-
render his place, at which the king replied,
" I will take you at your word.'' ' Another
account, equally honourable to Essex, is,
that Charles beinganxious to gain a sut^idv
fromliouis, 'thenicenessof touchingFrench
money is the reason tluit makes my Lord
Eksez s squeoiy stomach that it can no longer
digest his employment of IsC commissioner
of the treasury "^(li. 6th Rep. 741 6), He
continued to sit in the council, but in spite
of Charles's earnest request refused to return
to the treasury (Bpbitbt, 476). His chief
desire appears to have been to return to Ira-
The candour and good sense with which
Essex advised Charles are well shown in a
letter to the king of 21 July 1679, in which
he urges him to disband the guards he had
just raised (Dalbtmpie. Memoirs, i. 314).
In the debates in 1680 on the Exclusion
Bill, Essex, whose views had undergone a
great alteration, ascribed bv Lingard, though
without authority, to his disappointment in
gaining neither the lord-treasurerahip nor the
government of Ireland, now appeared as a
strong opponent of the court, and vehemently
supported Shaftesbury's action. I'ossibly
the cause is to be found in the fact that his
urgent advice to James in October to retina
to Scotland had been disregarded (tfi. i. 346).
When the Exclusion Bill was thrown out,
and Halifax again brought in the scheme
of expedients, he made a motion, agreed to
in B tliia house, that an association should
be entered into to maintiunthos« expedients,
Capel
i6
Capel
and that some cautionary towns should be
put into the hands of the associators during
the king's life to make them good after his
death. In March 1680-1 he is spoken of by
•Ormonde as furthering, with Howard, the
belief in a ' sham plot,' in order to throw
odium upon the queen and the Roman catho-
lics generally {Hist, MSS. Comm, 7th Rep.
744 by On 25 Jan. 1680-1 he took the de-
cided step of presenting a petition, in which
he was joinea by fifteen other peers, praying
that the choice of Oxford for the meeting of
parliament might be given up. The language
of the petition was unwarrantably violent,
declaring, along with much that was true,
that they were deprived of freedom of debate,
and were exposed to the swords of papists in
the king's guards. The petition, which was
printed and published, was answered by Hali-
fax in a * Seasonable Address ' (State Tracts,
ii. 129}.
In tne trial of StaflTord, Essex appears to
have thrown aside Ids usual fairness of judg-
ment, and to have voted for the condemna-
tion. He spoke vehemently against the
popish lords, saying they were worse than
Hanby {Hist MSS, Comm. 6th Rep. 740). He
is represented, too, as eager in the prosecution
of Lady Powys, who found money for the im-
prisoned catholics (North, JEi'amtfw, 269). On
the other hand, he honourably distinguished
himself in urging upon Charles the pardon of
Plunket, the archbishop of Armagh, illegally
condemned on account of the pretended Irish
plot (which, however, he is represented as dili-
gent in discovering, see Hist, MSS, Comm, |
7th Rep. 739 6), declaring from his own
knowledge that the charge could not be true.
It was now that Essex received a just rebuke
in the king's indignant reply, * Then, my lord,
be his blood on your own conscience. You
might have saved him, if you would. I can-
not pardon him because I dare not.' On the
occasion when, in defiance of court influence,
the Middlesex grand jury refused to return
a true bill against Shaftesbury, a book was
published to justify their action, of which
Essex was the reputed author. It probably,
however, was by Somers.
In 1682 Shaftesbury suggested to his
friends the advisability of taking advantage
of the ferment in the city on the occasion of
the contest about the sherifis, and of making
themselves masters of the Tower during the
confusion. Against this wild scheme Russell
and Essex protested, and Shaftesbury left
the country. Essex now took his ^lacc as
Monmouth's principal adviser, but insisted
upon Russell and Algernon Sidney being
joined with him. He appears to have fallen
much under the influence of the latter, at
whose suggestion it was that he consented
to take Howard, who afterwards betrayed
them, into their confidence in the meetings
frequently held with Monmouth for consiu-
tation as to the course to be pursued; he
also almost forced Russell to admit Howard
(Btjknet's Journal; App. to Lord Johv
Russell's Life of Hussein, At these meet-
ings much wild talk no aoubt took place as
to a possible rising ; but in all such designs
we have the authority of Burnet (i. 540)
and all probability for saying that Essex
took no part. He felt things were not yet
ripe, and that an ill-managed rising would
be ruin to the whig cause.
Upon the discovery of the Rye House plot,
Russell and others were immediately im-
?risoned. It was not, however, until Lord
[oward had been captured that upon his in-
formation a party of horse was sent to Essex*s
country house at Cashiobury to arrest him.
Upon his arrest he appeared dejected, and said
little, but that he did not imagine any one
would swear falsely against him, and made
no manner of profession of duty. Sir Philip
Lloyd said * he was in some confusion at his
own house, and changed his mind three or
four times, one while saying he would go
on horseback, and another while that he
would go in his coach ' (North, Eramen,
382). He appears also to have shown much
mental distress when brought before the coun-
cil. He sent from the Tower a very melan-
choly message to his wife, and he wrot« also
to the Earl of Bedford to express his regret
at having helped to bring danger upon his
son. Shortly after the beginning of Lord
Russell's trial on 13 July 1683 it was
whispered in court — and the news was made
use of to injure Russell — that Essex had
cut his throat in the Tower (Ralph, 769;
North, JExameny 400). It is impossible here
to enter into the controversy as to whether
this tragedy was suicide or murder. It will be
foimd exhaustively treated in Burnet (560),
in the last edition of the ' Biographia Britan-
nica,' in Ralph's * History ' (i, 769), and in
North's * Examen.' The court was, of course,
roundly accused of murder ; the charge, how-
ever, is utterly without antecedent proba-
bility, and is unsupported by trustworthy evi-
dence. It was dimcult for those who knew
Essex's 'sober and religious deportment'
(Evelyn, 28 June 1683) to believe in the
suicide theory. But the occasional melancholy
of his disposition ; the sleeplessness with which
he was troubled in the Tower ; the danger of
his friends; the fact that he found himself in
the yery rooms from which his father had
been taken to execution ; the recollection of
his last interview with that lather ; his com-
Capel
Capel
m^ndation of ibe action of tlis Earl of Nocih-
umberlanrl, who iirevfulcd nn uttaJnder by
killing hiniEelf in tlia Towit, to s&ve bis
honour iluJ Itunily Mtute« (^NoBm, MiraneTi,
385): liisecudlngforarMor — these andotber
oucb coUiiternl cnnsidnrationsBreto be borne
in mind. Flippant nud cruel as Charles bad
become, kia nmuirk, 'Mv lard Eesex might
liBTS tried my mercy ; I owe a life toliia
fiunily,' is, if genuine, a voLtiuble additional
piecw of evidence that he at least was utterly
without complicity in the crime imputed to
him, Essex was buried at "Watford in Hert-
his Rente [Cashiobury], ai
|(oniIii, and ulher rural e
tlui day. ' No man has been moru indus-
*~' na than this noble loril in planting about
"" ' ' ' }, adorned with walks,
! esicellenciea ; while
the library is laiye, and very nobly fumisiied,
anci all the boolcB richly bound and gilded ;
but there arc no manuscripts except the par-
liament rolls and joumaU, the transcribing
and Mndingofwhichcoatliim500f,'(lfl April
1680). The reader should refer also to the
description given by Evelvn of the house
iteelt
[The KiurCBB of infonnatioQ ara soflicieiitly io-
dieMed in the teiU Tho Kn*a. I'apors ore acces-
inUeia theBri tiab Huaeum. and aru novarrangod
dmmologicAlly. The Jetcurs tn EIbbei are all
oapnals; thoae finm hiai nro drafts of copies.
appatwnlJy in his own hand. They fQrmar«K>rd
1^ duly and incHsssat toil.] 0. A.
CAPEL, StR HENRY, Lord Cafel op
Tkwxbsbitst (d. 1690), lord-lieutenant of
Iielaud, was the eecond son of Arthur, lord
Capel of Hodbam [q.v.], by Elizabeth, daugh-
I«r and heiresM of Sir Chulee Aforrison of
Csahiobury, llertfordshire. He waa created
a knight of the Bath at the coronation of
Charim H, and appointed first commissioner
of tie ndmimlty 25 April 1679, When the
kinff resolved to pass the winter of 1680
'without a purliomenl, Capel and three Other
oonncillon desired to be excused &om fur-
ther attendance iTemple, ile^noir*, ii. 69).
In November following Capel waa oite of
tbp stmngest sumiorterE in the commons of
the Exclusion Bill (BuKsm, Oica Tijiiet,
ed. 1886, P._319V Having after the acces-
sion of William oeen appointed a lord of the
tifaaMty, h» waa among the moat zealoua of
those who endeavoored to compa^ the over-
thfow of Hatifiu (Ci.4KBmw», Letters on
tHe Affain of the Time, li. 200), He was
left out of th» new treasury foUowing the
nmeral idection in 1600, but succeeded Sir
JnbnLowthurtn the treasury 27reb. 1891-2.
On 1 March 1091-2 he was created Lord
Capel orTewkMhuiy. When bis kinsman.
/XJ
the Earl of Clarendcm, was named in the
privy council as suspwted of treason, he
endeavoured to prevent bis arrest, but finally
signed the warrant along with tbeotbur mem-
bers of the couucU. On account of the pre-
vailing disorders in Ireland in 1693, Lord
Sydney, the lord deputy, who was supposed
to favour the Irish too much, was recalled,
and the government placed in the hands of
three lords justices, of whom Cape! hud the
chief influence with the government. As a
strong enemy of Kiintan Catholicism it was
not to he auppoaed that he would show much
favour to the native Irish, while the other
two lords justices were more disposed to a
mild and compromising policy. The English
thereupon maile representations that be should
be installed lord deputy, be undertaking lo
manage a parliament, so as t« obtain the
passing of the measures the king desired.
He was accordingly declared lord depii'
in May 1695, and by the parliament wn'
be then called the supplies asked for w
Knted, the proceedings of the parliamen
aes II were annulled, and the great ac'
settlement was confirmed. At the ins
of Capel a motion was made to impeach the
lord chancellor, Port.er, for having aoused his
position to thrust catholics into commissions
of the peace, and to favour them in their
suits with proteetauts, but the motion was
lost by a majority of two to one. Capel
died at DubUn U May 1696. By his wife,
Dorothy, daughter of Sir Richard Benaet
of Kew, Surrey, he left no issue. Capel,
before he went to Ireland, resided in ■ an old
timber house ' at Kew, where he was fre-
quently visited by Evelyn, who states that
m his garden house be had 'the choicest
fruit of any plantation in England.'
[CoUias's Peerage (ed. 1812), iii. ISO; Lnt-
trell'B Diary, i. 266, filfl. fi28, ii. 22. 369, 373,
iii. 26, 30, 87. 101, 119, 279, 319, 339, 467, 463,
482. 48e, 461. 497. 503. iv. 57, 61, 63 ; Sir Wil-
liam Temple's Memoim. ii. 38. 59, 93 ; Burnet's
Own Times (ed. 1833), pp. 317, 319. 596. 618-
619; Evelyn's Diatr; OldmiiDn's History of
England; Ralph's History of Englandi Frundu's
Eugliih io Ireland, i. 236-8, 263, 267 ; Macau-
laj's History of England] T. F. H.
CAPEL, RICHARD (168&- 1666), puri-
tan divine, descended from an ancient Here-
fordshire family, was bom at Gloucester in
1586, being the son of Christopher Capel,
alderman of that city, and his wife Grace,
daughter of iUchurd Hands. His father
was a good friend to those ministers who
hod suffered for nonconformity. The son,
who was first educated in his native city, be-
came a commonerof St. Alhan HoU, Oxford,
in 1601, was afterwards elected a demy of
Capel I
Magdalen College, and in 1.609 was made per-
Ktual fellow of that house, being then M.A,
iring' his residence at the university he wa.^
much consulted by noted members of tbt'
Calviiiistic party, and he had many pupils
entrueted to his care, including Accepted
Frewen, auhsequently archhishop of York,
and William Peoiber. In the reign of James I
he attended at court on the Earl of Somer-
set, and continued there till the death of hiij
triend Sir Thomas Overbury. In 1613 he
was instituted to the rectory of Eostington,
in hie native county, 'where he became emi-
nent amongthe puritanical par^. In 1633,
when the 'Book of Sports' of James I was
published the second time b^ royal autho-
rity, he declined to read it in Me church,
and voluntarily resigning his rectory ho ob- .
tained a license to practise physic from the
bishop of Gloucester. He now settled at
Fitchcombe, near Stroud, where he had an
estate. In 1641 ho eepouBod the cause of
the parliament and renewed his ministerial
functions at Pitchcombe. ' In the exerciser
of the pulpit he was sometimes a Hoanerf^s,
the son of thunder i but more commonly e I
Barnabas, the son of consolation ' (Bbook, j
Purita?u, iii. '260). He died at Pitchcombe
on 21 Sept. 1666.
He married Dorothy,daughterof William
Plumstead of Plumstead, Norfolk (she died
14 Sept. 1622, aged 28). His son, Daniel I
Capel, MA., was successively minister of '
Morton, Alderley, and Shjpton Moigne in ,'
Gloucestershire ; the latter living he parted i
with In 1663 for nonconformitv, and he prac- !
tised medicine at Stroud until his death.
UichardCapelwas theauthorof: 1. 'God'e
Valuation of Man's Soul,' in two sermom
on Mark viii. 36, London, 1632, 4to, 2. 'Ten-
tations: theirNaturejDangiT, Cure, to which
is added a Briefe Dispute, as touching Resti-
tution in the Case of Usury,' I^indon, 1633,
12mo ; second edition, London, 1635, 12mo ;
third edition, London, ld3&-7,]2mo; sixth
edition, consisting of five parts, 1658-55, Bvo.
The fourth part was published at London,
1655,8vo. Ae'BriefDispute'wasanBwered
byT. P., London, 1679. 3. ' Apology in De-
fence of Bome Eiceptions against some Par-
ticulars in the Book of Tentations,' London,
1659, 8vo. 4. 'Capel's llemains, being an
useful Appendix to his excellent Treatise of
Tentations, witli a preface prefixed, wherein
is contained an Abridgment of tho author's
life, by his friend, Valentine Marshall,' Lon-
don, 1668, 8vo.
He likewise edited eome of the theologi-
cal treatises composed by his favourite pupil
William Fember, who oied in bis house at
Eastington in 1623.
Capel
[Life of Marshall ; Bigland's Q-Ioncoitatshin,
1.539-42; Clarka's Livps of Ten Eminent Di-
vines (1882), 248; Macfiu-lnoe's Ca^ Libronnn
Impress, Bib). CoU. B. Matin Magd. Oion. Ap-
pend. 18; Wood's Athens Oion. (BIisi), iii
421 ; Fuller's Worthies (1B11). i. 3S6 ; Hetfao-
ingtoa's Hist, of tho Westminster AsMm-
!>ly of Diviaes, 109 ; Brook's Poritans, iii. IM;
Palmer's Nonconformist's Memorial (1802), ii
264; Calamy's Abridgmeat of Baxter (1711X
ii. 317 ; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mui.;
Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; I^nsd, MS, B86, f. 114.1
T. C.
CAPEL, Sir THOMAS BLADEN
(1776-1853), admiral, youngest son ofWil-
liam, fourth earl of Essex, by hie second
wife, Harriet, daughter of Colonel liomM
. Bladen, was bom 25 Aug. 1776, and, accord-
ing to the fiction then in vogue, entered tlia
navy on board the Phaeton frigate OS captain^
servant on 22 March 17ti2. It was ten yean
later before he joined in the fiesh, and afta
serving on the Newfoimdland and homa
stations and being present as midshipmanof
the SansPareil in the action offL^Orient,
I 23 July 1796, he was, on 5 April 1797, pro-
! moted to a lieutenancy and appointed tt
the Cambrian frigate, on the home station.
In April 1798 he was appointed to the Via-
guard, bearing the flag of Sir Horatio Nel-
son, and, during the Mediterranean cniin
which culminated in the battle of the Nils,
acted as Sir Horatio's signal officer. On
4 Aug. 1798 he was appointed b^ Nelson to
the command of the Mutine brig, andunt
home with duplicate despatches, which, in
consequence of the capture of the Leander
[see Ber£i, Sik Edward], brought the firrt
news of the victory to England, 2 Oct. Hil
comma nder's commission was at once con-
Srmed, and on 27 Dec. he was advanced to
post rank. On 5 Jan. 1799 he was appointed
to the Arab frigate, for the West India sta-
tion. In July 1800 he was transferred to
the Meleager, which on 9 June 1801 wai
wrecked in the Ouif of Mexico. In Augmt
1802 he was appointed to the Phoebe cf
36 guns, in which he served in the Medite^
ranean for thethree foUowinK years, and wu
present at the battle of Trafalgar. ' The ex-
traordinary exertion of Captain Capel,' wrote
Collingwood on 4 Nov., ' saved the Pn'nch
Swiftsure; and his ship, the Phmbe, together
with tho Donegal, afterwards brought out
the Bahama' (^ICOIAB, NeUon Detpatdiet,
On Hisretum to England he sat as a mem-
ber of the court-martial on Sir Robert 0^
der [q. t.], and on 27 Dec. was appointed to
the Gndymion of 40 guns, in which he again
proceeded to the Mediterranean, carrying
Capel
19
Capell
out as a passenger Mr. Arbuthnot, the Eng-
lish ambassador, to Constantinople, where
he continued while the negotiations were
pending, and on their failure brought Mr.
Arbuthnot back to Malta. The Endjmion
was afterwards one of the fleet which, under
Sir John Duckworth, forced the passage of
the Dardanelles, 19 Feb., 3 March 1807, in
which last engagement she was struck by
two of the enormous stone shot, upwards
of 2 feet in diameter, and weighing nearly
800 lbs. ; fortunately without sustaining much
damage.
In December 1811 Capel was appointed to
the Hogue, on the Norm American station,
where he continued during the war with the
United States. In June 18I6 he was nomi-
nated a C.B., and in December 1821 was ap-
pointed to the command of the Koyal Yacht,
where he remained till advanced to be rear-
admiral, 27 May 1825. On 20 May 1832 he
was made a K.C.B., and from May 1834 to
July 1837 was commander-in-chief in the
EajBt Indies, with his flag in the Winchester
of 50 guns. This was ms last service. He
became a vice-admiral on 10 Jan. 1837;
he was further advanced to be admiral on
28 AprU 1847, and on 7 April 1852 to be
G.C.B. He died on 4 March 1853. He
married, in 1816, Harriet Catherine, only
daughter of Mr. Francis George Smyth, but
had no issue.
[Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biog., iii. (vol. ii.) 195;
O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet.; Gent. Mag. (1853),
vol. cxl. pt. i. p. 540.] J. K. L.
CAPEL, WILLIAM, third Earl of
Essex (1697-1743), eldest son of Algernon
Capel, second earl of Essex, and Mary, eldest
daughter of William Bentinck, first earl of
Portland, was bom in 1697. In 1718 he was
appointed gentleman of the bedchamber to
George II when Prince of Wales, an office in
which he was continued after the prince's ac-
cession to the throne. In 1725 he was made
a knight of St. Andrew, and in 1727 he was
constituted lord-lieutenant of Hertfordshire.
In 1731 he was appointed ambassador extra-
ordinary and plenipotentiary to the king of
Sardinia at Turin, an office which he dis-
charged till 1736. He was afterwards ap-
pointed keeper of St. James's and Hyde Parks,
but resigned this position on 4 Dec. 1739
on being appointed captain yeoman of the
guard. On 12 Feb. 1734-5 he was sworn a
member of the privy coimcil, and on 20 Feb.
1737-8 he was made a knight companion of
the Garter. He died on 8 Jan. 1742-3, and
was buried at Watford. By his first wife,
Jane, eldest surviving daughter of Henry
Hyde, earl of Clarendon, he had four daugh-
ters, and by his second wife, Elizabeth Rus-
sell, youngest daughter of Wriothesley, se-
cond duke of Bedford, he had four daughters
and two sons. Of the sons the elder died
young, and the second, William Anne (1732-
1799), succeeded him in the peerage.
[Collins's Peerage, ed. Brydges, iii. 484-5 ;
Clutterbuck's History of Hertford, i. 242-4.1
T. F. H.
CAPELL, EDWARD (1713-1781),
Shakespearean commentator, son of the Rev.
Gamaliel Capell, rector of Stanton in Suffolk,
was bom 11 June 1713 at Throston,near Bury
St. Edmunds. He was educated at Bury
grammar school and Catharine Hall, Cam-
bridge. In 1737 he was appointed deputy-in-
spector of plays by the Duke of Grafton, from
whom, in 1746, he also received the post of
groom of the privy chamber. In discharging
the duties of deputy-inspector he occasionally
acted with little discretion, as when he re-
fused to license Madklin's * Man of the World '
under its original title, * The True-bom Scotch-
man' {^Biogr. Dram., ed. Jones, iii. 16-16).
His official position gave him leisure to devote
himself to his favourite pursuit — the study
of Shakespeare and of Elizabethan literature.
He publisned in 1760 * Prolusions, or Select
Pieces of Ancient Poetry.* In this collection
appeared a reprint of the anonymous play,
* Edward HI,' which Capell tentatively as-
signed to Shakespeare. Eight years after-
wards (1768) he published his edition of
Shakespeare in ten volumes, with a dedi-
cation to the Duke of Grafton, grandson
of the patron who had appointed him de-
puty-inspector. In the dedicatory epistle he
states that he had devoted twenty years
to the preparation of the edition. An in-
troduction, chiefly bibliographical, was pre-
fixed, but the commentary was reserved for
separate publication. Capell aimed at sup-
plying in the first instance an accurate text
based on a careful collation of the old copies,
and he did his work very thoroughly. The
first part of the commentary — notes to nine
plays, together with the glossary — appeared
m 1774. As it met with little success, he
recalled the impression and determined to
publish the entire commentary, in three
quarto volumes, by subscription. The print-
ing of the first volume was finished in March
1779, and the second volume was ready in
the following February ; but subscribers'
names were difficult to procure, and Capell
did not live to see the publication of his
labours. He died 24 Jan. 1781. In 1783
the complete work was issued in three vo-
lumes, imder the title of ' Notes and Various
Readings to Shakespeare.' As a textual
critic Capell was singularly acute, and his
Capell
20
Capgrave
commentary is a valuable contribution to
scholarship. The third volume is entitled
' The School of Shakespeare/ and consists of
' authentic extracts from divers English books
that were in print in that authors time/ to
which is appended ' Notitia Dramatica ; or
Tables of Ancient Plays (from their begin-
ning to the licstoration of Charles the Se-
cond)/ In the dedicatory epistle it is alleged
by the editor, Jolm Collins, that St^evens ap-
propriated Capell's notes while disclaiming
all acquaintance with them. There was a
report that when Capell's Shakespeare was
bemg printed Steevens bribed the printer's
8er\'ant to let him have the first sheets
(Nichols, Literary Anecdotes, viii. 540).
Cai)ell hud many enemies among contempo-
rary commentators. Farmer, in his letter to
Steevens, speaks of him contemptuously, and
Dr. Johnson observed that his abilities * were
just sufficient to select the black hairs from
the white for the use of the periwig makers.'
Capell was a friend of Garrick, but became
estranged from him in later life. He used
to say tliat Garrick ^ spoke many speeches
in Shakespeare without understanding them.'
During the last twenty years of his life lie
spent the whole of each summer at Hastings,
where he had built himself a house close to
the sea. His rooms in London were at
Brick Court, Temple, where in later life he
lived in such seclusion that only the most
urgent business could draw him out of doors.
He died at Brick Court on 24 Feb. 1781,
and was buried at Fomham All Saints,
Suffolk. He had collected a very valuable
library, the choicest portion of which he
presented to Trinity College, Cambridge,
bteevens printed privately a catalogue of
this collection in 1779; it is reprinted in
Hartshorne's *Book llarities in the Uni-
versity of Cambridge.' Capell is described
by Samuel Pe^ge as * a personable well-made
man of the middle stature,' and it is added
that he ' had much of the carriage, manners,
and sentiments of a gentleman.* His in-
dustry was astonishing ; and it is reported
that he transcribed the whole of Shakespeare
ten times. It is admitted that he was pos-
sessed of no little vanity, and that he was
somewhat unsociable; but his temper had
been soured by neglect. In addition to the
works already mentioned, Capell published,
1. *Two Tables elucidating the Sounds of
Letters/ 1749, fol. 2. < lieflections on Ori-
ginality in Authors: being Remarks on a
Letter to Mr. Mason on the Marks of Imita-
tion/ 1706, 8vo. With the assistance of
Garrick he published in 1758 an edition of
' Antony ana Cleopatra,' ' fitted for the stage
by abridging only.
[Nichols's Literary Illustrations, i. 465-76,
iii. 203, y. 421; Nichols's Literary Aneolotait
viii. 540; Davy's Athens SnffohnenBes, Add.
MS. 19166 ; Halliwell's Defence of Edwaid Ck-
pell, 1861 ; a letter to George Hardinge, eiq.,
1777 ; Monthly Renew, liii. 394-403, Inz. 484.
488, Ixx. 15-23; Biographia Dramatica, ed,
Jones, i. 82, iii. 15-16.] A H. E
CAPELL, KATHERINE (nie Stb-
PHEXs), CoFsnEss OF EssEX (1796-188^).
[See Stephens, Kathebine.]
CAPELLANUS, JOHN O^. U\0}\
translated the ' De Consolatione Philoaophis'
of Boethius into English verse. Copies of
this translation are still preserved, according
to Tanner, in the library of Lincoln Cathe-
dral (i. 53) and in the British Museam
(Harl, MS. xxxiy. A 5). Another copy, im-
perfect towards the beginning, is to be ionai
among the Sloane MSS. This writer, who
seems to haye been unknown to Leland, Bale,
and Pits, flourished, if we may trust the
statement of Tanner, about 1410.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. p. 161.] T. A A
CAPGRAVE, JOHN (1893-1464), Au-
gustiniau friar, theologian, and historian,
was bom, as he has himself noted in hii
chronicle (p. 259), on 21 April 1393. He vu
a native of Lynn in Norfolk — ^*iny cuntreii
Northfolk, of the toun of Lynne (Prokgwt
to the Life of St, Katharine) — ^where he
passed nearly all his days. Bale and othen
wrongly name Kent as hb county. Studiou
in youth, and ' sticking to his books like a
limpet to its rocks,' he was sent to one of the
universities, but to which one is uncertain;
Leland names Cambridge, but only on con-
jecture. Tanner, however, adduces evidenoe
for this university from Capgraye*8 own words
in a manuscript now destroyed (Cotton. M8.
Vitellius D. xv, Life of St. Gilbert), On the
other hand. Bale and others state that he took
the degree of doctor of divinity at Oxford ; and
Pamphilus (f. 139) adds that he lectured there.
It has been suggested (introd. to Caporate's
ChromcUy p. x) tliat he may have received hii
early education at Cambric^, that place being
more conveniently near to Lynn, and a^er-
wards mi^^ted to the sister university. He
was ordamed priest in 1417 or 1418, four or
live years, he tells us {De Ulustr. Henriat,
p. 127\ before the birth of Henry VI. At
an early age he had elected to enter the order
of Augustine Friars ; but we do not know
when he first became an inmate of the hoiu*
of the friars at Lynn. It may not, however,
be too much to infer that he was connected
with it from youth, and that he may have
received a port of his education within its
walls.
SonnafterUkiug bis doctor E degree he wa5
nroitiioied to be jproTiacial of his order in
En^buid. An olfii^ial docimieiit dated 1456
IB quolpd by White Kennet (Pai-ockial An-
H^tiet, IHIS, ii. S99) in which Capgrave,
Wt provincial, recogniseesclaim to thepatroo-
Xof theconveDt of AuatinFriaraat Oxlbrd,
n existing near the Bite uf Wudbam
CoUewe.
A lew wore facts relating to hia life win
be pitbered from his work ' De illustribus
Honricis.' In 1406, when a boT, he sawthe
VfaxMfJt Philippa, daughter of deniy IV, em-
bark at Lynn, on her way to marry Eric XLU,
kinf of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
fji, 1091. In 14^2 he was studying in Lon-
doQ at tlie timi' of the birth of Henry \T
(p. 127). In I446herBCeivedthBluDgwhen
ho visited the Austin Friary at Lynn, and
nre him nn account of its foundation (p. 1 37).
It may bepresumed that be was then bead of
the bouse. In the dedicatory epistle pre-
fixed to his ' Commentary on the Acta of the
ApMtlM ' he refers to a vieit. to Rome, where '
hw WB* taken ill ; but he doeg not specify the
Aa\« [De iUvstr. HenricU, app. p. 221). i
C^pgrave's biographerB eulogise his cha- I
ncterin Uiehigbestterms. Tlie moat leamt^d
<if English Augustinians whom the soil of
Brittun ever produced, he was distinguished
aaaphilnsopher and theologian, practically re-
jecUDg in hie writings the dreams of sophists,
which lead only to strife and useless dis-
Cuwions. Fulfilling the mission of his order,
* it was his wont to thunder against the
wanton and arbitraiT- acts of prelates, who
enlarge the bordersoftheirgnrments beyond
measun?, catching at the favour of the igno-
rant herd ; not shenherds.but hirelings, who
learn the shem to the wolvea, caring only for
the mil k and fleece ; robbers of theu- country
and evil workers, to whom truth is a burden,
ji««iceft thing of scorn, and cruelly a delight '
(Bale).
Ilia chief patron wna Humphrey, duke of
Olouceater, whose life he wrote, and to whom
he. dnJicnted ct'rtain of hif< works. He died
ftt Lyim on 12 Aug. 1464 (not 1484, as Pam-
S.'AdPofiil.ianeaerroneas.' 7. 'Orotlonesad
Clerum.' S.'SertnnnesperAnnum.' 9.'Leo-
turss Scholssticie.' 10. ' Ordinnrim Disputa-
liones.' 11. 'Epistolasoddiversos.' 12.'Nov«
Legeada Angliffi,' 13. ' Vita S. Augustini.'
14. ' De sequacibus S. Augustini,' and (the
same work ora continuation) 15. 'Deillu»-
tribiis viris Ordinls S. Augustini.' And the
hiatorieal works: l.'DeilluatrihuisHenricis.'
2. ' Vita Ilumfredi Ducts Gloccstrioi.' Hia
works in English were: 1. 'The Life of St.
Gilbert of Sempringbsm.' 2. A metrical
' Life of St. Katharine,' 3. ' A Ohronicle of
England from the Creation to A.D, I4I7.'
' A Ouido to the Antiquities of Rome,' in
English, a work which he is supposed to
hsvemritten during hia detention there from
illness, has also been ascribed to him (Ckro-
niele, p. 355).
The commentaries on Genesia and the
Pauline Epistles (and probably some others
of the bibUcal commentaries) were dedicated
to Humphrey, duke of Gloucester; the com-
mentary on tne books of Kings to John Lowe,
bishop of St. Asaph (1433-44) ; and the c
nd I^ts B
1 hia seventy-first
'"■■'■■■-■■ ■■ wns a most industrious writer;
■■ -irks are given by Bale, Tanner,
I n Latin he viTote : I. Commeu'
■f vend books of the Pentateuch,
iiuigea, and Ruth, the four books
ilme.BjCclesiastes, Isainh, Daniel,
\linor Prophets, Acts, Pauline
111 Epistles, and the Apocalypse,
^Doctriute Christianie.' 3, 'Da
ridri Svinbolia.' 4. 'Super Sententias Petri
Xombordi.' 6. 'DetenmnatioDesTbeDlogicic.'
The'
to Henry VU, the ' Ohronicle " to Edward IV.
The 'Life of St. Gilbert' was dediMted to
Nicholas liesby, muster of the order of Sem-
pringhom.
Very many of Oapgrave's works are lost.
Tiiose which have appeared in print or are
still extant in manuscript are as follows; —
The autograph mamiscript of the ' Commen-
tary on Genesis' (a work written in 1437-8),
which W8S presented to Duke Humphrey, is
preserved in Oriel College, Qxford, MS. No. 32.
Itwasgivenby thednketo the university, aa
one among 135 volumes, in February 1443-4;
Other works of Capgrave, included in the some
gift, being the commentaries on Exodus and
on 1 and 3 Kings. Amanuscriptof the com-
mentary on the Acts, also said to be autograph,
was given by Bishop Orev, of Ely, to BaUiol
Col]ege,andi8now marked No. 189, Another
raanuacript in the same college, No. 190,
conlaina Oapgrave's work on the Creeds, the
autograph manuscript being that in the
library of All Souls' College, No, 17. It is
in this latter work that he latinises hisname
as ' Johannes de Monumento Pileato.' The
prologues to the commentaries on Genesis,
the Acts, and the Creeds are printed in the
Rolls edition of the ' De illustribus Henricis.'
The ' Nova Legenda Anglite,' compiled from
the work of John of Tynemouth, exists in a
manuscript in the York Minster Library;
another copy in the Cottonian Library (Ti-
beiius E. i) has been greatly injured by fire ;
Capon 22 Capon
a third U in the Bodleian Lihraiy. Tunnor became B.D. in 1512, and D.D. in 1515. Ii
MS. 15. An abridtr^ T^an^lation was pub- the 'Kind's Book of Payments* {Cal. (if
lished by Pynsc^n in lold. and in the $amt? Ift-n, IT//, ii. 1441) he is named a» rece'iTinff
year Wvnkyn d»' Worde print t-d the trntire AV. in February 1516 and again in MarcS
work. iTif prt^l'.viit' is aLm print t-d in the 1517 for preaching at court. On 16 Feb.
*Peillust. Ht-nrici?,' The 'LixV of St. Gil- 1516-17, being then prior of St. John's^
beri of Semprinirham ' exi>Ted in the Cotton. Colchester, he was made abbot of St. Benet'»
MS. VittUius b XV. which, with thf trx- Hulme in Norfolk ( Pn^ i?*>//, 8 Hen. VIH,
enjoved
^ISS. iH:», UiS. :y:K\ In ili- British Muse.im: There is extant (Oil of Hen. VIJI, iv.App.
and in the &Kllrian, l»awlin>on M.S. 116, 3*»t a letter from Capon to Wolsey, 10 Apnl
B«^K£y ham's Lu-y* %>/ Stynfy*, Koxli.irjhe your ser\-ant.' to explain that the writer is
Club, 1 S>> V Thi- prx.«l.'iriU" i ? prir.tt%i in * !:v ill and cannot come up as commanded. * Thii
Roll? edit iou of Capj.TtiVt *s * Chr.'uiolv.' p. ■%>>. bringer " was afterwards lord privy seal and
Fra*:rmfn!> of thf 'Guiilt- to the Ani:4u:T:vs earl of Essex. As part of a scheme forre-
of Rome ' an? found in :hf dv-h-aves of the deeming first-fruits in Norwich diocese, St
iribus Honricis * was written durin*: :!iv rtijn xer, yotitia Mona*t. p. 333). made directly
of Henry VI, and its obifOt was iht- j raise subject to the bishops of Norwich who were
and glory of : ha: kinc. It irivt >:hv livvs of to be t.r *--fficio abbi'>ts there : but Capon con-
six empi^rors of Germany, six kin^:^ o: Kr.j- tinuevl ablK>t and was succeeded bv Kepps^
land, and iwilve illustrious mrii who hid afterwards bishop of Norwich. In ("ebruur
lv>me the name of llenrv. Tlw auroji^ph l">iV-oO he was at Cambridge to assist in
manuscript is in Corpus rKristiCollt-co. Cam- oV:.Mning a declaration from the university
Uside Winchester « Pat Hoi/, i?rHen. \1ll,
p. 1. m. l^t. In July following he signed,
VrpusChristilolUiTi'.MS. hC. This's^h.r: as one of the spiritual lords, the letter to
remembni-.ms of oKif s:oriis* Sivn:s :o L:ive the jv^pe praying him to consent to tbe
divorct'. In August 1533 he was nominated
to :hv bish."»pric of Bancor. but the pope
wouM not grant the bull of consecration.
change of dynasty, rlnd.iiu' Kd^^ jird IVs :;:lo Howrver. on 11 April 1534 he had the Poyil
to Iv gvvd 'by li^'vidis ilispo>iTi.'n,* and r.!> as>tnt. and on the 19th was consecrated
handsoiiit-'y r^t'.rcv.nj on tha: of his 'a:e bis-hop of B.sn»?'»r by Archbishop Cranmer—
patron Ilt".'.r>- VI as d^rivt d 'by ir.:r-.:-;.ni.' 'hi' se^vnd bishv">p made in Ensrland after
wth thtso l:is:orio;il w^-rks \veri» t\li:«\l bv Ilfnr%-Vlll assumed papal authority. Hecon-
F. C. Hingis:. Ml t>r the U.^lls Striis in lSo>. tir.utV. ablvt of Hyde, noldinir the bishopric
[lUii's So:-:;:, Br::. Ci:. : I^:.vd'. T ---o"- '*• '" •':";•■ ':^^'-?'- until the suppression, when,
t.\rii d?' S».t: J :.'rii us Trii. ^ 1 ^■5i^ ; jvi>. IV.nr:;::: ^■' " ^''^ Ci'^nveni. he surrendered the abbey
Chiv^u i ca Or. : i c • •« init n: v.i Kn :: ; . S . A -.-Iru!.: i :: i ^'^ ^ • '^^ ki nc in April 1 539 1 r' 3C» H enry Vlll '
iloSU; Ta=r;tr's V-W:. l^r::.: K. INiCli-T.^-s" :" -^"^ ' "'> /;*■.> -fW H^j^rt, viii. App. 'ii. 24).
Caj^r.ive"> v':;r<^:.io:» .v::i L.\r: d. i.:.:>T. ilt:.- * ^Vha: wondt^r." exclaims Stevens (^Supph L
rioiN ^^ISoSV] H M. T. -W^'. -that in a depraved ape »urrt»nders
1 iiv •■ ^ sV.^'i'd b-,* s"» universal, when the bt-t ravers
C A rON . J OH N . n.V.: f S\T lOi i f . 1 . v 7^. of t hvir trust, t he sacri Wious Judases, wen?
bishop ot ^a^.^b;:ry, was a 1 Vn, d.i. : in- :v..-.;k mavio bish- w : * Latimer of Worcester and
J-hon m USS he r:\H\xsled H.A. a: Ca::> >hax:onofSalisburvPLsii.Tied their bL?hoprics
>V ^ *" ** *"''"^ ''* ^'- ''^'""'^ AlKv ill in the summer of "LV^^ in consequence of
\ :'iv*'*l*.'^ ^^'''*'" onlaimsl di-aoMi on U? May the • Six Articles.' and Capon was translated
liHV. ihs name pix^bably implus ihat he t.i the see of Salisburv on 31 July 1539
was a nat ive ot Sakvt, m>ar Colchester. He {^I\mL Xoii, 31 Hen. VIll, p. 3^ m. 28)," which
lie lijcld till his death. He reverted to the
Roman faith uo th<> accession of Quvea Marj',
at which time (SI Au^. 1658) he had License
becauM of hia great age to be sbsent front
1h« qoeen's comuation and from future par-
Uamente (Hjlthbh, Burs/Ury Paptfii,'p.\il);
b« was, however, at the trial of Bishop
Hooper at Southwark in Jnnuarj 1665. Ho
dit^ on 6 Oct, 1557, and was buried in
Saliaburv Cathedral ou the south aide of the
choir. CapoD was a preacher of some note
and a nan of learning. Menry Vllt wrote
to Benct, his umbnasudor at Home, on 10 July
1581, to urgo the pope to refer judgment of
tbu divorce ciwe to the Archbishop of Can-
t«rbu(T, a;i9iBted by the abbot of Weatminster
and * the abbot of Hyda, a great clerk '( Qi'. r/
Sm. nil. V. 827). Convocation iu 1542,
directing certaiu bLshope U) revise a traosla-
tinn of the New Testament, assigned the
Eputlea to the Coriuthiana to Capon, and
tM emmn convocation appointed Lim and the
Btahop o( El]? esaminers of eliurch books.
Prot«atant writers inveigh against him as a
liioe-Berveraud a papist — ' a false dissembling
bishop,' a* lie is called byFoxe(v. 464), who
Creqaently names liim a« a 'persecutor' of
martTra under Henry VllIandMarj. Fuller
■nd StTTpe say Le des]H>iled his bishopric to
aniidi kiinseU'. Hirt will, dated 16 July
1G&7, directs that all his goods be divided
Khi»
. la his esecutora 're-
nounceil.' the prerogative court of Canter-
bury appointed an administrator on 29 Oct.
1667. .\rma; ' S, a chevron between 3
t perhaps 'A, on a chevron S
& 3 trefcula of the second, 3 escallops
•rls Alhenee Cantab, i. 171, fiSO; Aniinla
)ridp>, i. aSS-B -. CaL of Henry Vlil ;
'■Suppl.toDugdiile.i.GnS; Doihiwonb's
aaliab. CiiUi- II. 51: Fullers Churvh Hist.;
Feoe'i Aets aa J Atun. ; Dudd's Churc!) Hist. p.
W9 1 Wnod'B Atbenie Oun. ed. Bliie, i. 247,
it. 741. 7fl7, 779, SOB ; Strjpa ; Li/larJ's QiUect.
ri. S20, 234; Lemon's Caleadar; Richardson's
Godwin: Milnar'BWiDehwtec, ii. 223; LeNive's
VumX: 8t>to Papers Henry TUI; Browne Willis's
Sol, Furl. i. 128; Enmet'a Hist, of Botorrou-
tiOB i Andorsoa's Annals of Engl. Bible, ii. loO;
Haynw's Burifhley Papers, p. 177; Britton's
Salubv Catb. 4 1 . 05 ; Orey Fnaie' Chronicle, p. S7 ;
Wriothiwlfiv'" ChruniclB. i. 36, 103; Cliva'sXad-
■ Va : Bedford's Bluion of Epiwopiwj. 14.]
I Co!
. ON, WILLIAM (rf.ir.50),inMter of
) CoUegv, Cambridge, the brother of
John CajH.'n, aiiim Sulcol [q. v.], was bnm nt
Salcot, EHsex. He was educated at Cam-
bndgB, wlierche pi
1609. He was fellow of Catharine HaU, held
the living of Qreat Shelford, Cambridgeshire,
and on '2\ July 1516 became master w Jesus
CoUe^, Cambridge. He acted as chaplain
to Wolaey, and was nominated iu 1526 the
first dean of Wolse/s short-lived coUe^ at
Ipawich. A long letter from Capon to Wol-
aey, touching the organisation of the coU^,
is printed in Ellis's ' Original Letters ' (fat
ser, i. 185, from ' MS. Cotton,' Titns B i,
f. 176). In 1634 he resigned the vicarage of
Barkway, Hertfordshire, which be had held
for several years ; in 1537 became prebendary
of Wells ; from 2(i Sept. 1537 was for a few
weeks archdeacon of Anglesey ; in 1543 was
institul^l rector of Duxford St. Peter, Cam-
bridgeshire, and prebondary of Bangor. He
reaigneil the majtership of Jesus College in
November 164fj, and died in 1550.
[Cooper's Athenie Cantab, i. 100; Wood's
Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 94 ». (whnro the data of Capon's
rraigoation of Barkway ia miaprinled li>14)j
Ellis's Letters, Ist ser. i. 185, 3rd sar. ii. 331 ;
Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy, l, llfi, 120, 204,1
S. L. L.
CAPON, WILLIAM {1757-1827), scene-
painter, decorative artist, and architect,
the son of an artist, was boru nt Norwich
6 Oct. 1757. Under his father he com-
miniced to paint portraits, but preferring
architecture was placed under NoTOzielski,
whom he assisted in the buildings and deco-
rations of tlie Italian Opera House (reopened
1791) and Ranelagh Gardens. Iu 1794 he
erected a theatre for Lord Aldborough at
Belon House, Kildare, and in the aame year
was engaged by John Kemble as scene-pain t«r
for the new Drury Lane Theatre. An en-
thusiastic si udent of old English archirficiuie,
he greatly assisted Eemfalc in his efforts to
represent plays with hiatorical accuracy, and
the scenes at Driiiy Lane (and at Oovent
Garden alter 1602) in -which he endeavoured
to reconstruct ancient buildings were greatly
celebrated. Amoug these were a view of the
palace of WeBlminster (fifteenth een-
wings' representing English streets,
wer of London ( for the play of ' Ri-
chard III'), the council chamber at Crosby
House (for 'Jane Shore'), a stale chamber
temp. Edward Ill,u baronial hall fcwyj. Ed-
ward IV, andaTudorhalKfflnp. Henry \TI.
lection with Bru^ Lane (l>umt
1609) resulted in a loss of 500^ He made
dfuwings of the interiors of Druiy Lane and
CoventliMden,wliich were exhibited in 1600
and 1802. He was alsoemployed for the IloyaJ
id the theatre at Bath (1805). In
1804 he WBsapjioinledarchileclural draughls-
m»n to the Duke of York. Hia leisure was
employed iii ardiileclural ceeearch, and bis
Cappe
24
Cappe
plans of the old palace of Westminster and
the substructure of the abbey are said to have
occupied him thirty years. The former was
in 1826 purchased by the Society of Anti-
quaries for 120 guineas, and was engraved by
Basire. Though his preference was for Gothic
architecture, his last work of importance was
a design for a church of the Doric order. He
was a firequent exhibitor at the Royal Aca-
demy, and also (between 1788 and 1827^ sent
drawings to the Society of Artists (one;, the
British Institution (five), and the Society of
British Artists (five). His subjects were chiefly
views of buildings and architectural remains,
with some landscapes. He died at his house
in Xorth Street, Westminster, 26 Sept. 1827.
A portrait of Capon, en^aved by W. Bond,
after a miniature by W. Bone, was published
in the * Gentleman's Magazine,' xcviii. 106.
Some of his original drawings are in the
British Museum.
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878 ; Gent. Mag.
1827 and 1828 ; Boaden's Life of Kemble.]
C. M.
CAPPE, NEWCOME (1733-1800), uni-
tarian divine, eldest son of the Rev. Joseph
Cappe, minister of the nonconformist con-
gregation at Millhill Chapel, Leeds, who
married the daughter and coheiress of Mr.
Newcome of Waddington, Lincolnshire, was
bom at Leeds 21 Feb. 1733. He was an ar-
dent student when young, and was educated
with great care for the dissenting ministrv.
For a year (1748-9) he was with Dr. Aikm
at Kibworth, Leicestershire ; the succeeding
three years he studied with Doddridge at
Northampton, and for another space of three
years (1762-5) he lived at Glasgow, profiting
bv the instruction of Dr. William Leechman.
When he was sufficiently qualified by this
lengthened course of tuition for his profession,
he was chosen in November 1766 co-pastor
with the Rev. John Hotham of the dissenting
chapel at St. Saviourgate, York, and after re-
maining in this position until Mr. Hotham's
death in the following May became on that
event sole pastor to the congregation, and so
continued until his own decease in 1800.
York was at this time the centre of much
greater literary and political life than it is at
present, and Cappe took a prominent place
among its citizens. The large old mansion in
which he lived is described by Mr. Robert
Davies, in his 'Walks through York,* as situate
in Upper Ousegate, and in it he gathered to-
gether many students of letters. A literary
club which he founded in 1771 existed witn
unimpaired life for nearly twenty years. In
October 1769 he married Sarah, the eldest
daughter of William Turner, a merchant of
Hull. She died of consumption in the spring
of 1 773, leaving six children behind her. His
second wife, an ardent promoter of education
and of unitarian principles, was Catharine,
daughter of the liev. Jeremiah Harrison, vicar
of (^tterick, and thev were married at Bar-
wick-in-Elmet on 19 Feb. 1788. Ca]|pewa8
frequently ill, and in 1791 he was seized by
a paralytic stroke. This was followed )fr
several other attacks of the same kind untu
his strength failed, and he died at York on
24 Dec. 1800. His eldest son, Joseph C^pe,
M.D., died in February 1791 ; his younsest
son, Robert Cappe, M.D., died on 16 Nov.
1802 while on a voyage to L^hom.
The writings of Cappe which appeared
during his lifetime were comparatively un-
important. Among them were sermons
preached on the days * of national humilia-
tion ' in 1776, 1780, 1781, 1782, and 1784.
An earlier sermon delivered 27 Nov. 1757,
after the victory of Frederick the Great at
Rossbach on 6 INov. 1767, was of a very rhe-
torical character; it passed through numerous
editions, a copy of the sixth impression being
in the Britisn Museum. In 1770 he pub-
lished a sermon in memory of the Rev. Ed-
ward Sandercock, and in 1786 he edited that
minister's sermons in two volumes. In 1783
, he printed a panophlet of * Remarks in Vin-
dication of Dr. Iriestlev ' in answer to the
* Monthly Reviewers.* * A Selection of Psalms
for Social Worship ' and * An Alphabetical
Explication of some Terms and Phrases in
I Scnpture,' the first an anonymous publication,
and the second * by a warm well-wisher to
the interests of genuine Christianity,' were
printed at York in 1786, and are known to
have been compiled by Cappe. The second
of them, it may be added, was reissued at
Boston, U.S., in 1818. A work of a more
elaborate character, entitled * Discourses on
the Providence and Government of God,' was
published by him in 1796 ; a second edition
appeared in 1811, and a third in 1818. After
his death his widow, in her regard for his me-
mory, collected and edited many volumes of
his discourses, consisting of (1) * Critical Re-
marks on many important Passages of Scrip-
ture,' 1802, 2 vols. ; (2) * Discourses chiefly
on Devotional Subjects,' 1806 ; (3) * Con-
nected History of the Life and Divine Mission
of Jesus Christ,' 1809; (4) 'Discourses chiefly
on Practical Subjects,' 1816. To the first and
second of these publications she prefixed me-
moirs of his life by herself, ana the second
contained an appendix of a sermon on his in-
terment by the Rev. William Wood, and a
memoir from the ' Monthly Review,' Febru-
ary 1801, pp. 81-4, by the Rev. C. Wellbe-
loved. His widow, whose biography of Gappe
IB fill! of interest, died suddenly 27 July 1B31,
o^*d78. Sho WM tlienutliorof eevernltracts
an ch»rity Bcliools {Diet, of Living Authon,
p. 64).
[dent. Mng. III. pt. ii. 1299 (1800). Ixii. pt.
L 181-2 (1801); Butt's Life of PriBstley: Tnj-
Ittf'i BiDgmphinLoodoBsiB, pp.2ia-12; Duvim's
Torit Press, pp. 288, 274, 2nfi-8, 303 ; BeUhnm'B
Theopliilus LiDdecy, pp. 223-37.] W. P. C.
CAPPER, FRANCIS (1736-1818), di-
'Tine,bora24 Aiig. 1735,BonafFrauclaCApp^r,
aLonilo>ib«rri9ter,WBSe<)ucatedat Westmin-
ater School, anclproceeded thence to Chriet
ClinrcU, Oxford (17G3). He graduated as
H.A- in 1760, being then in holy ordera and
rector of Monk Sofiam (Octobw 1759) and
EarlSohum (December 1769), Suffolk, bene-
fices whidi Le retained until liia death. He
had a local n^putation aa a faithful minialer
ud an upright maglBtrate. HiA only con-
tribution to literature was a small tract, en-
titled 'The Faith and B*lief of every Sincere
Chrii^tion, proved by reJerencea to Tarioua
Texts of Holv Scripture,' Ipswich, 13mo,
C»pi)eT died at Earl Soharo 13 Nov. 1818.
[Gent. Mag. vol. lxiiriii.pl. ii. p. 476; Wolch's
Alumni WeBtmonaBt. 3S0 ; familj memomnria.]
C. J. B.
CAPPEB. JAMES (1743-1925), meteo-
rologist, S:c., younger brother of Francis
Capp«r fq, v,], wBB bom 15 Dec. 1743, and
ediicnted at Harrow School. He entered
the Don. Enat India Company's aervice at an
e»xVr age, and attained tne rank of colonel,
boldinfrfiir some time the post of comptroller-
generu of llie army and fbrti&cation accounts
on tlie coast of Coromsndel. After retiring
from military service he settled for some
years in South Wales, taking' much interest
m meteoimlney and a^culture. Removing
to Norfolk, he died at Ditchingham Lodge,
near Bungay, 6 Sept. IS'26.
James Copper wrote : 1. ' ObBervations on
the Panage to India through Egypt ; also to
Vi«iuta though Constanlijiople and Aleppo,
•lid from thi^jice to Bagdad, and across tlie
Oreat Dxnert to Bassora, with occasional Re-
mark* on thn adjacent Countries, and also
SkiitrJwa of the different Routes,' London,
17M, 4to, and 1786. 8vo. 2. ' Memorial to
the Hnn- Court of Directoreof ihe East India
Company,' 17(*5 (privatelypriiited). 3. 'Ob-
■ervBtiona on the Winds and Moneoons, illus-
trated with a chart, and accompanied with
Kolu, tJivigraphical nod Meteorological,'
Londcn, 11)01.410. 4. • Observations on the
Cultivation of ^Vitste Lands, addressed to
(lie p^nttfimcu and fanners of Olomorgnn-
^B^'IiOndon, 180C 6. 'Meteorolc^caland
Miscelloneons Tracts opplieable to Naviga-
tion, Gardening, and Farming, with Calendars
of Flora for Greece, France, England, and
Sweden,' London, 1609, 8vo.
C*prBB, LoriBA. (1776-1840), was a
daughter of Colonel Jflines Capper, by his
wife, Mary Johnson, and was bom 15 Nov.
1776. She pubUshed in 1811 an 'Abridg-
ment of Locke's Essay concerning the Human
Understanding,' and died unmarried 25 Slay
1840. She was buried at Rickmanaworlh,
Hertfordshire,
CAPPEE, JOSEPH (1727-1804), an ec-
centriceharacter,wa8bominl727inObe8hire
of parents in humble circumstances. At an
early age be came up to London, and, after
serving his apprenticeship to a grocer, set
up a shop on his own account in the neigh-
bourhood of Whiteehapel. Owing to the
recommendations of his old master, Capper
sooL prospered in his trade, and, having been
fortunate in various speculations, eventually
retired from husinese. Having piven up
work, he spent several days in walking about,
the vicinity of London, searching for lodg-
ings. Stopping at the Horns, Kennington,
one day, he asked for aljed.and, being curtly
refused, determined to stop in order to plague
the landlord. Though for many years he
talked about quitting the place the next day,
he lived there until the day of hJB death, a
period of twenty-five years. So methodical
were hia habits, that he would not drink his
tea out of any other than hie favourite cup.
In the parlour of the Horns he had his
favourite chair. Ho would uot permit any
one to poke the fire without his permission.
He called himself the chotnpiim of govern-
ment, and nothing angered nim more than
to hear anyone declaiming against the British
constitution. His favourite amusement was
killing flies with bis cane, before doing which
he generally told a story about the rascality
of all Frenchmen, ' whom,' he said, ' I hate
and detest, and would knock down juat the
seme OS these flies.' Capper died at the Horns
on 6 Sept. 1804, at the age of seventy-
seven, and was buried in the church of St.
Botolph, Aldgate. In his will, which was
made on the back of a sheet of banker'a
cheques, and dated five years before his death,
he left the bulk of his property, then up-
wards of 30,000;., among his poor relations,
whom he always had refused to see in his life-
time. To his nephews, whom he appointed
his executors, he hequealhed 8,000/. threu per
cents, between them. There appears, how-
ever, tohave been considerable douht wbethei
Cappoch
26
Caractacus
this will had been properly witnessed or not.
A curious portrait of Capper will be found in
the third volume of Granger.
[St. James's Chronicle, 13 Sept. 1804;
Granger's New, Original, and Complete Wonder-
ful Museum and 3Iiigazino Extraonlinary (1805),
iii. 1692-6.] G. F. R. B.
CAPPOCH, THOMAS (1718-1746).
[See CoppocH.l
CARACCIOLI, CHARLES (/. 1766),
topographer, was master of the grammar
school at Arundel in 1766, and was probably
an Italian. In 1 758 appeared a work, anony-
mous, 2 vols. * Chiron, or the Mental Opti-
cian ' {Monthly Review, 1758, xviii. 276), of
which Gough says that Caraccioli was the
author {Bnt. To'pog, ii. 2^, note); and about
two years later a 6rf. pamphlet, entitled * An
llistorical Account ot Sturbridge, Bury, and
the most Famous Fairs,' &c.,also anonymous,
was published at Cambridge for the author,
which is attributed in the British Museum
Library Catalogue to Caraccioli. This is
doubtful, as CaraccioU's own evidence shows
that about 1758 and 1760 he did not know
English. In 1766 Caraccioli published * The
Antiquities of Arundel ' by subscription, and
dedicated it to the Duke of Norfolk and to
the Hon. Edward Howard, the duke's heir-
apparent. In 1775 a Charles Caraccioli,
gent., published the first volume of *The Life
of Robert, Lord Clive,' not dated {Monthly
lieviewy 1775, liii. 80), foUowing this in 1777
by vols. ii. iii. and iv. of the same work {ib,
1777, Iv. 480) ; and Gough identifies this au-
thor with the subject of this article (supra).
The * Montlily Review ' says of * Chiron,' * It
is a poor imitation of " Le Diable Boiteux " '
(xviu. 276) ; Gough says of parts of * Arundel,'
* They are most awkwardly contrived from
printed books ' {Brit, Topog. li. 288) ; Lowndes
says of* Clive,' * It is a confused jumble' {^BibL
Manual, i. 369) ; and the * Montldy Re\'iew'
says of it, * It is ill-digested, worse connected,
and similarly printed.'
[Monthly Review, xviii. 276, liii. 80, Iv. 480 ;
Gough's Brit. Topog. ii. 288 ; Lowndes's Bibl.
Man. i. 369.] J. H.
CARACTACUS {Jl, 50), king of the
Britons, whose name is the latinised form of
the English Caradoc and theWelsh Caradawg,
was one of the sons of Cuuobelin, king of the
Trinobantes, whoso capital was the fortified
enclosure known as * Camulodunum ' (Col-
chester). As chief of the Catuvellauni he
maintained an energetic resistance to the Ro-
mans for nearly nine years. Our only au-
thority for the campaign of Aulus Plautius
(A.D. 43-7) is a naasaffe of Dio Gaasiofi.
The Romans landea in tnree divisions in the
spring of A.D. 43. Plautius met and defeated
in successive battles Caractacus and hit
brother Togodumnos, received the submisuon
of the Dobuni (Gloucestershire), and, having
established a stronghold in their country,
pushed up the valley of the Thames, and
came opposite once more to the enemy, wli»
were on the north bank of the river. The
Britons, thinking themselves safe under thB
protection of the broad stream, took no pre-
cautions, and were surprised by the Celtic
troops of Plautius swimming the river to atp
tack them. This advantage was further ex-
tended by the exploits of a body of men which
crossed the river under Vespaaian, the future
emperor. A desperate engagement was fought
the next day, in which the Britons made a
brave stand, but were completely defeated.
The site of this decisive battle is uncertain.
Dr. Guest seems to have good reason for
Placing it at Wallingford, on the Thames.
Saractacus was doubtless the chief com-
mander on the British side. The Britons re-
treated eastward, and put the Lea between
themselves and the Romans, who, following
them, crossed the Lea, partly by swimming
and partly by a bridge, and succeeded in en-
gaging and inflicting a great slaughter upon
them once more. In attempting to follow up
the flying Britons the Roman army became
entangled in the Essex marshes and sufiered
severe loss. Plautius recalled his troops, and,
settling them in some spot on the banks of
the Thames, sent for the emperor Claudiuii
in accordance with orders which he had re-
ceived when starting for Britain. Dr. Guest
thinks that this spot was the site of London,
and that the Roman works were the begin-
ning of our metropolis. Dio, however, seems
to imply that the Romans were on the south
bank of the river. When Claudius arrived
with reinforcements and a troop of elephants,
the Romans advanced northward, fought a
successful battle with the Britons, and cap-
tured Camulodunum. Claudius only remained
seventeen days in Britain, and then hurried
home to celebrate liis triumph, leaving Plau-
tius to complete the conquest of southern
Britain. Caractacus meanwhile seems to have
retired with his followers to the neighbour-
hood of the Silures (South AVales), and from
his western fastnesses to have made frequent
sallies to stop the gradually ext-ending Roman
dominion. For wnen in a.d. 47 Ostorius Sca-
Eula succeeded Aulus Plautius as pro-pnetor,
e found Britain in a disturbed and dange-
rous state. He seems to have taken measures
at once to fortify the line of the Severn and
Avon, but to have been recalled eastwird by
Caractacus 27 Caradoc
rolt of the Iceiii (Norfolk and Suffolk). I Some have even supposed that the Claudia
ing put down this revolt, and having for- | of Martial's * Ej^igrams ' (iv. 13, xi. 53) and
y established a Roman colony at Camu- of St. Paul's Epistle (2 Tim. iv. 21) was his
num, he advanced once more to the west , daughter. The identity of the person alluded
, 50). Caractacus had led the British ! to in these passages, and her connection with
firom the extreme south, and was now in i Caractacus, are, however, entirely conjectural,
territory of the Ordovices (Shropshire), | "With much more probability she has been
somewhere in that district the final battle i regarded as the daughter of Cogidumnus.
place in the summer of a.d. 50. The : [The ancient authorities for the history are
3f the battle, like most matters connected . Tacitus, Ann. xii. 31, 37, Hist. 3, 46 ; Die Cas-
i British history, is a subject of consider- sius, 60, 19-22; Eutrop. viii. 8 ; Suetonius, Claud.
doubt. Discussions on this point will | 17, Vesp.4; Zonaras s XpoviiccJy, p. 186. A full
)und in the books referred to at the end
lis article. That which best suits the ac-
account of the campaign of b.c. 60 will be found
in Meri vale's History of the Romans under the
alid in Carte's
1748. A full
It given by Tacitus is the hill caUedCaer , gmpire, vi. 224-46, ed. 1866, a
td<5;, described by Camden. It is near History of Engird i. 100-11, ed.
meeting of the Clun and Teme, and in discussion of difficult points in topography and
J , TP x-iV ^ • J X r T> •4.- u history will be found in Dr. Guests Origmes
den's time still retamed traces of British ^eltici, ii. 342. 394-400 ; see also Gough's Cam-
fication. Caractacus posted his army on
den,iii. 3, 13 ; Horsley's Monumenta Britannica,
the Roman camp ran a river of unknown with choric odes, was published in 1769 by W.
h. Ostorius was dismayed at the spirit Mason. A frigid poem, Caractacus, a Metrical
m by the Britons ; but the veterans Sketch, was published anonymously in 1 832. For
y forded the river. They were received a discussion of the question of Claudia, see Wil-
liowers of darts; but at length forming a liams's Claudia and Pudens, 1848 ; Guest's Grig.
tdo. they scaled the hill, tore down the bar- Celt. ii. 1 2 1 ; Conybeare and Howson's Life and
les of stones, and dislodged the Britons. f.PJ^^l^^^LS^-,^^?^' "• ^^*' ^- ifj?*^ k^*™^'^
wife, daughter, and brothers of Carac- ^'^^°^,^°^\?Jf ' ^*"^' "• 669; Quarterly
8 feU into the hands of the Romans. ^«^«^' ^^^^ ^^^^l ^- S- S*
y, however, escaped to the mountains, CARADOC, Sir JOHN FRANCIS,
imong them Caractacus himself, who took Lord Howden (1762-1839), general, who
je in the country of the Brigantes ; but exchanged the name Cradock for Caradoc in
• queen, Cartismandua, delivered him 1820,wastheonlysonof Jolm Cradock [q. v.],
he Romans. He and his family were archbishop of Dublin, and was born at Dublin,
to Rome, and made to take part in a , when his father was bishop of Kilmore, on
of triumphal parade, which defiled past I 12 Aug. 1762. His father's political interest
dius and Aerippina. Crowds came Irom was very great, and he rose quickly in the army,
•arts of Italy to see the captive chief, i which he entered as a comet in the 4th regi-
capture was declared in the senate to be ment of horse in 1777. In 1779 he exchanged
onous as that of Syphax by Scipio, and to an ensigncy in the 2nd or Coldstream
es by Paulus. The undaunted bearing guards ; in 1781 he was promoted lieutenant
iractacus roused great admiration. He and captain, and in 1786 to a majority in the
allowed to address the emperor, whom 12th light dragoons. In 1786 he exchanged
iminded that * the resistance he had made into the 13th regiment ; in 1789 was promoted
a large element in his conqueror's glory ; lieutenant-colonel, and in 1790 commanded
if he were now put to death he would i the regiment, when it was ordered to the
:lv be forgotten, but that if spared he West Indies at the time of the Nootka Sound
df be an imperishable monument of the I affair. In 1791 he returned to England on
rial clemency.* Claudius granted life to ' being appointed acting quartermaster-gene-
md his family ; and here all that we know ral in Ireland, but in 1793 accompanied Sir
ractacus ends, except the reflection which Cliarles Grey to the West Indies as aide-de-
ras records him to have made on seeing camp, and was appointed to command two
e : * That he wondered the Romans who picked battalions selected for dangerous ser-
ssed such palaces should envy the poor vices. At their head he served throughout
of the Britons.' Tradition, reproduced the campaign in which Sir Charles Grey re-
e untrustworthy Welsh * Triads,' asserts duced the French West Indian islands, and
he lived some four years after his cap- was wounded at the capture of Martinique,
and that his children, becoming chris- j and at its conclusion received the thanks of
, brought the christian faith into Britain, i parliament and was promoted colonel of the
Caradoc
28
Caradoc
127 th regiment. On 1 Oct. 1795 he was ap-
pointed assistant-quartermasteivgeneral, and
in 1797 quartermaster-general in Ireland, and
on 1 Jan. 1798 was promoted major-general.
In 1 798 his local knowledge was invaluable
to Lord Comwallis in the suppression of the
Irish rebellion ; he was present at the battle
of Vinegar Hill and the capture of Wexford ;
he accompanied Lord Comwallis in his rapid
march against the French general, Humbert,
and was wounded in the affair at Ballyna-
hinch. He sat in the Irish House of Commons
as M.P. for Qogher from 1785 to 1790, for
Castlebar from 1790 to 1797, for Middleton,
CO. Cork, from 1798 to 1799, and for Thomas-
town, CO. Kilkenny, from 1799 to 1800. In
parliament he always voted as a strenuous
supporter of the government, and on 17 Feb.
1800 he acted as second to the Right Hon.
Isaac Corry, chancellor of the Irish exchequer,
in his famous duel with Grattan in Phoenix
Park. At the same time he stren^hened
his political connections by marrying, on
17 Nov. 1798, Ladv Theodosia Meade, third
daughter of John, first earl of Clanwilliam.
On the completion of the union he lost
his seat in parhament, but was appointed to
a command on the staff of Sir RBilph Abeiv
cromby in the Mediterranean. He joined
the army at Minorca, and received the com-
mand of the 2nd brigade. He was engaged
in the battles of 8, 13, and 21 March in
Egypt, and after the death of Abercromby
he accompanied General Hutchinson in the
advance on Cairo as second in command.
He was present at the surrender of Cairo,
but then fell ill of fever, and was imable to
co-operate in the reduction of Alexandria.
At the conclusion of the Egyptian campaign
he was appointed to the command-in-chief of
a corps 01 seven thousand men, and ordered
to reduce the island of Corsica. The peace
of Amiens put an end to the expedition, but
he was made a knight of the Bath, gazetted
colonel of the 71st li^ht infantry, and on
21 Dec. 1803 was appointed commander-in-
chief of the forces at Madras, and a local
lieutenant-general.
His command at Madras was signalised by
the mutiny at Vellore. Shortly after his ar-
rival he had determined to reduce the chaotic
mass of regulations for the army under his
command into something like a regular code.
In 1805 the new code was issued imder the
sanction of the governor. Lord William Ben-
tinck, and as it was particularly minute on
questions of uniform it greatly offended the
sepoys. The family of Tippoo Sahib took ad-
vantage of the discontent to set on foot a con-
spiracy among the Mahomedans in the native
army, and on 10 July 1806 a mutiny broke out
at Vellore. When the mutiny was suppressed
there were mutual recriminations among the
authorities at Fort George as to its cause ;
Cradock threw the responsibility upon his
subalterns for advising the changes, and on
the governor for sanctioning them ; the go-
vernor declared it was all the commander-in-
chief's fault, and in the end, in 1807, the
court of directors recalled both Cradock and
Lord William Bentinck.
The ministers at once appointed Cradock to
the command of a division in Ireland, but his
mind was * soured by ill-treatment * ( WelUnff^
imCB Supplementary DeepatcheSy v. 261), and
he speedily resigned his division and applied
for active service. In December 1808 Cra-
dock (lieutenant-general on 1 Jan. 1805) ar-
rived at Lisbon to take command of the troops
which Moore had left behind him in Portu^raL
Cradock's position was a difficult one. lie
had not more than ten thousand men under
his command, including the sick and the
stragglers, and could not put more than five
thousand in the field. His position was soon
complicated by Sir John Moore's retreat ; the
Portuguese regency wished him to advance to
Oporto, and me people became furious and
insulted and even murdered English soldiers
in the streets of Lisbon. . Cradock knew that
it was impossible to protect Oporto against
Soult's victorious army, and prepared instead
to defend Lisbon, threatened both by Soult
and Victor in the east. Instructions arrived
for him to prepare to evacuate Portugal, but
the English ministers suddenly resolved to
defend Lisbon at all hazards, ana Cradock was
ordered to advance from Lisbon and take np
a central position. He moved most unwil-
lingly from Passa d'Arcos to Leiria, and there
formed his small army in order of battle to
await the advance of Soult from Oporto. Cra-
dock had time to reorganise his army, and,
after receiving reinforcements, had begun an
advance against Soult, when the news arrived
that the government had decided to promote
him to the governorship of Gibraltar, and to
supersede him in Portugal by Wellesley. Sir
Arthur Wellesley did all he could to soften
Cradock's disappointment, but to the end of
his life he felt that he had been badl v treated.
In 1809 he was appointed colonel of the 43rd
regiment, and in 1811 was promoted to the
governorship of the Cape of Good Hopei
which, however, he only retained till 1814.
In 1812 he was promoted general, but he re-
mained a disappointed man. The Duke of
Wellington took his only son upon his per-
sonal staff, and through the duke's influence
Cradock was created Lord Howden in the
peenure of Ireland on 19 Oct. 1819. He
was nurther &youred by the duke, and on
Caradoc a
7 Sept. 1831 he was created a peer of the
United Kingdom as Lord Howden of How-
den and Grimaton, co. York, on the corona-
tion of William IV. Ha died at Orimston
on 6 Julj 1839, in his seventy-ninth year.
1807, papers preseoUd lo nirUaiiiflnt 1S13, and
Wilson's oontinnatiDa of Mill's History of BriCiah
India, vol. i. chap. ii. ; for bis services in Porta-
gal see Napier's Peninsular War, book vi.,
chapa i. ii. iii., and Appendices 1, 2, 3, i, 5. S, S,
and 9, which are of special value, as Lord Hot-
H.M. t
CABADOC, Sib JOHN HOBART,
second Lobs Howdes (1799-1873), diplo-
matist, only child of General Sir J. F. Cara-
doc, lord Howden [q. v.] and Lady Theodosia
Meade, third daughter of the nrst earl of
Clanwilliam, was bom in Dublin on 16 Oct.
1799. He was gaietted an ensign in the
Grenadier guards on 13 July 1815, and was
soon afterwards appointad an ^de-de-camp
to the Duke of Wellington at Paris, where
be remained until the disperaion of the army
of occupation in 1818. On 22 Oct. 1818 [
lie was promoted lieutenant and captain in i
tlie Grenadier guards, and then proceeded to
Lisbon, as aide-de-camp to Marshal Beree-
ford [q. v.], and in 1820 he was appointed
aide-de-camp to Sir Thoman Muitland, the
governor of Malta. In 1823 he exchanged
to the 29th regiment, but in 1824 he deter-
mined to enter the diplomatic service, and
WBdappointedanattachi at Berlin. In 1825
be joined the embassy at Paris, and on 9 June
18^5 was gazetted to an unattached mmority
inthearmy. In ld27bewa8orderedtoEgypt
in order to try to prevent ilehemet Ali from
intervening in the struggle between Turkey
and Greece. In this he failed, and he was
then ordered to join Sir Edward Codrington,
the admiral commanding the Mediterranean
fleet, as militair commissioner, with instruc-
tions to force Mehemet Ali to withdraw the
army with which he had occupied the Mo-
rcA. At Nararino Caradoc was wounded,
and he had afterwards no difficulty in secur-
ing the withdrawal of the Egyptian army.
In 1830 he was elected M.P. for Dundalk,
but he did not seek re-election in 1631, and
in 1832waaappoint«d military commissioner
with the French army under Marshal 06-
rard, which was besieging Antwerp. Here
be was again wouudiS, and was made, foi
his services, a commander of the Legion of
Honour, and of the order of Leopold of Bel-
gium. In August 1834 he was appointed
militarv commissioner with the Spanish army^
which taadait«i«dPortiigal,aiid waapieeent
Caradoc
of Evora Monte, and in
the same year he was attached to the Chris-
tinist army in the north of Spain. He was
present at the victories obtained over the
Carlists at OloEagutia and Gollana, and was
rewarded for his services with the order of
San Fernando. In 1339 he succeeded his
father as second Lord Howden, and returned
to England. In 1841 he was promoted to be
colonel in the army, and made an equerry to
the Duchess of Kent, a post which he held to
the end of his life. On 25 Jan. 1847 he waa
appointed miiuster at Rio de Janeiro witb a
special mission to the Argentine Confedera-
tion and the republic of Uruguay, He was
ordered to act in conjunction with Count
Walewski, the French minister plenipoten-
tiary, and also not to allow the Britisli fleet
to do more than blockade Buenoa Ayres
and Monte Video. When Count Walewski
showed himself favourably inclined towards
General Rosas, governor of Buenos Ayres,
and when Rosas nimself paid no atteution to
the ultimatum of the two powers, Howden
decided to leave the questions at issue un-
settled, and raised the blockade of Buenos
Ayrea on 2 July 1847, and returned to Riode
Janeiro. He remained in Brazil till 1860,
when he was appointed minister plenipoten-
tiary at Madrid, and in 1851 he was promoted
major-general, and on L'J! Feb. I8ri2 made a
K.C.li. At Madrid he was both wfll known
and popular, and had thus a great advantage
overhifl predecessor. Sir Ilenr^ Bulwer. In
March 1858 he retired from ill-health, but
without a pension, and was made, on hia re-
tirement, a G.C.B. and a knight grand cross
of the order of Charles III of Spain. In
18-59 he was promoted lieutenant-general,
in 1861 he retired from the army, and after
the death of the Duchess of Kent in that
year he lived in retirement until his death
at Bayonne on 8 Oct. 1873. He married in
January 1830 Catherine, daughter of Paul,
I count Skavronsky, and great-niece of Prince
Potemkin, but had no children, and on bis
death the English and Irish baronies of
Howden became extinct.
I [None of the obituary notices on Lord How-
I den are very full, but the details of his long and
varied diplomatic career ant to be found ia the
Foreign Office List for 1872; for his conduct lo
the Itivor Plate atfair, see The Anglo-Freacb
Intarvenlion in the River Plate considorwl, espe-
I dally with reference to the negotiations of 1B47
! under tbo conduct of Lord Howilen, b; A. It,
I Pfail, London, 1847, and Two Letters addressed
I to the Sight Honourable Lord Howdeu, on the
I withdrawal of the British iDt«Tveution from the
River Plate question, MoaU Video, 1847,]
Caradog 30 Caradori-Allan
CABADOG (d, laSo), a South Welsh ' remarkable way about 1120. The entries,
prince, was a son of Khydderch, who had which had since 1100 been vexy copious,
seized the government of Deheubarth, and suddenly became meagre, and the English
died in 1031 at the hands of Irish pirates. ' sympathies of the earlier writer are ex-
Caradog did not, however, manage to succeed changed for a patriotism that warmly favours
to Rhydderch's power, which fell to Ilowel the Welsh. Buch partiality as that of the
and Maredudd, sons of Edwin, who are said earlier writer would naturally come from
to have brought the Irish against Uhvdderch. Caradog, and the dat« of the change of style
War ensued between the new rulers and the increases the probability of it.
sons of Rhydderch, and in 1032 the latter Caradop is also said to have written *Com-
w«»re defeated in an action at Hiraethw\\ mentarii in Merlinum,' * De situ orbis,' and
IVfore long the death of Maredudd restored * Vita Grildse' (B/iLEf Script. Brit Caf.-p, 196).
victory to Caradog and his brothers (103o). Of the two former nothing is known. The
Before the year was out Caradog himself old life of Gildas, published bv Mr. Stevenson
was slain by the English. The event is not for the English Historical Society, is pro-
not iced in the English chronicles. i bablv the latter work. Mr. Stevenson denies
[Annales Cambrife, Rolls Series; Brut v Ty- l^^^' Caradog wrote it, but Mr. T. Wriffht
wvsc.ffion, Rolls Series; Gwentian Brut (Caiii- (/?' 0.7. ^n^ii^., Anglo-Saxon period, p. 119)
brian Arehffiolojrical Association).] T. F. T. j^as shown reasons for believing him to be
. its author. The work is not of very greaX
CARADOG OF Llancarv.vn (d, 1147 P), value or authenticity.
Welsh ecclesiastic and chronicler, was, as P»t« ^a.vs that Caradog was an elegant
his name indicates, probably either bom at P^et, and an eloquent rhetoncian as well as a
or a monk of t he famous abbey of Llancarvan considerable historian. He says he flourished
in the vale of Glamorgan. He was apparently «^^"t 1160. Gutyn Owain, a Webh bard
one ofthe brilliant band of men of letters that a«d herald of the fifteenth century, says that
gathered round Earl Robert of Gloucester, Caradog died m 1156. As Geoffrey of Mon-
the bastard son of Henry I. Caradog was a mouth speaks in the past t^nse in his re-
* The princes who afterwards ruled in Wales ^ is very improbable that he is the same
I committed to Caradog of Llancarvan, for ^s contemporary Caradog the hermit.
logical Association); Wright's Biog. Brit. Lit.
tions from the beginning of really historical Anglo-Saxon period, p. 119, Anglo-Norman
times do^vn to his own d&j. In its original period, p. 166-7 ; Stevenson's Gildas (Eng. Hist
form Caradog's chronicle is not now extant. Soc.), Preface, pp. xxvii-xxx.] T. F. T.
There exist, however, several Welsh chroni-
cles going dowTi to much lator times than CARADORI-ALLAN, MARIA CA-
Caradog's which profess to be derived from TERINA ROSALBINA (1800-1865), voca-
tluit author's work. Tlie English compila- list, was bom at the Casa Palatina, Milan,
tion kno^vn asPowel's * History of Cambria,' in 1800. Her father. Baron de Munck, was
first published in 1584, also claims in its an Alsatian, who held a post in the French
earlier part to be based on Caradog. That army. Her mother, whose maiden name was
Caradog wrote a chronicle is clearly proved, Caradori, was a native of St. Petersburg,
and there is therefore every probability that Owing to her father's death she was forced to
the later chroniclers used his as their basis, adopt music as a profession, though the only
It is, however, more likely that Caradog training she received was from her mother.
wrote his work in Latin than in Welsh. After a tour in France and part of G^rmanyi
The relation of Caradog to the early part of by the exertions of Count St. Antonio she
the * Bruts ' must, however, be determined was engaged for the King's Theatre, where
purely on internal evidence ; and for such she made her first appearance as Cherubino
minute investigations a better editing of , in the * Nozze di Figaro,' 12 Jan. 1822. Her
them is needed than has been given by Mr. ' salary for this season was 300/. In 1828 she was
Williams ab Ithel in the Rolls edition of re-en^^aged, at a salary of 400/., and appeared
the * Brut y Tywysogion.' Mr. Aneurin I as Viteuia in Mozart's ' Clemenza ai Tito,'
Owen has pointed out, however, that the and as Carlotta in Mercadante's * Elisa e Clau-
* Brut ' changes its style and tone in a very \ dio.' In 1824 she was married to Mr. £. T.
Carantacus
3^
Carantacus
an, the secretary of the King^s Theatre,
ere she was affain engaged at a salary of
I/., singing with Oatalani in Mayr's * Nuovo
latico per la Musica/ and (for her own
efit) as Zerlina in ' Don Giovanni/ In
following year her chief parts were Car-
:a in Generali's 'L'Adelina/ Fatima in
$sini's * Pietro TEremita/ and Palmida in
yerbeer's * Orociato ; ' in the latter opera
was associated with the sopranist Vel-
[. In 1826 her salary, whicn had been
ered to 400/., was raised to 700/., and she
g with Pasta in Zingarelli's 'Homeo e
dietta,' and as Hosina in ' II Barbiere di
'iglia.' In the following year her salary
3 1,200/., but this was the last season of
Lian opera for some time, and Mdme. Cara-
i- Allan went abroad. She sang in Venice
830, but in 1834 reappeared in Italian opera
London, and after 1835 remained in Eng-
d until her death. She sang the soprano solo
sic at the first performance of Beethoven's
th symphony in England, 21 March 1826,
I in the same year took part in the York
ival. In 1826 she was at Gloucester, and
1827 at the Leicester and Worcester fes-
ils. In 1834 she sang in the Handel fes-
il in Westminster Abbey, in 1836 at the
nchester festival with Malibran, and in
t6 took part in Mendelssohn's ' Elijah ' at
production at the Birmingham festival. In
latter years of her career she abandoned
stage for oratorio and concert singing,
nrhich she achieved great success. She re-
d about 1845, and died at Elm Lodge,
'biton, on Sunday, 15 Oct. 1865. Mme.
•adori- Allan all her life enjoyed great popu-
ty ; personally she was very accomplished,
[ at the same time most amiable and un-
cted. Her singing was more remarkable
finish than for force ; her voice was sweet,
deficient in tone, and it was said of her
t * she always delighted, but never sur-
fed,' her audiences. As an actress she
J charming. There are portraits of her as
usa in * Medea,* by Hullmandel after Hay-
and in Ebers's * Seven Years of the King's
jatre.'
drove's Diet, of Music, i. 307 ; Lord Mounts
^umbe's Musical Rominiscences of an Old
ateur (ed. 1827), p. 165 ; Ebers's Seven Yecirs
ho King's Theatre, pp. 143, 154, &c. ; Somer-
House, i. 380, ii. 88 ; Orchestra for 21 Oct.
5; Qnarterly Musical Magazine, 1825, p. 347 ;
les, 19 Oct. 1865.] W. B. S.
JARANTACUS, in modem Welsh
RANNOG, Saiiit i^ft. 450), was, ac-
iing to the life contained in Cotton. MS.
pasian A. xiv. (printed by the Bollandists
by Rees, * Camhro-Brit. Saints,' pp. 97-
), the son of Cereticus (Ceredig), Jang of
the region which has received from him the
name of Cardigan. A Welsh document
printed by Rees under the title * Pedigrees
of Welsh Saints ' makes him not the son but
the grandson of Ceredig, his father's name
being given as Corwn. It is impossible to
place any confidence in either of these state-
ments, smce, although the name of Ceredig
is doubtless historical, the traditions relating
to him are for the most part obviously fabu-
lous. Eight of the most celebrated of the
Welsh saints are stated to have been his
sons or grandsons, while the genealogy of
many others is traced up to his eight brothers.
Equally worthless is the assertion quoted by
Colgan from the * Opuscula ' of St. Oengus,
lib. 4, c. 6, that Carantacus was one of the
fifteen sons (all bishops !) of St. Patrick's
sister Darerca. The life above referred to
(which the Bollandists remark is suspected
of being largely fabulous) savs that the king-
dom of Ceredig being invaded by the Irish,
and the king being advanced in years and
infirm, the nobles counselled him to abdicate
in favour of his eldest son, Carantacus. The
young prince, 'loving the heavenly king
more than an earthly Kingdom,' took flight
in order to escape the honour that was to be
thrust upon him, and lived for some time as
a hermit in a place which was afterwards
known as Guerit Carantauc (possibly Llan-
grannog in Cardiganshire). According to
another version of this part of his story, the
place of his retirement was a cave called
Edilu. Here he gave himself to prayer and
to the study of the scriptures. He after-
wards passed over into Ireland, and became
associated with St. Patrick in the evange-
lisation of that country, having changed nis
name to Cemnch or Cemath. In Ireland he
was regarded with great reverence, and there
were * many churches and cities ' named
after him in the province of Leinster.
It appears from this that the author of
the * Life ' regarded Carantacus as the same
person with St. Caimech, a bishop who is
mentioned by the Irish hagiologists as a
companion of St. Patrick, and as having as-
sisted him in the work of editing the Brehon
laws. The correctness of this identification
derives some support from the fact that the^
festival of Caimech is placed in the Irish
calendars under 16 May ; there being reason
to believe that this was the date assigned
by the British church to Carantacus. At
Llangrannog, the church of which is dedi-
cated to this saint, there is an annual fair
on 27 May (i.e. 16 May old style) ; and at
Crantock in Cornwall, where there is the
same dedication, the village feast is on the
Sunday nearest to 16 May. The Irish writers
Carausius
32
Carausius
themselves speak of Caimech as a Briton, but
they make him a native not of Wales but of
Cornwall. It appears likely, however, that
this is merely a conjecture, founded on an
etymological interpretation of the name
Caimech, which MacFirbis regarded as mean-
ing ' Comishman/ There seems on the whole
to be no reason for disputing the identity
of Carantacus and Caimech, or the correct-
ness of the statement that he was bom in
Wales.
The ' Life * goes on to sajr that Carantacus
returned to Wales, and again occupied for a
time the cave which had formerly been his
hermitage. The account of his miracles,
and of ms intercoiurse with King Arthur, it
is not worth while to reproduce here ; but
there may possibly be some historical founda-
tion for the statement that he founded a church
at a place called ' Carrum,' and at another
called ' Carrou ' (Caerau, Glamorganshire),
near the mouth of the 'Guellit.^ After-
wards, the biographer says, he went back to
Ireland, and was buried at a place called,
after his own name, * the city of Cemach.'
The Irish writers call him Caimech of Tuilen
(Dulane in Meath), and say that he is buried
at Inis-Baithen in Leinster. MacFirbis says
that he was Hhe son of Luithech, son of
Luighidh, son of Talum/ &c. This pedigree
may possibly be authentic, as the story of
the aescent of Carantacus from Ceredig is
obviously mere legend.
A trace of a dedication to St. Carantacus
seems to exist in the name of Carhampton
i Domesday * Carentone ') in Somersetshire,
jeland states that he saw there a ruined
chapel of this saint, which had formerly
been the parish church. Although Anglo-
Saxon place-names derived fix)m names of
saints are extremely rare, a few instances of
them seem to exist in the west, near the
borders of the native British territory, and
there seems to be no ground for questioning
the correctness of Leliand's derivation of the
name.
Carantacus or Caimech must be distin-
guished from another Caimech [a. v.], whose
festival is 28 March, and who died about 639.
[Act. Sanctt. May, iii. 648 ff. ; Colgan, Acta
Sanctorum Hibemise, i. 263. 473, 717-18 ; Rees's
Cambro-Brit. Saints, 97-101, 396-401 ; Todd's
Irish Nennius, ex, cxi ; Senchus Mor, i. xix, 16,
17, ii. v-viii ; Martyrology of Donegal, p. 133 ;
Stokes on the Calendar of Oengus, p. Ixzxvii ;
Diet. Christian Biography, i. 383.] H. B.
CARAUSIUS (245 P-293), Roman em-
peror in Britain in the time of Diocletian and
Maximianus Herculius, was a man of very
humble origin, and is described by Aurelius
Victor {De CeesaribuSf c. 39) as ' Menapis
civis,' an expression which indicates the
district about the mouths of the Scheldt and
the Meuse as his native country (cf. Bu5-
BITKT, Hist of Anc. Geog, ii. 135 ; G. Lokg
in Smith*s Diet of Anc. Geog, s.v. *Me-
na{>ii *). The portrait of himself on his coins,
which were probably first issued in a.d. 287,
is apparently that of a man of about forty.
In his youth Carausius earned his livelihood
as a pilot. In 286 he is mentioned as greatly
distinguishing himself in the campaign of the
Emperor Maximian against the Bagaudte —
the revolted peasants and banditti of GauL
About this period Maximian found it neces-
sary to take active measures for suppressing
the Frank and Saxon pirates who preyed upon
the coasts of Britain and Gaul. Carausius
was entrusted with the formation and com-
mand of a fleet which was stationed at Ges-
soriacum (Boulc^rne). But * the integrity of
the new admirar (as Gibbon says), ' corre-
sponded not with his abilities.' He allowed
the pirates to sail out and ravage as usual,
but when they returned he fell upon them
and seized the spoil, reserving a portion — ap-
parently a very considerable portion — ^forhis
own purposes. Maximian at last gave orders
that iiis admiral should be put to death. But
Carausius was strong in the possession of the
fleet, and had ample resources for corruption,
and on becoming aware of Maximian's mten-
tion, he promptly crossed the Channel with
his ships, took possession of Britain, and
* assumed the purple * (* purpuram siunpsit,'
EiTTKOPius), A.D. 287. It nas been sometmies
said that Carausius was ' the first count (^
the Saxon shore' ('comes littoris Saxonici'),
a title only first made known to us in the
* Notitia,' i.e. about the end of the fourth
century A.D. If we assume with Guest
{On'ffines Celtica, ii. 154), Freeman (Abr-
man Conquest , ed. 1867, i. 11), Stubbs
{Constitutional Hist of Eng, Library ed.
1880, i. 67 note), and other writers (see
BocKiNG^s commentary on cap. xxv. of his
edition of the Notitia), that the duties of the
J Comes ' were to protect * the Saxon shore,'
i.e. the shore on either side of the Chann^
from the ravages of the Saxon pirates, we
may, at any rate, safely affirm that Carau-
sius was practically the first who was ap-
pointed to perform the duties of the (Domes,
liappenberg {Hist of Eng. under the AngUh
Saxon Kings, 1845, i. 44 fl".; cf. Kbmblb,
Saxons in England^ i. 12), who thinks that
the ' comes littoris Saxonici ' was the com-
mander of the Saxon colonists settled along
the coasts of Britain and Gaul before 460^
considers that Carausius was practically the
first ' comes ' in this sensei remarkiiig that
if Gonnsius, ' himwU' a Germnn by
lion, ft Menapinn bv birth . . . did not
auue liu- BetuinK oi Lti« Saxons ulon^ thu
Sttxon short-, iu Gaul ns well aa in Bnlsin,
be U letat promoted it by bis alliance with
them.' A Bubstanliall^ Blmilar view &s to
Uie nUtions of Cnrausius mid the Saiona is
t&keo hy SchniiDUUtn {SSur Oaehichte der
Ervbenoig Ensland"* durrtt germanisrhe
Srinmr, OiHtingen,18ib\mT\a( Let Anglo-
Saxntu et Imirs petitt dfniert ditt Seeattru,
BniaaelH, 1870, pp, 15 ff.), and Howorth
{Joum. of Antknipaliigieat IiulihiU, Febru-
MT, 1878).
Msximiiui, deprired of his fleet, was unable
topunae Carausius inuaedintely, but during;
pwt of 2S8 and 289 confinw! hiniBelf to
m&kiug nlaliorBte naval preparations. Carau-
■ins meanwhile was suppoBed to be trem-
bling for his Mfety. ■ Qtud nunc animi habet
Ule ptnto P ' asks the courtly panegyriat of
ftlkxunian in nu oration delive^ at Trdves
on 21 April 289 : ' jEdificatie sunt ornatie-
qlie pulcQerrimffi classes cunctissimul amni-
ons oceanntn petiturEB'(!iLAUBBTnri Paitey.
Max. JSerr. diet. c. 12). The new fleet was
bronehtinto action— probably shortly after
this date — but its half-tramed seamen proved
to b« no mnlch for the sailors of Carausius,
who had built a number of additional ships
after the Roman model. Caraitsiuawns,more-
OTer, an experienced soldier (ECTKOP. ix.23).
On landing in Britain in 287 he hod won
over to hia aide (probably by bribery) the
Bonun legion stationed in the island, and he
proceeded to organise an army by adding to
the l^on some companies of foreign mei^
cenalies and even mercliBnts from Oaul : the
prospect of spoil made his service attractive,
ttad 'barboriaris' alsojoined theranks. Part
oFhis fieetheld possession of Boulogne, The
eoDtest between the rivals seems lo have
lasted eome time, the advantage being alwaya,
a^arently, on the side of Carausius, and at
lut in :K<I Msximian was ^ad to come
to terms with the usurper. £utropiiis (iz.
23) only records the bare fact that peace was
brooght oboul ; but from certain cotus issued
by ftiBuaius, evidently at this period, it
would appear tlist hv was actually acknoW'
Iedg«d by Maximian and Diocletian as a
"r> Ihe empire. Carausius, probably
pftrtnpnr
nom thei
tnit on the coins which he issued, and had
atyted himself 'Imperator,' 'Cassur,' 'Au-
gustus,' adding the usual imperial epith"ts
of ' KuH " and ' Felix ; ' but he now Issued a
r«m«rkablc cupper coin (a specimen is in the
British Muspum), on the obverse of which
lie placed the three heads of Diocletian,
MuximisD, luid himself, accompanied by ths
inscription oauatsus et fuvtrbs sti. Tho
reTersi« bore the inscription P*3 avgco (Le.
' trium Augustorum ') and a fcroala per-
Boolfication of peace, holding olive-branch
and sceptre. On a fowothercoins of Carau-
sius, which must also belong to this period,
the legends have reference to three AugustI,
and not merely— as at first — lo a single Au-
gustus (Carausius himself). But tho union
of the imperial ' brethren ' was soon to be
dissolved. In 292 Diocletian and Maxi-
mian invited Oalerius and Constantius Clilo-
rus to share in the growing cares of empire,
as CfBsara. The defence of Gaul and Bri-
tain was entrusted to Constantius ; and he
proceeded to strike a blow at the power of
Carausius by an attack on Boulogne. He
besieged the town both by land and sea,
obstructing tho mouth of the harbour by a
mole. The garrison surrendered, and Con-
stantius was making other preparations for
the recovery of Britain, when he received
the welcome news that Carausius had been
assassinated by his chief minister, Altectus,
293. [The exact date and sequence of
the events in the life of Carausius are not
absolutely certain ; the chronology that has
here been adopt«d is that of Clinton {thstt
Jfont.) According to other modem critics
(see PjitJLY, Meat-Encydop.) the reign of
Carausius lasted from 286 to 293, and the
peace with Maximian and Diocletian wea
made, not in 290 but in 292. The date,
294, adopted by Gibbon (also in Manitm.
Hilt. Bntan. and elsewhere) for the death
of Carausius is erroneous (se« W. SMim'a
note in the Decline and Fall, ii. 71).]
The brief notices of Aurelius Victor and
Eutropiu5,8Dd the necessarily unsatisfactoiy
statements of the Panegyrists, throw little
light upon tho charnclor and motives of Ca-
rausius. He is contemptuously epoken of as
the ' pirate ' or tho ' pirate chief (' archl-
pirata ), and bis avarice and faithlessness are
not unjustly stigmatised. All the ancient
wrltera, however, recotmise his abib'ty in
nautical and military a^rs. His motive in
seizing Brit&in and his position as ' impera-
tor ' have been discussed by several modem
writers. ' Under his command," says Gib-
bon, ' Britain, destined in a future age to
obtain the empire of the sea, already aa-
surnvd its natural and respectable station of
a maritime power.' Carausius certainly re-
lied upon bis fleet, and ho may possibly, in
the first instance, have Hed to Britain merely
R.S to aharbour of refuge, without havingany
ultimate designs upon the empire, but, in
any cose, it Is evident that he did not rest
content with being a mere 'king' of Britain.
Carausius
34
Carausius
Mr. Freeman {Norman Conquest y 1867, i. '■
153 ; 1877, i. 139) well points out that Ca- '
rausiiis, Maximus, and the other so-called
tyrants or provincial emperors, did not claim
any independent existence for any part of ;
the empire of which they might have gained
possession. 'They were pretenders to the
whole empire if thev could g^t it, and they
not uncommonly di^ get it in the end.' * Ca-
rausius, the first British emperor, according
to this theory, held not only Britain but part
of Gaul.' * Britain and part of Gaul were
simply those parts of the empire of which
Carausius, a candidate for the whole empire,
had been able actually to possess himself.
At last Carausius was accepted as a colleague
by Diocletian and Maximian, and so became
a lawful Caesar and Augustus.! * Allectus
was less fortunate; he never got beyond
Britain, and, instead of being acknowledged
as a colleague, he was defeated and slain by
Constantius.'
Although Carausius ruled in Britain from
287 to 293, no lapidary inscriptions or other
monuments of his reign have at present
been discovered, with the exception of the
ffold, silver, and copper coins which he issued
m large numbers. The testimony of these
coins confirms, and in some points supple-
ments, the scanty information derived from
the literary sources. Gibbon, in a note in the
' Decline and Fall,' observes that ' as a g^reat
number of medals (i.e. coins) of Carausius are
still preserved, he is become a very favourite
object of antiquarian curiosity, and every cir-
cumstance of his life and actions has been
investigated with sagacious accuracy.' How-
ever, until the latter part of the present
century the coins of Carausius were always
considered by numismatists as rarities, and
Gibbon had only before him the learned but
fanciful work of Dr. Stukeley — ^possibly also
that of Genebrier — who made Carausius a
Welshman and gave him for a wife a lady
named Oriuna — a name which he arrived
at by misreading the word Fortuna on one
of the emperor's coins. Even now, no com-
Slete list of the coins of Carausius brought
own to the present date is in existence,
though a very large number may be found
engraved in the ' Monumenta Ilistorica Bri-
tannica ' and in Roach Smith's ' Collectanea
Antiqua.' Cohen, in his * M6dailles imp6ri-
ales' (first edition), gives a description of six
varieties in gold, forty-six in silver, and 242
in copper; but since this list was compiled,
about 1861, numerous additional specimens
have been discovered, especially in copper.
In particular, the very large hoard of coins
unearthed by Lord Selbome in 1873 at
Blackmoor in Hampshire contained 645 coins
of Carausius, which included 117 varieties
not described by Cohen. Among the nume-
rous localities where coins of Carausius have
been discovered may be mentioned London
(some of the coins were found in the bed of
the Thames) ; Richborough ; Rouen (where
a hoard of late third-century coins, disco-
vered in 1846, contained 210 of Carausius);
St. Albans, Silchester, Strood, Wroxeter,
and different parts of Gloucestershire. Car
rausius struck his money at London, and at
a mint indicated by the letter ' C,' probably
Camulodunum (Colchester) ; a number oif
his coins give no indication of their place
of mintage. Rutupiie and Clausentum nave
by some been suggested as mints ; but this
is doubtful. De Salis {Num., Chron. n. 8.
vii. 57) would assign to 287-90 P those coins
of Carausius which are ' without mint-marics
and mostly of inferior workmanship ; ' and to
the years 290 ?-3 the j?old and copper coins
with the mint-mark of London, and the cop-
per with the mint-mark of Camulodunum : the
' silver coins with the exergual mark BSS pro-
bably belong to this period and to the mint of
London.' It is not improbable that Caransiiii
struck coins with his name and titles even
before setting out from Boulogne for Britain.
There are two sets of coins which some wri-
ters have proposed to attribute to this period :
(1) a series (from the Rouen find) bearing a
portrait of Carausius differing from that on
the coins undoubtedly struck in Britain, and
(2) a number of specimens ('from the Bliek-
moor and Silchester hoards) which are le-
struck on money of previous emperors (Gal-
lienus, Victorinus, Tetricus, &c.) Not having
a supply of metal ' blanks ' reaay to hand at
Boulogne, Carausius mav very well have
adopted the expedient of using the oojiiper
coins which he found already in circulation,
stamping them over a^in from dies e&*
graved with his own devices and inscriptioDB.
The coins of Carausius as a whole are &iily
well executed for the period, though some
of the legends are blundered ; they hardly,
however, warrant the assertion of GKblxni
that their issuer ^ invited from the continent
a mreat number of skilful artists.' The legend
of the obverse is almost invariably imp. [or
IMP. c] CARA.VSIV8. P. F. Avo. In rare instanoei
I or TS — ^probably for ' Invictus ' — is added.
' Carausius ' may, from the evidence of the
coins, be considered as the true form of ths
emperor's name ; the author of the Epitome
of the ' De Cfesaribus ' of Victor calls him
'Charausio,' and in mediseval and other
writers he is given such curious names as
' Carat ius,' ' Crausius,' &c. (see a list of thaw
in Genebbibb, pp. 5, 6). Nearlyall modeni
writers — StukeL^ ; Pauly, ^ RealHBnejrclop. ;'
Smith, ' T>ict. CIiMs Biog-!' Miuldcn, 'Hand-
book lif Koman Coiua ' — liavii stated that be
OMUinefl the niunes of MorrMiB Aiuelius Va-
lerius, nuntia alrtody borne br the Emperor
KliuitniAn ; but. the only autoority for tliia
appmrB (o be the inscription — very possibly
BliuvB() — on a coin K&rrwl (o bj Eekhel
{Doft-Nun. IW. viii. 47). Two specimens in
thn Hiint*ir cnllection at Glasgow (Cohes,
Mfd.m^. vol. v.,-Carausius,'No9. 192,199}
■ire.bciweTer,tuti(l to retid H[arcu8j caravsits.
The obversf types of the coina of Curausius
conniBt of n j>ortrait of himself which does
not apjtvar lo he much con vent ionuUaed j it
is that of a sturdy Boldior with a slight touch
of brnl«Lty. The head is in proflo and is
wlJiernidiBt« or wreathed with laurel. Some
■pecinienB with the lej^end vtstth CAitAVBi[i]
dUplojr * nearly bttlf-lenpih figureof the em-
peror in armour, helmeted and radiate, and
witil a ahietd on the left ann, and in the right
a javplin. A unique copper coin found at
W toi..ter, and now in tie British Museum
(It Smith, OilUcl. Antigua, ii. 153, 154,
wilJi cHfrn ving), sbowa Ibe head of Corausius
fnll-faw and bare 1 the wirkmanahip ismor
carvful and the face bos a look of grvati
bimLniity than in the profile represent ationa.
ICiitoriCAl deductions from the reverse
^yV«s of Camiisiusmiui be made with caution,
lor the Ttuuxm thai many of tliese types are
aion> or less commonplace, and are not pecu-
liar In the British potentate. But a certain
nnmbiiTof types were undoubtedly orig-inated
Igr Caraiisiua himself, and others seem to be
hiTforicnlly ftieniflcant. On one important
— - ■■:,■ r,irausiiis represents himself as
' 't for ' deliverer welcomed by
■■ "tands holding a trident and
, ,jiiL lo the new emperor; the
..... -.awTATB ran.' On another
iiccimtQ, null the type of tie Wolf and
Twina, tlie ' Romnnorum Renovatio ' is pro-
eUinicit: or, again, tJie 'SiocuU Felicitos'
•nd \h» ' LibenilitBs Augusli.' Some of the
typM and legimdB are of a warlike nature,
«.g. Iliit ' Mars Ultor,' the ' Concordia MiU-
huBi'tbc 'Fides Mililum,' and on varioua
paces Ihn namua of Itoman legions are re-
cardcd. Tyjies relating \/0 nautical matters
w« fame what rart'; Neptune occurs on several
ooina, wad one of tlie types is n galley with
Itirfi'i*. .TiipiiiLT. and more eepecially the
' I I'j be (he divinities usually
:ri>u«ius. There are also a
f or less hackneyed types,
■rill,' ' rnx,' 'Moneta,' 'For-
....... ' ,'. l.-aiia.' It has been supposed
ibbi iLv (n^ueut OLrurrcnce of the 'Victoria'
«»d eh* ' Pux ' (eipociBlly of the latter) is
<luK la >ctaAl HTUiU in Iheiuign of Carftusiiu,
such as a victory over or a peace concluded
with liie Caledonians; but these conjectures
seem somewhat haiardous.
Of the early life of Allbctus {SSOF-SOe),
the successor of Corausins, nothing what-
ever is recorded, though the portmit on hts
coins enables us to select 360 as the ap-
proximate date of his birti. He is first in-
troduo^ to us HI the light^hand roan of
Caraiisius, but, bovine committed certain un-
{Nirdonuble uRunces, tie assassinated Carau-
siiis and seixed the government. His reign
!fiflt*J for about three years only (399-
296). liurbg its progress he isBued a good
many coins, minting, hke his predecessor, at
London and Coicbesler. According to Cohen
(whose esliroate, however, does not take itc-
count of coins discovered since IfiBl), there are
ten varieties in gold and fifty-«ix in copper:
the so-called silver coins appear \o be only
copperwashedwithsilver. The obverses dis-
play the head of Allectus in profile, laureate,
AUectiiB takes the imperial style IMP. 0.
ALLKOTVB. P. F. ATG. ITia reverse types are
for the most part similar to those of lifB pr^
decessor ; it is noticeable, however, that the
I type of the galley with rowers now becomes
extremely common, as if Altectus wished to
direct attention to his maritime resources.
His enemies, however, were maturing tbeip
plana, and by 396 Constantius had his fleet
ready for action. To distract the attention
of Allectiis, Constantius divided it into two
squadrons, one under his own command,
stationed at Boulogne, the other, at the
mouth of the Seine, under tJie command of
the prMlorion pmifect, Asclepiodotus. As-
clepiodotus sailed out first, and under cover
of a fog passed unobserved by the British
fleet, ■n'hich lay off the Isle of Wight, and
effected a landing. Allectus immediately
hastened westwaid, Witi men wearied by
forced marches he encountered Asclepiodotus,
and was defeated and slain a.d. 396. I^nrd
Selbome conjectures that the engagement
took place in or near Woolmer Forest in
Hampshire, and be supposes that it was just
before the fight that. AUectue or some of his
officers hurriedly buried for safety the enor-
mous ' Blockmoor hoard,' consisting of more
than 29,788 coins, among which were ninety
of AUectus.
Shortly Bft«r the battle Constantius him-
self arrived, and Britain was restored lo the
empire in the tenth year of the usurpation of
Camusius and Allectus.
[The ancient nulhoritiosaro: A nreliua Victor,
De CKsarihuB, c. 39, and the Epitome «f tbe
Do C'lEs, c. 40 : Eutropins. Hislor. lioni. Brov.
lib, ii. capp. II. 23 1 the Paneg^i?U9 Maii-
niiuioHen:. dietiu,BBpp. II, 12, and UiePaneg.
Carbery 36 Cardale
Genethliacos Maxim. Aug. diet, c 19, of the Brother-in-Law, a comedy/ Lee Priory Pri-
M>-€alled Mamertinos ; Eumenius, Fianegyr. Con- yate Frees, 1817. 9. * A Dissertation on the
Btantio Cesari, capp. 6, 7, 12 ; Paneg. Constan- Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or the Re-
tino, c. 6 ; Oroeius, Histor. lib. vii. c 26 « futation of the Hoadlyan Scheme of it,' 4th
Beds Hist. Eccl. lib. i. ©ip. 6. Among mo- ^ igoi. iq. ' The Uses of the Athanasian
dem writers see specially : Clinton. Fasti Ro- q^^^ expkined and vindicated, a sermon/
mani. i. 330-6; Gibbon, l)eclme .and 1^ all (ed. j^^^ ^ \f orcest^r, 1825. 11. ' A Letter to
W. Smith) 11. 70-3 ; J. Roulc« in Bio^phie ^ ^^^ ^ Well ngton on the Reasonable-
Nat, do Belgique ; Monumonta Hirtonca Bntiin- ^ r r«u --1. to^*'^ > IQQA lo «i
nica (Chronologii^al Abstract and Excerpta do '^^ ^ ^. ^^^J H' 'V' l^il^.^n^t
Britannia) ; Pauly. Roal-Encvclo|vadic.s.y. * Ca- Dissertation on the i^tiquities of the Pnory
rausius ;* Ihiruy.Hist. des liomains, vi. 635-6, <>* ^«^at Malvern, 1834.
640, 649, 660 ; the monograpb* of W. Stukeley \ [Gent. Mag. 1844, xxii. 661-2 ; Brit. Mm.
(Medallic History of Caniusi us. London. 1767-9, ' Cat.] F. W-t.
4to), andGenobnor (Uistoiro de Caransius, Paris,
1740, 4to) are of verjr littlo value. For the coins, I CARDALE, JOHN BATE (1802-1877)*
see: Monumenta Hist. Brit, plates v-xiv. (Ca- first apostle of the Catholic Apostolic church,
rausius), xv-xvii. (Allectus) ; C. Ronch Smith, ,,^g ijom at 28 Lamb's Conduit Street, Lon-
Collectiinoa Antiqua, ii. 163, iv. 125.216, v. 152. ^jj^^ ^^ 7 Nov. 1802. His father, William
184. 241, yi. 130. vii. 223 ; Cohen. MMaillos Cardale, a solicitor, of 2 Bedford Row, Lon-
impenales(1861).T. 601-39, and vu 360-2; don, possessed considerable property ; he was
Akerman.Coin8ofthoR«mmiisrt»latinptoBntain i__.v:^ i- t«i«. T7-7 ^r.A A^ .4^ TTa«i*n.
(1836). pp. 47-69. and his Doscriptivo Catal. of ^™ .^", iio-^v^^- ■^" ^' ^^^^f^, ^L v^
Rom, Colli (1834). ii. 163-76; Numismatic Chro- fj^^e m 1823 having mamed, in 1^, Ma^
niclo (old series), reff. in Index ii. in vol. xx. ; Anne Bennett. The son, who entered Rugby
(now series) i. 86. 161. 163. ii. 41, v. 108. vii. J^hool on 9 ^ov. 1816, was articled to his
67, xiv. 87, xvii. 139, xix. 44. and p. 18 (Pro- father in 1818, and admitted a sobcitor m
ceedings) ; Journal of the Archaeol. Ass«>c. reff. Hilary term in 1824. For many years he
in Index to vols, i-xxx. ; Archnol. Journal, i. was the head of the firm of Caraale, Ilifie,
183, ix. 194; various reff. in Arohieologia of & Russell, of 2 Bedford Row, the solicitors
Soc. of Antiq.; British Museum Collection. Most to Grays Inn and Rugby School; but in
of the above sources also give infonmition al>out 1^;^ he retired with a competence to devote
Allectus.] W. W. jiia energies to other purposes. In 1880 the
minds oi many people were much exercised
CARBERT, Earl of. [See Vaughax.] regarding a religious movement known is
I ' speaking in the spirit in the unknown
CARD, HENRY ^1779-1844), miscella- tongues,' which first manifested itself at Fer-
neous writer, bom at I'^ham, Surrey, in 1779, nicarrv, Roseneath, Scotland. In September
was educated at Westminster School and Cardale, with other persons, went to Soot-
Pembroke Collegi*, Oxford, where he entered land to examine for himself into the truth of
in 1797. lIeprocoode<lB.A.18(X),M.A.18a">, the ri»ports. He returned to London fiilly
B. and D.l). 1823 {Cat.qf Oxford Graduates), ' convinced as to the reality of the 'spiritual
In 1816 he was presented to the vicarage of ffifts,' and in October 1830 opened his own
Great Malvern, Worcestershire, and in 1832 house for weekly prayer meetings for the* out-
to that of Dormington, Herefordshire. He pouring of the spirit.^ At length, on 30 Anril
was elected a fellow of the IU>yal Society I 1831, the first case occurred in London. Mrs.
2 March 1820 (i?oya/&>«>/vXi>^*o/'0>MMct7, ' Cardale * spoke with great solemnity in a
&c.), and was also fellow of the Society of , tongue and prophesied,'^and others soon after
Antiquaries and of the Roval Historical ' not only spoke out also ' sang in the spirit.'
Society. He died at Great Malvern 4 Aug.
1844.
He wrote: 1. 'The Historv of the Revo-
lutions of Russia,' 2nd ed. 1804. 2. < His-
torical Outlines of the Rise and Establish-
ment of the Papal Power,' Margate, 18(U.
3. ' Thoughts on Domestic or Private Edu-
cation,' 1807. 4. * The Reign of Charle-
magne, considered chiefly with reference to
These events were notified to Baptist Koel,
the minister of St. John's, Bedford Row, with
a request for his sanction to the proceedings.
This he not only refused to give, but aba
preached publicly against the gifts. Cardale
and his family soon after commenced attend-
ing the ministration of Edward Irving [q. v.]
in the Caledonian chapel ; special services wers
held in this chapel, where soon after Edward
Religion, Laws, Literature, and Manners,' i Oliver Taplin began 'speaking in the spirit in
1807. 5. ' Literary Recreations,' Liverpool, I an unknown tongue.' Irving at first doubted
2nd ed. 1811. 6. ' Beauford, or a Picture ' about permitting these utterances, but found
of High Life, a novel,' 2 vols. 181 1. 7. ' An j it useless to offer any opposition. On Sunday,
Essay on the Holy EuchariBt/ 1814. 8. 'The 16 Oct. 1831, at the morning service, in the
ptewnce of upwards of fiAeen hundred people,
Miss QrUJ ' spoke in an imknonn lonEue,' and
CBiUii^d a violent exci ttmeut. Gardale defended
Irvine befa»^ the London presbytpry of the
Scotch church, and aAer the verdict against
mm iirduiupd him in Newnjsn Street, 6 April
18S.1, to be the ■ angel' or mini8t«r of that
^kp^l. At Hrst the sect called themselves
the Chiirch or the Catholic Church, but the
nune was afterwards changed to tbe Catholic
Apo«tolic Church ; the general public, how-
ever, called it tbe Irrincite Ohurch, and in
Bome books it is called the Millennium Church.
Edward Irving neither had nor claimed to
have anj band in its foundation. Cardale
cnt«red on his office of apostle at Christmas
1632, and for nearly a year was th^ sole rp-
liresentattve of tbe twelve apostles. After
Mr. H. Vmnunond'a appointment as an
woelle, the seat of the central nmni^ement
01 thechnrch was fixed at .\lbury in Surrey,
where he built a cathedral with a chaptt't-
house annexed. On 14 July 1835 the twelve
■pnstlee, accompanied by seven prophets, re-
tired tn AJbnry, and spent two years and a
Iiair in conauliation. In 1^*38 the parts of
the world over which the church proposed to
itinemtu were divided into sections named
ait«r tba tribes of Israel, England was
calleid the tribe of Judah, the seat of apo-
■tolic government, and was assigned to Car-
dale, 'the pillar of the apostles.' Each of the
UHMtles then entered on hia special jonmey,
Cardole remaiuine in England to overlook
his tribe, and to be a centre of communica-
tion between the dispersed labourers. In
8eptt>mber 1 843 a liturgy was adopted which
wan in great part the work of Cardale, and
WW compiled from ' the law of Moses,'
■jtd from thti liturgies of tbe Greek, Latin,
and AngUcon churches. Cardale continued
Jbr many years vrorking hard for the benefit
ef ibo rbnreb, and visiting the congrejirations
thronghoutthe United Kingdom. On 14 July
1877, on attending the forty-second comme-
moration of the 'Separation of tbe Twelve '
in Onrdon Sq iiare, he was taken ill, and after
tmji^ removed to his bouse, Cooke's Place,
AJbnry, died on Wednesday, 13 July 18T7,
and wa« biirimt in Albury churchyard. Tbe
loss to bis cburcb can hardly be estimated.
His etitngth of will, calmness and clearness
•T Judgment, and kindness of heart and
Banner, added to the prestige of his long rule,
made hitn a tower of strength. He was in-
de&tiffnhle in labour, of which be nccom-
plishw R \iat amount ; besides Latin and
tirmk. liP WHS a good French and German
kchnUr, nod Ute in life learnt Danish. He
Bi to have been quite sincere in his
and confident in the fulfilment of his
expectations. Besides being an apostle, be
was, like Henry Dnimmnnd, also a prophet.
He married on 9 Sept, 1824 Emma, second
daughter of Thomas William Plummer of
Clapham. She died at Albury 31 March
]873.
He was the author of the following works,
all of which are BnonymouB,and tbe majority
of which were printed for private circulation
only; 1. 'A Manual or Summary of Special
Objects of Faith and Hope,' 1843. 2. ' The
Confeasion of the Church,' 1848. 3. ' Read-
ingsonthe Liturgy ,'vol.i. 1849-61, and vol. ii.
1863-78. 4. ' A Discourse dBliven«d in the
Catholic Apostolic Church, Gordon Sqnsr^
on tbe occasion of consecratiiur tbe Altar and
opening the Church for Public Worship,' 1 8S3.
6. ' Letters on certain Statements contained
in some late Articles in the "Old Church
Porch," entitled Irvingism,' 186C ; reprinted,
1867. 6. ' The Doctrine of the Eucharist aa
revealed to St. Paul, 1856 ; ' second ed. 1878,
7. ' Three Discourses on Miraoles and Miracu-
lous Power,' 1866. a'ADiscouraeonTithes,'
1S58. 9, 'TbeUnlawfulnessofMarriagewith
aDeceasedWife'sSiBter,'la69. 10. '^finistry
on AH Saints,' 1859. 11. ' Notes on Reve-
lations,' 1860. 12. ' Two Discourses at AI-
buiy on certain Errors,' 1860. 13. ' The Duty
of a. Christian in tbe Disposal of his Income,'
1863. U. 'The Certainty of Final Judg-
;,' 1864; second ed.l8tf4. 15.'TheCha-
jter of onr present Testimony and Work,'
86. IS. ' Notes and Ministiy oi "'"
Coadjutor,' 1865. 17. ' Remarks t
1866.
Office of
the Re-
publication of Articles from tbe " Old Church
Porch," ' 1867. 18. 'ADiscourseon theReoI
Presence,' 1867; seconded. 1868. 19, 'Re-
macka on the Lambeth Conference,' 1868.
20. 'TheChurchinthiBDispensation,anEleo-
tion,'186a 21. 'ADiscourseon Holy Water,
and on the Removal of the Sacrament on the
Lord's Day,' 1868. 22. ' A Discourae on Pro-
phesying,'^ 1868. 23. ' Christ's Disciples must
suffer Tribulation,' 1869. 24. ' Tbe Fourfold
Ministry,' 1871. 26. ' An Address to the
Seven Churches,' 1873. 26. ' The Doctrine of
tbe Incarnation,' 1673. 37. ' A Short Sermon
on War,' 1876. 28. 'Four Discourses to
Young Men.' According to tbe census of
1861 the Catholic Apostiilic church bad
thirty congregations in England, and about
6,000 communicants. A calculation was
made in 1877 that the membersoftliechupcb
in all c^iuntries amounted to 10,600, but
there are no means of checking tbe accuracy
of this statement. Miss Emily Cardale, sister
of Cardale, and a prophetess of the Catholic
.Apostolic church, married Mr. James Here,
and diod at Western Lodge, Albury, on
IB April 1B79, aged 71.
Cardale 31
[Mrs. Olipbant's lifs of Irviug. Jth eJ. pp. 356, I
396, 398 ; Mill«r'» IiriDgism (1878), i. SI &i;.,
ii. 418; Baiter's IrvingiBin, its HUe and Pro-
grras (1836) ; The Old Church Porch (18d4), i.
87, 209; The Morning Wm oh (1830), n. 869-
873 1 Law Times (1877), biiii, 372. 397 ; Sntiir-
dByRariew, 38 July 1877, pp. lM-5; Clement
Boaae'i Caluloguri of Bookd rcLiting to Catholic
Apostolic Church (1885), pp. 9-12 ; private in-
forniatioD,] O. C. B.
CARDALE, PAUL (1706-1776), dis-
ienting iniiuBter,wa8 bom m 1705, Aspland
conjiictures that he was thu son of Sunuel
Gara&le of Dudky, appointed in liUl an
original trustee of the presbyterian meeting-
house. He was educated at the dissenting
academy of Ebenezer Latham, M.D., held nt
Findem, Derbyshire, from 1720. Very early
in life lie hecamt> on aeeiaUint mtuister among
the presbyterians at Kidderminster. Hia
manuscripts eliow that he preached there aa
earl; as 29 Mav 1726. At this time his
Tiews, in accordance with his education,
wore Calvinistic. He was invited in 1733
who Lttd removed in 1730to Coventry. The
congregation was email, but atVer Cardale's
■ettlemeDt it became stroug enough to build
& new meeting-house, of no great propor-
tiona, in Oat Street (licensed 11 Oct. 1737).
Cardale's first series of sermons after the
Opening was circulated in manuscript, end
lutimatelf published. It is clear that be had
now got rid of his Calvinism. Cardale's name
does not figure in the religious history of his
time. Most of bis publications were anony'
moua, and be was intimately known only to
ft yen few literary divines. One of thef
was JohnlUwliiifl,M.A.,an orthodojt divin
of catholic sympatliies, us bis writiugs provi
who among other preferments held the per-
petual curacy of Bedsey, two miles from.
Evesham. Hia closest friend, away from his
own neigh bo urliood, was Caleb Fleming,
D.D., who shared bis opinions, and fi^ijuently
went down from London Ui visit him. Priest-
ley, to whom Cardale sent two pieces for the
' 'fbeologinal llepository,' did not know him.
peraonafly. Yet the influence of Cardali'
writings on the theology of the midland pre
byterians was decisive. To bim, more than
to any other, is due the early prevaleui
Socinian as distinct from Arian views among
the latitudinurian dissenters of that district.
The manuscript of his moat important pub-
lication, 'True Doctrine,' was revised by
Lardner (see his Memoirg, 1769, p. 114).
He was not a popular preacher, imd probably
did not covet that distlnolion. His elocution
was bad, aad Job Orton affirms that his
Cardale
' learned, critical, and dty discourses' reduced
hia hearers at the last to about twenty people,
and that he pursued Ilia studies to the neglect
of pastoral duties. But even Orton praises his
'good sense' and 'good temper,' whde Priest-
ley writes to Lbdsev that ' he is, by all ac-
counts, a most excellent man.' Latterly, btl
sedentary babits impaired his health, but his
mind was keen. On 28 Feb. 1775 he put the
finishing touch to a work which he had been
elaboratmg foracouple of years, and, retiring
to rest, passed away in sleep before dawn on
Wednesday, 1 March. He was buried in tha
north aisle of All Saints', Evesham, where is
a remarkable epiuph written by hia friend
Rawlins, which describes him ' as a chris-
tian, pious and sincere; as a minister of tbs
gospel, learned and indefatigable;* and adds
that the virtue of charity " gave a lustre of
frace and goodness to all bis actions.' Car-
ole married Sarah Suffield, a lady of soma
property, three years hia senior, who died
without issue about 1767. Aspland remai^
that it was not till after ber death that he
began to publish his heresies. Portraits of
Cardale and his wife were long preserved at
Dudley by the Hughes family, and are now
the property of the Evesham congregation-
Judging by the portrait, Cardale had a good
presence; his physiognomy expresses great
tenacity of purpose. He published : L'!^
Gospel Sanctuary,' 1740, ifvo (eevensermons
from Ex. xx. 24). 2. 'A New Office of De-
votion,' &c., 1758, 8vo (anon.) 3. 'The
Distinctive Character and Honour of the
Righteous Man,'&c., 1761, 8vo (funeral sei^
mon from Matt. xiii. 43, for Rev. Francis
Blackmore). 4. ' The True Doctrine of the
New Testament concerning Jesus Christ,' &c.,
1767, 8vo, 2nd ed. 1771, 8vo (anon. ; has pre-
fatory essay on j^ivate judgment, and appen-
dix da Jo. i. The main argument ia in the
form of a letter, and signed ' Pbileleuthenis
Vigomieusia '). 5. ' A Comment upon . . ,
Christ's Prayer at the close of his Public
Ministry,' 1772, 8vo (anon.) 6. 'A Trea-
tise on the Application of certun Teimi
... to Jesua Christ,' kc, 1774, 8vo (anon.)
Posthumous was 7. 'An Enquiiv whether
we have any Scripture-warrant for a direct
Address ... to the Son or tn the Holy Ghost f
&c., 1776, 8vo (edited by Fleming ; prefixed
is a short notice of Cardale, and appended is
aletter(1762) from Lardner to Fleming on the
Eeraonality of the Holy Ghost). His contri-
n I ions to the 'Theological Repository' ue
' The Christian Creed ' in vol. i. 1769, p. 136,
and ' A Critical Inquiry ' into Phil. ii. 6,
in vol. ii. 1771, pp. 14], 219. Cardale be-
queathed his manuscripts to Fleming. Ex-
cept the ' Enquiry,' which whs ready for
pnss, the; iVdce cUieflj (levotional. Flemiiie<
who died ID 1779, agtd 80, finding that his
nitiuH would pruvunl liim from makiug
^«al«cUoa for tbe pvtu«, formed the inten-
I of retiimiug the papers to Curdale's
eutors, one of whom was the Rev. James
ttle of Warwick, a nntira of ETeahom
I Mbmt 1805). Priestley on V2 May 1789
t to Toulnuii : ' I received tront Mr.
,e time ago a small volume, 12rao,
f Mr. Cardole'g devotional composiUoun,'
AspUud treats this as a posthumous jiubli-
t^tion, hut there is no other trace of it. It
wnuid «eem that Toulmin was engaged on a
numoir of Cardale, but it uerer appeurtid.
, 1831 Timothy Davis, minister of Oat
et ebapel, Evesham, had a diary and
Kpapera of Cardale, all in shorthand.
■ P?lwning'l Fetr Strictures, prefixed to the
'Sqrfry, 1779; AapUnd's Briof Menmir of Car-
'~i 1&S2. reprinted from the Christiaa He-
ibt; Monthly BepoB. 18Zi, p. S27; Christiaa
Kolerolur, 1827,211; Salt's Mem, of Priestley,
1831, i. 133, ](l32,ii. 19, 23; 8ibre« and Coaton's
IndopendeneyinWarwickshirp, 1865, 131; manu-
•cript notp-s liy Sergi-nnt Haywood, in his copj of
the Tme Doctrine (nftenfiuda in the possession
of Biihop Tanon).] A. O.
CARDER, PETER (/. 1677-lfi86),
iHBriner, of St. Veriun in Cornwall, wm, nc-
cirding to liis own story, a seaman of the
Putican with Drake when she sailed from
England on her vmage round the world in
KovMnber 1677. In October 1578, the ship
bving then in the Straits of Mu^an, Carder
wns one of eight men in the pinnace who in
a nle lint sight of the ship, and, not beinff
«Ue to lind her again, made the mainland
and followed alone the shore to St. Julian,
' s on shell-liBh and such fish as they
J cUcL From St. Julian tbey made
to the rirer Plata, and crossing to
L aide wandered into the woods,
po men in the boat. They fell in
natives, who otlacked them, eap-
d four of tlie party, and chased the others
16 bCMt, in whieh ihey managed to escape,
li all badly woimded. Tbe^ got to a
isluid some three leagues distant from
I ahom, where two of the wounded men
',, Onrder and another, William Pitcher
i, being Itft the sole survivors. A
le on und smashed their boat on the
ind for some two months they sup-
uurtvd lifp on sand wis, little crabs, and a
rniit rewmbling an ornnge, but for want of
water t!i<iy wen> mlur^ed to the mosi direful
Hiniite. .\t length some driftwood came
whom, rhey mannged to make a raft, and,
ppovisioning il w thuy best coidd, put to
>aai> It was thnM days aixd two nights be-
fore they reached ibe land, when, coming
to 'a little rivtr of very ewei't and plenannt
water,' Pitcher drank to such excess that lie
died within half an hour. Carder after this
met with a tribe of savages who received him
as a friend, lit- stayed wiih them for some
lime, learned their language, taught them to
make and use stdelds and clubs — for before
they were armed only with bows and arrowa
— and led them ttgninst a neighbouring tribe,
which they completely defeated, and took
many prisoners, most of whom they roastM
and devoured. Afterwards he was permitted
to leave this tribe, and made his way north-
wards to fiahia and Pemambuco, whence
after some delay he embarked for Europe ;
and so, uf^r some further adrenturee, he
arrived in England in November 1586.
The whole story is related at length in
' Purchas, his Pilgrimes,' as though in
Carder's own words. The presumption is
that it was written by Carder and supplied
by him to Purchas. It is therefore necessary
t« point out that the ven- remarkable narra-
tive rests entirely on Carder's owo testi-
mony, is not corroborated by any other, and
is virtually contradicted by very high autho-
rity on the one important point on which
contradiction was possible. In the narrative
of the Pelican's voyage {TAe World enmm-
patnd by Sir Frartcii Drake, Hakluyt Soc.),
while many trifling things are carefully re-
corded, there is no mention of the loss of
the pinnace with ei^bt men. It is barely
possible that the omission is an oversight;
it is much more probable that there was no
such loss to recoid, and that, from beginning
to end, the story is a Action. Of the narrator
we have no other knowledge. The narrative
speaks of him as still alive in 1618, and ap-
parently in 1826, when the 'Pilgrimes' was
published.
[Purchas, his Pilgrimes. iv. 1187.] J. K. L,
CARDIGAN, V.iHh op (1797-18(18).
[See URtrBEMEL, Jambs Thomas.]
CAEDMAKER (alias Tatlob), JOHN
{d. 1.555), martyr, was originally an Obser-
vant friar, who, after the dissolutJoD of his
o rder under the persecu tion which H enry\ ill
specially directed against it, la^ised into the
world, and became a married minister. His
name is found in the list of licensed preachers
of Edward VI (Dijon, C7t. of Engl. n. 486),
He was vicar of St. Bridget's in Fleet Street,
and one of the readers or lecturers at St,
Paul's, where he read three timea a week.
Some of his sayings against Onrdiner and
Bonner, and concerning the sacramenl, are
S-eserved (Grm Friara' CAron. 50, 67, 63),
n Somerset's first fall, when a religious n^
Cardon x^ Cardonnel
actiou wup Tuinlv fx}»*'ci-ed. Lt «•.»£? -cr.mr-"^ "-.aiT-"-^. liiJL il jS'JT r«>t;ived the gold medil
ill Li*' Itftiurr hp:iIi^-; liir vi£^.»n.iu> ii*rT.i.a. x. "n* > %:\yfrj :^ .\n* fcv his engimTing of
ol' Warwick. • ('B-rdimik-r siud it JL;* i?*:- ;it- • IttrLit tf Ajex&ndzia,' after De Loo-
turt thai. iL(»urli ii* liui l •?*'" b? ^TLf ii.r :ijsr:i.tiirr Er ikiso exxcraved the 'Battle
undone, and liit: mt'C felij^iQf: n.»": iit^r. iLf_T i: \lu»iu. lTt^ "ibtr sust^ artist; plates of
M.-Lo'jbnas-T-er. pr».'afiifd uni jt^ur-i :»r:-.r mi*! taji-ti. j. Aiuliirr/ after Rubens; *The
and bliared ilit TrLmlu^-^ :"^ ili-: n-. v apTi:i.i.--i T.-jar i: X^^tt^-L. • Lca-xwit Captivation,* and
dfhu, Tunur » Tttixi;. Edtr. I'J cvrf .Vc-j . ■ Tut St .en. ju: i: f^erlnrapaiani,' after Sinrie>
i. '37 .J I. AVlien :b* ^K-^epuTi.tr "tir.iL: .''^: *:it.. lzjL "iijirrrL."' i-f (Tt*."*rge III, Mr. Rtt,
undvr Man-, CardmLLtT uii L:* ':-:>i.»].. '^..- Mantzii: S-i-ntn-jtr. zhi- Ihichess of Beaufort,
liam liarlow 'q. a." ol IVJi ani Wellr. tlzl: "i^ii: r:aT»f^:ir _Vi:iti:arr. Xapoleon, &c^ after
to Lond(»n di-'ruisrd a*- mfrrLLr.:?i. hiii"^ i^t..t vlt- .u* i.Tr-;>:s Er rriH^ved in stipple and
ati empted \ o t'?*tth}»r ^xer -^i. N ?"« rZL>..T 1 '•-''« Ui i f * uiuei r:»s<i.' Srrible reputat ion when
< M A c H TK . Ijh ry. 7 *M . TLr T xr iT-. CLS". .z.' '. '.'iii br i ■ ?•£ ir : d. : T , jN-fcT '1 ■": J C4:i on on 1 7 Feb. 1818^
Fl-fT. where iLry Ilt Till jar-trr. irbr* -.Lt .:. 1. 'r;:"j.i Sttvt-:. J*.:zr:'y Squaiv. His eon,
chant*l]or Gardinrr. ani ;:hrrf .:: ^^-.-r-^ i» i*"*..:.!! i^.iwi^t.y. "n-as educated as an en-
won, liefinn t ■:■ harf iLr acc-^n-Jj-Tei ; r.-^cir rs ^^'^' r. £> -w :»:a .;: if .il:y in Indian work, and
for rt-liirion. wh-.- anir'UiiTvi r: £*♦:•>•. rLi*.:T. i.-vi !.":• ■..■: 1^1T.
Biyan'i
Kunstle^
^..^ .-..-. --. -^-- _ 1816J
a^ Jl'X'per and Cr 'TSt. "wa* -r.-iTrsT.'t.'i a.?*: C. 3L
to hav- TvcaTiTei . M \rHT5 : St^y^. -> Ix > CAFJ^XXZL APA>I >e" {d. 1719),
t-er to Ca]vin, 1*3 Ft >^ iH:. !#<...:-.... ^^-^^j^ -: -y. l»Ji:- :f Marlborough, wu
ftnd wa? rvmiixii-i : « :bt i :■-::: rr .r. P>.vs.:. ^ ^.,. / x^^-^ ^, OaricTinrl. a Fivnchpro-
Str^-*^^- """^*^^-^ J r.»?^»»r*:: :: ^jter-.T :.._\tT- ;.*:i^:. tt;.. iiA "• err. rewarded for his ser-
x-.»:: r.yi.l:T >t -ht luorative patents of
:.>". ■— rT i.z.r. i':\'.'.\':'T vif cusToms at the
Ti r: .: > .itiasi-.* n i (*<7i". State Paperif
Iv— . I'.-fi:^:. |. i:.^. i^^i-2, pp. oow).
ai:rCT-« uid:J hKrSclS: . iZ^o^ru. the f^lo^ng October (F^
Cardonnel
41
Cardonnef
rat* (hrretpondmrt of SaraA, Duckea of
Marlborough, ItiKW, i. 4ttl, 407, ii, 126,169).
Al ihe general election of NoTember 1701
CHTdontiel hod bwn relumed member for
Sontluunplon, and lio t^ontinued to represent
Iltut borough nitljout intMTuption in four
eucvesaife patliaajvnls (LuiU of Mem^rs of
Pariiatnrnt, Official Hetuni). Wlien, how-
ever, Mnrlborough's overtLrow w«s resolved
on, as B preliiiiiiid)7 step a committee was
apwiiuted to examine and report on ttie
Bilblic Bccciiuits. Tlieir report was demanded
u) SL-pt«mlKr ITIl, and appeared in the
eiuuing month of Jsiiuhtt. Sir Solomon de
HKlina, a (contractor for bread to the armv,
m) in biaeridence that from 1707 to 1711
in sealing each contract a grattiity of
■Dffold ducBtfi to the duke's eecretary. On
frfeb. 1712 the bouse met to consider this
ne and to hear the ex-secretarj's defence,
rliicli, however, no report now exist*.
a a loiif; debate it was resolved that the
ig of a eratuitv was ' imwnrrantable and
ipt,' and on the question being put, Cor-
lel was expelled the house by a majority
of twenty-six ( Cvmmoju' Joumale, xvii. 97 ;
CUBBBTT, Parliamfntaty Suton/, vi. 1049-
■~"), 1094). After his fall Cardonnel did not
tt klt«mpt to eeek office, but lived in re-
al hifl hou»e in Westminster or at
Ue died in St. Margaret's, Weft-
, in22Feb.l719,and wasburieUon
S Uatcb following at the parish cburcb of
Chiawiek (Probate Act Book, 1719; Hift.
Ji^, 1719, p. 10; hYBOsa, Envinmi,ii.2l-J).
Hia will, as of St. Maigaret's, Weatminstfir,
*lni«l 211 (Jet., with a codicil, 17 Nov. 1718.
■w»f pnivt'd on 5 March 1719 (Reg. in P. C. C.
4:?, ifr. wiling)- He married, after ApriliriO,
Eliin>">tii, widow of Isaac Teale, iipotbe-
cary. of St. Margaret's, "Westminster (Will
fw. in P. C. C. 09, Srail h ), bnt by this ladv,
wEo dicfd in 1714, he bad no issue (Letters
of AdminiBtration in P, C, C. September
1714). Ue married secondly Efaabeth,
widow of Willisra, the second son of Sir
Thoma« Fraakland, hart., and daueUler of
B^nA Qawdowin, a. mercHant of London.
The rJiiidrMJ of this marriage were Adam,
who diwl ttl Cliiswicb on 22 Sept. 172fi
October 1725), and
Uuy, wbi) became in Februan 1734, at the
^ of flftsen, the wife of William, first
"Talbot, bringing him, it is said, a for-
of 80,000i. (Gent. Mag. iv. 107; Coi,-
Ptemge,\9Vi.\.2^7). Mrs. Cardonnel
, a third alliancH with Frederick Frank-
iHud, M.P.. lier first husband's younger bro-
iber. aiul died on 27 Jan. 1737 (UBnUM,
Jivron*Uige, ii. 1^-7). Cardonnel'a official
eorrespondencB with Stepney, John Ellis,
and others, is preserved in the 'Additional
MS8.' at the British Museum, but contains
few details of interest.
Cardonnel's uncle, Phillf de Cabdonhel,
was also an enthusiastic adherent to the royal
(Muse, &nd upon iJie marriage of Charles II
to Catherine of Bragansa gave expression
to his feelings in a series of extraordinary
poems, published with the title of 'Tociib,
sire Epithalamium Caroli II Ma^ffi Bri-
tanniee H^^^, et Cathoiinsa In&ntis Portu-
gallim; (!allicoprimum carmine decantatum,
deind^ Latino donatum. Autbore P, D, C
Unit cum Poemate Fortunatanun TDSuIariun,
antehk: Gallic^ pro Inauguratione Caroli II
conscripto,' 8vo, London, 1663. From tJia
description given W Lowndes (Bibl. Manual,
Bohn,vol. i. art. 'Cardonnel' jit would seem
that another and enlarged edition containing
translations of pieces by Dryden and Waller
appeared at London tne same year. Botk
editions are of the rarest occurrence. The
earlier issue is adorned with a frontispiece
representing Catherine being drawn to shore
by Neptune and attendant nymphs, while
Charles, ankle deep, is rapturously siureying
her charms with the aid of a telesL'ope.
Philip de Cardonnel was dead before August
1667, for on the 15th of that month his
relict Catherine administered to the estate
of hie brother, Peter de Cardonnel, of St.
Margaret's, Westminster (Chebibb, Wm*-
mimter Abbey RegUtfra, Harl. Soc, p. 167).
[CbL Plate Papers, Dom. and Trena. ; Addit.
M.S.'*. 22221, 22fi61, 28887, 28917-18, 29*50,
295.^3-7.] G. G.
CARDONNEL, afterwards CARDON-
NEL-LAWSON, AUAM [MAK8FELDT]
DB {d. 1820), antiquary, was a grandncphew
of Adam de Cardonnel [q. v.], secretary t-o the
Duke of Marlborough, and tlie sole surviving
son of Monsfeldt de Cardonnel of Mussel-
bu;gh,a commissioner of the customs andsalt
duties in Scotland, bv hia wife Anne, the
daughter and bctr of luomas Hilton of Low
For3inthecountyofDurhai)i{StriiTBBa,J5ur-
Aom,ii.27; Autobiography of Rev. A. Carlyle,
pp. 218-19). Educat^ for the medical pro-
fession be practised for a while as n surgeon,
hut liis easy circumstances left him leisure to
indulge his taste for the study of antiquities
and numismatics, with which he was especi-
ally conversant. Upon the institution of tho
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, under the
{residency of the Earl of Bute, in December
7S0, Cardonnel was elected a fellow ; he also
served as curator from 1782 to 1784, and
contributed to the second volume of the ' Ar-
olut«logia Scotica,' 1. 159-67, a ■ Description of
Cardonnel 42 Cardwell
».-rHiii i^.>mjin U.iins ii«rov-rfil ir. fn'.vr*^jik.' CABDROSS. LiiBlW. \'5ee EflfiSIXE/
InniiKi. -vrii.-iif-n r.-*.i«if'l ir Kiliiiiinrilu iiii CARDWELL, EI* WARD. D.D. ilT^T-
ill .!>• '.iMld '.I ttii*i:*t iim hr.'.TliHr Jinriijuary I'*^;! >. cluLrnli histiirian. .^m ■■>? Rii»hn p r| «"'-ir^-
•.v.fh ni.»'-» :V im :>:h -xr.-n.-i-* '''il«t':*i'n.-. h»r- ;\>il ut Huii:kbiim. Lanraaiiiiv. wua b«)m in
-hIk.- *<».■■. »nr>iinv!nj/ iuni mi vir.i.'in i:vi.:PO- IT*"?. [!»* -nrt^r*^! in LHHi .liS a ci)nmi«.iier
Inir.rjti •v.iHfi.T.i.n.-«. i:*^-nri«.n.- :v!i:i*h 'irn-t* ar. rjf.is.-no.'it* C«jue-^e, Uxibni. wlier» htr ^n-
jrarr-riii ■'i«'Kn«.'v!»-tli(.Mi n -;;.■ inr.-Miiii»T..,Ti .liuirfil B.A. in iHM H»? t.Mik liia M.A". in
^^ .11-* ■ A.iJin iiTii-"H -.t' .'^i;f.fian<r < p. xx). l^lJ. Tliir .letsTPt* .jf B.D. was conierr^ on
.^.r,m»' '.iiir .n -In* liiTiimn 'it' \7<i fJam.-* iui- him in I'* ID and rhat ot D.D. in ISU. For
Hr"M'*»'M I ifffr-p ''J * h'j"**. rinci nor ht^imi ot-.r- '^♦-'.vrai v^rars he acred a^ ruror and LecCiir»rr,
^inn .\ 'hr -iipt-iins .nl«:.-''j*M. hi* »TH".iii'*^ril rhw and from l?l-t to l'?:il woa one -jt the ani-
li'ffr ln(l^■r■^■lV■•r '•» ' nr i'".nn»*l .ir P,<::ni>iiP:rli. vt-r-iry -xamint»rs. :ind'iiirinif pure iitrhe time
\\ :i;».' .n 'i\t' :ii^r ..f rViliJiiiii- !: iip riie 'jujiin' hiwl J-jhn Keblr as a collea^fne. In ISl^ he
r.|i{ ^i.n./ 't'- .SirJifin M.i.i-i.lm " mn riiriiiirh wjw apjioiii"t^l Whitehall prvac'h»?r br Bi»b:p
h;-» .ii;n«:. in<: ru- .n?«i'r:i»*^«l wi'liin rhn '.vrripp»rr Hrjwli v. iuiii in l>L';i -ieiticr pr»?ai:iiier to "he
h;- v--li-kn«.'vn Iniprimpt.i. • K-n ^'^ •t*i7\'.T university .if^xt'oni. He wa^ e Wtr^i Cam Jen
r," t iiptain ftvr.Mt-r' . iii kn-". I'f^fira/ ll'oi'kji. prtiies.-Mjr of antiient history in I •?:*»•. and «ttc-
K.isTiJimork •=!':.:.. Iiv U . >. I)«iiiL'ia.-!. i. ^A'A), ot-erlinl An.'hbi.-shop TVhately in lS3Ia^ prin-
ii. i !-■.♦>. Sr,rin afT.-r Tiii.<t rnnionni-l ijuirrefi cipui '<f ^st. .\iban Hall. r»xiorii. Soon attrf
HrMUml. hinino" by the failure of fourteen tlii." appfnnrment he resigned the living rf
famil.eM. ''•n •.vhnni, it l* -aiii. the pro|jerTy Stokr-Bruem. Northamptijn^hin*. to which
had h#f*en »-nrrtilei|. ^ur^needei! to tlie ej-r.-ir^s of he haii been presenct-d by Hrasenofse l.'oUetfv in
hi.4 ^er.rinil coM-iin. Mr. Hilton r-aw-.jii, at l**!'-. He .^ubsetj^uently declintrd theofftrof
f'hipti.nan-if'p.irnlington inN'»rrhumFi*'rIanl. the rectory uf W irhyham. and in l^vW re^
Hft '»»'rv»'fl a^ -heritf for the county in IT'-^i fa-e«l the d^-anery of Carlisle otferedti* him bv
( O^f.. Mftff. Ixvi. i. UU >. anrl a-numed the nur- Sir Itulierr Peel. He wa* delegate of e»tate^,
namft of fjiw^on in aildirion toandaffer tLit delejr;ire of the pre*!?, and curator of imi-
of r'ardonnel. In l*?! 1 lie ^l♦■c■an topull down ver^-ity galleries. He was consider^i one
f ."hirt/iTj Hoii^e, wiiere lie had hitherto n-^ided, of the b>->t men of busine^ in the xiniversirv,
and w^>nt to live in a -tmall farmhouse at and for many years had a leading share in its
rramlinjftrifi iM\f:KKy7AK, Xorthum/jeriand, covemment. The mana^ment of the bible
'Jnd 't'iit. ii. 1! 1. 4.>h. Fli- latter days were department of the university press was left
rhi»'flv sf»*rnt at Bath, fiyinff in June I'^iiO, mainly in his hands, and by his advice the
fttfed t:J, h»; WH- hurieflat f.'ramlin^ononthe P|M*r mill «it Wolveroit was established.
] Ith (Cramlincton Burial iteua-t^-r). By the This wa* ilone in «»rder that the authorities
death of liiM »-lde<tt. "on of rh»' -ame names on mi^ht be certain as to the materials us«fd in
ti\ .\ov. l-.J^ at Acton Hou.-e, Acklin^on, makimr the paper supplied to the university
North II mJ;«rp]anfl, witlirmt i.-j-ue, the family press. Lonl Grenville, the Duke of Welling
U'came extinct, in the male line ( Latihek, ton, and Lord LV.'rbv, as they successively be-
/y^ai /*Worfhj p. UM)). came chancellors ot the university, appointed
f.'arrlonnel wji.-* the author of : 1. * Numis- him to act as their private secretary. He
mata Hrntiff; ; or a S^-ries of the Scottish was a |M-rsi.)nal friend of Sir Uobt^rt Peel and
('ofnaj^'r, from the I l»'i^Ti of William th^ Lion Mr. CTlad7itr)ne, and was a member of the
to tht: Cnion. By Adam de (.'anlonnel.' iS:c., Society uf Antiquaries and other learned
with twenty plate-i drawn by the author, b^xlies.
4to, Kdinbiir^di, 17'*<J. This work, although His literarj^ works were: 1. An edition
tak*;n in a preat measure from .Snellinpr's of Aristotle's* Ethica/ Oxford, 18:?8-S0,6vo,
' \'i*rw,' which harl l^een puhlishe«l in 1774, '2 vols. 'J. * A Sermon preache<l at Xorth-
rontain.H somft curious historical matter, and ampton/ Oxfonl, lK32,8vo. 3. * Lectures on
th^; appropriations ar^j generally cnm*ct. t he Coinage of the Greeks and ltomans,M 833,
*2. * Pirttun-Mjiie Antiquities of .Scotland, Svo( delivered by him as Camden professor),
♦■trlied by A Jam de Cardonnj-l,* four parts, 4. An * Knchiridion Thecdof^cum ^Vnti-Ko-
a
vo nnd 4to, I»nrion, 17>?H-1KJ, which forms manum,' in 3 vols., 8vo, being reprints of
u-efiil Hupplement to Pennant's * Tour.' tracts <in points at issue between the churches
[Not#rs and Queries. 2nd .cr. is. 24. 187.x. of England and Rome, lJS:J(i-7. 6. A use-
2:'/.f,iofi, xi. 3:i5-r,, 37H; Gtnt. MaL^ Ixxii. ii. ^^ students edition of the * New Testa-
6St. Ixxxiii. ii. 394, (1837) viii. 325. 41fi ; Biith ^ent in Greek and English,' with notes,
hirfctoryfor 1812and 1819; Cochnn- Patrick's l^^'^"- <5. ' Josephus de Bello Judaico,' in
Jtftpfinl« of the Coinage of Scotland, Introd. p. Greek and Latin, 1837, 8vo, 2 vola., a cor-
viii.] G. G. I rected text with various readings and notes.
Cardwell
43
Cardwell
7. ' The suppoeed Visit of St. Paul to Eng-
landy a LecUire delivered in the University
of Oxford/ 1837. Cardwell subsequently
turned his attention more especially to the
annals of the English church, and formed
the plan of a synodical history grounded
upon Wilkins's ' Ck)ncilia Magnse Britan-
nuB.' He carried out the project in part
in the publication of several of tlie following
works : 8. ' Documentary Annals of the Re-
formed Church of England ; being a Collec-
tion of Injunctions, Declarations, Orders,
Articles of Inquiry, &c., from 1546 to 1716,
with notes,' Oxford, 1839, 2 vols. 8vo.
9. * A Relation of the Conference between
William Laud and Fisher the Jesuit,' 1839,
8vo, with preface. 10. * The Two Books of
Common Prayer set forth in the Reign of
Edward the Sixth compared with each other,'
1839, 8vo. 11. * A History of the Confer-
ences and other Proceedings connected with
the Revision of the Book of Common Prayer
from 1668 to 1690,' 1840, 8vo. 12. ' Syno-
dalia : a Collection of Articles of Religion,
Canons, and Proceedings of Convocation in
the Province of Canterbury from 1547 to
1717, with notes, &c.,' 1842, 8vo, 2 vols.
13. 'Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum,
or the Reformation of the Ecclesiastical
Laws for the Church of England as attempted
in the reigns of King Henry VHI, King Ed-
ward VI, and Queen Elizabeth,' 1850, Svo.
14. An edition of Bishop Gibson's * Syno-
dus Anglicana,' which he brought out in
1864.
Cardwell died at the principal's lodge,
St. Alban Hall, Oxford, on 23 May 1861.
He married in May 1829 Cecilia, youngest
daughter of Henry Feilden of Witton Park,
Blackburn, and leu several children. He was
uncle to Edward, lord Cardwell [q. v.]
[Ghent. Mag. August 1861, p. 208; Foster's
Lancashire Pedigrees ; Cat. of Oxford Graduates
(1851); Oxford Honours Register (1883); in-
formation given by Mr. E. H. Cardwell.]
C. W. S.
CARDWELL, EDWARD, Viscount
(1813-1886), statesman, bom 24 July 1813,
was the son of John Cardwell, a Liverpool
merchant. He was educated at Winchester
and at Balliol College, Oxford, of which he be-
came scholar and fellow. At Oxford he took
a first class, both in classics and mathematics,
in 1835, and was made an honorary D.C.L. in
1863. Among his contemporaries, or those
who were nearly his contemporaries, at the
university were several members of the special
group of statesmen to which he afterwards
belonged — ^Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Robert Lowe,
Mr. Sdney Herbert, Mr. Roundell Palmeri
and the Duke of Newcastle. He was called
to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1838 ; but he
soon turned from the law to public life, and
entered the House of Commons as member for
Clitheroe in 1842, He attached himself, per-
sonally as well as politically, to Sir Robert
Peel, whom he somewhat resembled in cha-
racter as well as in conscientious industry,
in devotion to the public service, and in the
mastery which he acquired of commercial and
financial questions. By Peel he was treated
with marked esteem and confidence. He was
one of the trustees to whom Peel afterwards
left his papers. In 1845 he was made secre-
tary to tne treasury. In the next year came
the repeal of the com laws and the rupture
between Peel and the protectionists. Card-
well remained true to his chief, and thence-
forth formed one of the small party, or rather
group, of Peelites, still conser\'ative in general
politics, but liberal with regard to commercial
questions. Of free trade he became a staimch
and prominent champion ; but with most of
his political friends he voted against the ballot
in 1853. In 1847 he was elected for Liver-
pool, but lost his seat in 1852, in consequence
of his having voted for the repeal of the navi-
gation laws, and was afterwards elected for
the city of Oxford. The Peelites having
gradually gravitated towards the whigs, in
1852 the coalition government of Lord Aber-
deen was formed, and Cardwell became pre-
sident of the board of trade. K he did not
become a member of the cabinet, it was only
because the whig leaders objected to an
undue proportion of Peelites. The chief
fruit of his presidency of the board of trade
was the Merchant Shipping Act, 1854, which,
collecting all the laws relating to shipping,
with important amendments and additions,
has from that time formed, in essential re-
spects, the code of the British mercantile
marine. The act, consisting of 548 sections,
passed through committee at a single sitting.
* What great public interest have you been
abandoning, Cardwell, that your bill passed
so easily ? ' was Lord John Russell's sarcastic
question. No interest had been abandoned,
and those of the common seaman and tlie
ballast-heaver had been as well provided
for as those of the shipowner; but the bill
had been prepared with the carefulness cha-
racteristic of its framer's work. Further im-
provements were made by Cardwell in the
laws relating to the shipping interest, which
owes to him, among other things, its relief
from the impost of town dues. By his hand
form was given to the department of the
board of trade which deals with the mer-
cantile marine, the foundation was laid of a
meteorological department, and much was
Cardwell
44
Cardwell
flonff for tlie department of science and art.
To railway le^iHlation also Card well's contri-
bution was important. In the opinion of
thr>«9 most cr)mpetent to iudjfe, the work of
many years was accomplished in two. From
the ministry of I-iord Aberdeen Cardwell
wisftfjd, aft4'r the reconstniction, into that of
Jyird Pftlmerston; and wh«'n the other lead-
ing Pticlitcs resij^ned, he was pressed by the
pHfmier to accept the chancellorship of the
exr-lief|uer, but he chose not to separate him-
nt-H (mm his friends. Two years later, with
th#j dislike of violence and injustice which
was stronjc in him, he vot^d against Lord
pHlmerHt/)n*8 government on the question of
thij (;hinese war, and, uwm the appeal to the
oiintry which followed, lost his seat for Ox-
ford, but sliortlv afterwards regained it on
jxitition. In \HoH ho was the most active
m«!mb<;r of a commission appointed to inquire
into the manning of the navy, resnecting
whicli great anxiety was th«!n felt. Here his
knowlwlge of the mercantile marine stood
him in good stead. The reiport- was adopted,
and the system, principal features of which
are the training of boys and tlu» maint^jnance
of a strong navy reserve, remains in force, and
cont inues to Ix? successful to this day. When,
ui»on t h«j defeat of the 1 )orby ministry in 1 859,
l*almerston again became minister, Cardwell
become secretary for Ireland with a seat in
the cabinet. Iii that office he showed his
usual industry,«iuity,patience,andcourte8y;
but the spheric was uncongt»nial, and in 1801
he exchanged it for the chancellorship of
the duchy of I^ncastor. An Irish land act,
framed by him, and the object of which was
to base the relation of landlord and tenant
solely <m contract, lias had no practical effect.
In 1804 he was transferred to the secretary-
ship for the colonies. In that office he in-
augurated the new policy of withdrawing
from the colonies in time of peace all im-
piTial troops for which the colonies would
not undertake to pay, thereby promoting
colonial st»lf-defence and self-go veniment, as
well as economising the forces of the empire
and relieving the British taxpayer of an ex-
pense which in tht^ case of the wars with the
Maori had amounted to a million a year.
Canadian confederation was set on foot, and
its outline was determined during his secre-
taryship, though the act was the work of his
successor. To him fell the difficult duty of
dealing, amidst a storm of public excitement,
with the case of the disturbances in Jamaica
and of Governor Eyre, which he did by
promptly sending out a commission of in-
fluirv', and, when the legislative assembly of
Jamaica had been abolished with its own con-
sent, appointing Sir Peter Qnxit asgo\'emor
to arbitrate between the conflicting neei.
He also put an end to transportation. Under
Mr. Gladstone, in 1868, Cardwell becune
secretary for war, and in that capacity was
called upon to undertake the reorganisation
of the British army, to the necessity for which
the nation had bmi awakened by the great
European wars, at the same time redeeminj^
the pledge given for largely reduced esti-
mates. For this, which was his most impor*
tant and difficult work, the foundation nad
been laid by the concentration of the trooM
which as colonial secretarv he had effeoteo.
The principal feature of Ids reorsanisation
was t ne abolition of purchase, for wnich were
substituted admission by tests of fitness and
promotion by selection. This reform, to-
gether with tne provision made for the retire-
ment of officers, rendered the British array
professional and scientific, relieved it of in-
capacity and ingratitude, animated it with •
hope of advancement by merit, and made it
fit to cope with the highly trained armies of
the continent. Other parts of the new sys-
tem were the introduction of a short term of
service, the formation of a veteran reserve,
and the localisation of the regiments, which
was adopted with a double purpose of taking
advantage of local attachment in recruiting
and of linking the militia and volunteers to
the regular forces. The department of the
commander-in-chief was brought under the
more effective control of the war office. Pro-
vision was also made for the improvement of -
the military education of officers and soldiers.
In carrying these changes into effect the secre-
tary for war had to encounter the most obsti-
nate resistance on the part of military men of
the old school, and his coadjutors have home
their testimony to the unfailing patience,
command of temper, and courtesy, by which,
combined with firmness, their resistance was
overcome, as well as to the thoroughness
with which a civilian mastered all tne de-
tails of the department of war. The labour
and anxiety, however, imdermined Cardwell*8
health. On the resignation of the Gladstone
ministry in 1874 he was called to the House
of Lords as Viscount Cardwell of Ellerbeck.
After this he continued for some time to take
part in public affairs ; he presided ably over
the commission on vivisection, and on one
important occasion stood forth sis the friend
of the slave ; but he never again became a
minister of state. He died, after a yeiy
lingering illness, at Villa Como, Torquay, cm
15 Feb. 1880, and was buried in the cemetery
of Highgate. He married, in 1888, Annie,
youngest daughter of Charles Stuart Paricer
of Fairlie, Ayrshire, but he left no children
and his peerage became extinct, Ckzdwell
w«S not D political leader or a director of
popular movements, ihouKh in council he
WAS firm and powerful. The measures of
conalitutional change brought forward by
tjie gDvemiDeiils of which he was a member
in I&ter years did not originate with him ;
nor was he a papular orator. He -was a clear,
good, terse, and fluent speaker; to l)emorehe
did not pretend or desire, and he never mado
ha uiuiece«sai7' speech. But it waa as an ad-
ministrator and public servant that, though
leas noted than others by the crowd, he
really stood high among the statesmen of
tbe time. * Thoroughly patriotic and public-
B^rited, utterly free from jobbery of any
sort, laborious, discreet, courteous, Kind, and
OOntiderate to subordinatee, conciliatory, yet
tenacious of his opinion when he had satisfied
bimselfthat he was right' — such he appeared
to llie parlners of his work. They also teatify
tohispoaeeaaionofa singularly quick and keen {
inteUigancc, though in hia j^ublic ntterauces I
hia mind seemed to move with excessive cir-
mmspectioa. The country was served more
brilliantly by other men of his generation, but I
by none more faithfully, more tealousir, more
■trenuonsly, or with more lasting frmt,
[PenonAl knowledge; memorsuda from per-
•on* who iteted with bim -, apeechei (some of
lAich have been repriated) from Hansard ;
Motehant Shinpioe Act ; Report of CommiBHian
oa Hajininit tne }^vy ; Rayal Wiimuit abolish-
tng potcbaiK- (1871). and ref^latioiu in pnrsaaDce
til ibat meAsnrc. A short life is anderstood to
be in praptinitioa.] O, 8.
CABE, nENRY (1646-1888), poUticol
writer and journalist, affected to be a royalist
in 1670, when he published a book entitled
'Fem&le Pre-eminence,' with a fulsome dedi-
utjon to Queen Catherine. He is probably
the Henry Care, 'student in phyaick and as-
trology,' who brought out a translation of a
BUdicSil work in 1679. Care edited a paper
Cftlled the ' Weekly Racquet of Advice from
Home,' when, according to Wood, ' he was
deeply engaged bv the fanatical party, ai^r
the popiah plot broke out in 167S, to write
■gainst the Church of England and the mem-
beea thereof, then by him and his party sup-
posed to be deeply enclined towards popery,
Ac.' U" was trUd at Ouildhall. 2 July 1680,
on on information agoinel. him as the author
of this Journal, and more particularly for a
4^iuv against the lord chief justice, Bcrn^,
who bimAetf sat as judge at the tria). The
jni7 found him ^uilty,&nd Care wasprohibited
(nnapriuttnghisjoumal. Buttheseproceed-
fnga coDBlituI'^ one of the charges brought
■gaum Scroggi., who was removed &om tbe
^^encbfoaamtailhd later (LBnBSLL,£e^ Aon
of Stat^ Affairt, i. 75), and Care continued
to publish his journal. Core's last numlier
ofthe' Weekly Pacquet,'whicheiteud8 to five
volumes, isdatedlS July 1683,at which time
he fell ill. In 168'2 a difference had taken
place between Care and Langley Curtis, the
original publisher, when Care, who resided at
the time in the Great Old Bailey, continued
the work on his own account till he was
seized with illness. But at tbe commence-
ment of the quarrel, Curtis, not willing to
give up a profitable spectdation, employed
William Salmon, a well-known and midti-
feriouB writer, to publish a continuation of
the ' Pacquets,' and he did so from 25 Aug.
1683, on which day Care's fifth volume also
began, till 4 May 1683. Langlev Curtis,
probably having the stock-in-trade in his
own hands, added the fifth volume, by Sal-
mon, to all tbe remaining copies, and conse-
quently Care's fifth volume is rarely met
with.
Wood thus sums up the little that is
known of the eubsequcntcareerof Care: hia
' breeding,' he contemptuously remarks, ' was
in the nature of a petty fogger, a little des-
picable wretch, and one that was afterwards
much reflected upon for a poor snivelling
fellow in the " Observators,* published b_y
Roger I'Estrange, which Care, after all his
scribbles against the papists and the men of
the church of England, was, after King
James 11 came to the crown, drawn over so
far by the Roman catholic party, for bread
and money sake and notliing else, to write
on their behalf, and to vindicate their pro-
ceedings against the men of the church of
England ill his " Mercuries," which weekly
came out, entitled "PubUo Occurrences truly
stated." The first of which come out 21 Feb.
1687-8, and were by him continued to the
time of his death, which happening 8 Aug.
1668, aged 43, he was buried in the yard
belonging to the Bkcldryers church, in
London, with this inscription nwled to his
coffin, " Here lies the ingenious Mr. Henry
Care, who died, 4c.'"
Hia works are : 1. ' Female Pre-emi-
nence,' translated from the Latin of Henry
Cornelius Agrippa, London, 1670. 2. 'Spe-
culum Oalbfe ; or, a New Survey of the
French Court and Cump,' l^ndon, 1673, 8vo.
3. ' The Jewish Calendar eiplained,' London,
1674, 8vo. 4. 'Practical Physick,' by Dr.
Daniel Sennert, professor at WittenbetiCi
translated by ' H. Care, student in phyaick
and astrology,' London, 1676, 8vo. 5. ' A
Pacquet of Advice from Rome,' London,
167&-9, 4to; continued as 'The Weekly
Pacquet of Advice from Rome,' 1679-83.
'An Abfltract, with improvemetits,' of the
Careless 46 Carew
* Weekly Pacquet of Adrice from Rome * first baronet of that house, by his first- wife,
was published ' by several gentlemen/ said Bridget, daughter of John Chudleigh of
to be dissenting teachers (Wood, AthentB Devon. He was bom on 30 Aug. 16(W, and
Oxon., ed. Bliss, ii. 469 it.>, under the title baptised at Antony on 4 Sept. Lord Cla-
of 'The History of Popery,' 2 vols.. London, rendon asserts that Carew had received a
1735-6, 4to;'a German translation was good education, but it does not appear that
fublished under the title of ' Unpartheiische he ever matriculated at an English univer-
listorie des Papstthums, herausge^ben von sity. In the Long parliament he was returned
F. E. liambach,* 1766. 6. * Histor>* of the as the colleague of Sir Bevil Grenville in
Papists' Plots,' London, 1681 , 8vo. 7. * Utrum the representation of the county of Cornwall,
horum ; or, the Articles of the Church of and threw in his lot with the opponents of
England recited and compared with the the court. When the bill of attainder of
doctrines of those called I*resbvterians and Lord Strafford was beingpushed through the
the tenets of the Church of Rome.' London, House of Commons, Sir Bevil Gren\iUe be-
1682, 8vo. 8. * The Darkness of Atheism sought his fellow-member to oppose it, but
expelled by the Light of Nature/ London, Carew vehemently replied, * If 1 were sure
1683, 8vo. 9. * A Modest Enquiry whether to be the next man that should suffer upon
St. Peter were ever at Rome and Bishop of the same scaffold with the same axe, I woidd
that Church/ Lond. 1687, 4to. 10. * Anim- give my consent to the passing of it.' On
adversions on a late paper entituled, A the breaking out of civu war he was en-
letter to a Dissenter, upon occasion of his trusted by the parliament with the command
Majesties late Gracious Declaration of Indul- of the island ot St. Nicholas, at the entrance
gence/ London, 1687, 4to. 11. 'The Tutor of Ph-mouth harbour, on which wus situate
to true English. With an introduction to a fort of considerable strength, while the
Arithmetic, London, 1687, 8vo. 12. • l>ra- mayor of Plvmouth ruled over the castle and
conica : or, an Abstract of all the Penal Laws the town. ^Vhen the parliamentary forces
touching matters of Religion and the several in the west of Englana met with serioos
Oaths and Tests thereby enjoined, with brief reverses, Carew began to think that both his
obser\*ations thereupon,' 3rd edit., London, person and his property were insecure, and
1688, 4to. 13. *■ English Liberties ; or, the ; opened a correspondence, chiefly through the
Freeborn Subject's inheritance, containing agency of his neighbour, Mr. Edgecumbe,
Magna Charta, &c. Compiled first by Henry with Sir John Berkeley, then commanding
Addit. MS. 5960, ff. 62-87. ■ although Berkeley gave an ample assurance
He also edited *The King's Right of Indul- ! of safety, Carew would not proceed any fup-
gence in Spiritual Matters with the Equity ; ther without a pardon under the great seal,
thereof asserted by a Person of Honour and and that before this could be obtained his
Eminent Minister of State, lately deceased ' design was discovered through the treacheiy
(i.e. Arthur Aniiesley, earl of Anglesea), of a servant. He was suddenly seized while
London, 1688, 4to. ' in the fort and carried prisoner into the town,
[WooiVs Athena Oxen. (Bliss), ii. 469; Mac- I whence he was despatched by sea to London
aulav's Hi^t. of England (1858). ii. 218 n., 221 ; and disabled from sittmg inparbament. Ob
Luttrells Hist. Relation of State Aflkirs, i. 50, Tuesday, 19 Nov. 1644, he was condemned
75, 453 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Jones's Popery ' to death for treacheiy by a council of war
Tracts, 25, 68, 76, 90, 92. 265, 266 ; Lowndes's held at Guildhall. His ^e, Jane, daughter
Bibl." '^^ ^ -' - ,^ . ^ ^ ,. ,
CARELESS, WTLLIAM(^. 1089). [See obtained a r^pite of the sentence for a month
^^^^-j ' ^ ' *- m order that he mierht settle his worldly
affairs and prepare Ibr death. About tot
CARL08.1
CARENCROSS, ALEXANDER. [See
Cairxcross.]
CAREW. [See also Caret and Cart.]
CAREW, Sir ALEXANDER (1609-
1644), governor of the island of St. Nicholas,
Plymouth, was the only surviving son of
o clock in the morning of 23 Dec. 1644 he
was brought to the scaffold on Tower £011
His speech contained a reference to the ' last
words and writing ' of his father and grand-
&ther, and the signal for the executioner to
do his duty were ' the last words that ever
my mother spoke when she died.' He wts
Richard Carew of Antony in Cornwall, the buried on the same day in the ehuich of
St. AuKUBtine, Hocknej. His widow died
i?5 April 1179 in her sBventy-fouith year. A
■" ■....■.> (.ihwrmeinorj, Willi su wlaborale
I T'cnrdinghMTirtueB, WHS erected
:\i!ig speech wns printed aepB-
:<:U, nod la included m a collection
o^iilid ■ Kiiglnnd's Bbick Tribuuftll set fortU
in tiie Trial of King Cliailea 1/ Sc, 16(50,
pp. 9U-IW.
[ClorMldon's Hi(it4>i7(1849), iii. 240-7 ; BuRh-
worlli'a Ilistoricol Oiltfcljon, pt. iii. bk. n. pp.
~M~T; Umth's Brisf CliroDielti (1663), pp. 33,
IID: Vlcon'a FaiiiBmentHry Chrooicle, pC. iii.
(1846), p. 29, pt. It. p. 8fl ; W. Robinaoo's
fisckniijr, ii. GS ; Boase and Ciiurtauv'H Bibl.
OontaU i 6S, tii. 1109: Ponxhinl History of
CorDw.ll. i. 17.] W. P. C.
_CAKEW, BAitr^nJJE MOORE (1693-
1 1 / ?). king of the glpeie«>, belonged to tlie
Ueironchire bmily, und was born in July
1003, at Bicbl«7, near Tiverton, of whicli
hi« fMlivr wu rector for many years. At
lti8 SAV of twelve he wm sent to Tiverton
achooX wbere for some time be worked hard,
but the schoolboys posseaged amon^ them a
pack of lioiuids, ana one day be, with three
companions, followed n deer so far, that the
neignboiiring fanners came to complain of
Uin domBgc done. To avoid punishment the
youths ran away and joined some gipsies.
AAer a yrNir and a half Caren returned for
a lime, but soon rejoined the gipsies. His
csreer Wfu a long series of swindling and
'tDWwtiire, very ingeniously carried ' "
drove him to embark for Newfoundland,
tehen* he stopped but a short time, and on
his retrim he pretended to be the mate of
u Ttn>i.>l, Slid eloped with the daughter of
n rv-jwctjible apothecary of Newcaatle-on-
Ti o". whnm he afterwards married.
il*i o/intiniied his course of vagabond
mgiwry for soiae time, and when Clause
l*Blch, a king, or chief of the gipsies, died,
Ootew wan ulwt^ his succsssor. He wss
ronviL'fi i| nF l«iiig an idle vagrant, and sen-
■ !.'■ ii-annported to Maryland, On
' ■■ i>tl.i?mpted to escape, was cap-
iiiiide to wear a heavy iron collar,
. iin, andfell into the hands of some
ifi'iiillv Indian!?, who relieved him of his
rolltr. He took an early opportunity of
imving bin new friends, and got into Penn-
xylvaniB. ll<'re he pretended to be a quaker,
and ai noch made his way to Philadelphia,
throTO to Nnw York, and afterwards to New
Loailon, when: ha embarked for England.
wnrb^' pricking his hands and fecn, and nib-
bing tn liny iwlt and gunpowder, so as lo
simulate small-po-Y.
After hia landing he continued his im-
postures, found out his wife and daughter,
ond seems to have wandered into ScotUnd
about 1745, and is said to have accompanit^
the Pretender to Carlisle and Derby, The
record of his life &om this lime is but aesriea
of frauds and deceptions, and but little is ab-
solutely known of hia career, except Ihnt tt
relative. Sir Thorn sa Carew of Hackem, olFered
to provide for him if he would give up luB
wandering life. This he refused lo do, but
it is believed that he eventually did so after
he had gained some prizes in the lottery.
The date of hia death is uncertain. It 18
generally pven, but on no authority, as
being inl7(0,but'T. P.,' writing IVom'nver-
ton, in ' Notes and Queries,' 2nd series, rol.iv.
p. 623, aaya that he died in 1758.
[The authority tor Carew is u book which boa
appeared in man; furmB. The llrst is apparoctly
Tbe Life and Adveatnres of B. U. C, the Noted
UevDashire Stroller and Dog«tealrT, aa nat«d by
himself daring his passagu To America ....
EioD,: prinl«dby thaFarloysforJ. Dpbw, 1745.
Lowndes mentjona another title, The Accom-
plished Vngsbond or complent Mumper, oxem-
plify'd in tht bold and artful enterprises and
tnerry prttoka of Bum p^lda Carew, Omn (Exon.7),
)74fl. An Apology for the Life of Bamfylde-
Moors Cnrew. London, 1749, is dsscnbed aa
printed for B. Ooadby ; a third edition (no data),
with prefsea dat«d 10 Feb. I7S0, coatains addi-
Iloual matter Btlaeking Fielding and Tom Jones.
An edition of I7S8 pvea a large folding portrait
of Carew. Other editions hare been published
in variooB places. Oue of 176B is desuribed as
by Thomas Price. Timperloy's Dictionary of
Printers states that the life was writtea fay
Robert Goadlij ; T. P. in Notes aud Queries (as
above) gives a report that Mrs. Goudby wrote it
from Carew's dictation. See Notes and Quariea
(2Dd set.), iii. 4. IT. 330. 440, 622.] J. A.
CAREW, Sir BENJAMIN HALLO-
WELL (1760-1834), admiral, son of Beiya.
minHnllowelljCommisaionerof the American
board of customs, was bom in Canada in 1760,
and entered the navy at an early oge. On
31 Aug, 1781 hewaa appointed by" Sir Samuel
Hood as acting lieutenant of the Alcide, and
served in herin the action off the Cbe«apeake
five days later. He was shortly afterwards
moved into the Alfred, and was in her in
the engagements at St. Christopher's and off
Dominica [»ee Hatsb, William]. He was,
however, not con firmed in his rank till 25 April
1763, and after seven years of uneventful
service he was made commander on 22 Nov.
.tai)ioiuia.B)ia-i4- fl^SQ. Duiing the two Mlowing tbus he
Carew
48
Carew
commanded the Scorpion sloop on the coast
of Africa, and in 1793 went to the Mediter-
ranean in the Camel storeship, out of which
he was posted on 30 Aug., and appointed to
the temporary command of the Kobust of .
74 guns. He afterwards for a short time ;
commanded the Courageux during the ab- ;
sence of Captain Waldeg^ve, sent home ^
with despatches; and on being superseded '
from her, ser\'ed as a volunteer, * wherever .
he could be useful,* in the sieges of Bastia
and Calvi. * Hallowell and myself^* wrote ;
Nelson on 9 July 1794, 'each take twenty-
four hours at the advanced battery ; ' and
acknowledged Hallowell*s zeal in terms re- ;
peated more formally on 8 Aug., and em-
Dodied in Hood*s despatch of 5 Aug. Hal- j
lowell was then appointed to the Lowestoft
frigate, and a few months later to the Coura-
geuXf which he commandfnl in the action off
the HySres Islands on 13 July 1795. He con-
tinued in her, attached to the fleet under Sir
John Jer\'is, during the trying year 1796. On
19 Dec., when the fleet was in Gibraltar Bay,
the Courageux was blown from her anchors in
a terrific gale of wind, was driven over to the
African coast, and dashed to pieces at the foot
of Apes' Hill. Out of her crew of six hundred
about one hundred and twenty only escaped.
At the time of the Courageux being driven to
sea, Hallowell was absent at a court-martial,
and though he was anxious to return at once
to his ship, the president refused him permis-
sion. It nas been said, but quite without
proof, that the loss of the ship was entirely
owing to his absence (BREyTON", Life of Lord
St. Kincent, i. 302), While waiting on board
the Victory for an opportunity to return to
England, Hallowell was present in the battle
off Cape St. Vincent on 14 Feb. 1797. He
was afterwards sent home with the duplicate
despatches and a strong recommendation
from Jervis, which led to his being imme-
diately appointed to the command of the
Lively frigate, ordered back to the Mediter-
ranean, lie was shortly afterwards trans-
ferred to the Swiftsure of 74 guns, one of
the inshore squadron off Cadiz under Captain
Troubridge, which in May 1798 was detached
to join Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson. The
Swiftsure was thus one of that small fleet
which during July scoured the Mediter-
ranean and crushed the French in Aboukir
Bay on the night of 1-2 Aug. The Swift-
sure, with the Alexander [see Ball, Sib
Alexander John], had been detached on
the evening of 31 July to look into Alexan-
dria, and was thus somewhat later than ther
other ships in getting into action. It was
already dark, and as she was standing in
under a press of sail she met a ship leaving
the battle, and Hallowell was on the point
of firing into her. He had happily given
strict orders that not a shot was to be fired
till the anchor was down and the sails clewed
up ; this strange ship was the English Bel-
lerophon, whicn had neen compelled to haul
off for a time. The Swiftsure took her place,
but with better judgment, and, tosether with
the Alexander, devoted herself to tne destruc-
tion of L'Orient, which blew up about two
hours later.
AVhen Nelson returned to Naples Bay, the
Swiftsure was one of the ships left on the
coast of Egypt under the command of Cap>
tain Samuel Hood, and she remained there
for the next eighteen months. She rejoined
Nelson at Palermo on 20 March 1799, and a
couple of months later Hallowell astonished
the whole fleet by sending him a coffin, cer-
tified to be entirely made of wood and iron
from the wreck of L'Orient, together with
the following note, 23 May 1799 : * My lord,
herewith I send you a coffin made of part of
L'Orient*s mainmast, that when you are tired
of this life you may be buried in one of your
own trophies; but may that period be far
distant is the sincere wish of your obedient
and much obliged servant, Ben. HallowelL*
It is stated, on the authority of his brother-
in-law, that, fearing the effect of all the
flattery lavished on his chief, he determined
to remind him that he was mortal {Neltm
Despatches, iii. 88) ; but the grim humour
of the gift seems also to remind us of HaUo-
welFs American education.
For the next three months the Swiftsnre
remained on the coa^t of Italy, where Hallo-
well was actively employed, under Trou-
bridge, in the reduction of ^int Ellmo, Capua,
and Civita Vecchia ; in acknowledgment of
which services he received from the king of
Naples the order of St. Ferdinand and ^
Merit, and a snuffbox bearing the royal
cipher in diamonds. Towards the end ai
the year the Swiftsure joined Reai^-adminl
Duckworth at Minorca, and accompanied
him to Lisbon, on which station and off
Cadiz she remained. In May 1800 Rear-
admiral Sir Richard Bickerton hoisted hit
flag on board her, and in November went in
her to the coast of Egypt. He then trans-
ferred his flag to the Kent, and the Swift-
sure was in the following June sent in charge
of a convoy to Malta. On the way thither
Hallowell, having learnt the proximity of a
powerful French squadron, wnich had been
endeavouring to land troops near Tripoli,
resolved to make the best othis way to rein-
force Sir John Borlase Warren, and accord-
ingly left the convoy to shifb for itselt He
was thus alone when, on 24 June 1801| he
&U in with the French squadraD, waa sur-
roand^, aud caplured after an obecinatis
reaistAnce (JiMsa. 2iasal Hixfory, 1860, iiL
77). Hallowell was very shortly afterwards
reloAeed on parok, and on 18 Aiig. was tried
at Port Mahun hy a court-martial, which
approvi^ of his conduct in evety respect,
Snmoonced that his leaving the convoy waa
ictal«d br sound judKinent and zeal lor the
e of nia king and country, that the de-
li»well had displayed great judgment in his
endearours to avoid so superior a force. He
■waa thereforu honourably acquitted of alt
In 1802 HaUowell commanded the Argo
of 44 guns on ihe coa«t of Afnco, with a
broad pennant, and toucLins Qt Barbadoes
on hia return to Europe, and learning there
tbat war bod again broken out, he placed his
Brrricce at thn dieposal of Commodore Sir
Samuel Hood, then commanding-in-chief on
tii« Leeward Island station. He was thus
«Dffaged in the reduction of St. Lucia and
Tob^O in June 1603, and was warmly
thanked by Uood in his despatches. On his
Tetom to England he was sent out, still in
tile Argo, on a special mission to Aboukir.
Hi' was afterwacds appointed to the Tigre,
in which he joineii the fleet 00" Toulon under
Lord NcIbou, and under his command took
part in t]i» chase of the French fleet to the
Wect Indies in May and June 1805, In
Sem«mber the Tigre was with the fleet off
Oadii, but was one of the ships detached to
Otbndt*r under Itear-odmiral Louis onSOct.,
and had thus no share in the battle of Tra-
bi^x. Continuing in tlie Tigre, Hallowell
had in 1807 the command of the naval part
of the expedition to Alexondiia ; he after-
wards was with the fleet off Toulon and on
the coast of Spun till his advancement to
flagnnkon 1 Aug. 1811. In January 1813
be hoisted hi» flag on board the Malta of
80 guns, again in the Mediterranean, where
he remained till the peace. lu June 1615 he
-WM made a KC.B. During 1816-18 be was
ooDUDonder-in-chief on the coast of Ireland,
and became vice-admiral on 12 Aug. 1819.
From 1821 to 1834 he was commander-in-
dued at the Nore, with hia flag id the Prince
liegent. On the death of his coiiain, Mrs.
Anne Pastun Oen (^8 March 1826), he suc-
cwded to the estates of the Oarews of Bed-
dloffton, and pursuant to her will aseumed
tlus name and arms of Corew, to which family,
bowvrer, he was not in any degree related.
The estate's had come to Mrs. Oee by the
will of her husband's brother, and now came
to HallDw«ll very much in the nature of a
windfall ; but to a friend who cougrntulated
him on it he answered, 'Half as much twenty
years ago had indeed been a blessing : hut I
am now old and crank.' Un 22 July 1B30
he attained the rank of admiral, and on
6 June 1831 was made O.C.D. He died at
Beddington Park on 2 Sept. 1834.
Hallowell is traditionally described as
having been a man of gigantic frunie and
vast personal strength, and several stories
are told of the summary manner in which ho,
by arm aud fist, quelled some symptoms of
mulinv which appeared on board the Swift-
sure wiile off Osdii;, He married in February
1600 a daughter of Captain John Nicholson
Iiiglc&eld, for many years commissioner of
the navy at Gibraltar, and left issue.
pHoTHhall'B Boy. Nay. Bio*;, ii. (voL i, pt. ii.)
4flS : Cretit. Mug. (1S34). voi; civ, pt, ii. p. 53T :
United Service Journal, 1S34, pt. iii. 374, and
!e35,pt.i.S6.] J.K.I-
CAREW, Sib EDMUNl) (1464-1513),
soldier, was the son of 8ir Nii^holas Carew,
baron Carew, of Mohuns Ottery, Devonshire,
who died on 16 Nov. 1470, and grandson of
Sir John Csrew fq. v.] The inquisition on
his father's death stales that Edmund was
six ^ears old at the time. According to old
pedigrees the family was descended from one
Adam de Montgomurie, whose son Edmund
married the daughter of Kees ap Tudor, princ«
of South Wales. Her sister Nesta, after
having a natural son by Henry I, married a
Norman named Stephen, whose son, llobert
FitzStephen, was one of the first English
invaders of Ireland, and obtained a grant
of half the kingdom of Cork from Henry II
Adam's great-great-grandson, William, baron
of Carew, married Elizabeth, daughter and
heiress of Robert Fitz-Stuphen. It has, how-
ever, been shown by Sir John Maclean that
liobert Fitz-Stephen died without issue, end
that William, baron of Corew or do Carrio,
was descended from Gerald Fiti-Walt*r de
Windsor, firet husband of Nesta. Tliis Ge-
rald was grandson of one Otho de Windsor
in the time of the Conqueror.
The barony and castle of Carew or Caer
Yw in Norberth, Porobrokeahire, came to
the family bv this marriage with the Welsh
princess, and remained m their possession
until Sir Edmund mortgii«cd it to Sir Rhya
ap Thomas. His eon, Griffith ap Rhys, being
attainted of treason in the reign of Henry VIII,
the barony came into the possession of the
crown, and was leased to Sir John Ferrot and
others. In the reign of Charles I the re-
mainder of the lease was purchased by Sir
John Carew, and the fee-simple was there-
upoQ granted to liim by the king. The family
Carew 50 Carew
rif Carew was also allit^ hv marriaz^ to the unexpected accidents, he underwent extnr
Counenaya, and Sir John Xiaclean narrate? ordinaiy perils, but God freed him firom them,
(but grives no authontT > that Carew ot&cia'ed and he performed his duty in acceptable
at the biinal of William Court enay. earl of manner/ On 21 Dec. 1599 he was appointed
Devon, in 1511. ridiiur up the nave of Exeter a master in chancers and held that prefer-
Cathedral in armour, and oiferinj the d'i'ad ment until his death m 1612. Astheyouncer
earl's battle-axe to the bi«hop in the choir. son of an influential CoiYiish family and a
Carew wa> an adherent of Henry VTI, leading courtier he had little difficulty in
and was kni>:hTed at the battle of B^^s worth obtainmg a seat in parliament for one of the
Field for his val'iur. In 1497 he marched numerous boroughs in Cornwall. He sat
to the relief of Exeter whon that city was for St. Germans m 1584, for Sal tash in 1586,
btsieped by the pretender Perkin AVarbeok, 15S>, 1593. and for St. Germans a?ain in
and he lost his life in the service of Einf 1597 and 1601. The honour of kni^thood
Henry's son and !iiioces?or, beine killed by a was conferred upon him at Whitehall 23 Jidy
shot in Lord Ht-rbert's tent at the sieffe of 16Ct3. on the eve of the coronation of James I,
Th^rouanne on 22 June 1513. The only other and in the followinfr year he was nominated
public service in which he is known to have to a place in the commission to arrange the
been engaged was going to meet the com- affair? of the union of the two countries of
missioners from France who came to treat England and Scotland. At the close of 16(^
for peace in 1492. He married Katherine. Caivw was sent as ambassador to the court
dnuehter of Sir William Uuddlestield of of France, where he remained until July
Shillingford. solicit or-genoral and :iTtomey- 1609. when the French ministers, who re-
general to Edward TV. Tl^Mr issue was four garded himasa friend to the Spanish interests,
sons and four daughters. The former were : were not displeased at his return to England.
William, father of Sir Peter Cart^w "o. v.~: After considerable competition from other
Thomas, of Bickleigh; Geoige. dean of Exeter seekers after office he secured in June 1613
and Windsor, father of George, earl of Totnes the high and lucrative place of master of the
[q. Y." : and Gawen, ob. i5^3, s. p. The court of wards, which was vacant by the
daughters wer*?: D^^rothy, married to John death of Lord Salisbury. The reason for
Stowell; Kathmne, marrie<l to Sir Philip this creat promotion was assigned by some
Champemoun : Isabel and Ann. to his wife's influence with the queen, by
[Macleans Life of Sir P^ter Carew : Princes ^^^^^ ^^ ^^f ^^^^ ^^ ^ord Rochester, and
Worthies of I^.-von. p. 204 : PolwheleV Devon- ^^ '^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ''^^ Currently reported to
shiro, i. 2o4 : Cirli^le's Top. Dici. of W.iles: ^«^^ P«*«^^ d^" ^"^^ ^^^ place. Amonir the
Lewis's Top. Diet, of W.ilos ; Tnckett*s Devon- Latin epigrams of John Owen is one (bk. vi
shire Peiligrois. p. 123: Gairdners Henry VII. No. '20) to the effect that while the king
ii.291 : HerV-ert's Hist, of Enirland.p. 15: Inqr.is. committed to Carew the care of the wards,
post Mortem, 11 FAw. IV. No. 38. 2 Kic. III. he showed himself to have a care for Caiew's
^'o- -**•] C. T. M. merits. In August 1612 he was a member
CAREW, ELIZABETH, Lidt. ^See of the commission for raising money for our
Carey, Elizabeth, Lady." ' soldiers m Benmark. and with that appomt-
' ment his official bfe was over. On Iridav,
CAREW, Sir GEORGE (d. 1012\ law- 13 Nov. 1612, he died, * in reasonable caw,
his brother, * he gathered such fruit as the Casaubon. styled Carew * vir amplissimiu et
university, the inns of court, and foreicm sapientia et eruditione, et pietate pnestan-
travel could yield him.' After his return tissimus.' De Thou or Thuanus esteemed
from abroad he was called to the Iwr. obtain- him highlv and made use in book cxxi. of the
ing the post of secretary to Lord-chancellor history oi his own times of Cat^w^s nana*
Ilatton, and on Hatton's decease lield the tive of events in Poland. Car^w's intimacy
same office, * by ^pecial recommendation from with Casaubon is further shown in the ftot
Queen Elizabeth/ under Sir John Pucker- that in November 1612 his wife was god-
mg and Sir Thomas Efferton, keepers of mother to Casaubon's child. On Carew's
the great seaL Through the same royal return from the French embassy in 1609 he
favour Carew was made a prothonotary in drew up and addi^ssed to James I * a idi-
chMicery, and in lo93 was despatched on an tion of the state of France/ which has bees
embassy to Brunswick, Sweden, Poland, and much commended for its simple and ua-
Danzig. While on this mission, 'through affected stvle. This tract zemained inmaAO-
■B of Ilory Ope O'Mure iii ibe following
I year, when LeigUlin Ca«Ue waa gerioualy
1741). j menaced, was rewnrded with a small pi
Ipctcd by t'art-w a volmnt" of 'IteportB
Cb'io-'s in f^iancery,' whlcli was printed
1.i,-.n n;iL.-,,„,i,UB20. Many of Ilia letters
<< >l pilit.ici&ns of h>» time an- p
i ■ public and nrirat* Vilraries of
: trticularaof Uiem will be foiind
.1 Poiirlney'a 'BibliothecaComu-
Ijii-n-i.-;,' v'J. Lit Two of them are printed
in Brewer's edition of Bishop Goodman'
* Court of Kinjr James I,' ii. 97-103. Carew'
jinr,>L'-;ipli ifrncludrd in J. G. Nichola's'Col-
I . AutographB' (1829), sheet 8 D.
1 1 QflUKilDgiat, Tii. 93, 575-S;
ind Times of James I, i. 174-S,
.\ L'lU; Viaitition of Cornwall (Harl.
(>«. .. IP- -B, SI ; R.Carew's Survey of ComwiOl
i«X. 1«11). p. 17*; Notes uDd Queries, 2DdMr.,
Ti. 438(1868).] W, P. C.
CAKBW, nEORGE, Bibok CiBEw op
Ctorros and Eajil of Totkbs (1G55-1639),
BtMtcsman, liie son of Gborhb Casew, dean
of Windsor, by hta wife Anne, daughter of
Sir Nirh'ildB Harvey, wna horn on 29 May
1.i."i \t, Mder brotlier waa named Peter.
' ' 'III' IhirdsonofSirEdmundCarew
■i:iiedB.A. at Broadgat^a Hall,
I "■i'"2 ; was archdeacon of Totnes,
J 1 hendary of Bath and Wells,
!itorofEifiter.l649: preb«adary
. 1 565 ; archdeacon of Exeter,
■ ' ; dean of Bristol, 5 Nov. 1Q62,
' .i^ejectt^ in 1653, Tesumine the
M L'aasionof Eliabeth, and filing
precentor of Salisbury, 1558;
ritLTfa and WpIIs, 1560 and 1665;
tchurch, Oxford, 1559-ei ; dean
.1 Windsor, 1500-77; dean of
' ITe died in Jane 1663, and wa«
. hiurh of 8t. Giles-in-the-Fielda
■'■■ OroTi, ed. Bliss; Lb Nhte,
" I'—fii Wfthiumati, p. 7).
' 1-^ educated, like the
' IifII (afterwards Pem-
, wlierfhestayedfroni
-.■a'atedM.A.ata1ater
. l.'bSii. From an ejirly ago he
■ lI'lomilitafypurBiiita. In 1674
■ ■' iiBTvioo of W Urat cousin. Sir
). V. . ill Ireland. In 1675 he
III I be army in Ireland
' , ?md after lillinv the
I rri»on in Leighmi for
' in the absence of his
■,vi,.a jippointnd lieulenant-go-
,,■ caunty of Cariow and vice-
l.-.>ii{UUn Coatle in 1ST6. His
L-II1 ni 'i-iii.^ iimijfMiiltfMlatfcink twi tihantihnl
("BsowELL, IritiA unAr thf Tutors, ii. 343),
In 1578 he held a captaincy in the royal
nnry, and made a Toyn^ in the ship of Sir
Humphrey Gilbert. In 1579 and 1580 he
was at the bead first of a regiment of Iriah
infantry and afterwards of a regiment of
cavalry in Ireland. He was made constable
of Leighlin-brid^ Castle in 1580, on the
death (in a skirmish, ^5 Aug., with the Irish)
of hia brother Peter ^State Paper/, Ireland,
lutv. 83). Shortly afterwards Carew killed
with bis own hand several Irishmen suspected
of slaying his brother, and was seven-ly cen-
sured by the home government for hia impe-
tuosity. The queen, however, showed much
liking for him, and the Cecils were bis friends.
He became gentlenian-pessioner to Queen
Elieabeth in 1683; aberifl ofCarlowinl583;
and was knighted bv hia firiend the lord deputy
of Ireknd.Sir John Perrott, on 24 Feb. 1685-
1686. In 1586 Carew was at the Englisli
court trying to indicate to the queen's ad-
visers the terrible dilEoulties alttinding; Eng-
lish rule in Ireland. He returned in the
following year to assume Che office of miLSteF
of the ordnance in Ireland, to which he woa
appointed (1 Feb. 1687-8) on bis declining
the offer of the French embassy. On 25 Aug.
1690 Oarewwas promoted to the post of Irah
privy councillor, hut on 23 Aug. 1593 he
resigned the mastership of the ordnance in
Ireland, on becoming lieutenant-^neral of
the ordnance in England. In this capacity
he took part in Essex's expedition to Cadix in
May 1598, and in that to the Azores in the
following year, and went for a short time to
France as ambassador in May 1698, when hia
companion waa Sir Robert Cecil. At the bo-
?innmg of 1599 his presence in Ireland was
indispensable. Un 1 March 1 596-9 he was
appointed treasurer at war on the death of
Sir Henry Wallop, and on 27 Jan. 1699-1000
he became president of Munater. At the
time the whole of Ireland waa convulsed by
the great rebellion of CNeU, earl of Tyrone.
Essex's attempt to crush it failed miserably,
and Oarew's relations with the Cecils did not
make his advice congenial to Essex ; but on
Essex's recall in September 1699 Carew, who
had already been suggested as a competent
lord-deputy, took hia iilac* m lord-justice,
and held the post till the following January,
when Lord Mountjoy was nominated Essex's
lent Moun^oy [see Bloitnt, Ciubleb, 1663-
-j (.[ijgjy enabled the latter to suppreae
evolt. At Kinsale he did aapecialser-
Ww, led tim Bueeeiaf 111 uida ha ibmIo tm
Carew
52
Carew
neighbouring castles effectuaUy prevented
the SpaniardB from landing in the country
after their ejection. Like all contemporary
English officials in Ireland, he ruthlessly
drove his victory home, and the Irish pea-
santry of Munster were handled with the
utmost rigour. As soon as Ireland was paci-
fied, Carew sought to return to England. His
health was failing, and the anxieties of his
office were endless, but while Elizabeth lived
his request was overlooked. On Lord Mount-
joy's resignation of the lord-deputyship in
May 1603, Carew was allowed to retire, and
Sir Henry Brounckor was promoted to the
presidency of ^lunster. James I on his ac-
cession treated him with marked attention.
Early in October 1603 he became Queen
Anne's vice-chamberlain, and a few days later
( 10 Oct.) the receiver-general of her revenues.
He was M.P. for Hastings in the parliament
w^hich met in 1604, and appointed councillor
to the queen on 9 Aug. 1004. On 4 June of
the year following he was created Baron
Carew of Clopton House, near Stratford-on-
Avon, the property of his wife Anne, daughter
of William Clopton, whom he married in 1680.
On 26 June 1608 he was nominated master
of the ordnance, and held the post till 5 May
1617. He was keeper of Nonsuch House
and Park in 1609, of which he was reap-
pointed keeper for life 22 May 1019, coun-
cillor of the colony of Virginia (23 May
1609), governor of Guernsey (February
1609-10), commissioner to reform the army
and revenue of Ireland (1611), a privy coun-
cillor (19 Jul^ 1616), member of the im-
portant council of war to consider the ques-
tion of recovering the Palatinate (21 April
1624), and treasurer-general to Queen Iien-
rietta Maria (1626). Carew visited Ireland
in 1610 to report on the condition of the
country, with a view to a resettlement of
Ulster, and described Ireland as improving
rapidly and recovering from the disasters of
the previous century. In 1618 he pleaded
with James I in behalf of Sir Walter Kaleigh,
with whom he had lived for more than thirty
years on terms of ^:reat intimacy, and Lady
Carew proved a kmd friend to Raleigh's fa-
mily after the execution. In 1621 Carew
received, jointly with Buckingham and Cran-
field, a monopoly for the manufacture of gun-
powder. At the funeral of James I in 1626 he
was attacked with palsy, which nearly proved
fatal. But he recovered sufficiently to re-
ceive a few marks of favour from Charles I,
to whose friend Buckingham he had attached
himself. Carew was created earl of Totnes
on 5 Feb. 1626-0. In the following month
the House of Commons, resenting the action
of the council of war in levying money for the
support of Mansfeld's disastrous expedition,
threatened to examine each of its members
individually. Totnes expressed his readiness
to undergo the indignity and even to suffer
imprisonment in older to shelter the king,
who was really aimed at by the commons,
but Charles proudly rejected Totnes's offer
and prohibited any of the council from ac-
ceding to the commons' orders. The earl
died on 27 March 1629 at his house in the
Savoy, London, and was buried in the church
of Stratford-on-Avon, near Clopton House.
An elaborate monument was erected above his
grave by his widow, with a long inscription
detailing his military successes (Dugdale,
I Warwickshire, 1730, li. 68^-7). He left no
children. Anne Carew, whose second hus-
band was Sir Allen Apsley, lieutenant of the
Tower [q. v.], was daughter of his brother,
Peter. Tne £arl of Totnes, whose name was
often written Carey, must not be confounded
with Sib Qeobge Cabey (or CABT)of Cock-
ington, treasurer at war in Ireland in 1586^
lord justice on Mountjoy*8 departure in 1003,
and lord deputy of Ireland from 30 May lOOS
to 3 Feb. 1603-4, who died in February 1617.
Carew had antiquarian tastes, and was the
friend of Camden, Sir Robert Cotton, and
Sir Thomas Bodley. Camden thanked Carew
in his * Britannia ' for the aid he had given
him in Irish matters (ed. Gibson, 1772, iL
338). In Irish history Carew took a vivid
interest. His papers inspired the detailed ac-
count of the Irish revolt (169d-1602), which
was published after his death, in 1633, under
the title of ' Pacata Hibemia, or the History
of the late Wars in Ireland.' The virtnu
author of this book, which has often been
ascribed to Carew himself^ is undoubtedlv
Sir Thomas Stafford, reputed to be Cazews
illegitimate son, who had served under Carew
in Munster. Wood states that Carew also
wrote the history of the reign of Heniy V
which is incorporated in Spec's ' Chronick,'
and in a volume entitled * Hibemica,' pub-
lished by W^alter Harris in 1747, are two
translations by Carew, one of a French vei^
sion of an old Irish poem of the fourteenth
century, ' The History of Ireland by Manrioe
Began, servant and interpreter to Dennod
MacMurrough, king of Leinster,' and the
other of a French contemporary account of
Richard II's visit to Irelaoid in 1389.
Carew carefully preserved and annotated
all letters and papers relating to Ireland of
his own day, and purchaser numbers of
ancient documents. He spent much of hii
leisure in constructing pedifrees of IriA
families, many of which in nis own haad
are still extant. He bequeathed his maun-
scripts and books to Staffitrdy fiom idun
thej parsed to -irrhbisliop Laud. Forty-two
Tolumos of Carew's manuscripts relat ing to
Iri«h nAkirs wen; placed b; Laud in the Lam-
betb Iiibniy, and four ore in the Laudian
eollL-ctian at the Bodleian ; aeveral of the
volwnes are now lost. Others of Carew's
^pere &ro among the Hajleian MSS. at the
British Muwum, at the Slate Paper Office,
and at nalfiuld. Calendars of the Lambetli
documents, dating from 1 51 5, hare been issned
ia the official series of Stat« Paper Calendars,
under the editorship of J. S. Brewer and
WiUiwn Boilen. A number of Sir Robert
Cedl's letters to Carew, during the tirae that
C&ww was president of MunsCer, have been
K'nl«d fmra the originals at Lambeth by the
mdpn Society (1864_, edited by John Mac-
lean), The same aociety has also printed
Cmcw's letters to Sir Thomas Hoe, 1615-17.
These Toliuncs, although very valuable for
general historical purposes, contribute little
to CareVfl biojrraphy. A portrait of Carew
is pTofixed to 'Pacata Uiberma.'
ilkifle's Official Baronago, iii. 637-9 ; Burko^s
Esunct Pwrnge; Grangerj Biog. Hiat. ii. 133;
■Woods Ath«nae Oion. ed. Blisa, ii. 446-62;
Arcluc'ilugin. liL 401 Bt>q.; Introduction to the
Qir«wM88.Caleridan;Mndeaa'BUtteniofCaro»
IaRm (IHeO. Camd. Soc.); Notes and QuerieB,
Snd mr. ri. 436; Hendd aiui Oeijealogiiit , Tti.
19^26, 67fi-fl: Cal.of State Papers, Dom. 1690-
1830; Cal. of State Paper*, Irish, 16BD-1629;
Gardioer'B Hiiit. of England ; Bi og. Bri t. ( K i ppis).]
CAREW, Sib JOHN (A 1362), justiciar
^ Irvlaad, appears to have been the grandson
of Sir Nicholas Carew, lord of Mule^ord in
Bcrkshife (Pari. Writ*, i. 103, 104), and son
ofSirJobn Carew, who married, first, Eleanor,
daughter of Sir William Mohun (d. 1296PI,
in whom right her husband became lord of
Uohims Ottt-ry, Stoke Flemiuit, and other
manura in Dc^vouBhire ; secondlr, Johanna
or Joan, Mcordiog to Prince the daughter of
Gilbert, hjr.l Talbot (see also Cal. Geneal. ii.
MS, &17; Cal. big. pott Wort. i. 1-%, 308 ;
AUrw. Sot. Orv/. ii. 38, 140). The elder
KrJchnCarew seems to have died in 1323-4
(C /. P. At. i. 308), leaving a son bearing the
aame namif.nnd probably the ofepring of his
Aral in»rris,ei- iPrimce; but cf. the genealo-
gim in PatLtJi^ and Macleaitb, which make
the younger Sir J, Oarow son of Joan, and
only heir to the Mohnn estates on the death
af his elder brother Nicholas in 13241. His
■widow, Joan, in later rears one of Queen Phi-
l^pn'iludieNjWasstilllivinginJunelaSS. On
hiafalher'adetilli the younger John Carew was
Still a minor, us appears from the fine levied
npoD him two years later (1326-7) '
■■ 'fof ill
.ulesford
Mjmor(.^Mref.2('o(,iL38,300). He perhaps
comeor a4;e in 1332, when he was summoned
to Ireland to defend his estAtee, and D[iven tlie
custody of three ' villffi' in Devonshire (Lib.
Man. Bib. iv. 82; Abbrev. Eat. Ong. ii. 64).
The name of Sir Jwm Carow docs not, however,
appear prominently till 13-1&-134H, when hu
was appointed one of the three < custodes pacis'
for the county of Carlfiw, and about the same
time entrusted to negotiate with the Irish
rebels. In ISlShewasking'seacbeator inlr»-
land, and during the course of the same vear
was chosen to succeed Walter de Binoingham
as justiciar, an office which, however, he hi'ld
barely a. year (Z, M. H. ii. 197; Gilbert,
Ficeroj^«,205), aswefiud Sir Thomas Kokeby
occupying the post in December, In 1352,
L^S, and 1356 be reappears with the title of
' Eaeheator Hibemite.^ Shortly after {1359)
he WAS summoned to attend a great council
at Wnterford (/mA Clote RalU, 11), and in
1361 was called to Westminster to consult
on the projected Irish expedition of Lionel,
anerwards duke of Clarence, who bad mar-
ried the heiress of the Earla of Ulster (Ki-
KEB, vi. 319). He appears to have accom-
panied the prince on this occasion, and to
have died a year lat«r, in 1362 {Cat. Ing.
post Mart. 247), or, according to Princes
account, on 16 May 1363. He married, if
we may trust the last authority, Margaret,
daughter of John, lord Mohun of DunaCar,
by whom he had two sons: John, who is vari-
ously reported to have died before Calais
(? 1347) and in 1363 (Macleans and Phil-
lips), and Leonard, who perhaps died in 1370
(C I. P. M. ii. 303), and was succeeded by
his son, Thouas Cabew, a noted warrior in
the early years of the ueit century. This
Thomas, baron Carew, must have been a
minor at the time of his fathers death (Irith
Rollf, 866), and it h not till the rei^ of
Henry IV and Henry V that ho begins to
figure prominently as a statesman and a sol-
dier. His mother is said to have been Alice,
daughter of Sir Edmond Fitzalon (pMiitiPS
and MACLEA9S). According to Prince he was
present at the battle of .A.gincourt, but his name
IB not tJi be found in the 'RoU'published by
Sir Harris Nicolas. The same authority tells
that he was made captain of Harfleur,Bnd
appointed to defend a poseoge over the Seine
enenryV, Heisprobably to be identified
it h the Baron Carew who was commissioned
guard the Channel at the lime of the Em-
peror Sigismund's visit to England (Wil-
-JAiia, Gata Henrid V, 93 n.), and with the
Thomas Carew, Chevalier,' who is found
It the head of a large number of men-at-arms
in 1417, 1418, and 1423 {Privy CmincilAcU,
ii. and iii.; Norman Polle). He married
Carew S4 Carew
left a son Nicholas, baron Carow, &thor of! followinj^ jear was summoned to the restored
Sir Mmund Ciirew [q. v.], whose younger house of parliament, but on 30 Sept. I60&
sons founded the families of Carew at llac- , he was subjected to a fine of 100/., presum-
comb<?and Antony (Phi LLii»s). IWsides thoir , ably for non-attendance during its deliben-
English estates, the Carews lield largo landed tions. At the l^t oration he left Cornwall
possi^ssioiis ill In>laiid, esiK'cially the barony for London in obedience to the orderof pap-
of Idrono in Carlow; but those apiH'ar to have liament that all the king's judges should
boon lost for the most part in the course of surrender within fourteen days, ajnd was u-
the fourteenth coiitur}-. j rested on his way, though the officer reiiued
[Prince's Worthies of Devon, ed. 1701, 149, *^ detain him in consequence of an error in
160; GillHjrtK Viccn>y8 of Ireland, 20.5, 217; the description. In his progress to London
Liber Munerum Publ. HiberniiD (L. M. H.), ed. Carew was often insulted by the mob, some
LoHcolleH, i-iv; Close and Patent Itolls of Ire- of whom cried out, 'This is the rogue wba
land ; Caleudariuni Inquisitioiium post Mortem will have no king but Jesus,' and as he wu
(C. I. P. M.), i-iv. ; Abbreviationea Kotulonim equally obnoxious to parliament on account
Originalium, i. ii. ; Parliamentary AVrits, i. ii. ; ot the fer\-our with which he held the reli-
Culondarium Genoalojricuni, al Itoberts, ii. 639, gious opinion of the fifth monarchists, he
647; Proceedings and Orilinancos of the Privy ^^s, by eighty votes to seventy, excluded
Counol. ed. Nicolas, 1. 11. 111. ; Collins si ei'mge. f^^ ^^^ Indemnity BilL While in London
ed. Krydgcs 111. 3; Life of Sir Peter Om»w,e.l. ^^ ^.^^ ^^.^^^ ^ opportunities of €^
Madeano ; Nonnan Rolls ap. Ketx>nl Re^Hirts, , , rpfuRAd to nvail him«»lf of
xli. 7.6. 717. 720; PUUlip»s IVUgn..] S. ^fo t aft^l^ 't^e S SJ
• • * on 12 Oct. 1660. Wlien asked, * Are you
CAREW, JOHN (d. 1600), n-gicide, was guilty or not guilty P ' he answered, « Saving
the oldest son of Kichard (""arew of Antony . to our Lord Jesus Christ his right to the
in Cornwall, by liis stH.H)nd wife, of tlie family ! government of these kingdoms.' He end«-
of Kolle of Ileanton in Devonshins and was voured to prove that his acta were done under
consequently the half-brother of Sir Alex- the authority of parliament, and asserted
ander Carew [q. v.] Ho is said to have that he did his part * in the fear of the holy
been educated at one of the universities, and and righteous Lord, the judge of the earth.'
to have bi»en a student at the inns of court. The jury of course found nim guilty, and on
When the loyalist members for the Cornish , 15 C)ct. he was drawn on a hurdle from New-
plent iful est at e * i n t he et)unty , was eUnjIked fered deat h with great
into one of the vacant seats, and he was one After he had been quartere<I and his bowels
of the commissioners who receivini Charles I burnt, his head and quarters were drawn
at lloldenby in 1G46. He was appointed naked and bare through the streets back to
one of the king's jiulgt\s, sat every day in : Newgate. His quarters should have been
the court, and signed the warrant for the exposed on the city gates, but they were *by
execution of Charles. His name is found a great favour ' granted to his brother l«r
amon^ the meml)ers of the third council of the king, and in * the same night obscurely
state in December 1651; he was reapiwinted buried.* Carew was a republican without
in the succeedinfj council, and was one of guile and reproach.
the civilians serxing in the larger body in . [Cobbetts State Trials, v. 1004, 104M8.
1653. In the parliament of Um he a^m 1237-57; Nobles Regicides, i. 124-35; 6»
had a place, but as his opinions were agamst ifetes Lives of Actors of Murder of Charlef I:
a temporal monarchy and he disapproved of Masson's Milton, vols. iv. v. vi. ; Ludlow's Me-
CromwelVs seizing the throne, Carew was, moirs (1771), pp. 207, 238, 394, 402-6; Bone
early in 1655, summoned lH.»fort» the council and Courtney's BibLComub. ii. 470-2, iii. 1110.]
of state and imprisoned in St. Mawes Castle W. P. C.
on the ground that he would not pledge him- CAREW, JOHN EDWARD (1785?-
self to abstain from taking part against Crom- | 1S68), sculptor, was bom at Waterford about
well and his government. After a short stay 1 1785. He received some instruction in art
in confinement he was released, but he re- . at Dublin, and afterwards came to London,
mained in retirement on his estates, and even . In 1809 he became an assistant to Sir Richtid
his slanderers after the Restoration acknow- 1 Westmacott, the sculptor, remaining with
ledged that he made no attempt at any period ■ him till 1823. During the lait ten or twelva
b that he was with Westmucott be was
IWeiTing from 800t to 1,000/. a year u
aataiy, and hud also & studio of tus own. In
1823 Carew was introduced to Lord Egre-
moat, who invited bim to devote his talents
ftlnuMt excluEiviily to his service. From that
ytu until 1631 Corew, who continued to live
m London, was employed on various works
for his new patron. Itk 1831 he eEtabliehed
hinself in Brighton, and waa freqnentlf at
Lord Egremont'a house at Pelworth. In
18S& ho went to live at Grove House, near
Petwoith, a residrnce granted him bj Egre-
mODt at ft nominal Knt.and there he remained
until hifl pftlron's death in November 1837.
Between lS-23 and 1837 Carew was occu-
pied in producing varioua groups, statues,
linst«, &c., in marble, many of which were
nude espressly for Lord Egremont for Pet-
woith. The most important of these works
v«i« a statue of Huskisson, erected in Chi-
cbMt«r Csl.bedral; an altajvpiece (the 'Bap-
tum of our Saviour ') for the Homan catho-
lic chapel at Brighton ; a statue called
'Aretbum,' and another caUed 'The Fal-
coner;' a statue of Adonis; a group of Vul-
cut and Venus ; a group of Prometheus, and
boeu of various private persons. He first
appoartxl as an exhibitor at the Royal Aca-
demy in ltl30, when he sent 'Model of a
Gladiator,''Bear in the Arena,' and 'Theseus
and Minotaur.' In each of the years 1832,
1834, and 1835 ha also sect two busts to
tlwt will, made a claim upon the estate of
HOfiOOL, a sum due to him (according to his
Oonl«ntion) for i-nrious works supplied to
E^mont. Thisclaimwaa resisted by Egre-
mont's executors, and Carew accordingly
brought an action against them to recover
his IK>,U0O/. The cause (Carew n. BurreU
and uiotiit'r) was tried at the Sussex spring
awiMS held at Lewes on 18 March 1840.
Comwel for the pbinliif called Sir R. Weal-
aacott and Sir Francis Chantrej. I»th of
whom spoke of Carew's Petworth statues as
worics of the highest talent ; and for these
Statues, Carew's counsel alWed, no direct
payments hnd ever been made, though the
acnlptor hud abandoned a lucrative profes-
rion in orderto work entirely for Lord Egre-
mont, In reply to this the defendants as-
anted tliat Egremont had during his lifetime
paid-'iijrv si\-|i.iic./ which he ever owed to
Cb^' ■ '' ' ' ■■; liipy had succeeded
ill ' ''~2li, 7».M. paid by
Ei.'' < (he receipt of these
di'-ii'i 11 Intiquently forced to
u^'ii'NiiiiMiD also contended that
u oi' i,7iMi. had been paid; that
of the works were not ordered by Egre-
mont but by others; and tliat the plaintilTa
business as a aculiitor had been ijisignificant,
Plaintitr's counsel was compelled to agree to
a nonsuit fur his client. After the trial
Oarew was declared insolvent, and in De-
cember 1841, and in Januarv, February, and
May 1&12, his pecuniary u/tairs had to un-
dei^ a further searching exatninatlon in the
bankruptcy court.
In 1S39 Carew exhibited at the Academy
a marble bas-relief, 'The Good Samaritan ;*
in 1842 an ' Angel ' from a monumental
group; and in 1843, 1849, and 184S some
busts. In addition to these works, he exe-
cuted B statue of Kean, a well-known statue
of ' Whjttingrton listening to the London
Bells,' and designed 'The Death at Nelson at
Trafalgar,' one of the four reliefs in bronia
which decorate the pedestal of Nelson's
column in Trafalgar Square. During his lat^
ter years Carew was living in London, but
an increasing dimness of eyesight interfered
with his work as a sculptor. He died on
30 Nov. 1868. Carew waa married, andwas
the father of several children.
[Roport of the Trial of tho Ovoso Carew againat
BurreU, London, 1840; Rcpiirt ot the Froceed-
ing» in the Comt tor the llelief of InsolvBut
Deblors in the matter of John Edward Cori^w,
London, 1843 (both roporta privately printed
from tho shorthaad writurs' noteit) ; Man of the
Time, ISea, I86B, 1BS4; Redgrave's Diet, of
Artists : Naglar's KiiiiBtler-Loxikoii, 1(135.]
W.W.
CAREW, 8iB MATTHEW (d. 1618),
Wymond Carow of Antony, Cornwall, treo-
surer of the first-fruits and tenths, by Martha
Denny, sister of Sir Anthony Denny. He waa
educated at Westminster School, undt>r Alex-
ander Nowell, and proceeded to Trinity Col-
lege, where he became a fellow and remained
in residence for ten years. On determining lo
adopt the law as hLs profession in life, Carew
repaired to Louvaiu, and continued studying
there and at other universities on the continent
for twelveyears. Hi a next step was to ac-
company I^nry, earl of Arundel, into Italy
OS interpreter, and to return with the earl to
England. CIsrew than entered upon practice
in the court of arches, and ultimately be-
came master in chancery, a position which
he held so long as to be styled in 1602 one
of the'ancienteBl' masters, and to justify his
being knighted on 23 Jidy 160S, before the
coronation of James I. His wife was Alice,
eldest daughter of Sir John lUvers, knight,
lord mayor of London, and widow of one
Ingpenny ; hy her Carew had numerous
Carew
56
Carew
children. lie was buried at St. DunstanV
in-the-AVost on '2 Au^. 1618, the main inci-
dents in his career being described in a me-
morial tablet in the church, and his name
being kept in remembrance by a charitable
bequest lor the poor of the ]mrish. At the
close of his life Carew was involved in
trouble. Tliere was a rumour in January
1613 that he would be 'cozened' of eight or
nine thousand ]H>unds thn^ugh the fraud of
a ])erson in whom he nuwsed great confi-
dence, and a little later his eldest son was
engaged in a ouam»l with one Captain Os-
borne, * and, wliether thro' him or another
Car}', poor Osl>ome was slain.*
[Court and Times of James I. i. 220, 330 ;
Collect. Toix»g. et GoneiiL v. 20e>-8 ; Bibl. Topog.
Britt. i. 30; Herald jiiul GeneaK^st, vii. 675;
Visit, of Cornwall (Harl. Soc. 1874), \\ 33.]
W. P. C.
CAREW, Sir NICITOL-VS {d. 1539),
master of the horse to llenr\' VIII, was the
head of the younger branch of a very ancient
family which tract^d its descent back to the
Conquest, though the surname, derived from
Carew in IVmbn^keshire, dates onlv from the
days of King John. The vounger branch had
been established at l^H.\dington in Surrey
fri>m the time of Kdward III. Sir Richanl
Carew, father of Sir Nicholas, was cri»ated
by Henry VII a knight -bannen^t at the battle
of lUackheath, and was sheriff of Surrev in
15C)1. Nicholas was probably bom in the
last decade of the fiftiM*nth century. In 1513
he was asstxriated with his father in a grant
fn^m the c^^w^l of tlie olHce of lieutenant
of Calais Castle, which they wen* to hold in
sur^-ivorship {Cal. ii^tate i^;)frj», Ilen. VIII,
vol. i. No. 4570V In the same year he at-
tended Henry VIII in his invasion of France,
and rt^ceived a ' coat of rivet ' of the king's
gilt at Th6n-»uanne {ih. No. 4(Ui*V In De-
cemlxT 1514 he married Klizalxnh, daughter
of ITiomas Rryan, victM.*hamberlain to Ca-
therine of Arragon {^iK ii. No. 1S50. and
p. 146(>V At this time he was st]uire of the
king's Ixxly, and is also called one of the
king's * cA-j^herers,' which a[ji>ears to mean
cupbearers, in which capacity he had an
annuity of ;K> marks given hm by patent
on 6 Nov. 151 5 i ih. No. 1 1 16: siv also p. 874).
At his marriage lands wen* settU»d up^-^n him
and his wife in "Wallington, Carshalton,
Beddington, Woodmansteme.AVoodcote, and
Mitcham. in Surrey (^/A. Nivs. 1850. :2161).
In 1517 his name is mentioneii as cupbearer
at a great banquet given by the king at
Greenwich on 7 Julv in honour of theam-
bassadors of young Cliarles of Castile, after-
wards the Emperor Charles A' (f A. No. S446>.
This is the fi»t occasion on which we find
him designated knight; and on 18 Dec.
following, he being then knight of the roytl
body, was appointed keeper of the manor
of t'leasaunce in East Greenwich, and of
the park there. That he was a favourite with
Henry VIII both at this time and lonff afte^
wards there is no doubt whatever. We learn
from Hall, the chronicler, that early in the
eleventh year of the reign (whien means
about May 1519) he and some other young
men of the privy chamber who had been in
France were oanished from court by an order
of the council for being too familiar witk
the king. Hall's ' Chronicle ' is so accurate
throuirhout in respect of dates, that we may
take It for granted he is right here also;
and, indeed, what he says is in perfect keep-
ing with our knowledge from other sources.
But in that case it must be observed that
this was not the first occasion on which the
council had insisted on his removal from the
king's presence, for on HT March 1518 the
scholar Pace writes to Wolsev, * Mr. Carev
and his wife be returned to the king's grace
— too soon after mine opinion ' (16. No. 4034).
The king was still voung and loved youoff
companions, but he ^ew well how to guara
himself against over-familiarity, and could
fireelv allow any such cases to be corrected
bv his council while enjoying to the full the
pleasures of the moment. On 11 Aug. of
the same year he and Sir Henry Gail(Sbrd
' had each of them from the standing ward-
robe six yards of blue cloth of gold towards
a base and a trapper, and fifteen yards of white
cloth of silver damask to perform another
base and trapper for the king s justs appointed
to be at Greenwich upon' the arrival of the
Flinch ambassadors * (Axstis, Order af ilit
Garter^ i. :?41V Frequent mention is made
of him even l^efore this time in jousts and
revels at the court (Cal. ii. 1500-1, 150S-^|
1507-10; Hall, Cftn>/ifW^, 581).
In 151t^l9 he was sheriff of Surrey and
Sussex, his name being found on the com-
mission of the peace for the former county
fr^tm this time onward {^CaL ii. Nos. 44^,
45(W). In Mav 1519, as we have alreadv
indicated, occurred what must have been
at least his second expulsion frx>m court, and
though it was in some degree mitigated by
his being given an honourable and lucnh
tive post at Calais, we arv told that it was
' sore to him displeasant.* It is commonly
said that his disgrace was owing to his too
gn^at love of the French court, whose fashions
lie praist^d in pr^eference to those of England;
but Hall's words, from which the statement
is derived, may possibly applv only to the
gentlemen of the privy cnamiier who were
removed along with him. So &r as appears
by th? ' Slate Papers ' of the period he had
as yet had no opportunity ol making ac-
qiuunl»nce-wilht.he French court. Howei'er,
on 18 Uaj 1519 lui anniiitror 109/. ti«, 6d.
was ^nted to him out oi the revenues of
Callus, and two daja lat«r he was appointed
lieutenant of the tower of RuyHbanKe, a fort
which ^^uanled thci entrance uf Culai« har-
bour (ii. iii. p. 93, and No. 247). TbJB offioo
had just been resigned by Sir John Peachey,
who hod b^en at the aame time appointed
d«put}> of Calais, and Peachev's letters tell
us liow Carew immediately after arrived at
Calais and was sworn in as lieutenant of
Bllysbanke the same day that he himself
was sworn in as deputy (ib. Nos. ^59. 365).
In Ifi^ he was present at tbe Field of the
Cloth of Oold, and waa one of those who
bold the lists against all comers (I'A. pp. 341,
34S, 313). lie was also nt the meetmg of
Htury Vm and Charles V, which occurred
immediately afterwards (ifi. p. 326). On
10 Oct. in that ^ear he surrendered the lieu-
teusni^y of Calais Castle in favour of Maurice,
lord Berkeley, but with reservation of a
[wnsion of 100/. to himself {ib. No. 1037,
»T. No, 400) ; and on 12 Nov. he surrendered
his annuity as one of the king'a ' cypherera.'
At theyery close of 1 520 he was sent with
unpanant letters to Francis I (■£. iii. No.
1126), and on bis return lOU/. was paid him
Jvr bis costs (ill. p. 1544). In 1521 he was
one of tbe grand jury of Surrey who found tbe
iDdiclmeni intbatcountyagoinsttheDuheof
Buchingham ('t'A. p. 493). On lajuneiathat
year there were granted to bim, in reversion
■fterSirTbomnaLovel, the offices of constable
of Walli^ord Castle and steward of the
haoourofWullingford and St, Walric,8ndthe
four and a half hundreds of Chillem (I'A. No,
1&1&), At Christmas following be is named
as one of the king's carvers (No. 1896).
On lA July 1522 he was appointed master
of tiie horse, and also Btewaj^ of the manor I
nf Bmcled in Eeot, which hod belonged to I
Buckingham. On the same day be likewise
mceivcd a grant to himself and bia wif(^, in
toil nuile, of the manor of Bletohingley in '
Surrey (\i". L'396-7), to which grant were :
s '.ar some other lands in the
I (ib. p. 1285). In October
■|.' Earf of Surrey wna in the
I 1 [orepel a threatened invasion
111" 1 li.' Iimnilrini by tbe Duke of Albany, the
Uanjuis of Uoraet. Carew, and olliers were
IMUit tt> bim to give bim counsel, and Surrey
rr'frr^ ill llii'ir testimony as to tie extreme
"f tbt) campsigu (Nos, 8421,
1332'). Next year be was commisgioned to
go with Lord Lisle, Dr. Taylor, Sir An-
thony Brown, and Sir Thomas Wriotbesley,
Garter Mn^ of arms, to carry the Garter to
Francis I of France (i4. No. 3508). It was
duly presented on 10 Nov. (No. 3566), and,
to judge by the interest afterwards taken in
him by Francis, his conversation and address
must have produced a very favourable im-
pression. He returned, however, with Lord
Lisle very shortly after tbe presentation,
leaving Taylor at Paris, who remained as
resident ambassador (No. 3591). On 29 Jan.
1628 be received the grant from the crown
of an annuity of fifty marks (No. 38(i9). In
tbe course of the following summer, while
several of tbe court were taken ill of the
sweating sickness, he appear
little uneasy, complaining o
we do not hear that he hod a more serious
attack (No. 4429). One of those carried off
by the epidemic was Sir Williom Coropton
[q-T-l, who held theconstabieship of Warwick
Castle and other important offices in that
port of the country. Carew seems to have
made interest to be appointed his successor,
as we meet with a draft patent to that effect,
but tbe grant does not appear to have been
passed (No. 4683). In 1628-9 he was again
sheriff for the counties of Surrey and Suasex
(No. 4914), and at tbe eicpiration of his
Kai'a service in this office ne was chosen
ight of the shire for Surrey In the parlia-
ment of 1529 (ib. iv. p. 2691). But he could
scarcely have taken his seat in parhoment
wfaen be was sent, with Dr. Sampson and Dr.
Benet, to Bologna on embassv to the emperor.
Their instructions bad already been prepared
as early oa 21 Sept., and tbey seem to have
left on or about 7 Oct, (Nos. 6949, 6996) ;
but additional instructions were sent after
them on 30 Nov. (No. 6069). Carew con-
tinued at Bologna till 7 Feb, 1530, and in the
opinion of goodjudges acquitted himself with
great dexterity (tb. p. 27s3).
In February 1631 the king paid him a
visit at Beddington, and went to bunt in
his grounds (ib. v. p. 50), In September
following he and Thomas Cromwell received
joint authority to swear in commissioners
for sewers in Surrey (ib. No. 429), Next
year (against bis will, as he privat*ly inti-
mated to the imperial ambassador Chapuys)
be was sent over to France in October lo
prepare for a meeting between Henry VIII
and Francis I, which took place at Calais in
the end of tbe month, As the object of tbe
interview no doubt was to promote the king's
marriage to Anne Boloyn and to strengthen
him against the empnror, it wns exceedingly
I unpopular. Carew, for bis part, would rather
Care^v 5 5 Carew
LiTr i"- ■- ■ ...- :-.* 'LIZ. : --v-Ji.'- : 7 -T : ro- i ?.:. iiT^T^r. was in irs^-lf almost suffi-
h^r. Lr :. : i.? -.-: ^l- . r-vA^ ■'-'i ' ■ -. '.-■_ ::^-- - crLzi Li= &a a traitor. But it had
Ir. n:.:. "--r •»--: •-.-.- : i'"!---. -s-j:*- :»-r:i : ir.1. ••rsiir*. since Kxeier's attainder,
A'--- r^..r-z. -i.i -r..._t.--i ..-^". --i" "riu.* 'I't^TB- i_-i r.-renpri\-y toa numberol'the
TrA.-. Ji- - -j::---: J" ::-.• : r ^.l'. ^ ' ■^- ' "ru: r i* ii?.>: irsr^* ' of the marquis in
p. L.'-.r Ir. *i.--r.i- '. T-... Jrui:-= -r:.*-:. li?* j-^irs. ini Li-i kept up a treasonable
H-nn- '~rir :-. .— - -.- "■- z: ' .■ r-i-r .•• z. :• T?»r^Ti"r.iTi:r.>r "sri-h him. the letters on both
Ci>:T:_- rir.- :--- -ir:-7.— _. l->.-.-. r.r ?lir:-i-iT:j:^:»rrnb'.imT by mutual apvement
apT-i?-:::"!; 'rii_^-i :. 1 :~ ^ ~ r :_' _r^ •" i.T .i Li.;l:"5.:rrr. The treason, of course,
oViii. - '■">' '. •%%;. r.r . "^iir'.T ir:-:- ■x-i* :: rlr ?anr cLaracter as that of the
wiri.- 1- Ti.--: i jTTi- : .n rTVrr--::^ : '.'l- -zllt^^z:^ ^ Tvb'. :!:■* exprtrssion of a desire
c:^:r: :: "It i-z^- ? '"-er ImrTr :.T'. :. ■;> . - : s-r^r i c'wz^. Carew was condemned ag
NriT T-rir -.:.■; TTr-iJ. - -^ xji-i. "ST "t " i z:i"T7 .: C'liTSr. and on 3 March was
Hri-'T :z. 'l\o7— r iiv ^ 'L-.' i '-ir:.-r - ^'i: CTlTii-ri in Tower Hill. Chi the scaffold,
b*r •: .TJi-Tz^i - L-ii. iT. :. i:' : z.-rr^-z.'. "i- :: -x^r ^±j l-elieTe the puritanical testimony
ch-sjiirll 7--..T : :_T .-It.-. Ht-tt r-T".!-! :: Hill * hr nade a ff«»dlv confession, botn
to :lr rUT y i^..' zT-^z.'ri Tz- '--"VT r":..!: •:' li= :':'-'.y and superstitious faith, giving
thrr i."-i.n>. 11 ■?-"...: : ''-■: irlr? Ill "•r-r- « t -I n.-"?": irArrv thanks that ever he came
alr^,ii7 •. r.:-7r-l .t- - :lv i:.r.r : >::■?. ir. :1t prls-rn of the Tower, where he firet
ba: :'lj.: Lr w J.i >-~-zi -r •." lTt— ::r i siT.>-i •r.-e life and sweetness of CtocI's most
Gir-.rr r. "ir r.r-" Tijir:;.- :". v..:. :.''■. L It W.ri. meaning the Bible in English,
Acci:ri:r._:>. n >:. 't-,- t-t'? uv. i:. Air.l wrich :!■£?=• he read bv the mean of one
l.>oo. a cl.-.:'-T "'-izur "--1: i: Lir-.-irr-^v:.!!. Pr.:=:is I'hrlif-s. then keeper of that pris<5n.'
vot-rs "ss-v^.- z^jLrT. '■: ±11 1 v^ .<- v .n L^ Hillills that Phelips himself had been a
the kni^rh:?. ini :1-:- kin* •:- :lir ::ll:T»-ir.z j rls n^r there two years before, and had
day drclirei :*:..-" :ir rlr«r:;~ Li : :'ill-z :: sjir-rrv^i f-^-rsr-ouiion for his opinions from
Carew. Xcc.Ti.'z ::■ The Bl.ick B- • k ■:: :l:v Sir Pnomas More and Stokesley, bishop of
orde-r hr wis-rl-;c::r-i"in7>rrirl :t':ir rr.v rriry I^r-nii'ii — :h&: is to say, he had been prose-
of votts, til- -nilnrno^ ■:: hi- rXTTLrti r.. hi* cMt-r-i in the bi«hop*s court and under a royal
own lime, an i ":.r mir.y ir. : r.:i'.-t iovl n* c-^mmission for heresy.
he had p^r:' r=:-ri; wh::h injlr r»rli"i:r. was A family tradition, mentioned by Fuller,
unanin: '^^ly i7:li.v.I-.'i >y ^h-r ksi^-L:? c.z:- ir.ves as the cause of his fall an indiscreet
pani !!?.' Hr w.is ir.?! -111-1 a: S:. G.-tj-t'* answer that he gave to the king when the
leas:. I'l Mriv : ll:w:-^ iA>"?t:?, CW^t •./ latter, between jest and earnest, at a game
the G.irTr'. i. -j-t '. ii. :l^^ . a* U-^wls. used opprobrious lanfiruafife towards
. ^ ^ ^ . top
he. wi:;i :hr- r .Thr r> ■: hijh ?:an iir.^ a: the the b-Mioni of his displeasure.* It is possible,
court. • in i-i^* i.? :ir.l : :^w.,l?. t ..y-i ehcirjv of and not altogether inconsistent with the Tu-
the ion:, ar.i ktp: thr >dn:rr till thvy were dor character, that a game of bowls was the
disoh:ir*:i-d thfrv-.-i bv the Ird stewarA or occasion made use of to let Carew know he
treasurer of the kir./s iiv.ise in his abs^ucv* had fallen from favour; but that it was not
(Stkitk. jKW. Mern-.-nniJi, ii. i. 4 i. But the cause of the kings displeasure we have
little mori^ than a vrar afti-rwarvls a cloud pret tysutficient evidence. The tradition, how-
Dassed over his I'ortun-. s. In November l.V^^ ever, may perhaps refer to the temporary dis-
Lord MontatTv.e and the Manjuis of ExKer grace wliicn Carew, as we have seen, had in-
were sent to Tin- Towt-r. and next month thev ciirred at an earlier period. It mav at least
, , ,. , property ^^
oi tuo sivcial commission which received bv the crown, and, though his attainder
^^},^ ^^'p}^;^n'^^'r*f ^^port of Dep, Keeper Was afterwards reversed (2 & 3 Edw. VI,
qri^blic iZcconfe, App. ii. 256). To have | c 42), there ia stiU pzoaerved an interesting
Carew
59
Carew
inventory taken at Beddington in the reign
of Edward VI, describing the tapestries, bed-
steads, and other furniture which had been
left there apparently by the unfortunate
knight. Among other articles mention is
expressly made of a press with drawers full
of evidences, court rolls, and other writings
concerning the lands both of Carew and of
other persons. At the end is a list of books,
among which are enumerated the chronicles
of Monstrelet and Froissart, with other books,
both written and printed, of divers histories.
But the work which stands first on the list is
Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' (the author's
name is not given in the inventory), which is
described as ' a great book of parchment lined
with gold of graver's work.'
A mie portrait of Carew, painted on board,
was preserved at Beddington till about twenty
years ago, when the house was sold and the
E' ires were disposed of. It is engraved in
ns's * Environs of London,' firom a copy
1 for Lord Orford at a time when the
original, we are told, was in a more perfect
state than it was even when Lysons wrote.
[A brief accotmt of Carew is given in Lysons's
Environs, i. 49, and another in Anstis's Order
of the QmxteT, i . 249. See also (besides authorities
above cited) Fuller's Worthies (ed. 1811), ii.
379 ; Hall's Chronicle (ed. 1809), pp. 581, 598,
611, 630, 689, 722, 827 ; Harl. MS. 1419, f. 373.1 i
J. G.
CAREW, Sib PETER (1514-1575),
soldier, was the second son of Sir WiUiam
Carew of Ottery Mohun or Mohuns Ottery,
Devonshire, who was the son of Sir Edmund
Carew [q. v.] His brothers were George, who
served in several military commands in the
reign of Henry VTII, and Philip, of whom
nouiing is known but that he was a knight of
Malta. Sir Peter was bom at Ottery Mohun
in 1514. He was sent to the grammar school
at Exeter, but can hardly be said to have
been educated there ; for a career of frequent
truancy culminated in his climbing a turret
on the city wall, and threatening to jump
down if his master came after him. His
father, being told of this escapade, had him led
back to his house in a leash, like a dog, and
for a punishment ' coupled him to one of his
hounds, and so continued him for a time.'
Soon after he was sent to St. Paulas School,
but did no better there ; and his father, in
despair of making him a scholar, accepted
the proposal of a French friend, who wanted
the young Carew as his page. He was un-
lucl^ in this new position also, and was de-
graded to the place of muleteer, from which
&e was rescuea by a relation, who heard his
companions call him by name. This rela-
Oaif a Gftzew of Haocombe, was going with
Francis I, king of France, to the siege of
Pavia, but died on the way, and the young
Carew was taken up by the Marquis of Saluzzo^
who was slain at the battle of Pavia in
February 1526. Being again left masterless,
he went over to the enemv's camp, and en-
tered the service of Philibert de Ch&lons,
prince of Orange, and, after his death at the
siege of Florence in 1530, continued with his
sister Claudia, wife of Henry of Nassau.
He was now about sixteen years of age, and,
being anxious to revisit his native country,
was sent by the princess with letters to
Henry VIII, who, struck by his proficiency
in riding and other exercises, and by hia
knowledge of the French language, took him
into his service, first as a henchman, and
then as a gentleman of the privy chamber.
The next lew years of his lire were chiefly
passed in England at the court, with the
exception of journeys in the king's service,
such as attending on his royal master to
Calais in 1532 ; on Lord WiUiam Howard,
when he took the Garter to James V in 1535 ;
and on the lord admiral when he went to
fetch Anne of Cleves in 1539. About the fol-
lowing year (1540) he went abroad with his
cousin, John Champemoun, and visited Con-
stantinople, Venice, Milan, and Vienna, where
Champemoun died of dysentery. While in
the Turk's countries the travellers had dis-
guised themselves as merchants in alum,
boon after Carew's return war broke out be-
tween England and France, and he served
both by land and sea. In the campaign of
1544 he joined the king's army with one
hundred K)ot, apparelled m black at his own
expense, his elder brother, George, being lieu-
tenant of the horse till he was taken pri-
soner at Landrecy. Sir George was not long
in captivity, and in the following year was
in command of the Mary Rose when she
foundered going out of Portsmouth harbour
to attack the French fleet. Carew crossed
the Channel with the lord-admiral (Sir John
Dudley), being one of the leaders of the as-
sault of Tr6port, for which he was kniglited.
In the last year of Henry VIII's reign
Carew was sheriil* of Devonshire ; but marry-
ing a Lincolnshire lady, Margaret, daugliter
of Sir William Skipworth, widow of George,
lord Tailboys de Kyme, he went to reside on
his wife's estates, till he was recalled by the
news of the insurrection of 1549, caused by
the issuing of the reformed Book of Common
Prayer. Ilis action in this matter was ener-
getic and in fact severe, and he did not escape
reprimand for having exceeded his commis-
sion. On the death of Edward VI he opposed
the attempt to place Lady Jane Grey on the
throne, and proclaimed Mary as queen in
Carew 60 Carew
the west ; but as soon as her marriage with I self, and obtain leave to prosecute his daims
Philip of Spain was proposed, he conspired in Munster. While in this country the queen
with some of his neighbours against it. The waa anxious for him to resume the seat in
plot was discovered, and he only escaped to parliament which he had held in the first
the continent just in time to avoid arrest. At year of her reign, but he refused. His peti-
Venice he was nearly murdered bv bravoes tion being at length granted, he returned to
hired by Peter Vannes, the English ambas- Ireland (1574), and finding that Lord Gourcj,
sador, and therefore travelled northward. Lord Barry Oge, the O'Mahons, and others
Passing through Antwerp, Lord Paget had were willing to acknowledge his claims and
him and his companion, Sir John Cheke, ar- become his tenants, he ordered a house to be
rested bv the sheriff, and sent blindfolded to prepared at Cork, but was taken ill on his
England in a fishing-boat. His destination way thither, and died at Ross in Waterford
was the Tower, where he was confined till De- on 27 Nov. 1576. He was buj-ied on 15 Dec
cembcr 1556, being released on the payment in the church at Waterford, on the south side
of some old-standing debt of his srandfEkther to of the chancel, and his faithful servant and
the crown. The accession of Elizabeth again biographer erected a monument to his memory
brought him into favour. In the second in Exeter Cathedral There is an engraving
year of her reign, when the Duke of Norfolk of this in Sir John Maclean's ' Life/ and also
and Lord Grey de Wilton were commanding of the well-known portrait at Hampton
an army against the French in Scotland, he Court. Neither he nor his brother left any
was sent on the delicate mission of settling issue. His will, at Somerset House, is dated
a difference between the two noblemen which 4 July 1574, and was proved 20 Feb. 1575.
was detrimental to the public service ; and pYe have a detailed oontemporaiy acoonnt
when the duke was tried and convict^ of of Carew's romantic life, written by Eichard
treason, in 1572, Carew acted as constable Hooker, alias Yowell, the uncle of the author of
of the Tower. But before this latter date the Ecclesiastical Polity, who was in Carew's
(about 1565 or 1566) he showed a quantity of service for some years. There is an aocoont of
old records to his biographer. Hooker, who this biography in Archaeologia, vol. xxviii., and it
on examination was convinced that Carew ^^ }f en print«i by Sir John Maclean, and in
was entitled to many lands in Ireland which ^^ Calendw of the Carew Papers. Sir John
had belonged to hii ancestors; and going Macleans edition is illi^trated with copioni
♦^ T««i««x rv« n««^«r»o i>«i,«i^ !,;« ^«i«;^« notes and appendices of documents and letters,
to Ireland on Carew s behalf, his opinion g^ ^ ^^J^^ ^^ j^^^ p ^^^ ^^^^
was confirmed. Carew thereupon obtamed ^^^g i574_85; Cal. of Carew MSS. 161^74;
leave frona the queen to prosecute ^^ }'}t* Stiype's Keel. Mem. iii. L 147, 616, m. ii. 7;
and sailed from Ilfracombe in August 1508. strype's Annals, i. i. 468; Life of Cheke, 106-8;
The remainder of his life, with short excep- Foxe, vi. 413-14, viii. 257-607 ; Fuller's Church
tions, was spent in recovering what he believed Hist. iv. 228; Fuller's Worthies, Devon, 272;
to be his property in Ireland, in which was Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 243, 327, il
included a large portion of Munster, which 460; Polwhele's Devonshire, ii. 11, 19; Prince's
had been granted by Henry II to Robert Worthies of Devon, 199, 204; Leland's Itin.iii.
Fitz-Stephen, whose daughter married a Ca- 40; Tuckett s Devonshire Pedigrees.]
rew. He began with the lordship of Maston C. T. M.
in Meath, which was occupied by Sir Chris- CAREW, RICHARD (1565-1620), poet
topher Chyvers. He then obtained a decree and antiquary, is the best-known memb^ of
of the deputy and council adjudging to him one of the leading families of Cornwall. His
the barony of Odrone in Carlow, which was father, Thomas Carew of Antony House, in
held by the Kavanaghs, and was appointed the parish of East Antony, married Eliia-
captain of Leighlin Castle, which is in the beth, daughter of Sir Ricnard Edgecumbe,
centre of the barony (17 Feb. 1568-9). A and their eldest son, Richard, was bom at
few miles north lay the castle of Cloghgrenan, A ntony House on 17 July 1555. When only
which was held by Sir Edmund Butler, eleven years old he became a gentleman
brother of the Earl of Ormonde, having been commoner of Christ Church, Oxford, but his
taken from the Kavanaghs by their father, rooms were in Broadgates Hall, and he was
Butler, it is said, expecting to be dispossessed, probably one of the two persons called Carew
made several attempts to attack Carew, but appearing in a list of the undergraduates re-
in vain ; and the rebellion known as the But- sident in that hall about 1570. Here, when
ler's wars breaking out shortly after, Carew a scholar of three years' standing, he WM
stormed and took the castle. For this he called upon, as he modestly Bays, 'upon a
incurred some blame from the queen, as being wrong conceived opinion touchiiiff my suffi-
partly the cause of the insurrection, and was ciency,' to dispute ' extempore (mpetr ooii-
obliged to return to England to excuse him- grewiu AchUU) with the matchleas Sir Philip
Siilnejr, in preseuce of the Earls Leicester,
W»rvriclt, ajid tliviTs otlier greiit pereonnges.'
Wliat the issue of the conleat wa^ Carew
boB aim1I«d Id bIhU^, but lat«i historians
hsTe &dded that the dispute resulted in a
dr&wn battle. The fanuly estates passed to
bim earlv iu life, and in the veraea on his
anjeeatniBUidllis issue which he incorporated
in his * Survey of Oomwall ' (jip. 246-7, ed.
1811) it 13 recorded that he wse the fifth of
tus IBC« to inherit the pstrimony. In 1677
ht> Durried Juliana, the eldest ^ughter of
John Anindel of Trerice, by his first wife,
Catberint, daughter of John Coswarth, and
through his marriage he inherited a part of
tie Cos-icarth property. He devoted hiraself
irith groit leal to the discliaj^ of his duties
■sacounlryiienUeman, and solaced his leisure
faoojB with inquiries into the history and an-
tiquitiM of his native county, and n^tth the
study of foroign languages, until he had he-
Gome a nuutcr of &\e tongues— the epitaph
which he wrote on himselt specifies the lan-
guages of Oreoce, Italy, Germany, France,
and Spain — by reading, ' without any other
teaching.' In 1561 he was appointed a jus-
tice of the peace, and in 16do ne was called
upon to act na high sheriff of Cornwall. As
be wae the owneroflarge estates near sereral
Cornish boroughs, and his connections em-
braced the principal gentn' of the county, he
had Lttle ditSctilty in obtaining a «eat in
Erliatw-'nt, In 1584 he was returned for
Itsfh. and in 1597 he sat for Michell. He
was oni- of the deputy-lieutenants of Corn-
wall, and lie served under Sir Walter Raleigh,
the lord-liuutenant of the county, in the posts
of treasurer of the lieutenancy and colonel of
the raiment, five hundred strong, which
bad for its ciiarge the protection of Cawsund
Bay. Of the Society of Antiquaries first e»-
tatuiahiMl by Archbishop Parker, Carew bo-
oamuanactivemember in I589,Bnd about the
aame time began the task of compiling an his-
torical Rurvoy of his native county. Among
the gentry nf Cornwall he took the first plac
ftad the antitiuari^ of London accepted him :
tbeiroquaL Spelinan.who addressed to bim
on ' Epistle onTithcs,' and Camden were bis
intimate friauds, and in Ben Jonson's ' Exe-
cration upon Vulcan' be is classed with
Cotton and Selden. John Dunbar has
Latin ppigmms to Carew {Centuri/s Sex epi-
Cammaloii, lith Centur., 61 and 6*2), lauding
I kiiowlpdge of history, poetry, and the
law, and ^uimingonbia name; whileCharles
FitzgiKiDry, in hu) ' Affanis,' book iii., praises
tiis linguiiitic attatnmeuts. He died on 6 Nov.
16^. ' aa be was at his private prayers in his
study (his daily practice) at lower in the
ftfieraoon,' and was buried in Antony Church.
Against its north wall stands a plain tablet
of btuck marble buoring a long inscription to
his memory. Another epitaph was written
for him by Camden, which dwella on the
modesty of his manners, the generositv of
liis disposition, his varied lesming, and his
christian leal. Both epitaphs, togetherwith
some verses written by the historian imme-
diately before his death, are printed in the
'Parochial llistorv of Cornwall,' i, 24, The
earliest work of Carew is the translation of
the first five cantoa of Taeso's ' Gbdfrey of
Bvlloigne, or the recouerie of Hiervsalam,' a
veiy rare volume which appeared in 1594,
and according to some copies ' imprinted by
lobtt Windet for Thomas Man,' and in others
by lohn Windet for Christopher Hunt of
Exceter,' who served his time to Man. The
fourth book of the translation was repro-
duced in S. W. Singer's reprint of Fairfei's
translation, 1817, vol. i. sxxiii-lvii, and the
whole work was issued by the Rev. Alex-
ander B. Orosort in 1681 in an edition limited
sixty-two copies. Carew was for some
time unaware that his translation was being
passed through the press, and when it came
to his ears the first tve cantos only were is-
sued because he commanded ' a stAie of the
rest till the sommer,' a summer vhich never
arrived. The accuracy of his translation has
been much commended, but it has generally
been allowed that its efiect is weakened by
his endeavour to make the English veruon
an exact copy, line by line, of the orj^nal. It
contains several passages of much beauty, and
great praise is given to many extracts from it
in an elaborate article in the ' Retrospective
Review,' iii. 32-50. In the same year (1594)
there appeared a rendering of ' Eiamen de
Ingenios. The examination of men's wits by-
John Huarte. Translated out of the Spanish
Tongue by M. Camillo CamilU. Englished
out of his Itaban by R. C[arewl Esquire,'
which was reprinted in 1596, 1604, and 1616.
Huarte's work is a dull treatise of little
value, on the corporeal and mental Qualities
of men and women. Carew'a translation is
dedicated to Sir Francis Qodolphin, who
lent him Comilli's version, a loan recorded
in the words, ' Good Sir, your booke retum-
eth vnto you clad in a Comiah gabardine.'
An anonymous poem, called ' A Herring's
Tayle,' which was published in 1598, has
been assigned to Carew on the strength of a
statement in GuilUm's 'Heraldry' (1611), p.
154, and as the assertion was made during
the lifetime of Carew by one of like tastes
with himself, its accuracy can be accepted.
This poem, which contins some vigorous
lines, IS not Iree as a whole from the charge
of obscurity. The subject is
Carew
62
Carew
Tho strange adventures of the hardie Snayle
Who durst (vnlikely match) the weathercock
assajle.
When Carew next appeared as an author it
was in topofpraphical literature. ' The Svrvey
of Cornwall. Written by Richard Carew of
Antonie, Esquire/ had been lonff in hand,
though it was not published until 1602, the
subscription on the last leaf being *Deo
gloria, mihi gratia, 1602, April 23.* He
meditated in 1606 the issuing of a second
edition, * not so much for the enlarging it as
the correcting mine and the printer^s over-
sights,' but it was not republished before
1723, when there was prefixed to it a ' life
of the author by II»*^* C'****,' a catch-
penny device intended to delude the world
with'tbe belief that it was the composition
of a member of the family of Carew, but it
was in reality a dull compilation by Pierre
des Maizeaux. The 'Survey' and the life
were reissued in 1769, and another edition of
the * Survey,' with notes by Thomas Tonkin,
was printed for Lord De Dunstanville in
1811. Carew's history of Cornwall still re-
mains one of the most entertaining works in
the English language. In its pages may be
discerned the character of an English gentle-
man in the brightest age of our national
history, interesting himself in the pursuits
of all around him and skilled in the pastimes
of every class. The industries of the county
and its topographical peculiarities are de-
picted with considerable detail, and if there
IS little genealogical information in its pages
the characters of its celebrities are described
with quaintness and with kindliness. CareVs
' pleasant and faithfull description ' of Corn-
wall was the phrase of Fuller, and the words
were well chosen. He was also the author
of * An Epistle concerning the excellencies
of the English tongue,' which appeared in
the second edition of Camden's ' Kemains,'
1 605, and was reprinted with the 1723 and
1769 editions of the * Survey of Cornwall.'
The merits assigned by him to the language
are significancy, easiness to be learnt, copious-
ness, and sweetness. This little essay possesses
the charm which is inherent in all Carew's
writings, but it would have passed out of
recollection by this time but for its mention,
in a comparison of English and foreigfn writers,
of Shakespeare's name. A manuscnpt volume
of his poems was formerly in the possession
of the Kev. John Prince, the commemorator
of the worthies of Devon. Mr. James Cross-
ley suggested that Carew might be the R C.
who translated Henry Stephens's ' World of
Wonders,' 1607 {Notes and Queries j 6th ser.,
viii. 247, 1877). Several of his letters to
damden are among the 'Cottonian MSS./
(Julius C. V.) A letter to Sir Robert Cotton
is printed in *• Letters of Eminent Literary
Men ' (Camden Soc., 1848, pp. 98-100).
[Fuller's Worthies, 1811, i. 218; Wood's
Athome Oxen. (Bliss), ii. 284-7 ; Corser's Col-
lectADea, iii. 242; Boase and Courtney's BibL
Comub. ; Life in Survey of Cornwall, 1723.1
W. P. CI.
CAREW, Sib RICHARD (d. 1643 P),
writer on education, was the eldest son of
Richard Carew, the poet and antiquary [q. v.]
The chief facts in his life are set out m the
opening sentences of his * True andreadieWay
to leame the Jjatine Tongue.' He was put to
school in his 'tender youth, and so contmued
for nine or ten years.' Three years were spent
at the university of Oxford — he was probably
tho Richard Carew who matriculatea at Mer-
ton College on 10 Oct. 1594 — and three more
in studying law at the Middle Temple. After
this course of instruction he was aespatched
with his uncle on an embassy to the king of
Poland, and as the king was at the time on
a visit in Sweden Carew followed him thither.
On his return he was sent by his father into
France, with Sir Henry Nevill, ambassador
to Henry IV, to ' learn the French toiunie,'
and in the third book of Charles Fitxgeoffiy's
' Afianise ' is an epigram addressed to him on
his return from his French travels. In 1614
he was one of the members for the county of
Cornwall, and in 1620 he represented Michell,
a Cornish borough in which the family con-
nections possessed great influence. He was
twice married, his first wife being Brid^
daughter of John Chudleigh of Devonshire,
and the second wife being Miss Rolle of Hean-
ton. He was created a baronet on 9 Auf.
1642, and his death took place about 1648.
On 3 Sept. 1640 there was licensed by the
Company of Stationers * a booke called "The
Warming Stone." ' This was by Carew, and it
was a treatise written to prove tliat a ' warming
stone ' was ' useful and comfortable for the
colds of aged and sick people ' and for many
other diseases. The author was himself said
to have been * cured of several distempers by
it,' and its virtues were attested by numerous
cases around his family seat. Editions of
this tract are known to have been published
in 1662, 1660, and 1670. Carew was one of
the persons who examined the attendants at
Antony Church on the thunderstorm on Whit-
sunday 1640, and an account of the stonny
which was written by him, appeared in the
* Western Antiquary,' i. 4^^. In 1664
Samuel Hartlib published 'The tme and
readie way to leame Latine tongue attested
by three excellently learned and approved
authours of three nations,* of which Ouew
was the English author. Hartlib was spp*-
rentlf niid«r the unpreaaion that it wm the
compoaiticm of the poetical nntiqimry, but it
'WBs in reajitj ihe work of bis fan. Cnrew
vraa oppooed to much grammar (caching, his
•with Doing for translation backwarda and
forwards.
[Bomb and Coiirtncj's Bibl. Comub. i. 0, fiS,
"111; Arber's Stationers' liegistera, iv. £19.1
W. P. C.
GARY, ROBERT, aleo called
[TlXCg (Jl. 1325), schoolman, is stated
■h^ye been a doctor of divinity of Oxford,
to have held an eminent position as a
find philosopher. Hi a works named
QiuestioQeit in libros Pasteriorum Aris-
liV boeides the regular productions of a
mlastic,— a commentary on the ' Sentences '
Pater Lombard, 'Qureationes ordinnrios,'
eipoeitions ' super -varios socne Scrip-
[Lolaod'i Comn. de Script. Brit, ccoriii.
&319; Pits, DBADglisBSeript. p. 417; Tannor'a
bL Brit. p. 164.] B. L. P.
OAREW, Sir THOMAS (A 1431). [See
und^ Cakew, Sir Johr (li 1362).]
CAHEW, THOMAS (lfi98P-1639P).poet,
■ younger ton of Sir Matthew Carew [q.T.],
by Alice, daughter of Sir John Rivers, Jmt.,
-was bcm about 1598, and seems early to have
fiiUen into dissipated habit«. He entered at
"Toreas ChrisCi CoUere, Oxford, but left the
■iTersit}' without takingadegree. Aaearly
fe]6l3 lus father, who was in straitened eir-
e time, writing to Sir Dudley
), complains that one of his sons was
ig nAcr hounds and hawks, and theother
.amslBtudvingin the Middle Temple, but
ig litOe at law.' Oarleton hereupon took
» youtli into his service as secretary, and
Chrew appears to have remained with him
daring his embassy at Venice and Turin, and
totuiTe returned with him to England about
thecndof 1615. When Carleton became am-
bajeadori.jtheStatasin thefoUowingspring,
(.'ari'w ii^inin accompanied him, but some
limr in tlip summer he suddenly threw up
IiiK cmploi ment (in irritation at some oft'ront
he had received at the hands of his patron)
and r^tuniod to England. Sir Matthew made
tafitf ihnu one efibrt to get his son another
Kt. but in vain, and at the end of October
mbps him as ' wandering idly about with-
out itniployment," Lord Arundel and others
liafing dwlined to take him into their ser-
vicv in consequence of his misconduct, which
Iliii4 Instill aggravaled by ' aspersions ' spoken
. writlMi again.''t &r Dudley and Lady
]at«a. In 1619 Carew went with his
txl Lend Herbert of Ch^bury to the French
court. He af^rwsrds obtained some post
about the court, for at the creation of Henry,
prince of Wales, in November, he is men-
tioned as attending on Lord Beaucbamp aa
his squire. Very nttle more is known of his
lifeafterthis. Hebecamesewer inordinaiyto
Charles I,andgentlemanofbisprivy chamber,
and was, it is said, high in favour with that
king, who bestowed upon him tbe royal domain
of Sunningbill (part of the forest of Wind-
sor), and had a high opinion of his wit and
abilities. Carew was associated moreorleu
closely with almost all the eminent tilemiy
men of his time, and was cspeciallv intimate
with Davenant and Sir John SucUing, In
the collection of Suckling's poems there aro
more than one among the poems and letters
addresEwd to Carew by no means creditable
to either. Carew's longest performance waa
'Coilum Britannicum' (though Mr. lloltoa
Comey doubted whether he were really tho
Buthnr), a mii«qne performed at Whitehall
on 18 Feb. 1633-4 ; his other poems are
chiefly songs and ' society verses,' composed^
it is said, with great dii&eulty, but melodious
and highly polished, though eharacterised hy
the usual conceits and affectation of hia time.
Fonr e<litions of Carew appeared between
1640 and 1671, a fifth in 1772, and four have
been printed during the present century, by
farthomoiit complete and elaborate being that
of Mr. W, C, Hoilitt, published in quarto
in 1870, There is nn uncertainty about the
time of Cnrew's death. It looks as if his
life had been shortened I^ his irregular
habits. When he waa stricken down by
mortal sickness, he sent for Hales of Eton
to administer to him the consolations of
religion. Hales seems to have thought vei^
meanly of him, and made no secret of his
low opinion. Carew has left some wretched
attempts at versifying a few of the Psalms;
itry of his burial has been
found. Tbe illness that led him to a maud-
lin kind of repentance seems to have come
upon him when he was in the country. If
he recovered enough &om it to return to
London, he probably died at his house in
King Street, St. James's.
[Mr. Hazlitt has availed himself of all the
known sourcex for the biography of Carew in the
edition of his poems mentianed above, and haa
given his authorities. The only aJditioDS to ba
made are from Nichols's Progresspa of Ja,tnm I,
iii. 22* ; Lord Herbert's Aatobiography (1886),
iivili. 19U, 198; Coart and Times of James 1,
i. 433, t3i : Col. of trltate Papers, Dom. 1638-9,
p. SIS ; Notes and Queries, 4Ch Eeries, ii. 4SD.]
A. J.
Carew 64 Carey
CAREW or CAWE, THOMAS (^loOO- Spencer of Althorpe, and wife of Sir CJeorge
1672 ?). [See Cawe, Thomas.] Carer ^q. v.], eldest son and heir of Henry
CAREY. [See alao Carew and Cabt.' Carey "q. v.j, first lord Hunsdon. EdmunS
^ A •n-r.^T' T^ & TTTk /I -o-^ 1 o.-^ I \ • 1- * Spenser, the poet, was her kinsman, and she
CAREY, DA\TD(1, 82-1824), journ»bst ,^t . deep W^ert in his litenuy labours.
and poet, son of a manufacturer in Arbroath, g ,., . S[niopotmo8 ' is dedicated to her,
waa bom in 1 / 82. After leaving school he ^ the poet ac&owledges in the epistle the
was pUced in his lather's counting-hou*., .excellentfiiTOUH.'he hid received from her.
but subsequently he removed to Edinburgh, j^^ j,,^^ -^ ^^ ^^ ^j ^^^ ^^ ^^^
where he was for a short time m the pub- g^^, co'mmemorates in an introductory
Lshing house of Archibald Constable. Thence goWt to the ' Faery Queene.' Nash, thi
he went to London, and, obtammg a situation satirist . likewise acknowledges her pa^Miage.
on the periodical press, wrote with such j^ dedicating his ' ChristVTeaw Sver Je^-
keenness in support of the whig govemmm ^^^. ^^-^^ ^ j-gg ^^ ^^. .j^^^^
as to attract tlie notice of )\ yndham, who ^eU^eser^-ing Poets have consecrated their
oflFered hiiB a foreign amwmtment, which ^ndevours to your praise. Fame's eldest
he declined After the disso ution of the f^^^^f ^^^^ Spencer, in all his writings
'"^'^ °L1'}\ *^^ i 'A^l** ^^.rt! .' he Pri«^th you.' Ifohn Dowland, the sonl-
aat^ entitled 'Ins and Outs; or, the State ^^ dedicating his ' first book of Songis
of Parties, by Chrononhotonthologos, wluch ,„d a. • (jg^ t^ g;, GeorgeCarey,speat»
met at once with an extensive sale. In 180/ ^^ ^^/, gingokr graces ' sho^ by < /ouivo^
he becwne editor of the Inverness Journal, ^^^^ ^ad? my honourable mistois.^
which he 1^ in 1812 to conduct the Boston ^ daughter of Ladv Carey, also named
Gaiette ' In a few months, however, he EmzABEfH, was simiUrly a patroness of
renewed his connection with the London j^^^ ^j -^ t^^ dedication toSe ' Terrors
press, which for the remamder of his life ^f ,^^ y^^^^^, ^^^) ^^ ^f^^ ^^ ^j,^ ^^^^
occupied his principal attention. In 1822 in an address to the daughter in these terms:
he spent some time m Pans, and on his .^ ^^^hv daughter aS. vou to so worthie
return published Life in Pans, written : , ^^.^j^^, - "f^t^ ^j^^ jj^^^ ^^^^^ ^^
chiefly ma humorous vein, with apposite ^^ ^^ j^^^j^ j^j^j adopted, and purchast
coloured illustrations. His visit to Tans ^j^^ Petrarch another monument in Eng-
having faded to restore his shattered health, j^^ ^ver honoured may she be of tfie
he returned to hu father 8 house at Arbroath, ^^^^ ^^^^ of wits, whose purse is so
where he died of consumption after eighteen : ojintoherpoorebeedsmen-sdistrkses. Well
months illness on 4 Oct. 1824. Bwides Ae ^ j g^^. if^ecause I have tride it, never
works above mentioned, two noveb— 'The j-^.-j ^ ^^ magnificent Ladie of her degree
Secrets of the Castle,' 1806, and 'Loclu^l; on this earthT^The reference to Pet^
or, the Field of Culloden, 1812--wid ' Pic- j^^^ j^;^ os that Lady Carey had
turesque Scenes; or, a Guide to the High- translated some of his poems, but there Uno
lands,^ 1811, Carey was the author of several t^ce of any of them hS^been published,
volumes of verse displaying some taste and m^^^^ possible, howev^ that sSme of the
fency, although the sentiment is for the renderingTrf Petrarch, which are commonly
most part commonpkoe and hackneyed. He ^ttribut^ to Spenser' and printed in his
edited the 'Poetical Maijaxme; or Temple collectedworks,i5thou^h they are far inferior
of the Muses, 1804, counting chiefly rfiis j^, ^^^ jo his other prSiuctions, may be from
own poems, and pubLshed separately 'Plea- Laj/ Careys pen.
Bures of ^ature; or, the C^ of Rural fteonlypraTted literary work which bean
Life, and other Poems,' 1803 ;'^e Reig^n ^^^ name o7' Elizabeth Carew or Carey is
of Fancy, a Poem with NotM, 1803 ; ' Lync , j^^ Tragedie of Marian the fiure Queene
?o^*' ^n' • ^l J?*™* ?^!«fly Am^or^, ^f iewry7written by that learned, vertuons,
1807 ; Craig Phadng: \ision8 of Sensi- ^^ ^^^ ^^^^y^ Ladi^ E[li«abe^ CTare*^
bdity, with t^ndary -Tales, and occasional London, i613. This tedious poem, ii rhyii
Piews and Historical Notes, 1810; Mid 'The ■ q^^trains, is prefixed in s^editioni by
Lord of the Desert : Sketch^ of S^nery ; ^ ^^^^ grom the pen of an anonymous aJ-
ForeignandDomesticOde8,andotherPoenis, „^, of the authoii^ 'To Diann4 EartUie
^°^^' Deputesse, and my worthy sister, Mistris Eli-
[Andorson's Scottish Nation ; Bnt. Mas. Oata- jabeth Carye.' It is difficult to determine pr»-
logne] T. F. H. ojggjy jo which Elisabeth Carey, whether to
OAREY or CAKEW, ELIZABETH, motherordaughter,theworki8tobeMcribed.
Last, the elder (^ 1690), patroness of the The inscription above the sonnet wttmld imply
noets, was the second daughter of Sir John that the 'Mistris Elisabeth Guts' mt nit-
Carey
Carey
msrnod at the time of writingtheplay. The
ir^Kht of probahilit J seoms t herefore in fit vour
of the theoiT that the 'Tn^edie' was the
vork of haJij Oarey'a daughter before she
Iwcanie the wife of Sir TEomas Berkeley,
eldest son oftheelerenlh Lord Berkeley. The
date of the death of the elder Eliiabeth Carey
u imeerlAin. The younger, who became the
gnndmother of the first Earl of Berkeley,
died in 1635, and was buried in Cranford
Church, Middlesex.
nnfonnation kiodly mpplisd by Mr. A. H.
BiuleDi Not«a and Qoeries. Srd s«r. i-lii. 203;
SoiUt's HiMorical Auecdolce of the Familiea of
the Boleynm, CareyB, &c., p. 24 ; CoUins'a Peer-
age, ed. BiydgM. i. 2ST ; Nash's Woiks, ed.
Qnwit ; Works of Edninad SpcaEer.]
CABEY, EUSTACE (1791-1855), mis-
rionary to India, vaa Iho son of Thomas
Carey, a non-commisaioned officer in the
arm^, and the nephew of Dr. William Carey,
Indiaii missionan' [q. v.] He waa bom □□
22 Uarch 1791 at Paulerspury, Northamplon-
ahire. He beganhis preparatory studies for the
UptUt ministry under the Rev.Mr.SuWUff at
Ulney, and in 1812 went to Bristol College; as
be set ont in the beginning of 1814 as a
nusaionaxy to India, arriving at Serampore
on 1 Aug. The qihere of labour to which
he was designaled was in Calcutta, where
in 1817 he founded a missionary family
onion. On account of failing health he was i
compelled to leave India, and, arriving in
England in September 1825, he in the fol-
lowing year began to advocate the claims of
missions throiaghout the home counties, sub-
eequently eit.?ndinu his visits to Scotland
and Ireland. In iS2S be published ' Vindi-
cation of the Calcutta Baptist Missionaries,'
and in 1831 'Supplement lo the Vindica^
tion.' In the latter year he publiahed the
' Memoir'of his relative William Carey, D.D.
He took a prominent part in the agitation
against slavery in Jamaica, and in 1840 was
appointed a delegate to the churches there.
He died on 19 July 1855.
CARET, FELIX (;1786-1822), oriental-
ist, eldest son of William Carey m]. t.1, mia-
nonary to India, was bom in 17SC. He also
became a missionary to India, and died at
Serampur 10 Nor. 1822. He pubhahed a
Boimese granmuT, 1814, and left behind him
materials for a Bimneee dictionary, which
vas published in 1826. He also translated
CAKEY, GEORGE, second Lord Hcns-
Dos (1547-1603), eldest son of Heniy, first
lord Hunsdon [q. v.], by Anne, daushter of
Sir Thomas Morgan, koigbt , was ma tnculated
as a fellowcommoner of Trinity College,Cam-
bridge, on 13 May 1560, being then of the
yof thirteen. He accompanied the Earl
Bedford on his embassy to Scotland at
the baptism of the prince, afterwards King
James Vl, in December 1566. In Septem-
ber 1569 be was despatched to the £arl of
Moray, regent of Scotland, lo confer on the
subject of the contemplated marriage of the
Diie of Norfolk with Slary ^ueen of Scots.
He returned to England in October, and in
December served under bis father in the
expedition against the northern rebels. On
their overthrow he was again sent to the
Earl of Moray in Scotland, returning in a
few days with the intelligence that the Earl
of Northumberland and Thomas Jenny, two
of the leading insurgents, were in the re-
gent's custody. In May 1570 he serred
under Sir William Drury in the expedition
against. Scotland, and he was knighted on
the 18th of that roontli by the Earl of Susse.t,
the lord general of the queen's northern
army, having greatly distinguished himself
by his intrepidity in thi- tielil, and stiU more
by a challenge to Lord Fleming, governor of
liumbartou. On 12 Jan. liiT-]--! he obtained
from her majesty a lease for f w-enty-one years
of Herstwood in Great Saxham, Suffolk.
On 27 Slay 1574 th.> queen granted to him
and his heirs male (he olGce of steward, con-
stable, and porter of iLt eustio and lordahip
of Bamborough, with the fishery of the water
of the Tweed. He was constituted steward of
the royal manor of Great Saxham on 22 May
1575. On 24 Dec. 1580 he was with others
empowered to examine in the Tower, on in-
terrogatories, Harte, Bosgrave, and I'ascall,
arrest^^ within the realm coming from Rome
and other places beyond the seos with intent
to pervert and seduce the queen's subjects.
lie commissioners were instructed lo put
the prisoners to the torture if thej refused
to answer plainly and directly.
Inunediately after the raid of Uutbven,
Carey, marshal of the queen's house, was sent
into Scotland with Robert Howes. Carey bad
an inteniew with James \"I at Stirling on
12 Sept. 1682, and soon afterwards, having a
C'nful disease, relumed to England, leaving
wes in Scotland.
On the deatli of Sir Edward Horsey, in
-^^Cm^ ^ • •'- ^'Jm »r*
. r"! -u--- VL- !::»:•■ «_'.:- --1 vi-.'-uii-rT^-:^- _i ■* « ^- _:^.-*-- i.-r tti5 bT'Tkomt^d lord
".'• -•-- ■: J.'-' -.1 - yr- 1:- li- 'i::"'ri ■ • - -^ ?->■■ »• — r -^i- i;- l?-^.i. :_i- His n&me is
-•• ii- -•.•-/:^-: ■/ ,'-v-:. ' — .:,r -."-l.rr- - .'i "l- ^--o-ti- .• ilz:_>^- ■:. :r The suppre*-
.•-'■.'•.. v. :•.."•.:•.•--' ■ :'L'- 4.11.-1-. :_• :■- -_L-<r" -. -i ■: -:■:_•?:=. .-■■=.— i i i4 N.-t. 1599. He
j--..:: . •- : > : , ."_- l " ii -^ i.'r* :. f-.: l:_-. i^ri i - •^^r 1-i.:.. Ht =-tTT:-ri Elirabeth
•:- iL . vr I.-.: •■•-v-*** r^L-i'Ti - 1 tJTT- ' — " :_i-r: '*"•:'» rrz I-iiT~. daTirhter of
^.. :* V -■•:.-• ^- 1... ..ir ■. L h-i-l"- o- :' ""l- ." ijl "^-i-Ll:— r : Al'lirjie, knljirfar. by
•:^' u.-*j.»-"^ - ■• ■ •-:- " •• - .j,-„ 1: I'-'T— • T-i :n. 1.": u*! L^ 1-7 iiurltcr and lieiivss,
•V '. > ■•- •..-•_ - '..21. •t:r.j--i L --_-^-I "^ -^ •»--- ]^T- :::ii-." CiXxr. L^i^t Eliza-
V .. ■. V L- ' .'. u.-. - ">: L-1 l*Lz:.:.t£-~-:- iiL^j.-. ■• •!. 1-1 1 It -T ! HtUx, l:T»i Berkeley.
f • „i' •-»-■_• • T* /-rt'- --L_:.. 1 •«>•:'••' :: H- -^L-'Lr L-~l:r : : 1. Iii?t7uctioii5 and
ji v. -J- ' i-_: .-■>-" :l-- Lt.i-i : —^j- ;-i.> ri.-r'- :- '• ~ l- .-iT's-rr-rrnrrsJ of the Isle
,'•- • 'V-i-r'. ! '•'-' 'Lt . _— :_ -l^j^ ^LL'l : '^ -lt t r t-i- r ■ •£ riT-rriimriiT of the
.•/ '-.Li* ••. :' t ic*^-- : r..-^r.r- -i- Irlr >!.t.ii. :'.T -It ~rf ' 'r i *■: I iirrr? and firing
v/ '''• :".'. I .'1 .r.— .-t LTr-^' "Lit ^-ttt L=.i i' '>!*.• 1 T.-. Lii LT^rr-i": l-T :hr centioueM
r. -'•■r' -..' ■-<? TL-r-i -'Liir .z. :".^.,^ 1—- c' "ir Si.. £ .-Ir. 1*1 MaTch 15SS— 4 ; Lan»-
*:•-> .:' Ji-i^ :♦-■..."- :'• -1- iTi-i.:^ : -Llt i -«n.- M** 4-.. !_r ^. i". Priof* that the
I'.v. : j.-.ii:-r-:_s.-T.-- Lr-rw-ij-i. 1- vi^ir-i tt-t- TiiTii "r^ lif "*■: s-lip* did not apper-
". vr jf-.-r^ s..: f rr .1. -It ."Ltz. £ -: ':»r Tr: -l_i t: tLt :i-r:liz::* :: ^t. Jean de Lui;
,:. t *-».'•: -^ 'r.-r.-^L. rT:ii._r. TIt ?:-t .: =.i_L-^.-r:r:f iz. :1- STit-e Paprr Office, and
f.t-,y.^vv:--.T>-:T^L-T^:r —--:-- ^"iT- l-LL^i.-rLr y^. 14.?. i4.:i5. 3. OrdeR fop
>,:.;v.i:.'- v. t* •.■.r-:i--TirI '• 7 :":.r lth^Il :: :1t Vr-er friTT i^i »Trrr.z^hening of the
.->i. ;.- rt-rT V. 5.- r-r" !..•>*•. .7 vii-^lsji- :z. tIt I?1t :: '^'Irl:. l-'-'r: : — izuscripr in the State
I' -T . ^ 'A" . *• 1 • . Tl T ::r L ■ rr -. : - It -iltr. i ^ . ~- Ftj- r 1 "n :-f . -•. At^ts-t-t : j complaints made
f-t •-*< i 1_- fer\:*riri- :■ -£.:::. i^i -s-r^ :t":1t STi-r^. 4 J^y lo^V: Lansdowne MS.
.V. .■:. -.."Trr-'ir-i ir !•_> s.'-i.rLir^ -i-r -.^.It :: 1*-?. ilS;^ o. LeTTrr?, principally on state
»
• - .
/!:.r ',? •;.•: '. ..■zpliizLiii.--. "*^> 0-:rrr TV "--- . Li Ifri} niriirir^ p:'r:riiis of this Lord
•'..'.. v.:,\, :r- r iv:-: N Tr=.>.»:r l-S?^ -Bris H^LUf-i:- i^£ Li* "w~l:r w-r? exhibited at the
€. . :i. :l '. " •*=•; 't,y '':.-zl. ' . r L r Flr-r- . S : i": i Kr i:?injr " - M .iscum. t offet her with his
S , r J o:.r. ' »i\ ^l £rr ir L: * • Mez: : Irs ' c: =- -i ;.!:*::•;■ ^-rvr-'. kn : wn as the Hunsdon onp.
r.vrr.'L. ^^-^J .'..'' ;r^-^- ^ '^\F^''f '' *^«*'7TT.>jr.Ar:.q. (HerbertX 954,1140,
f : • -trvA 4r.: :..-!::=? i-r^i: h:.?7::i^:yTir.->r. .070: B-i; ^ii;i:*:ii. ii. 282; Calendawof
tr. : .p.%*:- .f •:.•: -inir : Lis r-Vrmmen: as £=^1;^.}: <:.i:,, PiT^r?: Ca:. of Special ExhiK-
•;. : y-.r.'A vIkt, Xlr Ulr of W'lz^z was in :;:£ .i: >; -J: Ke::*:-^:;::. 1862. pp. 188, 195,
;•- :.'..•• f.', ^rirL.nz i-.4**r. Hr reliT-rs T!r::h 214. 6S0 : Cior-er* A:'irs» Cantab, iii. 6; Let-
JL .';.'. 4. p^ir*:!.: T4*:?fac: ion that 'in .Sir Ge'.rje T-ers ■>: Eliza r-ttr. a::.i James VI, 1,2; EIUb's
O- •'■•.%' v.v-*: ari ?i*tom«rv c^..n:injr to a-rt:!- in Le:-.rr?. 2z£ serlesw iii. 97. 100 : Gage's Thingoe,
iK'r yjiLT.': -Ai-. Kv h:^ command. iri:h a 104: Jiri:sr on Toriure, 29, 38, 82, 94;
Tytlers Sootlaad (1864), iii. 315, iT. 60, 62:
wh'. Jj;i'I ob-Mriatf ly refu«j».-d to confirm*. The Worelev's Me ox Wicht, 96-107. 152. Append.
a/.-rroiirit*. of the phrish of Lambi^th for that >"o. xvi'ii.; Wright's Elizabeth, ii. 265.] T. C.
v<:»ir rnak'r m«Tr:Mon of a vi.eit bv the queen to
' ' CAREY, GEORGE JACKSON (1822-
1872), major-general, was a son of lliomas
Carey of Kozel, Guernsey, by his second
wife' the daughter of Colonel George Jack-
son, Mayo militia, and 3I.P. county Mayo.
He was'bom on 5 Oct. 1822, and educated
at Elizabeth College, Goenisey. In July
1845 he obtained an cnsigncy in theoldOife
Mounted Riflemen, with which he served m
thcKaffirwais of 1846-7 and 1850-2 (medal),
Car»rv- wfj'jv: njim*r''>ccursinthe commission
for':aiJ-'rH w:cl»r-.i/i«tical within the diocese of
W'iiir:h<:«-t<:r, i^-u«-d 7 June 1596 and 10 Oct.
ir/^7.
J J" huco^r'^d^'d to the p^v.-rapo as Lord Huns-
don on thi-deaihofhii father (23 July 1596).
JJ«! lik^'WJHi: j-uocfffiJed hira as captain of the
band of pen?ionerH, }>eln^ sworn of the privy
r;oijnr:il und in vest r^ with the order of the
Oarter.
g, lieutrainr in ApnJ 1617, captain
n October 1S4S. major in January 1853, and
Toceiring brT?et rank as lieut«nant-colonel
in Uaj 1853 for serrica in tbo field. He
bocune breTet-«oloDel in 1854, after I«sa
than nine joatB' armv serrice. He served
as militaiy eecrtUry to his uncle, Lieu-
tenant-general Sir James Jackson, command-
ing the lorecs at ibe Cape dnrinK the ^ntier
troubles of 1866-7. Afterwards Lp exchanged
aa miyor to the '2nd battalion 1 8th Boyal
Irish, and proceeded with that corps to New
^aland, where he served in the Maori war
from Ausiut 1863 to August 1866 (medal),
^^UMlODel on the stafi and brigadier-general,
^^B3 OOBunanded the expedition on the east
^HKit ta the Thames and to Taimnga. He
^^^fc eeuomanded at the siege and capture of
^^Jto enemjr's stronghold at Or&kau, which
SbU mtter three days' continued operations.
For thia, one of the few successes of the
*»f, Carey was made C.B. On 27 Ma.v
18S5 WUliain Thompson, the great Maori
chiel'Bnd ' king-maker,' surrendered to Carey,
larinir his ' tAcka' at that officer's feet in token
o^eufamiseion to Queen Victoria. Carey was
appcunt^d to command the troops in Aua-
tnlia in August 1865, and acted as governor
and administrator of Victoria &om 7 May to
16 Aug. 1666. In December 1867 he was
appointed to an infantry brigade at Alder-
■bot; in 1S6S he became major^eneral ; and
in October 1871 was transferred to the com-
mand of the northern district, with head-
Jnarters at Manchester. Carey married in
861 the only daughter of W. Gordon Thomp-
Bon of Clifton Gardens, Hyde Park, London,
by whom h^ had four children. He died,
during his t«Dtire <jf the northern command,
OB 10 June 1872. at his residence, Whaley
Gnuige, Manchester, and was buried at Hotel.
[Bitrln'* landed Oentrj, vol. i. : Colonial
Offlca Lists : Army Lists.] H. M. C.
CARET, GEORGE SA^TLLE (1743-
1 807 ), miscellaneons writer, a posth lunous son
cifneni3rCiirey(rf.l743)[q.v.3, was bora sshort
tiise afb-rliis father's death, and was brought
iin r.iili. tnii!eofaprinter(.Sii^.i>ram. i.86).
■ hi' resolved to go upon the stage.
t'ibber, and others encouraged
'i;rse(/nocu^tor, pre&ce, p. vii).
' 'ovent Garden, where William
.;< licsL for him, but he failed to
.iiiJrctired. He then wrote 'The
comedy, in three acts, and 'The
1 1 'ipera i these plays weru not
ro publialied with some poems
l.-cription. Inl768Carey,under
..in of Paul Tell-Tfutli, esq.,
{' <.':-i... . i.ib«n; chutuedi or Patriotism
in Chains,
and wrote 'The ^
lished in his ■ Analecls,' 1770). In 17^ ha
published 'Shakespeare's Jubitee,B Masque:'
in 1770 'The Old Women Weatherwiae, an
Interlude,' presented at Brury Lane; 'The
Magic Girdle, a Burletta,' acted at the
Marylebone Gardens : ' The Noble Pedlar,'
another burlelta: and a collection of trifles
called 'Analects in Verse and Prose, chiefly
Bramatical, Satirical, and Pastoral.' Coray
arranged apparently about this time a serii^ of
fnblic entertainments at CoTCJit Garden, tho
layuiarket, Che Great Room in PantOD Street,
and other places, giving imitations of Koat«,
Weaton^Ann Caliey,and other popular aetots
and vocalists: and in 1776 he published a
'Lecture on Mimicry' with a portrait, fol-
lowed in 1777 by ' A Rural Ramble, to which
is annexed a Poetical Togg, or Brighthelm-
stone Guide' (JfontUy i£«!»ruf,Iviii. 84). In
1787 he published -Poetical Efforu' {ib.
lixyiii. 344); and in 1792, ' Dupes of Fancy,
or Every Man his Hobbv, a Farce, in Two
Acts,' performed at Pilgrim's benefit. Mean-
while lie continued his entertainments at
Bath, Burton, and elsewhere. By 1797 it
was rumoured that his father was the actual
author of ' God save the King,' and that he
himself had received a pension of 200/. a year
on that ground (his Balnea, pp. 109-23).
Corey announced that he had not received a
pension, though his father had written the
song ; and he applied fruitlessly for an inter-
view with the king to urge his claims. In
1799 came out his ' Balnea, or History of all
the Popular Watering-places of England,'
with another portnut, which reached a third
edition in 1801. In 1800 be published 'One
Thousand Eight Hundred, or I wish you a
Happy New Year," a collectionof about sixty
of his songs, some sung by Ineledon. In 1801
he published ' The Myrtle and Vine, or Com-
plete VocalLibrary,containlngseveralThDU-
sonds of . . . Songs . . . with an Essay ou
Singing and Song-writina' (advertisement on
cover of ' Balnea,' 3rd ed. ) In the summer of
1807 be was in London givina a seriesof en-
tertainments, but he died suddenlv of para-
lysis, aged 64, and was buried at the cost of
niends (Gent, jtfay.vol. lxivii.pt. ii.pp. 781-
782). An edition ofhis' Old Women Weather-
wise,' in the form of a penny or halfpenny
chap-book, was printed at lluU, without a
date, but beliered to be as late as 1825.
[Reed's Biog. Dram. i. 84. 86, 87. ii. ISU. 32G,
iii. 6, 98 ; Gent. Mag. vol. lizrii. pt. ii. pp. 781-2,
ladei, vol. iii. Preface, luiv ; MoDthly Review,
xliy. 78, Iv. 76. IviiL 84, Ixxriii. 244 ; British
Critic, xvi. 65. 56* ; Carsy's Balnoa (ed. 1801},
pp. lOD-23, 174, and cover; Corey's Annlects.
Carey
68
Carey
Tol. i. Preface, pp. iii-v; Carey's Inocolator,
Preface, pp. v-viii.] J. H.
CAREY, HENRY, first Lobd Hunsdon
(1524? -1596), governor of Berwick and
chamberlain of Queen Elizabeth's household,
bom about 1524, was only son of William
Carey, esquire of the body to Henry VHI, by
his wife Alary, sister of Anne Boleyn and
daughterof SirThomasBoleyn[q.v.] Through
his mother he was first cousin to Queen Eliza-
beth. His father died of the sweating sick-
ness in 1528, and his mother remarried Sir
William Stafford, who died 19 July 1543.
Carey first comes into notice as member of
parliament for Buckingham at the end of
1547 ; he was re-elected for the same con-
stituency to the parliaments of April and
November 1554, and of October 1555. In
1549 Edward VI granted him the manors
of Little Brickhill and Burton in Bucking-
hamshire. He was knighted by his relative
Queen Elizabeth soon after her accession, and
w^as created Baron Hunsdonon 13 Jan. 1558-
1559, receiving on 20 March following a grant
of the honour of Hunsdon and manor of East-
wick in Hertfordshire, together with other
lands in Kent. Hunsdon was prominent in
all the court tournaments and jousts of 1559
and 1560. With Leicester he held the lists
against all comers in a tournament at Green-
wich 3 Nov. 1559. On 18 May 1561 he was
installed a knight of the Garter and was sworn
of the privy council about the same time. He
also became captain of the gentlemen-pen-
sioners. On 28 May 1 564 he went to PVance
to present the order of the Garter to the young
French king Charles IX, and on 5 Aug., while
in attendance on Elizabeth at Cambridge, he
was created M. A The queen lost no oppor-
tunity of testifying to her affection for her
cousin. When on what she imagined to be
her deathbed in 1562, she specially commended
Hunsdon to the care of the council.
In August 1568 Hunsdon became warden
of the east marches towards Scotland, and
governor of Berwick. In September 1 569 ho
went to Scotland to discuss the possibility of
sending Mary Stuart back to her own coun-
try while excluding her from the throne.
Lat^r in the same year the outbreak of the
northern rebellion threw on him a heavy
responsibility. He was entrusted with the
duty of protecting not only Berwick but New-
castle and the rest of Northumberland. He
moved rapidly first to Doncaster (20 Nov.),
thence to Hull (23 Nov.), and subsequently
to York (24 Nov.), where he joined the Earl
of Sussex, the commander-in-chief of the go-
vernment forces. Hunsdon resisted an order
(22 Jan. 1569-70) of the government to reduce
the garrisona on the Scotch frontiers, which
was issued while the rebellion in the more
southerly counties was unsuppressed. On
20 Feb. 1569-70, with an army of fifteen hun-
dred men, he defeated, near Carlisle, a rebel
army of twice the number of men under
Leonard Dacres. He despatched a spirited ac-
count of the en^^agement to Sir WUliam Cecil
on the same night, and received a letter of
thanks from the queen, part of which, written
in her own hand, was couched in the most af-
fectionate terms. Hunsdon was a member of
the commission appointed to try the rebel
leaders of the counties of York, Durham, and
Cumberland, early in 1570. In the following
year the queenjpaid him many attent ions. She
visited him at Hunsdon House in September ;
allowed him new and extensive privileges as
lord of the manor of Sevenoaks, a portion of
his property in Kent ; and granted hun further
lands in Yorkshire and Derbyshire.
Meanwhile, Scotch afiairs occupied him in
the north, and he was directed to grant all
assistance in his power to James against the
supporters of his dethroned mother. In May
1572 he prayed Lord Burghley to procure his
recall from Berwick, on the ground that his
salary was unpaid, and that his private re-
sources could not endure the constant calls
which his office made on them. In the fol-
lowing month the Scots handed over to him
Thomas Percv, earl of Northumberland, who
had escaped from England while charges of
treason were pending against him. Hunsdon
was directed to bring the earl to York and
there to have him executed, but he declined
to convey him beyond Alnwick, the boundaiy
of his jurisdiction. He wrote to Burghler
urging the lord treasurer to' obtain the earls
pardon, but he was compelled finaUy to sur-
render the earl to Sir John Forster, who
hanged him at York on 22 Aug. 1672.
Hunsdon rigorously suppressed marauding
on the borders, and according to popular re-
port he took as much delight m hanging
Scotch thieves as most men teke in hawking
or hunting. On 24 May 1580 he was ap-
pointed a commissioner for the redress of
grievances on the border; six months later he
became captain-general of the forces on the
border, and was at Newcastle in January
1580-1. He wrote to Walsingham at the
time that he declined to interfere further in
Scotch affairs, since his advice was systemi-
tically neglected. He desired permission to
visit the queen and to look after his private
affiiirs.
Hunsdon, still on good terms with Elin-
beth, gave her every new year yery valnaUe
presents. He favoured her projected marriage
with the Due d'Anjou, and was present at
the consultations respecting it hem in Octo-
bet 1679, Ha escorted the diike to Ant-
■wwpin February 1581-2. About June 1C83
Elizabeth showed her respect for him by
mftkuig him lord chamberlain of her houeo-
hold in succeesion to the Earl of Sussex.
But hiB neglect of his office in the north and
froqaent oWnt^ from Berwick angered Eli*
tabelh in the followinffyeitr. Hia son Robert
reported to his father iTiat in n torrent of pa»-
cion ehi- threatened ' to set him by his ^t '
and Mnd another in hia place. Hunsdon once
agrain explained to Lord Burghley (6 June
1584) that fais salary was in arrear, that his
Boldiersandservantswcrein wont 01 food and
clothing, nnd that he haddonehisdutyaa well
a» taaa could under such disbeartenittg con-
ditions. This storm tsoon blew over, and on
14 Aug. ofthesame year Hunsdon received the
Earl ot Anan at Berwick, with a view to re-
'ing till: old lea|riie between England and
"' ' A little later he resisted the order
exiled Scottish noblemen — who
recognise Jamea Vl'a authority —
poMeiMion of the island of Lindisfame.
flunsdoD argued that the disaffected noble-
man would proTe dangerous neighbours for
Entfland, and be likely to imperil Eliza-
bt^tti'B amicable relations with James VI.
TW Scottish king made similar repreaenta-
tions : Walsingham finally acknowledged the
Janice of Hunsdon'a arguments, and per-
nilled him to evade the order. Hunsdon
Utmded the meeting of the Star-chamber
on S3 June 1586, when the treasons of Henry
Percy, ear) of Northumberland, who had shot
^unieu in the Toner, were farmally pub-
In October 1686 he was at Fotbor-
M one of the commissioners for the
'of Mary Queen of Scote.
_.» execution of Queen Mary nearly pre-
Cipteted a breach with the king; of Scotland,
OAil in April 1589 Hunsdon was deputed to
|irovi!od to Scotland onthe delicate mission of
placing the relations between James and Eli-
mboth on a friendly footing. James tallied
b««ly to the English ambassador of the
Mnpting olTers made liim by Spain if he
would declare against the English alliance,
but be rrodily consented to reject them in
Elixabeth's favour. Hunsdon was
S4 Oct. 1587 that the king was quite capable
of iW^iTiitg her, and that the company about
him ntSTV ' maliciously bent against your
iuglimaa.' Full powers were prea Hunsdon
to maintain ' the good intelligence ' between
til* two realms, and in December 1587 James
Mnt Sir John Carmichael to Berwick to renew
COB of friendship. Eliiabeth rewarded
idon'a Bucceasfiil diplomacy with the
office of lord warden -general of the mnrchea
of England towards Scotland, and keeper of '
Tinsdale (31 Aug. 1689). A grant of a part
of the temporalities of the see of Durham
followed, and a rumour was abroad that
Hunsdon was about to be created count pals-
The need of preparing to resist the Spanish
Armada brought Hunsdon to the south, and
a force of 36,000, fomiedtoact as the queen's
body-guard, was placed under bis command
at Tilbury Fort. In 1690 he, with Lord
Burgbley and Lord Howard of Effingham,
was appointed commissioner for execntinK
the office of earl marshal, and in 1591, with
Lord Howard of Effingham and Lord Buck-
hurst, negotiated an alliance with France.
Many other duties were placed upon him
during the last years of his life. He waa
comnuseioner for the trials of W illiam Parry,
D.D., 20 Feb. 1684-S ; of Philip, earl of
Arundel, 14 April 1589 ; of Sir John Perrot
(for treasonable correspondence with Spain),
20 March 1591-2; and of Patrick O'Oullen
(for the like offence), 21 Feb. 1593-4. He
also held the office of chief justice of the
forests south of the Trent, and master of the
game of Hvde Park; he was elected recorder
of Cambridge 26 April 1590, high steward
of Ipswich 11 Sept. following, and high
steward of Doncaster in October.
Hunsdon died on23 JulTl596BtBomerHet
House, the use of whlcli the queen had
granted him. Fuller reports the story thai
his death was caused by disappointment at
not being created earl of Wiltsfure, the title
borne by his maternal grandfather, Sir Tho-
mas Boleyu [q. v.]. Itissaid that the queen
visited him during bis last illness and pre-
sented biro with the patent of the new liUa
and the robes of an earl, but that Hunsdon
declined both on the ground that honoursof
which the queen deemed him unworthy in
his lifetime were not worthy of his acceptance
OD his deathbed. He was buried in West-
minst«r Abbey on 12 Aug. at the queen's ex-
pense. His wife and heir erected above his
tomb an elaborate monument to his memory.
Although Hunsdou's achievements are few,
and his office in the north did not allow him
to reside regularly at court, he contrived to
be present at moat of the state eeremoniea of
the time, and hispoaition as chamberlain and
his intimacy with the queen gave him much
influence when in attendance on his sovereign.
Straightforward ondrongh in speech and con-
duct, he held himself aloof from the factions
which divided the noblemen and statesmen of
tlie day; professional courtiers feared him,
but soldiers respected and loved him. He
lacked most of the literary culture of his clan,
Carey 70 Carey
hilt according to (.M-ranl li»; tfKik a <k*«]> inte- he wa.sone of twenty-six personages — undtlit*
rest in Ijotuny. Tin; British Museum pos- only one of the number whose father wa.* nor
H«'S.Hi.'S a copy of * Frf>isftart ' CPuris, lolS), a nobleman — who were made knights of the
which coutuins a fuw nmnnscript notes in Bath in November of that year on the occa-
('an*v'« handwrit ing tog»'th»'r with tjntries of sion of Charles being crottted*]»rince of AVales.
the (lutes of most of his children's births. ' He showed no inclination for the lift' (*( a
HunHdr)n niarritKl Anne, daughter of Sir
Tlirimns Morgan, knight, of Arkestonr, Ilere-
fonlshire, hv whom he had seven sons and
three daughtt^rs. II is eldest son, George [q.v.],
becamtt sifcond I^ortl Ilunsdon. His second
son, .lolm [<i.v.], lH.'came third lonl. Of his
younger sons, two nami'd Thomas, and a fifth,
NVilliani, di«*d young. Edmund, the sixth
son, was knight t'd by Leicester in the Xether-
bmds in l."jS7. The youngest son, Jlobert
Tq. v.], was created earl of Monmouth. Ilims-
aon's eldi'St daughter, Catherine, married
Charles Howard, earl of Nottingham; the
sivonddaugliler beeame the wife of Thomas,
lord Serope, and t he t hinl of Sir Edward Hoby .
A miniatureiH>rtrait ofHunsdon by Nicho-
las Hillianl was sold at the Strawberry Hill
sale to the Duke ttf Buckingham. At Knole
H«nist\ Sevt-noaks, is a painting of a proces-
courtier, and his parents busied them.-selve-i
during the next year or two in making fur
their son some advantageous alliance. Aftnr
feebly objecting to more than one of the pr-v
posals, he was at last married in 161*0 to
Martha, eldest dauc^hter of Sir Lionel Cran-
field, who eventually became earl of Middle-
sex and lord treasurer of England. From tluj
time he seems to have lived in rt^tiremfnt
amonj^ his books in the country. His fatliera
death m 1639 and his consequent succession to
the earldom made little change in his habits.
Only once does he appear to have come f »r-
ward to take part in the conflicts of the tur-
bulent times, when he spoke in the House of
Lords in Jime 1641 on the bill for depriv-
ing the bishops of their seats in parliumrnr.
AN hen Charles I issued the famoiis decliira-
tion and profession in June KU:?, Mod-
1
sitm of the qutvn and her ciuirt going (^LVH)) mouth's name appears among the signatuni^,
ti> Ilunsdon llou^e. Lord Ilunsdon and his j but from this time he retired from all pjliti-
wit'e are pniminont figures in the picture, , eal life, and henceforth till his death he was
which was engraved by Vertue in 17-4:?. ] busily engaged in translating various works
Many of Ilunsdon s otHcial letters and . from the Italian and French, and letting the
[Viivrs i\Tv at the Public Ui'oord (.Office, the world go by him as if he had no interest in
[Witish Museum, and llattield. , its concerns. The truth is that he had in-
ICvitf* Athoiue C;i:.Mb. ii. 213-19; Cal. ' ^^^'^^^ none of the immense physic4il vigour
8:ato Tdivi^. umy, Klij. ; Vn^udts Hist, of En«- »"" energy of his father and grandfather, and
br.d . N;iu:.:on sFr.vcmor.ta E« .-aliii : LloydsWor- if be had any ambition there is no evidence
t^'M; Fuller* w'r.hio*: Rr.'h* Mt"mo:rs of to show that his abilities were at all more
K1-. .Mix : h ; N .^v*.:a.'s L::o of Chrisr.^pher Ha: ton ; than respectable. Walpole's j udgment upjn
l»urkc's K\: :::.♦: r.iva^''; l^io*:. l»r;:.: VTriiiger's him is probably correct : ' Though there art
lv..\:. H-.s:. '.. !S.\ li'*4. -^-*\1 S. L. L. several lai^e volumes translated by him. we
have scarce anything of his own composition^
C ARKY. IIKN U Y. S'AV'iid F.ari. of Mox- and ane as little acquainted with hischaracier
Moi vu v^l-VVv hk'l'. :nii>U:. r. oldest son of as with his genius/ His earliest publisht^
K.>lvr: Catx y. !lr>i: eurl '.j. \.\ by KIi«aK^th. work was "Romulus and Tarquin, or del*rin-
dA:ii;::ur . : S.r ll.:*:U T> v a::::;. ^n of Tri*:»: cipe et Trranno,' translated from the Italian
M:r. 'T. C^~:i\vs**.. dv. : w-..i.^\v v^: Sir Henry ot the Marquis Valezzi (12mo, 1637). Hii
s t ht
t.:v.;- :> :.iv,--- vV. ■':■.. *:• -I-. :s ">tn Cvxsy. K:- lo June UXU.
isvxr. '}.T<: V. vS". . > >t nx v ■. h . r .■.: s:vr tbr He had a family of ten children, two son*
d;-.^:V. /:\i ■.-,"«:: V..r.\U:V. :.: '.•.-.•.: i:: :r.t *:- and elcht dauirhters. Of the sons, hionA,
rv.,vV>.-:\' v^t*::.; wv..::. IL ::;-.-.r:«.l i..*i :V."..'w :he e'.ier. was slain at the battle of Ma:-
vv:v.vj -v.;! a: ^-^^ *- ; V.' .".',:-:;.. \.^\:. r-l. .v.:rLz*: stc^n Moor in lt>44. and was unmarried: the
I cv.: :;ru:. I:''."., a::. I : • V. :":.. 1* A .l:\;T*:r: i:i y>unp?r. Henry, fell a victim to the small-
IVVruArv '.O*. V U: *:>::-.: :*:.-. r.: \- tItv^ y-.Ar* ^.\x in 1^49. leaviurone son behind him. vhi>
: V. : T*^ : iV.r^ *u :>.?• cv r.: .r.- v.: ni .1 .- loi: vi.r.z^ cl:^ in Mav 1^5S. and who was the last heir
: '.;*: k-.: ,*\* ' xv^" v : :."•■?:• l^n I Ar^-v:- * :' - "» >- a:1 :o :be earl^^m. His laxdship s only brot her.
h:' Kv.v.v.;- dLf.t'r>»^kr.U k" ,v.*-.L=^ujCv,\i. Re- Tb>Bbafiftbaddiedwichoatm^eis6ue,9 April
[Memoin of Ilo1»n Core;, Earl of Man-
moatli, writUn by hiciBelf; Banks's Donnaat
nod ExUekK. BnroDS^r. Ho, 1809. iii. 619 a<K{. ;
Biich'* Ooart tuid Times of Junm I. ii. 149,
Ifi6. &«. ; Wnlpole'B Rof al nnd Noble Anthon ;
Wood'* AtheoK Oioo, (Bliw), (the last two
wotfcc cotiUiii long libta of hia lordihip'i printed
works) : Colonel Chestet'i WesCmiDBler Abbey
Regisle™. 1 A. J.
CARET. ItENRY (rf. 1743), poet and
*ciaa, is said to linrc been an illegitimuts
tt George Ssvile, tlie tamoua mftrquis of
*tx, who died in Itldo. Corej, id the
e to his first volume of poems, in 1713,
s of himself as still very young. His
notlwr probably was a scluKumiatreaG, as a
' Putomliclc^e ' in lliot volume is deacribed
BE 'performed at Mrs. Carey'sschoolby aevo-
ral of her scbolaia,' He aftprwarda taught
muaic in boarding bcIiooIb. Pope told Sponce
thttt Carey Tras one of Addison's ' little se-
nate ' aboitt this period. Car^y himself says
that, 'the divine Addison' had been pleased
more than onu to praise his best Known
poem, ■ Sally in our Alley ' iPoemt, 1729).
Carey tells us la the same place that the
poem owed its origin to hla having ' dodged '
a 'piwntira treating his mistress to vanoua
London amiisemenlB, Carey became known
•stheauthorof many vivscioufl poems which
were banded about in manuscript. He com-
ploina (STfKre Tyranlt) that 'Sally in onr
AUey'anil'Nambv-ramby,' composed in ridi-
cule of Ambrose Philips, were thought too
rood to be his, and says that Pope vindicated
hisclaim to the latter. He was also the author
nf success^ farces and of the songs in the
'Provoked Husband' and elsewhere, lie
ooeacionally composed the music himself.
He deacribM himself as a disciple of Oemi-
niani and Roseingrave, and says that he
owed his first knowledge to the friendly in-
Mtroctione of 0. W. Liunert. Mies Raft«r,
afterwards Mra. Clive
at hi» benefit in 1730,
tats by him, and when, accordi
twrnpomry account, a procession oi
with all the instruments inventea since
kl Cain^ marched from the Haymarket,
were joined by authors and printers'
It at Temple Bar, and by painters at
mt Garden, whence the whole body
ibid to Drury T jine. He produced other
VMT saccessfiil burlesques, ridiculing the
Italian opera, birthday odea burlesquing
Cibber, and other occasional pieces. He was
a livelv companion, and often, it
difficultiris. It is anid that be received a
wiuioD from the Savilo family until his
'lealh. Iln died suddenly, Hnwkins says
kf hia own liutd, on 4 Uct. 1743. Contem-
porarv records only say tbnt he rose in
good lieulth and 'wussoon after fonnddead.'
A benefit performnncH for his widow and four
small children was givett at Drury Lane on
17 Nov. 1743.
Mr. Cummings states (Nules and Queriet,
6th series, ii. 160) that he possesses over two
hundred works published by Carey. The fol-
lowing is a list of his cluef publications:
l.'PoemBonseveralOccaaiona,'1713, 3.8ame
title, 1730. 3. Same, called ' third edition,
much enlarged,' 1729. Each of these differs
greatly irom its predecessors. The third
editionincludes'Namby-Pamby ' and 'Sally
in our Alley,' the last published separately
about 1716. 4. 'The Contrivances,' 1715;
actedatDruryLane,BAug.l7I5. 6. 'Hang-
ing and Marriage,' a farce, 1722 (LincoliTs
Inn Fields, 15 March 1722). 6. ' Poems oc-
casioned by Gulliver's Travels,' 17^7. 7. Six
cantatas, 1733. 8. 'Teraminta,' an opera,
music by J. C. Smith, 1733 (Lincoln's Inn
Fields, 20 Oct. 1732). 9. 'Amelia,' an opera,
music by J. F. Lampe, 1732. 10. Songs in
' Cephalus and Procris,' Drury Lane, 1733.
11. ' Chrononhotonthologos," ' Ihe most tra-
gical traffedy ever yet tragedised;' a veiy
amusing burlesque, phrases of which are BtiU
familiar, first performed at the Haymarket
22 Feb. 1734. Fielding's ' Tom Thumb,' pro-
duced in 1730, is in some degree its modeL
12. 'The Wonder; or, an Honest Yorkshire-
man,' a ballad opera, 1735, performed for
one night (11 July 1735) at Lincoln's Inn
Fields, and afterwards for many nights at
the Haymarket and Goodman's Fields. Pub-
lished in two editions in 1736. 13. ' Stage
Tyrants,' an epistle to Lord Chesterfield,
occasioned by the rejection of the 'Honest
Yorkshireman'atDruiT Lane, 1736. 14.'ThB
Dragon of Wantley, a burlesque opera,
rousic by J. F. Lompe. This vras first pro-
duced 26 Oct. 1737, suspended fora time by
the death of Queen Caroline on 29 Nov., and
had a run of sixty-eeven nights. 15. ' Mar-
gery ; or, a "Worse Plague than the Dragon,'
by the same authors, produced 9 Dec. 1(38,
a sequel and failure. 16. 'Nancy; or, the
Panlng Lovers,' 1739, an interlude, with
music Dy Ihe author. Revived in 1755 aa
'The Pressgang,' and afterwards as 'True
Blue.' 17. 'AMuaicalCenturj; or, a Hun-
dred English Ballads,' as a collection of
separately printed pieces, 1737 ; new edit.
1740; tliird, 1748, 18. 'Dramatic Works'
(published by subscription), 1743, includes
'Teraminta, 'Amelia,' 'Chrononhotontho-
logos,' 'The Honest York *hi reman,' 'The
Dragon,' 'The Drogoness' iMargery), iind
' Nancy.'
Carey has been credited with the author-
Carey
72
Carey
ship of 'God save the Queen.' The first
known publication of this was in the * Har-
monia Anglicana/ 1742, where it is anony-
mous. Carey did not include it in his * Cen-
tury.' It first became popular aft^r his
death, during the rebellion of 1746. The
actor Victor describes the performance in a
contemporary letter to Gamck ( Victor's LeU
ters, 17/6, i. 118), and says that it was an
old anthem sung in the cliapel of James II
when William III was expected. Ame ar-'
ranged it for Dniry Lane, and Kumey for
Covent Garden, liumey told Isaac D'Israeli
that the authorship was unknown, and gives
the same account of its origin as Victor (&en#.
Mag, for 1814, pt. ii., p. 100). Fifty years
later, Carey's son, (Jeorge Saville Carey [q. v.],
claimed it for his father in order to justify
a request for a pension. Ilis only authority
was J. C. Smith, who told Dr. Harington
of Bath, on 13 June 1705, that Henry Carey
had brought it to him in order to correct the
bass. Smith was the friend of Handel,
and had [see above] been a collaborator
with Carey (G. S. Carey, Balnea (1801),
111-15, and Gent, Mag. for 1795, p. 544).
A Mr. Townshend is said to have told John
Ashley of Bath, who told W. L. Bowles in
18:28, that he had heard Carey sing the an-
them at a tavern on occasion of Vernon's
capture of Portobello in 1740 (see also Gent,
Mag. for 1796, pt. ii. 1075). Some internal
evidence in favour of Carey is suggested in
Ifewles's * Life of Ken,' but the improbability
that Carev should have left the authorship
unclaimed^, that his family should not have
claimed it when it became so popular, and
that Arne (to whom he must have been
well known) and Burney should have been
unable to discover the authorship at the time,
siHnus to overbalance? the small probability of
the much later statements, which, moreover,
if accepted, do not t'stablisli Carey's author-
ship. A full discussir)n of the authorship will
be found in W. (!'ha])peirs ' Collection of Na-
tional Airs,' pp. 83, 93 ; W. Chappell's ' Popu-
lar Music of the Olden Time,'ii. 691 ; and in
a series of articles by W. H. Cummings in the
* Musical Times 'from March to August 1878. ,
Carey had a gt'nuino vein of playful fancy,
whicli makes his burlesques stilf amusing,
though the admirabh* * Sully in our Allev ' is ,
his l>est known p<»rformance. A portrait by
"SVorsdale was engraved bv Faber (1729). '
He was great-grandfather, W his son G. S.
Cartw, of P]dmund Kean.
[Rees's CydopaKlia (art. * Carey,' by Bnmey);
Hawkins s Hitt. of Music (1853), 827 (with por-
trait by Worsdale); Gent Mag. for 1796, pt. ii.
544, 907, 091; 1836, pt. i. 594, pt ii. 141, 369; j
Notes and Queries, let scriei, vii. 95, xii. 103 ;
2Dd series, ii. 413, vii. 64, ix. 126; 6th series,
ix. 160. 180; Genest's History of the Stage, ii«
558, 559, iii. 81, 355, 468, 471, 482, 647, 585,
X. 258 ; Biog. Dramatica ; Clark's Words of Pieees
... at the Glee Club (1814); Cox's Anecdotes
of J. C. Smith; Bowles's Life of Ken, ii. 288;
Grove's Diet of Music (arts. * Carey ' and ' Ood
save the King ').] H S.
CAREY, JAMES (1845-1888), Fenian
and informer, was son of Francis Carey, a
bricklayer, who came from C!elbridge, in
Kildare, to Dublin, where his son was bom
in James Street in 1845. He also was a
bricklayer, and for eighteen years continued
in the employment of Mr. Michael Meade,
builder, Dublin, lie then commenced busi-
ness on his own account as a builder at
DenziUe Street, Dublin. In this venture
he was successful ; he became the leading
spokesman of his trade and obtained several
lar^ building contracts. During all this
period Carey was engaged in a national-
ist conspiracy, but to outward appearance
he was one of the rising men of Dublin.
It is curious to learn that at the moment
when Carey was a leading spirit in the con-
spiracy for the emancipation of Ireland he
was making money by subletting a large
number of tenement houses, which he rented
from his former employer and relet to the
poor. Every one believed in his piety and
public spirit; there was hardly a society
of the popular or religfious kind of which he
did not become a member, and at one time
he was spoken of as a possible lord mayor.
In 1882 he was elected a town councillor of
Dublin, not on political grounds, but, as he
himself said, * solely- for the good of the work-
ing men of the city.' Al^ut 1861 he had
ioined the Fenian conspiracy, and soon after
became treasurer of the * Irish republican
brotherhood.' This band held court-martiab
and passed sentences, but up to 1879 in-
formers only were attacked. In 1881 Uie
conspirators, one of whose sections as-
sumed the title of the Invincibles, estab-
lished their headquarters in Dublin, and
Carey took an oath as one of the leaders.
The object of the Invincibles was 'to remove
all t vrants from the country,' and several at-
tempts, but without success, were made to as-
sassinate Earl Cow]>er and Mr. W. E. Forster.
'No. 1 ,' the secret head of the association, then
gave orders to kill Mr. Thomas Henry Burke
Lq. v.], the Under-Secretary to the lord-lien-
tenant, and on 6 May 1882 nine of the cons^
rators proceeded to the Phcenix Park, where
Carev, while sitting on a jaiintingHsar, pointed
out Mr. Burke to the others, who at once
attacked and killed him with knives, and at
the same time also despatched Lord Frederick
OaTendieh [q. v.], tbo newly appiint^d cliief
secretsfy, wno hiipppned to be wallfiiig witli
Mr. Burke. Fnr d long tima no clue could
b* found to iheperjielratora of the set; but
on 13 Jnn. 1883 Carpy was arrested in hia
own bouse, and, ■with sixteen other persons,
charged with a conspiracy to murder public
ofEeuls. Whfn arrested hp was erecting a
inuTtiuuy chapel in the Soath Dublin Union,
■nd itiH worK WB3 then carried on bj his
Other, Peter Carey. OniaFeb.CareytumBd
Mi's e^dence, betrayed the complete de-
ls of the Fenian organisation and of the
in the Phffinii Park, and by his evi-
___, . a the means of causing the public ei-
ccntion of five of his late aeeociales. His life
hang in (treat danger, ha was secretly, with
IiiB wife and family, put on board the Ein-
fkune Caxlle, bminj for the Cape, and sailed
on « July under the name of Power. The
Zatincibles, howi'ver, discovered the secret,
and »ent on board the sume ship a person
««lled Patrick O'Donnell, a bricklayer. He
followed his Tictiui on board the Melrose in
the ^■oynge (rom Cape Town to Natal, and
when the ve*ael was twelve miles off Cape
Vacca*, on 29 Jxdy 1883, shot Carey dead.
O't^nnell was broucht to England and tried
for an ordinarymunfprjwithout any reference
to bb Fpnian connection, and being found
piilty was executed at Newgate on I" Dec,
without making any statement as to his as-
' 1 theplanning-ofthemurder. Carey
n 1861J Margaret M 'Kenny, who
llMVerat children surrived him.
(Fall Hall Gazette. 31 July 1S83. pp. 10-12 ;
I^M, I arjii 3 Deer. 1883; Annual Bcgister,
1883, pp. 182-8; Graphic, inrii. 200, 278, witli
I-.rtniit«, iind ixTlii. 112. with portrait (1883);
lUiiiirKi'-i! London Nuws, luiii. 103, withjpor-
imii (18M3).l G, C. B.
CABEY, JOHN, third Lord IltTNeiioB
(■/. P«J7i. second son of Henry, first lord
ii,._..i,,., r.| v.], was depiitv warden of the
lif," under his fallier.and marshal
'. Iieru he proclaimed James I king
I NiiTHOie,jrVc^*iMM,i.60),when
- 1 r Robert. Cawy [q. v.] rodo north-
unnU <Mdj The news ilf Queen Elizabeth's
death. Hew8SRiiJchi>»teemedbyJBinesI,and
ftp|M*arB to liHve conduct^ some diplomatic
liu'ini--- ti'twenn thinking and Queen Eliza-
. His brother
i.' Mn^itTOt
ii-ikl memoirs, and always with
\: lie h.1'1 UitlM to thank "him for
'liriffi made ftir (he p»s-
!i . On the deathof his
■ liird Hunsdnn [q. v.],
>< succeeded to the title
of Leonard Hyde of ThrockingiHertford
, and,dyiag in April 161", left bahindtwo sons,
Henry find Charles, of whom the elduTiHenry,
' succeeded to the title, and became sabse-
I quently Yiscount Rochibrt and Earl uf Dover.
I [Memoir* of Sir Robert Carey; Nichols^
ProBrsBsea of King JsmeB I; Banks's Dormant
and lilxtinct finranage ; Calendar of State Papan,
i Scotland. 1800-1603.] A. J.
! CABEY, JOHN, LL.D. (1756-1828),
classical schcdnr, brother of Matbew Carey,
onlhor of the ' Vindicito Hihemicw,' [q. v.],
and of William Paulet Carey [q.T,], was bom
inlrelandinl766. At the age of twelve he was
sent to finish his education in a French uni-
versity. He spent some time in the United
States aboutl 789, and afterwards passed many
rears in London as a teacher of the classics,
French, and shorthand. Hedied at Prospect
naee, Lambeth, 8 Dec, 18-26. from calculus,
the last years of his life baring t>MD em-
bittered by distressing complaints.
Carey was editor of the early numbers
of the 'School Hagaiine,' published by
Phillips, and a frequent contributor to the
' Monthlr ' and ' Gentleman's ' magazines.
In the form^ journal in 1803 he made a
BUg^tion for enabling persons on ahore to
f^ve assistance to distressed vessels by means
of shooting a wooden ball from a mortar, an
idea snbseqnently conceived and carried out
independently^ by Captain G. M. Manby, for
which invention Manby was reward«« by
government. Careybrought outanewedition
of Dryden's ' Virpl,' 1803, 3 vols. 8ro, and
ecain in IBIS; two editions of Ainsworth's
'Latin Dictionnry' in 4to, and five of the
abridgment of the same; the 'Gradus ad
Pamasaum' in 1824; the I^tin 'Common
Prayer ' in Bagater's polyglot edition ; • Ru-
perti Commentariua m Liviunt,' and a revi-
sion of Schleusner's ' New Testament Lexi-
con ' (1826). He likewise edited more than
filly volumes of the ' Regent Latin Classics '
published by Baldwin. He was the com-
5iler of the valuable ' General Index to the
lontbly Review from 1790 to lfiia'(3volB.
1818), and translated BitAubi^'a ' BatAvians,'
Mndomn de Stall's ' Young Emigronls,'
Lebmen'a 'Leiters on Switzerland,' and
others. In 1810 he published a story for
children called 'Learmng better tlinnIlou8«
and Land,' which went through several edi-
tions, His sdiool-books were popular in
their day anil fi-enerally praised for accnrncy
and sebolnrlv qualities. Among them are ;
1. 'Latin rtosody made E*ey,* 1800,; naw
Carey
74
Carey
edition 1812. 2. * Practical English Prosody
and Versification/ 1809. 8. * Alphabetic
Key to the Propria qu8B maribus/ 1812.
4. * Introduction to English Composition and
Elocution/ 1817. 6. ^Clavis Metrico-Vir-
firiliana/ 1818. 6. * Eton Latin Prosody
illustrated/ 1818. 7. 'Greek Terminations/
1821. 8. * Latin Terminations/ 1821. He
published also a small volume of poems,
with a portrait prefixed.
[Koso's Biog. Diet. ; Biog. Diet, of Living Au-
thors (1816), p. 64; Webb's Compendium of Irish
Biography (1878), p. 73; Watt's Bibl. Brit.;
London Catal. of Books from 1814-46; Boase '
and C!ourtney'8 Bibl. Cornubiensis, i. 68 ; private '
information.] C. W. S.
CAREY, MATIIEW (1760-1839),
bookseller, was bom at Dublin 28 Jan. 17G0,
the son of a prosperous baker. He was a
dull boy, but became a voracious reader of
novels and romances. At about fifteen years
of age he was apprenticed to a bookseller ; at
seventeen he produced his first essay, pub-
lished in the ' Hibernian Journal,' on duel-
ling. In 1779 he wrote a pamphlet urging
the repeal of the penal code against catholics.
A prosecution was threatened, and Carev
was put on board the Holyhead packet with
a litue money and a letter of introduction to
Franklin. Carey remained with^Dr. Franklin
in Paris for some months, and subsequently
for a short period with the younger Didot.
He returned to Dublin, and conducted for
some time the 'Freeman's Journal.' In 1783
his father gave him the means of establishing
a paper of his own, * The Volunteer's Journal/
wnich soon acquired a very decided influence
on public opimon, suiting the heated temper
of the time. At length (April 1784) pro-
ceedings were taken against the proprietor,
who was thrown into prison. He was also
charged with a libel on the Irish premier,
John Foster. On being released from prison
at the end of the parliamentary session, with
an ex-officio information still hanging over
his head, he disposed of his newspaper, and
sailed for Philadelphia.
From a fellow-passenger who had letters of
introduction to Lafayette, the latter learned
that *Carey the persecuted printer' had arrived
by the same boiat. Lafayette now provided
him with sufficient means to enable him to
start in business. Forty years later, when La-
fayette visited America, Care^' repaid the 400
dollars. Carey immediately issued proposals
for establishing the ' Pennsylvania Herald.'
The first number was issued on 25 Jan. 1785.
In August he undertook reportinffthe de-
bates in the House of Assenibly. This was
80 well done, that it gave an advantage for
his paper over all competitors. Carey fought
his only duel with another journalist^ and &
wound laid him up for more than a year.
In October 1786 he began, in partnership with
others, the ' Columbia Magazine.' He soon
withdrew, and in January 1787 issued the
first number of the 'American Museum/
which became very popular, but did not pay,
and was discontinued at the end of 1792.
About this time Carey married Miss Flahavan«
He now started a bookselling and printing
business. In 1793 he sat on the committee
of health appointed in consequence of an out-
break of yellow fever. About the same time
he started an association called the Hibernian
Society for the Relief of Emigrants firom
Ireland, of which he was secretary for many
years. In 1796 he helped to form a Sunday
school society,^ which he alleges to be the
first started in America. About this time
William Cobbett was actively employed in
Philadelphia. He had a paper war with
Carey, of which specimens wAl be found in
Peter Porcupine's works ; in * A Plumb-
Pudding for the Humane, Chaste, Valiant,
Enlightened Peter Porcupine, by his obliged
friend, Mathew Carey; ' and in * The Porcu-
Einiad, a Hudibrastic Poem,' in which Carey
as versified some of Cobbett's paragraphs
with very little verbal alteration. In 1798
Carej repudiated the charge of being a
* United irishman.'
Carey published American editions of
Guthrie's * Geography' and Goldsmith's 'Ani-
mated Nature/ and in 1801 a quarto Bible.
From 1802 to 1805 Carey was a director of
the Bank of Pennsylvania. Among his other
enterprises was the attempt to establish an
annual book fair on the plan of that at Leip-
zig, to be held alternately at New York and
Philadelphia. It was discontinued after a
few years' trial. Carey's position now en-
abled him to influence many public ques-
tions. In 1814 he published ^The Olive
Branch, or Faults on both sides, Federal and
Democratic, &c.' Ten editions were struck
ofl* in little more than three years. Carev
had always the wrongs of Ireland on his
mind. On reading G^win's 'Mandeville/
in which the alleged atrocities of 1641 aie
largely illustrated, he at once sat down to
prepare a work vindicating the Irish firom
sucn charges. After much labour and ex-
pense he published in 1819 * Vindicin Hiber-
nicae, or Ireland vindicated. An attempt to
develop and expose a few of the multifEuious
errors and falsehoods respecting Ireland in the
histories of May, Temple, Wliitelock, Borlase,
Rushworth, Clarendon, Cox, Carte, Leland,
Warner, [Catherine] Macamay, Humeu and
others/ No sooner was this labcmr off his
bands than Coivy beguu to appear m a politi
c»l ecoDomi«t. lie advocated {jfotection for
Ajnpriciui native Industiy, and produced
nuin^ tracts in suppcrt of his theonee. U"
usociBlpd with eome other Philadelphi
citixens in the formation of a societj for the
omotionof national industry, which helped
.circuliit« his pamphlets gratuitousty .
iOu«y retired from buaineHS in 1824.
the latter portiiMi of his life he con-
^o take active part in works of public
charity nnd utility, in promoting education,
and the construclion of roada, canals, and
ot^er public works. In 183d he made the
liberal offer of endowing a chair of political
etnnomy in the iinirersity of Maryland,
which was, however, not accepted. His
death occurred in September 1839. Besides
tlie •bove-meotioned, Carey publiahed a se-
D of pieces in prose and veree, which had
IjF appeared in the ' Columbia Magaiioe ; '
Short Account of the Maliirnant Fever
lyprevalent in Philadelphia' (1793); 'Es-
lon Political Economy'(18i2);'ThoughtH
on Penitentiaries and Prison DiscipQne'
{1S31) i ' Letters on the Colonization Society'
(which reached a twelfth edition in 1838):
' female Wages and Female Oppression '
i); and a host of tracts and otheiephe-
writinKB, the mere titles of which
fbnr aosely printed pages in Sabin's
of Books relating to America'
_. He was father of Henry C.
r, well known as an American econo-
Jffaw England Magazine, v. 403, 489, vi. GO
^S7, aOO 400, vii. 61, 14S, 239, 330, 401
(sDtubiognLphical) ; Hnnt's Mervhaal't
-KS«, 1839, f. 429 : Duyckincrs Cyrlo. of
J, Utstature, i. f. GG7 ; American Alma-
;, 1B4I, f. 37fi; Niles's Rerrist«r. ix. 345,
T. 837 : Porcupine's Works, it. 53, x. fi9, 60 ;
JatiaOD'i The Stis^r in America (ISOT), 418,
410; 'WLUiamCobbett.abiogTBpbj(lH7B); One
Handled Yeaa of Fobliahing, ITSS-lSSfi.]
E. S.
CARET, PATRICK. [See Cabi.]
CAKEY, ROBERT, first EiEL 09 MoK-
HODXB ( l5bOP-1639), seventh and youngest
ionofneiiryCarey,fir3tbrd-HunBdonrq.T.],
e bom about 1560, forhe stal«s that he was
sixty-three years of age ' when he fol-
Prince Charles to Spain in 1623 {Me-
t,-pATi7). At the opi of seventeen he ac-
^imied SirThomai* Layton in hia embassy
ja Netbtidands, and fo ury ears I ater formed
Jt of tht^ suite stint by Etitabclh to att«nd
ESuke of AlvD^on wnen he undertook the
it of the LowOountrins. In 1586,
a the pajliaments of 156S and 1593,
awuy from court with the Earl of Ouroberlaud
to take part in the att«ropt.H to relieve Sluys, •
and spent a few mouths iu active military sei^
vice. In the next year he served against tha
Spanish armada as a gentleman volunteer.
It is stated by Park that Carey's portrait
was among those of the English commanders
in the tapestry of the House of Lords. In
Essex's expedition to Normandy in 1591
Carey commanded first a troop and then a
regiment, and took part in the siegeof Rouen.
But it was rather as a courtier than a soldier
that be distinguished himself, although Lloyd
speaks of his ' uncourtly t«;inper,' and asserts
that hia shore of the family candour pre-
vented his success (State Worthiet, p. 704).
' I lived iu court,' says Carey, ' had small
means of my friends, and yet God go blessed
me that 1 was ever able to keep company
with the best. In all triumphs I was one ;
either at tilt, tourney, or barners, in masque
or balls ; I kept men and horses far abovs
my rank, and so continued a long time.' Iu
short, as his cousin, the Earl of Suffolk, after-
wards toid James I, ' there was none in the
queen's court that lived in a better fashion
tnan he did ' {^Memoin, p. 146). What most
distinguished him, however, was that ' he
exceeded in making choice of what he woro
to be handsome and comely.' These charac-
teristics recommended him to the notice and
favour of James I when he attended Wal-
singham into Scotland (1583). ' It pleased
the king at that time to take such a liking
of me,' as he wrote earnestly to the queen
at our return to give me leave to coma back
to him again, to attend him at his court,
assuring her majesty I should not repent
my attendance ' {ib. p. 7). For tbis reason
Carey was chosen to explain to James Eliza-
beth's innocence of Mary's execution, but he
was not allowed even to cross the border.
On two subsequent occasions, however, in
1589 and 1593, he proved a more successful
negotiator. Essex found Carey's skilful in-
terce^ion effective with Elizabeth when nil
his friends in court and all her council could
not move her trom her resolution to recall
him from Normandy <I691). For this ser-
vice ho knighted Carey, and told him that
' when he hod need of one to plead for him
he would never use any other orator' (iS.
E. 28-33). About 1593 Carey married Eliea-
th, daughter of Sir Hugh Trevanniou ; she
appears to have been the widow of soma
member of the family of Widdrington. She
brought him verv little luimey, and ' the
queen was mightily olfended ' with him for
marrying (ib.^. ■'il). He regained her favour
only after ' a stormy and terrible encountw,'
Carey
76
Carey
l>j means of an ingenious excuse, a courtly
device, and an important piece of service (A£<-
moirs, pp. 51-6). For the last ten years of
Eliiftbetn's reijjTi Carey was employed in the
government of the border, of wticn he gives
in his ' Memoirs ' a very graphic description.
In the first place he was appointed by Lord
Scrope deputy-warden of the west marches
(1593), and after that by bis father. Lord
Hunfldon, deputy-warden of the east marches
and captain of Korham Castle (1595). On
the death of Lord Hunsdon in the summer
of 1596 he succeeded to his father's post,
althoug-h it waa not formally granted him
till -iO Nov. 1597 (tW. 8. 'P. Dom.) In
""February 1598 he was superseded by Lord
Willoughhy (Bbktib, Five Generations of a
' Loyal Kiime, p. 3:J4), but, after a little delay,
accepted the office of warden of the middle
march, which he held until the occeaeion of '
James I. In the parliaments of 1597-8 and
1601berepre8onted^rthumberland{29May
1598, Apiil 1603, Dotle). In March 1603 ,
•Carey made a flying visit to the court, and ■
thnsbecame a spectator of Eliiaheth's last ill- I
ness, which he carefully observed and de- .
scribed. lie speedily became alarmed for bis '
own fortunes, remembering tiat most of his
livelihood depended on her life. At the same
time he called to mind the favour with which
the King of Scots bad treated him, and de-
termined to inform him at once of the queen's
.state. ' I did assure myself it was neither '
unjust nor unhonest for me to do for myself, ^
if Uod at that time should call lier to his
mercy' {Memtiin, p. 118). Accordingly, on
19Marchl603amesBengepfrom Carey arrived
at Edinburgh ' to give King James assurance
that the queen could not outlive three days
at most, and that he stayed only at court to
brine them the first news of her death, and 1
had horses placed all the way to make him
speed in his post ' ( CoTTe^onS^wxof Jama VI
with Sir Robert Cecil, Camden Society, p.
49). Elizabeth died early on the morning '
of the 24th, and Carey, in spite of the pro- 1
hibition of the council, started about nine,
and by hard riding reached Holyrood late
on the 26th. His conduct in thus hastening '
to make profit out of the death of his kins-
woman and benefactress has been deservedly
censured. 'It hath set so wide a mark of
ingratitude on him,' writes Weldon, ' that it
wul remain to posterity a greater blot than
the honour he obtained afterwards will ever
wipe out' {^Secret Hifiory of the Court of
James I, i. 314). James rewarded Carey by
appointing him one of the ^ntlemen of his |
bedchamber, hut on the km^'s coming to
England he was discharged trom that post
and disappointed in the promises made to
him. This wag probably canaed by the re-
presentation addressed to the king by the
council, in which Carey's conduct wm stig-
matised as ' contrary to such commandmenta
as we hod power to lay upon him, and to all
decency, good manners, and respect ' (Lttter
^ the Council, 24 March, quoted by Oirery).
Fortunately, however, Lady Carey obtained
a post in the queen's household, and soon
after obtained the charge of Prince Charles.
Carey succeeded in eefling the life g|OTem-
ment of Norham for 6,000/., his wife ob-
tained a suit worth ^,0001., his daughter
became one of the maids of honour to tlie
Princess Eliiabeti, and he himself governor
of the household of Prince Charles (23 Feb.
1605). \Vhen, in 1611, that prince obtained
a larger establishment, Carey, after a stmgKla
with Sir James FuUarton, succeeded in be-
comin ghiamaeteroftherobes, remarking that,
if he had skill in anything, he thought he could
tellhowtoraakegoodclotheB. W^enCharlea
wascreated Prince of Wales, Carey became his
chamberlain (8 March 1617, S. P. Dom., xc
105^, and at length, on 6 Feb. 1622,waBcre-
ateo llaron of Leppington. In the following
year he was appointed to follow Prince Charles
to Spain, in charge of the servants sent after
him by James. When Charles ascended the
tbrone,Carey was consoled for the loss of his
chamberlainship by the grant of fee fanna,
rents in perpetuity to the value of 600/. a year,
and by beingereated earl of Monmouth (7'Feb,
1626). With his attainment of the height of
a courtier's ambition Carey closes his ' Me-
moirs.' Hisdeathtookplaceonl2Aprill639
(certificate of John Byley, Bluemantle, OaL
S. P. Dom.) Carey's ' Memoirs ' were first
Suhlished in 1759 by the Earl of Cork and
irrery. Walpole, in his ' Royal and Noble
Authors,' had urged their printing, and Birch
had published in 1749 the portion relating
to the death of Queen Elizabeth (Hittorieal
View of the Negotiations from 1592 to 1617).
' A fourth edition, with notes by Sir Walter
I Scott, was printed in 1808.
I [Mamoica. ed. 1808; Walpolo's Koyal and
I Noble Authors, ed. Park ; CalDadai of Donuslic
StatePaperBiDoyle'sOflkialBaronagB. Theyst
uncaloDdered portion of the Cecil Papers contain*
several of Carey's letters ; there are others in the
Border Papers in the Record Office. Lloyd pves
a short notice of Carey in his State Worthies;
Cnmpion has an epigmm on him ; and some d*-
taile with respect to his Spaniah Journey may be
gathered from Wynne's Brief Kelation of tha
Jouniey of the Pnnce's Servants into Spain.l
I C. H. F.
CABET, VALENTINE (d: 1696). [Sm
Cabt.]
CARET, WTLLLVJtf, D.U. (1701-1834),
orieutalist und mi«slotiarT,wiiBl>oni 17 Aug.
1761a t P&ular^ury.NorthamptoiiBliire.wliere
his &ther, Edmund Carey, kept a small free
ftcbool, to the educational benefit of the boy.
At fourteen be was apprenticed to a ehoe-
loaher at Hacklelon , and becoming religiously
affected joined the baptist connexion in ITaS.
In 1786 be was chosen minister of the baptist
emij^eation at MoiJton. He bad hiteiy
mamed, on so slender an income that meat
was a raritv at bistable. Ilewas now work-
ing at GrMB, Latin, and Hebrew, chiefly with
a view lo the interpretation of the ecrip-
tUTva. After boldins a ministry at Leicester
Iram 1780 he joined in the movement which
ciilmiDAtcd in the formation of tUe Baptist
Missionary Society, and was (with a Mr.
Slionuui) diosen to be tte first baptist mis-
tu India. Carey and his family and
lU atrived in Bengal early in 1794, and
my discoyered that Calcutta was not the
jt for a needy missionary to live in. The
nfundatheyhadbrougbtswiflly vanished,
S kbBoIutely destitute they set out iu an
n boat to seek for a refuge. They found
IT tt forty miles' voyage in tbe house of
_Ejb. Short, wbo afterwards married Mrs.
Ckl^S sister. At first the missionary's in-
tonUon waa to make his living by farming :
bat on btang ofil^red t!ie aiipenntendence of
Sir. Udneys indigo factory near Maldah he
gladly accepl«d tne post. Els letters home
at this period express his distress at the post'
ponement of hia evougelisinff mission, owing
to the diiTiculties pre&enled by tbe various
languages and dialects spoken in Bengal.
Cki«y*et himself with determination to over-
ooiDD ibis obstacle. In 1795 be established
■ churcb uear tbe factory, and there be
preached in the vernacular. After five years'
work at Maldah, varied by journeys to Bhu-
tan and Dinajpiir, Carey removed to Seram-
piir, a Danish colony, where tlie Danish go-
vernor encouraged the misaionaries, as the
East India Company, for political rea«ous,
was unabla to do. The baptist miasionary
taFlablislun(>ut ofSerompuT, afterwards famous
Ibr ita activi' influence, consisted in 1799 of
y and three young missionaries, together
h thnir families. A school and printing-
« tbe first requiait«s, and a bible in
ivtiB at oncti put in hand and duly
"appeari'il, logptber with other veraiona of the
wTiptim-s. in Mabratta, Tamil ; in altogether
tW'-niy-eis languages, beaidea numerous phi-
l.i|i..-u-ril iT.irks. In ISO! Carey was appointed
' Sanskrit, Bengili, and Mnhratta
'■jtrndedcoilegeofFort William,
c the iiursiiit of lingiiiatica and
da MaJirat "
fo r it* act
HQmvand
■githou
jLj; theiiui
ulJithen a
1805. and opened a mission chapel iu Calcutta
in the same year. There was, however, a
strong feeling against over-neaJoua prosely-
tising as a political danger, and Carey was
cautioned to abstain from preaching or dia-
tTibuting tracts for a while, ahbougb the go-
vernment assured him that they were ' well
satisfied with the character and deportment '
of his missionaries, against whom ' Uiere wer»
no complaintfi.* In spite of such official curbs
the mission grew steadily, and in 1814 had
twenty stations in India. Dr. Carey— he had
now received the diploma of D.D.— actively
superintt^nded tbe work of the mission and
its pre.^. Besides the Indian versions of tho
scriptures, in which he took a vignroua part,
be published griimmnrs of Mabratta ('1806),
Sanskrit (ISOii), Punjabi (1812), Telmga.
(1814), Bhotanla (182SP); dictionaries of
Mabratta (1810), Bengali (I^!18,3 vols. : 2ud
ed. 1826 i 3rd ed. 1827-30), BLoUnta (1826),
and had prepared materials for one of all
Sanskrit-tterived languages ; but theee were
deatroyed in a fire wtiich occurred in 1812 at
the press at Serampiir. He also edited tbe
' Ramayana,' in 3 vols., 1809-10, and hia
friend Dr. Roihurgb's ' Flora Medica,' for he
was an excellent botanist, &c. After being
weakened by many attadis of fever he waa
sttQck with apopleiyJitly 1833, and lingared
in a feeble state tUl 9 June 1834. He woe
thrice married, and left three sons, one of
whom was Feiix Carey [q, y.]
1836.] S. L,-P.
CABEY,WHJjIAM(1769-1846),biahop
of Exeter and St. Asaph, was bom on 18 Nov.
1769. Hia success in life was due to tha
kindness of Dr. Vfaicent, through whose aid
be was admitted into Westminster School,
where he ultiroat«ly passed through every
grade imtil ho became its head. In 1784 lie
was elected a king's scholar, in 1788 he
became the captain of the school, and in
tbe following year he was elected to Chriat
Church, Oxford, which was at that time
presided over by Cyril Jackson. He took
the degfoe of M.A. in 1796. and became a
totor of his house, wh«re he also filled tha
office of censor fh>m 1798 to 1802. Whila
connected with Oxford life be held tbe in-
ciimliency of tbe neighbouring church of
Oowley, and near the close of hia academical
career, in 1801. he was nominated one of the
preachers at Whitehall Chapel. The pre-
iwudal staU of Enaresborougb-cum-Bickliill
in York Cathedral was conferred upon him
in 1804, and his connection with thenorthem
Carey
78
Carey
province was strengthened by his being in-
stituted to the vicarage of Sutton-in-the-
Forest. Through the influential and zealous
support of his old Oxford friend, Cyril Jack-
son — a support whicli outweighed the oppo-
sition of many who desired an older man —
Carey was appointed to the head-mastership
of Westminster School in January 1803, and
discharged its duties with great efficiency
until his retirement in December 1814. He
proceeded to the degree of B.D. in 1804, and
to that of D.D. in 1807. The honourable
post of sub-almoner to the king was given to
nim in 1808, and in March 1809 he received
a piece of preferment equally honourable and
more lucrative, a prebend at Westminster.
On resigning his position at his old school
he withdrew to his country living, residing
there until 1820, when he was called to
preside over the diocese of Exeter. His
consecration took place on 12 Nov. 1820,
and on the previous day he was installed a
prebendary of his cathedral. The administra-
tion of the diocese by the former occupant
of the see had not been marked by an excess
of zeal, and the energy with which Carey
threw himself into his new labours was much
praised. At Exeter he remained for ten
years, when he was translated to the wealthier
bishopric of St. Asaph, being elected to his
new see on 12 March 1830 and confirmed on
7 April. He died at his house in Portland
Place, London, on 13 Sept. 1846, but his
body was carried into Wales and buried in
the churchyard of St, Asaph Cathedral on
2 Oct. 1846. A monument to his memory
was erected in his cathedral.
Carey was the author of three sermons
long since forgotten, but his name is preserved
in his munificent benefaction of 20,000/.
Consols for tlie better maintenance of such
baclielor students of Christ Church, dulv
elected from Westminster School, as, ' having
tlieir own way to make in the world,* shall
attend the divinity lectures and prepare
themselves for holy orders. A second gift
to his old school was of a different character.
This was a new set of scenery for the West-
minster play modelled on the lines of its
predecessor, which had been designed by
Athenian Stuart. Carev's scenery was in use
for fifty years, from 1808 to 1858.
[Welch'sWestmi nstor School (Phi 11 i more's ed. ),
pp. 418, 428, 456, 636 ; Forshall's Westminster
School, pp. 125, 301-3. 470; Olivers Bishops of
Exeter, pp. 166-7 ; Career of Admiral John
Markham, p. 14; Gent. Mag. 1846, pt. ii. pp.
533-4, 661 ; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. vii. 205
(1865).] W. P. C.
CABEY, WILLIAM PAULET (1759-
1839), art critic, brother of John and Mathew
Carey fcj. v.], was bom in Ireland in 1759. He
began life as a painter and ufterwards became
an engraver. He did the copperplates in
Geoffrey Gambado's (H. Bunbury's) * Annals
of Horsemanship,' Dublin, 1792, and seye-
ral plates in a collection of ethical maTiTna
Sublished by E. Grattan in Dublin. He
iscontinued the practice of his profession
owing to an accident to his eyes, but he re-
tained a great love for the arts. For more
than fifty years his pen was employed in
advocating the claims of modem and national
art, most of his writings bein^ distributed
gratuitously. He was one of t ne first to re-
cognise the genius of (}hantrey, the sculptor,
in the < Sheffield Iris' in 1805. He was
proud of having brought James Montgomery,
the poet, into prominence, and in later years
he wrote letters in the Cork and Dublin
papers which had the effect of attracting at-
tention to the work of Hogan, the sculptor.
He is said to have been a United Irishman.
In 1806 he wrote a pamphlet in defence of
the Princess of Wales ; in 1820 he pub-
lished two other pamphlets, 'The Conspi-
racies of 1806 and 1813 against the Princess
of Wales linked with the atrocious conspi-
racies of 1820 against the Queen of Eng-
land,' and ' The Present Plot showed by the
Past,' &c. Gn the cover of the latter he
advertised a work in two volumes on the
same subject. He was a dealer in pictures,
prints, and other works of art, and was one
of the principal persons consulted by Sir
J. F. Leicester, anerwards Lord De Tabley,
in the formation of his gallery. For several
years he had an establishment in Marvle-
bone Street, London. In the exercise or his
calling he visited many towns, and finally
settled in Birmingham about 1834. In that
year he contributed to the 'Analyst,' a
quarterlv journal issued in that town. He
died at Birmingham 21 May 1839, aged 80.
The list of his separate writings on art is
as follows : 1. ' Thoughts on the best mode
of checking the Prejudices against British
Works of Art,' York, 1801, 8vo. 2. 'A
Critical Description of the Procession of
Chaucer's PilgrmM to Canterbury,' painted
by Stothard, Lond. 1808, 8vo ; second edi-
tion 1818. 3. 'Letter to J. A. (Colonel
Anderdon), a C]!onnoisseur in London,' Man-
chester, 1809, 12mo. 4. 'Cursory Thoughts
on the Present State of the Fine Arts,'
Liverpool, 1810, 12mo. 5. ' Recommendar
tion of the Stained Glass Window of the
Transfiguration for St. James's Church,
Westminster,' 1815. 6. ' Memoirs of Barto-
lozzi,' in the 'European Magaiine,' vols.
IxviL and IxviiL 1815. This ran thiongh
six numbers, but was not finished. 7. 'Griti-
r»l Description and AtittMlcal Kevieivs of
De&lh upon tha falo Ilorw,' paiuled bj
Benjamin Wost, 1817, 8to. An edition wna
KbUstied Kt Philadelphia in 1836. 8. 'A
scriptive Calaliurue of a Cnllection of
FaintingB by Britisli Artists in the poBses-
eiaa at Sir John Fleming Leiceeter,' 1819,
8ro. 9. ' DMultor; Exposition of nn Anti-
Britiih System of fncendiary Publication,'
&C. 1819,Sto. 10. 'AddendnioH.neveley'8
Kolicw illnstTBtive of ibe Musters,' 1820.
11. 'Memoirs of B. Weat,R.A.,'in'Colburn'a
New Monthly MagMire,* 1820. 12. 'Vsris:
Historical uWrvstions on Anti-Britisliand
Anti-Contemporanian Pr^udices,' &c, 182ii,
8vo. 13. ' Patronage of &i«U Geniue,' Dub-
lin, 1823, 8vo. 14, ' Critical Catalogue of
the Venrille Collection,' 1823. 15. "The
JKMional Obsmcle to the National Public
Style considered,' 182ri, 8vo. 10. 'Some
MeinMra of ilie Pulronsee and Progress of
the Fine Arte in England , . . with Anec-
dotes of Lord De Table;,' 1820. 8vo, pp. 361.
17. ■ Syllabus of a C^ourse of Six Historical
L(*tiirea on the Arts of Design,' Glasgow,
1828. 18. ' Appeal to the Directors of the
Koyal Irish Institution,' Dublin, 1828, 8ro.
19. ' Oheervolicms on the Primary Object of
tile British Inslilution for the Promotion of
the Fine Arts.' Newcastle, 1829. 20. ' Brief
Ri^iiurks on the Antt-Briliah Effect of In-
oonsidente Criticism on Modem Art and
theBihibitionsofthe Li vingBritieh Artiste,'
London, 1831, 8to. 21. 'RidolS's Critical
hetten,' Leeds, 1831. 29. ' Ridolfi'a Criti-
cal Letters on the Style of William Etty.'&C,
Nottingbam, 1838. 23. ' Lorenio's (>itieal
Lvtters on the First Exhibition of the Wor-
cester Institution,' second series. Worcester,
1834, 4to. A third series was issued in the
foUowmg year. 24. ' Syllabus of Tarioue
Lectures on the Fine Arts.' An unfinished
work of his was a, ' Life of Alderman John
Boydell,' which was projected to fill two
n^ quarto volumes.
One of his dsughlers, Eliiabetb Sheridon
Oarey. wrote a volume of poems called ' Ii-y
Leaves,' privately printed in 1837. She
joiued the Homao catholic church.
(W, Bates iu Notes and Qnsries, 4th ser. v.
IB! ; Oeiit. Mag. Febmorr 1S42, p. 130: Webb's
Cniop. of Irish Bion. (ISiS). p. 73 ; Allibone's
Diet, iit Anthnn; Hnilnod and Everett's Mem.
of Judo Monl^merj, ii. 40, 73. 102. iii. 355;
I. Holland's Mrmorinls of Chnntrey. p. 192;
UaJMiMl Caial. of Books oa Art, 1S70, 1 229,
Sappl. p. 125; private information.]
C. w. a.
CAEaiLL,ANN (1748P-1764). actress
tmi TOCali«t, made as Miss Browji her first
« in London at Corent Garden in I
E
1770, playing Sallv in Qeorpie Colmon'a
comedy ' Man nnd t\'il'e.' During her stay
at Covent Garden, which lasted until 1780,
she was the original Cliirs in the * Duenna '
of Sheridan (21 Not, 1776), and toolt some
primary rale/i in comic opera and burletta, and
many secondary ruten in Cflmudy, On 2 Sept.
1780 she played at the Haymarket, as Mrs.
UargiU, late Miss Brown, the Goddess of
Heith in the ' Genius of Nonsense ' of her
manager, George Colman. Conspicuous suc-
cess attended ner performance at the soma
theatre, 8 Aug. 178l,of Mocheath, in a repre-
sentation of the ' Beggar's Opera,' in which
the male characters were sustained by women,
and the female characters fay men. Mrs. Car-
gill also performed Patie in Ramsay's 'Q^ntle
Shepherd ' (29 Oct. 1781 ), Marinetta in Tiok-
ell's' Carnival of Venice' (13 Dec. 1781),
and Damon in 1783 in the ' Chaplet,' Mrs.
Cargill, who was short and thick in figure,
acted with singular spirit as Captain Mac-
heath. It is chronicled that her tremors upon
hearing the beli sound for execution moved
the audience to tears. In 1782 she went to
India, where she not only played her fa-
vourite operatic characters, ^ut attempted
tragedy with some success. A single benefit
is Hai<I to have brought her the tben ' as-
tonishing Slim of 12,000 rupees.' On her
relum home in 1781 the Nancy packet in
which she had taken her passage was lost.
Her body wiis foimd 'on the rodts of Scilly
floating in her shift,' with an infant in her
arms. Numerous portraits of Mrs. Cargill
were painted and engraved. Two engraving
were issued in 1776 after a picture by W,
Peters. Engraved portraits were aftarwards
published of her in her chief characters, in-
cluding Clara (1778), Miranda (1777), and
Polly (1777 and 1782).
[Genest'a Account oftheEngliah Stage ; Thes-
pian Dictionary; Doran's Their Majesties' Ser-
vants; Oibeny's Dranrntic Chronology ; YouD^B
Memoirs of Mrs. Crouch; information kiadly
snppliwl by Mr. W. Barclay Squire.] J. K,
CARQILL, DONALD, or, according to
some, DiNlEL (10I9?-1681). covenanting
preacher, was bom at Itattray in Perthshire
about 1619, studied at Aberdeen and St.
Andrews, and was ordained in 1655. He
became minister of the Barony parish in
Glasgow in the same year. From the first
he was a man of deep convictions and in-
tense fidelity to them, but he did not become
prominent till the time of the king's restora-
tion, when, on 29 Muy 1660, instead of join-
ing in public thanksgiving for the king's
restoration, he pronounced the event a pro-
found calamity, and denounced woe on the
Cargill So Carier
P^yalheadiorrneach^rry.ryraimT.ani Irchrry. Th-m w&a far inferior to that of his spoken
Carzill wi* deprive*! o: hi* benrdc*? and bi- disc^urs^.
^^ w£?^ u" J- ^^ 'H ^r"^ ""'^"^ '=^>-«'» Fasti Eccl. Scot ii. 39; Biogmphia
U Oct. 1«>^1' L H- d:*T^r:i:ried rhe «-n:eaee. iv^gv vwriana. voL ii. ; Howie s Scots Woithi«» ;
became a n^l i ^t^^Ut, and wa* e on^picM yi* w.>irVs Hist'DTy of the Suflbrings of the Church
for the earnestness wi:hwh;ch he drn^unc-^l c: Sco:Und; M'Criea Sloiy of the Scottish
the pre&bvterian m:ni?:ers wh> accep-f-i :he Charch.'i W. G. B.
Mndiilr^nce' in Iri?-. r»n l^J^ilv In? 4 ar.d
6 Axis. lr!:5 deor-e:s we:>ir pa^~-: a^-iir.*: him CARGILL, JA^klES (J. 1605), botanist,
for hoMioz c«**nven:;cle* an i otbrr orfrnc^. was a medical man resident at Aberdeen, who
In lt)79 htr tiX'k par: in :he barle of B-r-th- siuiied bi^tany and anatomy at Basle while
well Bridge, and was wri.unie'l. bur msie C*5f»irBauhin was professor of those sciences.
hi* escape ^xh then and tr:im oTber Jaarer* Bj'.iL:n. for whom a professorship was founded
i»_i 1-1 a--i _• "i •I*'-.-. . _/">i -11 - 1 1
drawin«r up a cel»:bra:ed j-aper ajain>: 'he spc-oivs oi fucus, together with his descrip-
govemmenr, kniivm a* the Qiiren*ferry r> tion* of them, is piven in Bauhin's * Prodro-
venant. He was also e»?norrRevl. al:n^ wi:h nius.' He aided Gesner in the same way, and
Cameron, in issiiiuir the Sanqvdiar dr>?lara- al*-.^ L'>bel lor Lobt^lius), who, inhis * Adver-
tion { '2'2 June lt>*0 1. and a reward was is*u-d saria " { IHOo ». refers to him as a philosopher,
for his appreht-nsion d-id -^r alive. Afrer- well skilled in bot an v and anatomy. No other
wards, in Sept*.*mbfr. at Torwo-.xl, brrwwn record is known of CargUl.
Stirlinirand Falkirk.he pr^nounee^l. wi-h r.- r^;.^^, j^^^i^,-^ Pndromiis Theatri Botanici,
conct-rt with any one. a s-V.^-mn senrer.c.- ot Fra:ifirt-:.n.Main.l62<).p. 154; Pultenevs His-
excommunication airamsr the kiruz, :hv I»ak- tnrica. Sketobes uf the Progrt«a of Botany in
of York, Duke of Monmouth. I>iike of Laii- Eaj'.ar. i. 1790, ii. 2.] G. T. B.
derdale. Duke of Rothes. Sir Geor;re Mao-
kenzie, and Sir Thrimai Dalzell. The T.»r- CARIER, BENJAMIN, D.D. (1560-
wood excommunication was published in 1014». catholic controversialist, bom in Kent
1741. A larfftT reward was thereuj»on is- in l-Viti. was son of Anthonv Carier, a learned
sued for his capture, and after many hair- minister of the church of England. Ue was
breadth escajirs he w:i.-i taken on 1:? S-;pr. by admitted of Corpus Christi College, Cam-
James In ine of R-^nshaw at Covin jt on Mill, brid^re. :?S Feb. l.>>i\ proceeded B.A. in 1586,
Brouirht before the hijrh c«>urr of jusrioiary was eU-cted a fellow of his college 8 March
on 'J(i J u ly he was found iriiil: y of hiirh : reason 1 •>>?. and commenced M . A . in 1590. Soon
and condemnor! to death. He suffered at the afterwanis he became tutor and studied di-
cross of Kdinbunrh. '27 July ItiSl . expressinir vinity. especially the works of St. Augustine,
himself in the most jubilant and triumphant This reading inclined him to the church of
terms just Wfore his execution. He married Rome. However, he proceeded B.D. in 1597,
Marjraret Browne, relict of Andrew Betham and was appointed one of the university
of Blebo, in li555. but his wife dit:d 12 Aug. preachers, and incorporated at Oxford the
16.*)<'». same year. Soon after this he was presented
Though Cargill's very stringent views were bv the AVootton familv to the rectorv of Pad-
not genenillv accepted by his countrymen, dies worth in Kent, which he resigned in 1599.
both he and liis friend Cameron took a trreat He was presented to the vicarage of Thumham
holdonthe|)oj)ularsymjiathyandrftrurd. Per- in the same county, with the church of Al-
8^)nally, Cargdl was an amiable, kind-heart fd dintrton annexed, on 27 March ItXX), and he
man, verj- self-denying, and thoroughly de- held that benefice till 1613. In 1602 he was
voted to his duty. "\Vodrow ascril)es s«>me presented, bv Archbishop "\Miitgift,whosedo-
of his extreme sentiments to the inlluence t)f mestic chaplain he then was, to the valuable
others. Among the people he seems to have sinecure rectory of "West Tarring in Sussex,
won admiration for the profoundness of his In the same year he was created D.D. at
convictions and the fearlessness with which ; Cambridge, and his fellowship was declared
he acte<l on them, when the n^sult to him- vacant. At this time Carier appears to have
bet:n considerablv mortified bv his failure to
obtain the mastership of his college. Soon
self could not fail to be ruinous. Some ser-
mon«, lectun.'S, and his last s|H.»ech and tes-
timony have been printed : but Peter "Walker, afterwards he was appointed one of the chap-
in the * Remarkable Passages ' in which he lains in ordinary to James I. On :?9 Apnl
recorrls his life in * Biographia Presbvteriana,'
indicates that thu impression produced by
Apnl
1(X)3 he was collated by the Archbishop of
Canterbury to the living of Old Romney in
Kent. ( )u L>9 June 1608 he obtained a pre-
bentlal Mall at Canterbury; and he was
nominnlEiJ oue of tLe Iir«t fellows of Chelsea
CollBge, pmjectod by Pr. Matthew Sutcliffe
aa a fctQinary for aUe defendera of the pro-
t^tani reli^^on.
Al. thi 9 periid ho beli e ved t bat a union might
be effected between the church of Englaiid
and the Ikiiiuuieburph,but when he perceived
that tliis was impoaaible, he obtained the
king'E leavi- to go to Spa for the benefit of
BHi fcolth. reaUT intending to study the actual
^ ' I ot CfttboUcism abroad (.1 Treatise
'u Mr. JDactour Caritr, p. 13). He
_ .. . . ofvod to join the Roman communion,
and proceeded from Spa to Cologne, where
he placed himself in the hands of Father
Copperua, rector of the Jesuit 0>llege. King
JameB ordered Isaac Catiaubon and others to
write to him (August 1613), with a peremp-
tory injunction to return toEngland. Cotier
at tint gaye no positive answer, either lis to
his returning or to the si^icions concemiiie
hU religion ; but when his conversion could
be kept n socret no loajcer. il was highly re-
BHntcd by the king. In his printed * Missive,*
addreeaed to the kin^ from Liige, 13 Dec.
1613, he gays :■ ' I hauo sent you my soule in
thiaTrealize, and if it may find entertainment,
and passage, my bpdie shul most gladly follow
He received several congmtulatory letters
apon his conversion from Rome, Paris, and
eeveml ntber places. Cardinal du Perron
invited him to France, dosiring to have his
iLasistance In some work wliich be wae pub-
ll-Iiin^' ii.''iinst King James. Carier accepted
ilii. liiiiiiiU'iii, and died in Paris before mid-
-LimDji:r 1 1 U 4 ( .fie/iyujie WottoniaiuE,ed.lG85,
II. -i-r-ii. tliiiiiL'h another accotml: states that
Lis dostb ooc Ijrted at Liege {J^arl. MS. 7035, I
p. 189). I
His works are: 1. 'Ad Christianam Sa-
n breris Intmductio,' a treatise writ-
ir the use of Ftince Henry, and preserved ,
umsciipt in the library of Trmity Col- ''
^JTunbndge. 3. 'A Treatise written by i
or Carier, wherein he layetb downe ,
_j learned and pithy considerations, by
fi ha wu moued, to forsake the Protestant
ntion, and to betake hym selfe to
uioUcke Apostollcke Roman church'
S 1613), 4to 1 reprinted under the title
pL Ourier to a King ; or, Doctour Carrier
llayne to E. lames ofhappy memory), his
"MOfronoucing the Protestant Religion,
icin(fth«CalK. Roman' (Loud.-') 1633,
-_ » ; again reprinted with the title of ' A
Vwire lo His Majesly of Great Britain, King
sitiL & lon^
preface by N. Strange, and a list of university
men and ministers who were converts to Ca-
tholicism. An elaborate answer by Dr. Geoi^
Hakewill to Oarier's 'Treatise ' was published
at London in 1616. 3. ' A Letter of the
miserable Ends of such as impugn the Ca-
Iholick Faith,' 1615, 4to.
[Addit. HB. SS6S, f. 37 ; Catboliii MiseeUauy
(1S2G), r. 1 ; Dodd'a Chm^^ Hiit. ii. 424. SOB-
SIS: Faolknec'a Chelsea. ii.22Si Foley's Records,
i. 633; Gnillim's Dieplay of Heralrliy (IT24).
224 : Husted's Evnt, 8vo edit. v. u32 ; Lniiad.
MS. 983. r. 132; Masten'B Cotpus Christi Coll.,
with coDtiauation by Lamb, 16 1 ; La Nsve's Fssti
(Hardy), i. 6* ; Pattiaon'B Life of CasHubon, 3 1 0,
436 ; lif^stor and Magiuineof Blogispby, i. 19 ;
Strype'i Whitgifl, 678, 581-3. Append. 240, fiiL ;
Wbittaker'sLifeofSlrO. Baddifle, 119.1
T. C.
CABILKF, WILLIAM db. Sadtt {d.
1096), bishop of Durham, be^an his ecclesi-
aflticatcareerBd a secular priest in the church
of Bayeux, but was moved by tbe example o f
his father to become a monk m the monastery
of St. Carilef, now St. Calais, In the county
of Maine. He showed great diligence in
dischai^Ing his monastic duties, ana rapidly
rose to nold office in his monastery till he
succeeded to the dignity of prior. His fame
spread, and he was chosen abbot of the
neighbouring monastery of St. Vincent. Hia
practical capacity commended liim to the
notice of William the Conqueror, who in
1080 appointed him bishop of Durham, to
wliich office William was consecrated on
3 Jan. 1081. He succeeded to a troubled
diocese, where his predecessor Walcher had
been murdered by bis unruly people. He
set to work at once to carry out a change
which Walcher had contemplated, the sub-
stitution in the church of Durham of TeEuhur
for secular canons. Monasticism had re<
vived in Northumberland through tbe influ-
ence of Aldwin, prior of Winchcombe, who
with two companions had travelled to the
north that he might rekindle the fervour of
monastic life which he read in the pages of
Bede. Aldwin and his followers settled at
Jarrow and Wearmonth, where they rebuilt
the ruined buildings and formed monastic
settlements. Bishop William wished to
gather these monks round the church of
Durham and commit to their care the guar-
dianship of St. Cuthbert's relics. He con-
sulted King William and Queen Matilda,
who advised him to act cautiously and ob-
tain the sanction of the pope. Gregory VII
readily assented to a change which favoured
the spread of monasticism. In 10S3 Bishop
Carilef 82 Carilef
revenues of the see wer>? not sufficient to the rebellion was put down, and William 11
maintain three monasteries, the new founds- proceeded to call the treacherous bishop to
tions of Jarrow and Wearmout h were merared account.
in the monastery of the cathedral. Their Bishop William's conduct is condemned
monks wer^ brought to Durham, and the ex- bv the southern chroniclers ; but the northern
istinjET body of canons, who lived according historians regard him as in some way an ill-
to the rule of Chrodesranir. wer»> offertHi the used man, who was himself the object of a
choice of resigning or becoming monks. With conspiracy. Probably the monks of Durham
one exception they all prefem^ to go ; the were easily won over by the plausible a©-
dean was with difficulty persuaded by his counts of one who was a munificent patron
son, who was himself a monk, to make the and a sagacious ruler (FBEEXAlKf WtUiam
monastic profession. Aldwin, the reviver of -Rr//i#jr. Appendix C). At all events Bishop
northern monasticism. was made the first William showed great dexterity in his at-
prior of Durham. The monks received their tempts to remedy the evil consequences of
lands as separate from those of the bishop: his political duplicity. William II summoned
their prior was to have the dignity of an him before the gemot, and the bishop set to
abbot : they were made perpetual guardians work to devise means of escape. He pleaded
of St. Cutilbert's Church and St. Cuihbert's the privileges of his order ; he offered to puige
relics. himself of the char;^ of treason by his per-
Simeon, the Durham chronicler, describes sonal oath. The king refused all his oners
Bishop William as learnt^ in secular and and demanded that he should appear and be
theological literature, industrious in affiiirs, tried as a lavman. Then the bisnop negoti-
sufficient in the discharge of his episcopal ated about tlie terms on which he should ap-
duties, subtle in mind, a wise counsellor, and pear and about the possession of his castle
eloquent in speech. To the monks of Dui^ during his absence. Finally he agreed thst
hamhe was a kindly, prudent, and firm ruler, his castle should be held Iby three of his
and they seem to have seen the best side of barons, and that if he were found guilty he
his character. In public affairs his subtlety should be at liberty to go beyond the sea.
led him into intrigue. During the reign of C)n 2 Xov. 1088 the gemot met at Salis-
William I he was a valued counsellor of the bury, and Bishop William put forth aU his
king, of whom all men stood in awe. Wil- acuteness in raising legal quibbles at every
liam II at his accession made him his chief turn to prevent anv discussion of the real
minister, probably justiciar, and committed issue. He was a skilful lawyer and a clever
the administration of public affairs to his and copious speaker ('oris volubilit ate promp-
hands(FLOR.WiG.subarinolOS8\ The favour tus,' says 'U ill. Miuc. Ge^ita I\mti/ieum,
shown to him by the kine was one of the i??!?). He objected that his fellow-sufiragans
causes of the discontent ofBishopOtloof Bay- were not allowed to give him their coimsel:
eux, which led him to rebel against his nephew finally he denied the right of laymen to judge
(Will. Malm. Gesta 7?^i/m,bk. iv. ch. 1). To a bishop : he would onrr answer to the arch-
the surprise of all men Bishop William was bishop and bishops and would speak with the
treacherous to his master and joined in the kincr. Lanfiranc was the chief speaker in op-
revolt, 'doing as Judas did to ourLord*(.'4.-'S. posmg his claims, and it was decided that he
(?%ro7i. sub anno 10S8). Ilis motive in this is must acknowle<]^ the jurisdiction of the
difficult to understand; probably he wished to court, or the king was not bound to restore
stand well with both parties. He took credit his lands. He persisted in declining to admit
to himself for securing Hastings to the king^s this jurisdiction in the case of a bishop, and
side: but when war seemed imminent he with- ' appealed to the apostolic see. Hugh of
drew on pretence of gathering his troops and , Beaumont, on the king's part, accused him of
sent the king no help. If he hoped to tempo- ' treason, and the bishop answered by again
lise and hold the balance between the two ' appealing to Rome. The pleadings were still
mrties, he was mistaken, for the king ordered [ gomg on when William II brought matters
lis immediate arrest. Bishop William an- to an issue : 'I will have vour castle, as you
swered from Durham that he would come to
the king if he had a sufficient safe-conduct,
but he added that not every man could judge a
bishop. The sheriff of Yoriishire was loyal to
the king, and ordered his men to lay waste the
bishopric, so that Bishop William was almost
blockaded in Durham. Still he contrived to
do as much harm as he could to the king's
cause in the northern parts. In two monuis
will not follow the justice of my court.*
Still the bishop raised new points about his
safe-conduct, the delivery of the castle, the
ships which were to take him abroad, and
an allowance of money for his maintenance.
The castle was taken by the king on 14 Nov.,
and after some delay Bishop William was
allowed to sail to Normandy.
There he was wannly weloomed by Dnke
Robert, -who give him tLe chief [Mst in Il>e
administnkiion of the dnchv- lie probnbty
found h imself miim prafitably emplojed than
In pnieecutin^ his nppeol to Roiae ; at all
cppiits we hear BO tnnre about it. Ilelonged,
however, to fvlum to England, (uid took an
oppnntmitjr of rtguining the fayour of Wil-
liam II by rescuinif a ^irison of his soldiers
who wem betit^^ied iu a castle in NormendT.
Piike Robert, becaiao reconciled to his brother,
and on 8 S«pt. 1091 Biflhop William TCssn^
Htor^ tiO the pogseasiong of the bishopric.
Bnring his absence he had not forgotten his
ninnka, and sent them from Normandv a Int^
tcr of advice about their conduct, wliieh be
orden^ them to read aloud once a week
(SiVEo;! OF DCBKAM. Rolls 8er. i. 126).
Ue bruuKht back with him Teeseht and vest-
rT.cii!^ Tir his church, and, what was more
'I plan for a new cathedral, of
■iindntion-sWne wnalaidll Aug.
■' presence of Stalcolm, king of
lii^LKiji ^Villiam certainlj deserves the
ciudit ul' being one of the greatest of the
builders who hafe adorned England. In the
»^iaiy of two jenrs and a half that remained
r<i' IlIs • lii m till cat e he built ao much of the
■ ■ I (■ nurham that he practically de-
-ritigform. He flnished the choir,
f the lantem,and began the nave.
; \ i"l the purest and noblest speci-
niPii if Itomnneeque architecture in Eng-
land. Moreover, ho added to the castle whi^
William the Conqueror had huitt at Durham,
and ii^ most striliing part is the chspel, in
which Bishop William used the skill which
was displayed on a greater scale in the
cuthtHlral.
l!i.Iifi]j William did not content himself
' ■ ^vcirks and with the huainess of
Unfortunately for his fame he
■ . Euvour of William H and helped
V- out his unworthj' plans. The
. liaracter of the bishop showed
! . Ki clearly in hie willingness to
11 II to rid himself of Archbi^op
I'jshop William felt no respect for
imple and noble character. He
laiii li'^al traps for him anil dL-vised means
of annoyance which might give a ulaiisible
rMwni for his deposition, led by the hope that
if Aiii'^lni were gone he might succeed him
■■. -Imp. The story of the persecution
inednot be told again; hut in the
' Ij" council at Rockingham (March
!i'>p William was the man who
'I'^rs maintained theroyaljurisdic-
'■-liojis. The man who seven years
It forward nt Salisbury the plea
showed the same cleverness in arguing agunst
such n plea. He promised the king that he
would make Ani>elm renounce the pope or
would uumpel him to resign his episcopal
office, When Anselm wufi firm, and refused
irwer save ' as he ought and wherti he
ought,' Bishop WHliam was so far [consistent
as to admit that reason was on the side of
one who stood on the Word of God and the
authority of St. Feter. But he had the
meanness to propose recourse to violence ;
let Anselm be deprived of his ring and statf
and be eipelled the kingdom. "When this
was rejected by the lay lords, William's
technical ingenuity suggested to his brother
bishops that they should withdraw their
obedience from Anselm. William's conduct
at Rockingham wb.9 in every way base and
unworthy. He showed himself to be a man
of great cleverness who pursued his end with
desperate tenacity, and when once engaged
in a war of wits forgot everything save the
desire to win an immediate advantage. To
promote his own interests he attacked at
Rockingham the position which, to save
himself, he had strenuously miuntained at
Salisbury. He was a man without principles
in public matters. His versatile mind and
ready eloquence covered on indifference to
the real issue and hopeless shallowness of
thought ('homo linguie voliibUitate fiicetua
quam sapientia prseditus,' Eadhab, ffitt,
S-ov.hk.il _ _
Bishop William went away from Rock-
ingham discredited in the eyes of all men.
His counsel had led the king into diffi-
culties, and he had again lost the royal
&vonr. His restless mind chafed under his
disgrace, and he was suspected of renewed
treachery. Robert Mowbray, earl of Nortb-
umbprland,rebelledagain8t the king, and the
bishop of Durham's attitude was ambiguous.
The king summoned him to his court, and
the bishop pleaded Ulness as an excuse. The
king ri?penled his command, and the bishop,
who was really ailing, was forced to drag
himself to Windsor. There his illness in-
creased, and on Christmas day 1096 he took
to his bc^d. It is pleasant to know that he
was visited in his sickness by Archbishop
Anselm. On Us deathbed it was proposed
by some of his monks who were present that
he should be buried in the stately church
which he had founded; hut William refused
to allow his corruptible remains to bo laid in
the same building as the unoomipt body of
St, Cuthbert. ' Bury me,' he said, ' in the
chapter-house, where mv tomb will lie always
before your eyes.' He'died on 2 Jan. lOSKi,
His body was carried to Durham and wii§
baaDi in tlw chaftai^iotiM Kcordins to hia
ite
Carkeet 84 Carkett
wiBhy amid the c«ar£ and lameniatioiis of the i after 1729 ), and died there on 17 June 1746.
monks. His sermon was pnhlished with the title,
The character of William de St. Carilef is 'Gospel Worthiness stated: in a Sermon
pimling. It is hard to reconcile the clever, Tlatt. x. 11" p«ach*d in Exon^ &c., 1719,
selfish, unscrupulous «tate^man with the wise ^vo. He published also ' An Essay on the
administrator and sa^cious reformer of his Conversion of St. Paul, as implying a change
diocese. Hewasprobably amanwh>>scclever- of his Moral Character,* 1741, 8to (against
ness was supernciaL and did not tro beyond Henry Grove's view that the change was
the capacity to do what seemed obvious for simply one of opinion),
the moment. At Durham his duty was tol^ [MMuscript List of Ministers in Records of
rably dear, and he did it with sacacuy and Exe:*r Assemblv : James's Presbyterian Chapels
winning sympathy. He was beloved by his aad Chanties. 1867, p. 656 (where he is called
monks. His architectural plans wenr marked Carkat) ; sermon cited abova.] A. 6.
bv the finest feeling for the capacities of the
art of his time. In public matters his path CARKESSE, JAMES 09. 1679), verse
was not so clear. lie had no principles to writer, was educated at Westminster School,
guide him, and his actions were swayed by whence in 1652 he was elected to a scholar-
selfishness. ' ' ship at Christ Church, Oxford. It seems
[The northern auihoritv t Simeon of Dup- probable that he joined the Roman catholic
ham. Hist. Bunelm. Ecclk ed. Arnold, Rolls fhurch before 1679, m which year he pub-
Series, i. 119, &c. ; aUo, with the Hi*:. Rccum. Wished a curious volume of doggerel rhpies,
fti. Hindc. Snrtees Society; the aov>Jiist of the ent it led 'Lucidalntervalla: containing divers
trial at Salisbury is a Durham document. 'De miscellaneous Poems writ ten at Finsbuiy and
injusta venatione WiUelmi primi episcopi.' in Bethlem, bv the I>octor s Patient Extraordi-
Ihigdaks Monasticon Anglicannm. i. 24-5. aec. ; nary/ London, Ito. The doctors name was
thesonthem authorities are William of Malmcs- Thomas Allen. It is clear that the writer
bury'sGestaRepum.bk.iv. eh. 1; and Gerta Ponii- -^i^ns a very fit subject for a lunatic asvlum.
ficum,bk.i v.; Florence of Worcester's Chronicle, nn- , i .' ., • ^n' ^ ■■««> <vt ! *
and AuRlo-Saion Chronicle, sub annis; Eadmar. ^ [^-^leh» Alumni W«rtEjon. 139 ; Notes and
Hist Nov. bk. i. ; of modem writere see Hut- ?^t"f ' If^.'^'T: "'5iL^!?^^v^"^^* ^'^
chin8on'sDnrham.i.l33;StubbssConstitntional (?^^?)' 3*3; Cat. of Printed Books in Bnt
Hist ch. xi. ; the public life of Bishop William -^°*'J ^- ^'
has been fully examined by Freeman. WiUiam r* A-DiriiVivp T>rfcT>TrT>T /^ T-onx ^ 4. •
Rufus, i. 119, &c., and the Authorities discussed . CAR™^, ROBERT (rf. 1/80), captain
in Appendix C] M. C. ^? ^^^ ^y^^J^T^^ «^?^» ^^ ^^'^ ^^^^^^
the naw in li^ as able seaman on board
CABKEET, SAMUEL (d. 1746). ores- the Exeter. In her, and afterwards in the
byterian minister, was ordained 19 July Grampus and Aldemey sloops, he served in
1710, the same day as James Strong, after- that capacity for upwards of four years, when
wards of Uminster. He was settled in the he was appointed to the Plvmouth as mid-
larjrer of two presbyterian congregations at shipman. In that ship, then belonging to
Totnes. Accused of Arianism when the the Mediterranean fleet, he remained for
Exeter controversy broke out, he preached nearly five years, and during the latter part
a vigorous sermon at Exeter, 7 May 1719, of the time under the command of Captain
at the young men's lecture, repudiating all G.RRodnev. He passed his examination on
personal taint of Arianism, but maintaining 18 Julv 1743, sailed forthe East Indies in the
that christian worth is independent of spocu- Deptford in May 1744, was made lieutenant in
lative opinions. Few contributions to the the following Pebruarv, and returned to Eng-
non-subscription side are more blimt and land in September 1746. During the rest of
trenchant in their language. Arguing against , the war he served in the Surprise frigate, and
any tmscriptural test, he says : * Either the in March 1755 was appointed to tne Mon-
Holy Ghost spoke as plain as he could, or as j mouth, a small ship of 64 guns, which, after
plain as God thought proper for a rule to the ! two years in the Channel, was, early in 1767,
churches. If he spake as plain as he could, ' sent out to the Mediterranean under the com-
thej are no plausible contenders for his ' mand of Captain Arthur Gardiner. In the
Divinity (which, I believe, is gcnerallv ac- early part of 1758 the squadron under Vice-
knowledg'd amon^ Christians) who fancy admiral Osbom was blockading Cartagena.
they can speak plainer. If he spake onljr as On the evening of 28 Feb. the Monmouth
plain as God thought proper, they certainly chased the French 80-gun ship Foudroyant
mrade his prerogative who pretend to make out of sight of the squadron, and singie-
the matter plainer, and urge it upon men's handed brought her to action. About nine
consciences. Carkeet removed to Bodmin | o'clock Qaidiner fell mortally wounded, and
^^^^ Carkett
ihi- commaild devolved on Ca-rkett as firat-
liputenaul, who continued the fight with
equal spirit. liotb ehips wpre beaten aearl<r
toastondstUI, whentlitf Swiftsureof TOguns
came up about one o'clock in tlio morning,
and th^ Foudroyant Eurrendered. Carkett
was immedialelr promoted bj the admiral
to command the prize, and a few dajs lalei
»upoinI«d to the Revenge, which be look to
£ne]and. His post rank wasdated 12 March;
And be continued in command of the Re-
venge, in the Downs, till the following
FebruBiy. He vaa then appointed to the
Pn^iinr uigate, and commanded her at home
And in the West Indies till 23 Mjr ITS:?.
■when she stnick on a reef off Cape Franf ais
of Si- Domingo, and woa lost, her officers
MtdmenbecomingpriBoneraof WOT. InJune
C»r)irtt and the other officers were sent to
£ngliind on narok, but he was not exchanged
till tbe following December. In Aufust
1703 he commissioned the Active, which he
commanded in the Wt»t Indies, and most of
the time at Peosacola, till 1767, in June of
vhicb Tear she was paid off at Ohathnni. In
Jnlv 1 1 60 he commissioned the Lowestoft,
*iuf again spent the greater jart of the time
At Pensocolo, where his duties scero to have
tKcn promoting the wel&ie of the setilement
«ud cultivating vegelablee. His gardening
vae iaterrupted foe a short time in 1770 by
the death of Commodore Forrest, in conse-
3ueDC« of which he bad to undertake the
uties of senior officer at Jamaica ; but on
being superseded by Commodore Mackeniie
he returned to Pensacola, and remained there
for tJie next three yenra. The Lowestoft was
pwduffin May 1773.
In November 1778 Carkett was appointed to
command the Stirling Castle of 64 guns, and
in December sailed fot the West Indies in the
squadion under Commodore Rowley. He
tfiua in the following summer had his share of
tbe citimsilj fought action off Greuada [see
BTBOsf, JoHS. 1723-1780], and on 17 April
17^ led the line in the action to leeward of
M*rtiniqui- [see Roditbt, Gbokoh BRTDQtB,
Iiubd]. f If Carkett's personal courage there
ran in' Mil i]ipLilji,bnt his experience with a fleet
\ -mall, and of naval tactics he
!ii-yoDd tbe rule for the line of
n in the fighting instructions.
■ 11', Rodney, after directing the
nitiick I'jiiociiiicentnited on the enemy's rear,
made the sigiul to engage, Carkett in the
Stirling d'astie HlTetch«l aioDg to engage the
iii./iiij f viiu. Rodney wrote to the secretary
^■■y on 20 April 1780 ihnt his
i'ltal to the success of the aa-
I -i» of Rodney's letter was not
I'lir.r- ' iii^'Guottei'butCarkettleanied
8s
Carleill
from England that something of the sort had
been sent. He accordingly wrote to Rodney
desiring to see that part of it which related
to him. ' All the satisfaction I received,' he
complained to the secretary of the admiralty
on 23 July 1780, 'was his oeknowledgment
that he bad informed their lordships that I
had not properlv obeyed hia signals in attack-
ing the enemy % rear ' (Beitsov, A'av. and
mi. Mcmoirt, vi. 222). Rodney's letter did,
in fact, contain a very severe reprimand, of
which Carkett made no mention, but requested
the aecretary of the admiralty to lay nis cx-
Elanation before their lordships. Whether
e ever received an answer is doubtful, for
the Stirling Castle, which bad been sent to
Jamaica, aud thence ordered home with tbe
trade, was, in a violent hurricane on 5 Oct.,
totally lost on Silver Keys, eoaie small rocks
, to the north of Cape Fran^ ajs. All on board
I perished, with the exception of a midship-
I [Official hettere and othsf documents in Iho
Public RBCord Office; Chamock'fl Biog. JJavatis,
vi. 300.] J. K. L.
CARLEILL, CHRISTOPHER (1561 ?-
1593), military and naval commander, bom
about 1651, was son of Alexander Carleill,
citizen and vintner of London, by his wife
Anne, daughter of Sir George Bame, knight,
lord mayor of London. He is stated, Dut
without probability, to have been a native
of Cornwall (HOLUNIi, Heroalogia AngUca,
94). He was educated in the univeraty of
Cambridge (Cooper, Athena Cantab, ii. 161).
In 1572 he went to Flushing, and was present
at tbe siege of Middelburgh. Boisot, the
Dutch admiral, held him in such esteem that
no orders of the senate or the council were
carried into execution until he hud been con-
sulted. Afterwards he repaired with one ship
and a vessel of smaller sue to La Rochelle,
to serve under the Prince of Cond6, who
was about to furnish supplies to the town of
BrouHge, then besieged by Mayeime. Cond6
had intended to attack the royal fleet in
person, but on tbe arrival of Carleill the com-
mand wasgivento him. Having discharged
this duty he went to serve at Steenwick in
Overyssel, then beleaguered by the Spaniards.
In consequence of bis conduct there be was
placed at tbe head of the English troops at
the fortressof ZworCe Sluis. When leadin?
troops thence to the army be was surprised
by a body of the enemv consisting of two
tuouaand foot and six hundred horse. He
vigorously repulsed them, and slew or took
eight hundred. As inconvenience arose &om
the great number of foreigners in the camp
of the Prince of Orange the sole cutmnana
Carleill S6 Carlell
was irlvr!: to C±rlril- Arr-rr :1-t *■-*-= :: eT-r= -a-rll ni^he the moete part of fower
Sr«j*nwii>k wi* rtjr'i L-r •■■■;■::•: * : Ar.-«-erT- Tf-iTr* tyzir. fts also that I hare spentt> my
and he Wis :e. rL-r p:i=.- :: rrnr^Jjur :•: juTrlnr-r-? and all other meanes in the ser-
En^iaii'i. wl-r=. 1- tts-t =^:l': ::r :- "ir :r-z.>r ■r:>r :: iry c:-un:reye. which hath not heen
aci :h-r ciiririirriT^ **a*:t* irs-ii *: i.^^^^.r lr». ^ian fve Thousande pounds, whereof I
thr 5.?>cc=.=:iz.i :::ir*A=ii --'il ^-T Jr'ui £:t rwe *t this present e the beste parte of
Norris ?h;.ili arrirr :•: rhirv- *lr .'• *"i ?,»>.". Xler? U no man canne challenge me
wirh him. AlTr-jr'lrr Ir "S^rr-ri 'z.r Pr_z.>r ■ : tii: I Lav^ spen:*- any pan of all this expense
Ora::;rr f:r £vr TTiir« Tir'.-i::it r=i>: -rlr^ ^ht. in r::r:r, zajn-r, cr other excessiye, or inordi-
He <?:■!: ve7<:^i :!■? E;uli*l =iTr:I"i-'? ir.": zll't zzjlzijl^t'
Ru=£:3 in 15.^1'. -wh-rn :i:r k:-^ :f IVriiniri Cirl-rill died in London on 11 Xot. 1o93,
was at war w::h :hi: e: -it-Tt. Ti-r I^inirh. -anL as i* 5upp:«ed. for erief of his firends
fl-eet m-rt Thr=.. t-:. iburrrrri::^ Li* >;jAir:=. dra:h. He was quicke wit ted, and affable^
of eleven shij*?. 'iii c:: vezt-.;rr ut«::: a" e-- Tali at: ard fommate in warre, well read in
gajremenr. The Piussian e-T-rr r:" i- C'*Ari :z.r miThema:ikefr,and of good experience in
at the pjrt o: ."^r. N:cL:l«. az : wis .^ z.TrT..-i Livirii: -n. whereupp^n some have pecirtred
to EniTlani. By thr iii:»r>-.*: :f i.i* li'Ler-Ln- him :?r a na victor, out the truth is hismos^t
law, Sir Francis WalsIn^Lizi. Cirlrlll r*r- inclina:::::. and ppMession. was chiefely for
ceived lj»j/. by 5.iWr:::::n a: Brif*::! zt laz-ie servioe. he utterly abhorred pyracy*
an attempt todi?cC'Ver*:!:e o- i?" ■:•: AzLrrlc-^ tSivwr, AMTt^>^^ ed. Howes, p. 805). Sir
ifierent opinion
State Ptijtfr«,
p. 5^>). He married Mary,
he deemed su£cien: to srrrrle '>ne hmirvi da-j^bter of Sir Francis Walsin^ham, and
men in their intended plantation. The pr> sisT-rr ■■f Sir Philip Sidney's wife, ilis iv'idow
ject appears to hare been unsuoceaerul. but was alive in IfkV.
Carleill wr:«te * a bri'-f and sammary dis- There is a line portrait of him in Holland's
course' on its advantajes iHAiLrrrt. A • Her:>«I' via." ana there is also a small por-
letterfirom the Earl of Shrewsbury to Thomas trai: of him en^rraved by Robert Boissard,
Bawdewyn, :?»> May 15S3, alludes to Car- which Wlon^ to a curious set of English
leill's schemrr \ Lodge. lUuttratiurit ofEriti*h admirals bv the same enirraver (Graxgeb,
JETutory, fri. 1S3S. ii. HAl-^ ». ^1-7. HUU ^.f England, ei. 1S24, L 28S>.
In i->54 Sir John Perrot, lord-lieutenant^ He is the author of: 1. 'A Brief Summary
of Ireland. app:)inted Carleill commanvler of Pisoourw upon a Voyage intending to the
the earris«jn of Coleraine and the district of uttermost pans of America.' Written in
ou'i sail. Carleill wai^ captain of the Tiger, art. 14. 4. 'Account of advantacres to the
In thL-j expedition the cities of St. I>Dmin^o. realm from a sudden seizure of booKs, letters,
St. lago, Curthaifinia, and St. Aujiustine were papers. \c. of the L«:*w Count rv people resid-
taken. The success of this campaign was in mi: and inhabiting under the oi>^ience of the
great measure owing to the lieutenant -gene- king of Spain, with answers to objections/
ral's good c^mJuct' ( Carlisle. OMrctioru Lansd. M^. 113, art. 7.
for a HtJftory of the Family of C<zr/iV/^. Carleill always \nt)te his name so. Others
p. '2\ ; Camdex, Annale^f ed. lfeo-9, bDok iv. spell it Carlile, Carlisle, Carliell, and in other
p. 92), ways.
On26Julylo6Shewasappointedconstable [Authorities ciU^ alove ; also Boase and
of Camckfergus, co. Antrim (Las^elles, Courtnevs Bibl. Comubiensis, i. 58, iii. 1112;
Lifjer BibernicB, n. 120;. In l)t^ he was Bioij. Brit. 2465. note C ; Cal. State Papers,
governor of Ulster. On 10 June lo90 he Domestic and Irish, and Carew. 1584-90:
TiTOte to Lord Burghley, requesting a com- Tanners Bibl. Brit. 154 ; notes supplied by Prof,
mission from the queen to seize for lawful ; J. K. Luughton.] T. C.
prize any goods i*'hich mi^ht be found in
England belonging to Spanish subjects. In
urging his claims upon her majesty he says :
' I have bene longe tyme a fruiteles suitor,
CARLELL, LODO\^^CK Of. 1&>1>-
1664), dramatist, held varioufl positions at
court under Charles I and IL Aooording to
Igbaine, ' bo wns uu ancitml courtier,
frsenUemiiii o( ihe bowa to Klou: Charlea
tint, groom of tlis liiog uia queen's
privT chunMr, and served (stc) the queen
DolDer muny ye»rs.' He u the re])uted
' The Desen-ing
^TOuril«,' 4tu, 1621>, 8to, 1659, a tra^-
M0dy, played at Wbiieball liefoiv Charlw I
d his queen, and subeequenUy at (he pri-
'~ liiektre in Blacktriars. 3 and 3. ' Ar-
utd Philicio,' a tmgi-comedy in twn
. ISmo, 1639, acted at Bkckfrmrs, nnd
n preface bv Dryden spoken by Hart,
' ■ . IBTSty the kinjc's eompony nt
Inn rielda. 4 and 6. 'The Pos-
aiooaCe Lover,' a tragl-comedy in two ports,
4lo, 16a5, nkyed at Somerset House, and
[Uentlv nt Bluckff iors. 6. ' The Fool
be Q Favourite, or the Discroiit Lover,"
.1657, 'oct«d with great iipplaU£e'(LA]4a-
a). 7. 'Osmond, the Great Turk, or
_ Noble Servant,' a tracedv, 8yo, printed
&e Mune volume with the loregoing under
Ike titJe 'Two Now Plaves.' S. ' Heraclius,
Emperor of the Enst,' 4to, 1664, 9. 'The
SpATtAD Ladies,' d I'Oiuedv entered on the
booke of the Stationers' Company, 4 Sept.
1046, BJid mentioned in HunipErey Moeeley'a
catftlogue at the end of Middleton'B ' More
Dissi^niblorE besides Women.' No copy of
Sir □. Mildmay she
so early as 1634, Of these plays, all except
oae seem to have been put on tlie stage.
Concerning 'Heraclius,' whicli is a tran^-
lion from Pierre Corneille, Langbaine, fol-
lowing the author's statement in the dedl-
cation, sajfB it was never played, another
vetuioD being prefonratl by the players whom
Carlell supposed to have accepted his work.
Ko cither play on the subject is preserved.
pBpys, in his 'Diary.' 4 Feb. 1666-7, writes
aa follows : ' Soon ae dined my wife and I
out to the Duke'a Playhouse, and there saw
*' Heraclius," an excellent play, to my eitra-
ordinary content, and the more from the
llOUMt being very full and great company.'
The not«> to ttkis escribes the play in question
to Carlell. The plot§ of most of Ihe remain*
ing pieces are borrowed. Carlell has some
of chamclOT {tainting. Ah regards
•"— and langiuee, bis plays will
eomparisnn witli those uf tlie minor
^—tista of his day. Tliey are dedicated
iS» feUow-cciiTiierB, and contain in oro-
_jnee snd epilu^uee soma slight autobio-
graphical indjcaiioits. In the prologue to
tlu> *Hcand part of the 'Passionate Lover*
" lieUsiys!
^uld
UcHt here know.
This author hunts, and bawlji, and feeds his dBsr,
moat fair days tUroughottt the
' Heraclius " is in rhymed verse, which Car-
lell manages indifferently well. One or two
others are in prose, with rhymed tags to cer-
tain speeches ; the remainder are in blank
verse of indescribable infelicity. It is diffi-
cult to resi!it the conviction that the plays
were intended for prose, and were measured
into uneoual lengths and supplied with capi-
tals by the printers.
[QeDest's Accouiilof IheEoglish I^Uge; Itng-
baine'E Dramatio Poets ; Diary of Popja ; Halli.
well's Dictionary of Old Plays; plays of Corlell
riled,] ' "^ ' J.K.
CARLETON, Sib DUDLEY, Vibcoumi
DoscHESTEiR (1573-1632), diplomatist, was
the son of Antony Carleton of Baldwin Bright-
well, Oxfordshire, ty Jocosa, his second wife,
daughter of John Goodwin of WinchingTOQ,
Buckinshamahire, He was bom at his father's
seat at Brightwell on 10 March 1573, and was
early sent to Westminster School, where Dr,
Edward Grant wus his master, and in the
latter part of his time the teamed Camden.
He entered at Christ Church, Oxford, in the
usual course, and took his B.A. degree on
2 July 1695. During the noit five years he
spent his time in foreign travel and in ac-
quiring a knowledge of the continental lan-
guages. Li 1600 he returned to Eoglaad,
and proceeded M.A. on 13 July of that year.
Shortly after this he became secretary to Sir
Thomas Parry, and accompanied him on his
embassy to France in June 1602. Some dia-
rements are said to have arisen between
two, and in November 1803 Carleton
wss bock A^ia in England, and next month
we find bun at Winchester and an eye-
witness of tlio ghastly butchery of Watson
and other victims of the so-called 'Kaloigh
plot.' In the following March he was elected
member for St. Mawes in the first parlia-
ment of King James, and be seems to have
beeji from the first an active participator in
the debates. He next became secretary to
thri unfottunote Heury, earl of Norlhum\ier-
knd; but when I,rt>rdNorris, in March 1605,
determined to multe a tour in Spain, he pre-
vailed upon Carleton to accompany him, who
thereiipon resigned his secretaryship to the
earl. While on their wav home Lord Korris
fell donserously ill in I'aris, and Carh^ton
remained at his siila till his recovery. Just
at this time the Uunpowder plot was dis-
covered, and it appeared in eridt^nof tluit
Carleton, as Lord Northumberland's secro-
tory, had actually negotiated for tbe transfer
Carleton
88
Carleton
of the vault under the parliament house in
which the powder was laid. Carleton, in
ignorance that his name had been mentioned
in the affair, and never thinking that suspi-
cion could light upon himself, still remained
in Paris by his friend's side. His prolonged
absence from England under the circum-
stances led to rumours much to his prejudice,
and he was at length peremptorily sum-
moned home by an order of the lords of the
council, and on his arrival in London was
placed in confinement in the bailifl'*s house
at Westminster. Eventually he succeeded
in dealing himself of all co^sance of, or
complicity in, the abominable conspiracy,
and by the favour of Lord Salisbury he was
Bet at liberty, but not till he had been under
arrest for nearly a month. His unfortunate
connection with the Earl of Northumber-
land acted seriously to his prejudice for some
years and interfered with his advancement,
though he had already made powerful firiends
and had succeeded in producing a general
impression of being a man of promise and
extraordinary ability.
In November 1607 he married, in the
Temple Church, Anne, daughter of Sir Henry
Saville, the editor of Chrysostom's works
and founder of the Savilliau professorship at
Oxford. Carleton had already assisted his
future father-in-law in collating manuscripts
while he was in Paris in 1603, and he con-
tinued ' plodding at his Greek letters,* as he
calls it, while living in Sir Henry's house
with his young wife during the first year of
their married life. After this, and when a
child was bom to him, he took a house at
Westminster, and became a diligent debater
in parliament when it assembled. Salisbury
had an eye upon the young man, and when,
in May 1610, Sir Thomas Edmundes was re-
called from the embassy to the Archduke
Albert, Carleton was appointed to go as am-
bassador to Brussels. \\ hen all preparations
were made for his departure, the king's in-
tention changed, and he was ordered to pro-
ceed to Venice as successor to Sir Henry
"W'otton, who was recalled. He received the
honour of knighthood in September, and,
arriving at his destination about the middle
of November, his career as a diplomatist
began. From tliis time till the end of his
life Carleton grew to be more and more
esteemed as the most sagacious and success-
ful diplomatist in Europe, and a history of
the negotiations in which he was engaged
would DC a history of the foreign affairs of
England during more than half of the reigns
of James I and his unhappy successor. He
returned to England from his Venetian em-
bassy in 1616, shortly after he had carried
through the very delicate task of getting the
treaty of Asti concluded, whereby the war
between Spain and Savoy was brought to an
end, and something like peace in Europe was
established. He did not remain long at
home. In March 1616 he was sent to suc-
ceed Winwood at the Hague, and during the
next ^\e years he continued ambassador
there. His despatches during this period
contain a masterly summary of Dutch history
and politics, and a graphic account of the ex-
treme difficulties of the writer's position, and
of the imfailing versatility and self-command
which he displayed in extricating himself
from these difficulties as they emerged.
Motley has given a caustic r6sum6 of Car-
leton's speeches in the Assembly of Estates
in 1617, which provoked much discussion at
the time, and one of which at least was an-
swered by Grotius in print. But when he
attributes to him a bitter hatred of his hero
Bameveld, Motley mistakes the man he was
writing about. Carleton was of too cool and
I calculating a nature to be capable of strong
hatred. Life to him, and especiaUv political
: life, was a game to be played without pas-
sion ; the men upon the board were out
pawns or counters ; and in playing with the
States General at this time, when everybody in
I Holland was more or less mad with a theologi-
cal mania, it was idle to speak or act as if they
were sane. When four vears later Frederic
the Elector found himself an exile after the
battle of Prague, and took refuge in Holland,
he occupied for a time the ambassador's
house, and brought in the Princess Elizabeth
and her children with their retinue. Carle-
I ton was put to ver}- great expense, but he
, bore it with his usual sangfroid, though he
did not forget to mention the fact when sub-
sequently he was seeking for royal favour.
' Sir HenW Saville died in February 1622.
Lady Carleton was his only surviving child,
and, possibly with a view to looking after
her own interests, and certainly with the
hope of getting some large sums of money
which were due to the ambassador, in the
spring of the following year her ladyship
went over to England and was received with
! much favour. Thomas Murray, the prince's
I tutor, had succeeded Sir Henry as provost of
Eton, but just as Lady Carleton arrived in
England Murrajr too died. The provostfihip
of Eton was again vacant, and Carleton was
among the candidates for the vacant prefer-
ment; it fell to Sir Henry Wotton, how-
ever, and Carleton had to wait some vears
longer for promotion. In 1625 Bucking-
ham came over to the Hague to attend the
congress which was going to do such ffreat
thi^ and did so little ; and thespeechiniich
Carleton
89
Carleton
hc' delivered nt hie public audience was writ-
ten far him by Carleton and delivered toti-
dem. vrrbu. Wlien the duke returiK^d to
EcKlBud, Carleton accompanied him, and was
at unL'e rewarded for lus long services by
beiiifj made Tice-cliamberlain of the house-
hold and a member of the priry council ;
but in a few weeks he was again despatched,
in cnncert with tlie EnrI of Holland, on on
cximorditiary embassy to France. The mis-
nnnnmred abortive; Riclielieu hod a policy,
Cburled bod none, nnd tlie two embasBadors
returned in March 10-26. having effected little
or QolliiniF, When Carleton landed in Eng-
lan<l, lie laaaA the House of Commous oc-
cupied with the impeachment of Bucking-
hun. Ue had been elected in his absence
member for the borough of Ho^tingB, and
lost no time in taking his scat and speaking
in defence of lus patron and friend. He
qioks aa a diplomatist, and willi Bmall auc-
OeM ; but it in not improbable that if he hud
b«*n 1t-fV to follow his own plans he might
hare been found a useful member in the
houBG, and have exercised some influence
in restraining the violence of the more fiery
enirits on the one band, and in checking
tno impnidence and rashness of the king and
hia BUpport<.'rB on the other. By this time,
bowever, the lords had shown a disposition
to taka a line of Ihvir own, and Charles de-
1 lo strengtlien Lis party in the
■ house. Carleton was accordingly
i to the peerage as Lord Carleton of
Tcourt in May 1628. Shortly after-
is b WM found expedient once more to
d him on a niisaiou lo the Hagrue. Que
■ ol^eclB of this foolish mission was to
l1 upon the States to favour a levy of
Gorman horse, who were intendea to
wrve in England, and the other waa lo effect
a union of the States against Spain. Carleton
tnnst luiTe known before he started that he
could only fait in such a project. He was
kept in UciUand on this occasion for two
years, and during hia absence Lady Carleton
died (lU April 1(127). 8h<t was buried in
Si. Paul'fl tliapol in Westminster Abbey.
Tli>> (.'hOdn-n she had given birth to had all
diiv.1 in inlMTicy, and Carleton found himself
n rliildlr^B widower. He returned in April,
i.n L',~) July 162S was created Viscount
ii.i
' Buckingham's miRerable in-
(ir the nosilion wbich he now
Iwen sliowing itself more glai-
li\,",i-llii.-lniLl.-ii liTigth drifted
i\n- siege of
■ Hsapprove
u ~ liad gone
■ ■ ■.111. \«ton
6 Aug. it seemed aa if there might still be a
way out of the difficulties, and a peace with
France be concluded. Overtures to this ettect
were made by Contarini to Dorchesti^r, and it
was actually while be waa walking to the
conference which Dorchester had arranged on
the morning of 23 Aug. 1628 for settling the
terms of this peace that Buckingham received
Lis death-wound. Dorchester was on eye-
witness of the whole dreadful scene, and it
was only through hia prompt interference
that Felton was saved from being torn to
S'eces by the bystanders. In the following
ecember Dorchester became chief secretary
of state, and from this time till hie death he
was the responsible minister for foreign
affairs, so far as anyminiaterofCharlesIcomd
be ^l^spoIlsible for tlie mistitkes of a king
who the less he knew the more he meddled.
Dorchealer was now in his fifty-fifth year,
and only a httle post liis prime ; he might
still hope to leave a son behind him. Paul,
first Lord Bayning, died in 1639, learii^ a
young widow and five children all amply
provided for. In 1630 this lady became
Dorchester's second wife. Their union waa
but of brief duration. Dorchester died on
5 Feb. 1632, and was buried four days
after in Westminster Abbey, his funeml
being conducted with little porap or cere-
mony. He left but a small estate behind
him, not more than 7001. a year. It is clear
that, like many other faithful servants of the
Stuarts, he bad gained nothing but barren
honour by his lifelong services. Lady Dor-
chester gave birth to aposthumous daughter,
Frances, in .Tune 1632, who lived little
more than six months. Dorchester's titles
became extinct, and a nephew of the same
name, and who succeeded him in some of
his diplomatic employments, was eventually
liis heir. Dorchester's letters and despatches
testify to the writer's extraordinary facility
aa a correspondent. They are immensely
voluminous. Cecil alone, among his contem~
poraries, has left behind him a larger mass
of manuscript. His style is remarkably
fluent and clear; few vrriters of English
have surpassed him in the power of making
his meanmgobvious without effort and with-
out unnecessary verbiage. A collection of
his letters during his embassy in Holland
was iiubliahed by Lord Hardwicke in 1755,
which attained a third edition in 1780, and
his despatches during hia embassy nt the
Hague m 1677 were priuted by Sir Thomas
Philipps at Middle IliU in 1841. Some of
his letters may be found in the 'Cabala'
and other colleclionB, especially in Dr.
Birch's ' Court and Times of James I and of
Charles I;' but these are only a small portion
Carleton
90
Carleton
of the mass of correspondence which has
never been printed, and which is to be found
in the Record Office and other depositories. 1
[Wood's Athonae Oxon. ii. 519 ; and Fasti
Oxen. ; Cal. of State Papers, Dom. 1603-32 pas- ,
sim ; Birch's Court and Times of James I and
Charles I ; Win wood's Memorials of State ; Birch's
Negotiations between the Courts of England, '
France, and Brussels from 1592 to 1617 ; His-
torical Preface to Carleton's Letters, by Lord
Hardwicke (1780); Gardiner's Hist, of England
in the Keigns of James I and Charles I ; Forster's
Life of Eliot ; Motley's Life and Death of John
•of Barneveld (1874); Chester's Westminster
Abbey Registers ; Banks's Dormant and Extinct
Baronage (1809), iii. 52. Clarendon's account of
Carleton (Hist, of the Rebellion, bk. i.) is flimsy
and inaccurate. He is included among Horace
Walpole's Noble Authors. There is a good account ,
of him and the Carleton family in Manning and
Bray's Hist, of Surrey (i. 456), though there
and everywhere else his first wife is said to have ,
been Ann, daughter of George Gerard of Dor- I
ney, Buckinghamshire. This curious mistake
has been repeated again and figain, and has been i
accepted even by so scrupulous and conscientious '
a genealogist as Colonel Chester. The origin
of the blunder is inexplicable.] A. J.
CARLETON, GEORGE (1659-1628),
bishop of Chichester, son of Guy Carleton of
Carleton Hall in Cumberland, was bom in
1559 at Norham in Northumberland, where
his father was warder of the castle there. His
early education was superintended by Bernard
Gilpin, the * Apostle of the North.' In 1576
he was sent to St. Edmund Hall, Oxford ; in
1 579 he took his M. A., and in 1580 was elected
fellow of Merton. Here he won a high repu-
tation as a ^ood poet and orator and a skilful
disputant in theology, being well read in
the fathers and schoolmen. In 1589 he be-
came vicar of Mayfield, Sussex, which he
held tiU 1605, and in 1618 he was made j
bishop of Llandaff. In the same year he
was selected by the king (James I), with
three other divines, to represent the church
of England at the synod of Dort. Here he
distinguished liimself by a spirited protest
against the adoption of the thirty-first article
. of the Belgic Confession, which ailirmed * that
the ministers of the Word of God, in what
place soever settled, have the same advantage
of character, the same jurisdiction and au-
thority, in regard they are all equally minis-
ters 01 Christ, the only universal Bishop and
Head of the Church.* Carleton maintained
the doctrine of apostolical succession in op-
position to this levelling article. His pro-
test was inefifectual, but his courage and
ability won the admiration of his opponents.
When the English deputies returned home
in the spring ca 1619, the Dutch States, be-
sides payinf^ the expenses of their voyage
and presenting each with a gold medal, sent
a letter to the king in whicn a special com-
mendation is made of Carleton as t lie foremost
man of the company and a model of learning
and piety. He was translated to Chichester
in the same year, probably in recognition 01
the ability and spirit with which he had up-
held the honour of the church of England
in the synod. He died in May 1628. His
son, Henry, represented Arundel in the
parliament of 1640, and afterwards served
m the parliamentary army. Camden, the
antiquary, was much attached to Carleton,
and speaks of him (Brit, in Northumb,
p. 816) as one * whom I have loved in regard
of his singular knowledge in divinity and in
other more delightful literature, and am loved
again of him.' Anthony k Wood {AthetuB
Ox.) describes him as * a person of solid judg-
ment and various reading, a bitter enemy to
the papists, and a severe Cal vinist.' His views,
however, upon the subject of election were
not nearly so rigid as those of the majority
in the synod of Dort, and his theolo^ does
not seem to have afiected the amiability of
his disposition. Fuller (WorthieSj p. 304)
says that ' his good affections appear in his
treatise entitled, "A Thankful Remembrance
of God's Mercy," solid judgment in his " Con-
futation of Judicial Astrology," and clear in-
vention in other juvenile exercises.' The
following is a list of his works : 1. * Heroici
Characteres,' Oxon. 1603, 4to. 2. * Consensus
Ecclesia) Catholic® contra Tridentinos . . .'
1613, 8vo. 3. * Carmen panegyricum ad Elii.
Angl. Reg.,' in vol. iii. of Nichols's 'Progresses
of Queen Elizabeth,' p. 180. 4. < VitaBemardi
Gilpini . . . apud Anglos Aquilonares cele-
berrimi,' 1628, 4to. 5. * Life of Bernard Gil-
pin,' with the Sermon preached before Ed-
ward VI in 1562, London, 1636,8vo. 6. ' Eoi-
stola ad Jacobum Sextum Brit. Ilegem/ in the
* Miscellany of the Abbot«ford Qub ' (i. 1 13),
Edinburgh, 1837. 7. * Tithes examined and
S roved to be due to the Clergie by a Divine
Light,' 1606, 4to, second edit. 1611. 8. * Ju-
risdiction RegaU, Episcopall, papall,' 1610,
4to. 9. * Directions to know the True Church,'
1615, 8vo. 10. * An Oration made at the
Hague before the Prince of Orange and the
States Generall of the United Provinces,'
1619, 4to. 11. * A Thankful! Remembrance
of God's Mercy in an Historicall Collection
of the . . . Deliverances of the Church and
State of England . . . from the beginning of
Q. Elizabeth,' London, 1624, 4to. Several
editions. 12. * 'AorpoXoyo/ioi^ia, the Madnesse
of Astrologes ; or, an Examination of Sir Chris-
topher Hey don's Booke, intit uled, '' A Defence
of Judidarie Astrologie," ' Londofl, 1624, 4t<>.
Carleton
91
Carleton
13 . * An Examination of those Thinffs where-
in the Author of the Iste " Appeale^' holdeth
the Doctrine of the Church of the Pelaffians
and Arminians to be the Doctrines of the
Church of England/ London, 1626, 4to.
14. * His Testimony concerning the Presby-
terian Discipline in the Low Countries and
Episcopall Government here in England,'
London, 1642, 8vo.
[Wood's Athenae Oxen. (Bliss), ii. 422 ; Ful-
le/s Worthies; Collier's Eccles. Hist. vii. 408-16,
and Records in vol. ix. No. 307 ; Dallaway's
Sussex ; Stephens s Memorials of South Saxon See,
pp. 267-0.] W. R. W. S.
CARLETON, GEORGE ( /?. 1728), cap-
tain, was author of ' Military Memoirs, 1672-
1713,' a work which has been repeatedly in-
cluded in the list of Defoe*8 fictions, and by
such authorities as J. G. Lockhart, Walter
Wilson, William Hazlitt, Lowndes, R. Cham-
bers, Dr. Carruthers, and Professor G. L.
Craik. The only reason assigned for including
it is that it appeared in Defoe's lifetime, ana
in style and structure strongly resembles his
fictitious narratives. The argument, in short,
amounts to this, that the booK is so extremely
like the thing it claims to be that it must
be one of Defoe's masterly imitations of it.
No evidence of any kind in support of the
assertion has ever been produced. Lord Stan-
hope ( War of the Succesition xji Spain, Ap-
pendix, 1833) says that the * authenticity of
the " Memoirs ^ was never questioned until
the late General Carleton wished to claim the
capt^n for his kinsman, and failing to dis-
cover his relationship next proceeded to deny
his existence ; ' but, however the question may
have been first raised, it ought to have been
set at rest by the production of Lord Stan-
hope's evidence proving Carleton to have
been a fiesh-and-blood hero, and not a mem-
ber of the same family as Robinson Crusoe.
According to the * Memoirs ' the author was
a member of the garrison of Denia, which
was compelled to surrender to the forces of
Philip in 1708. But among the papers of his
ancestor. Brigadier Stanhope, Lord Stanhope
discovered a list of the English officers, some
six or seven in number, made prisoners on
that occasion, and in it appears * Captain Car-
letone of the traine of artillery,' the branch
of the service to which, we are given to un-
derstand by the * Memoirs,' the author was
attached from the time of the capture of ]3ar-
celona. The internal evidence ought to have
convinced any one who examined the book
carefully that it ia what it claims to be,
neither more nor less. Carleton's dedication
to Lord W^ilmington la followed in the ori-
ginal editions by on address to the reader,
no doubt from the publisher, which, after a
brief summary of Carleton's services in Flan-
ders and Spain, savs : ' It may not be perhaps
improper to mention that the author of these
" Memoirs " was bom at Ewelme in Oxford-
shire, descended from an ancient and honour-
able family. The Lord Dudley Carleton who
died secretary of state to King Charles I was
his great uncle, and in the same reign his
father was envoy at the court of Madrid,
whilst his uncle. Sir Dudlev Carleton, was
ambassador to the States of flolland.' There
are one or two trifling inaccuracies here.
There never was any such person, of course,
as Lord Dudley Carleton. The statesman of
Charles I's reign was Sir Dudley Carleton
[q. v.], created Baron Carleton of Imbercourt
m 1656, and Viscount Dorchester in 1628 ; and
it is questionable whether his nephew and
namesake, knighted shortly after the elder
Dudley was raised to the peerage, was ever ac-
tually ambassador in Holland, though he was
certainly left in charge by his uncle on one or
two occasions when the latter was summoned
to England. But as far as the identification
of the author goes there is no reason to doubt
that the statement is substantially correct.
It is incredible that the publisher would have
gone out of his way to make a false declara-
tion, the falsehood of which could have been
so easily detected at the time, and on behalf
of a book in which, in more than one instance,
living persons were mentioned in such away
as to lead inevitably to its l)eing branded as
a lying production. It explains, too, how it
was that the general, who, according to Lord
Stanhope, first started the question, was un-
able to prove consanguinity with the author,
for it would have been a very difficult matter
to trace the connection between the Irish
Carletons, descendants of the old Northum-
brian or Cumbrian family, and the Oxford-
shire Carletons, the stock of which Sir Dudley
and the captain came. The * Memoirs,' more-
over, deal largely in incidents, of which a
writer like Defoe could not possibly have had
any knowledge without access to documents
which were then absolutely inaccessible, and
in incidents also known only to a few persons
and of such a nature that any inaccuracy or
untruthfulness in the narrator would have
been most certainly denounced. For example,
according to Carleton, just before the brilliant
coup de main bv which the Monjuich, the
citadel -of Barcelona, was taken, it was re-
ported that a body of troops^ from the city
was advancing. Peterborough hurried away
to watch their movements. No sooner had
he turned his back than something very like a
C'c seized some of the officers, and they all
succeeded in persuading Lord Charlemont,
Carleton
92
Carleton
the second in command, a brave but weak
man, to retire before their retreat was cut off.
Seeing this, Carleton slipped away and warned
Peterborough of what was going on. * Good
God ! is it possible P ' he exclaimed, and hur-
rying back snatched the half-pike out of Lord
Charlemont's hands, and with a few vigorous
words brought his officers to their senses.
This, it is almost needless to observe, would
have been an over-audacious flight for a ro-
mance writer to attempt. Lord Charlemont,
it is true, was dead wnen the * Memoirs ' ap-
peared ; but he had left sons behind him who
surely would have contradicted the story if
they could. Peterborough survived the pub-
lication of the book seven years, and he was
not the man to tolerate such a sta,tement
from an impostor. This is only one of several
incidents mentioned by which the genuine
character of Carleton's narrative may be tested.
It is, of course, not impossible, as Lord Stan-
hope admits, that Carleton's manuscript may
have been placed in Defoe's hands to be re-
vised and put into shape; but it may be
asked, what need is there for importing De-
foe's name into the matter at all r It is not
so much that Carleton writ^ like Defoe as
that Defoe could write like Carleton. There
is this difference, however, as Dr. John Hill
Burton (Heiffn of Queen Anne) points out,
that Carleton, as a rule, keeps his own per-
sonality in the background, which Deioe's
heroes certainly do not. As the title implies,
Carleton's narrative embraces the period from
the Dutch war to the peace of Utrecht. At
the age of twenty he entered as a volunteer
on board the London under Sir Edward
Spragge, and w^as present at the battle of
Southwold Bay. lie next joined the army
of the Prince of Orange as a volunteer in the
prince's own company of guards, in which he
had for a comrade Graham of Claverhouse.
After the revolution he served in Scotland,
and by distinguished ser\'ice gained his com-
pany. He was afterwards quartered for some
time in Ireland, but having no mind for the
West Indies, whither his regiment was or-
dered in 1705, he effected an exchange, and
with the recommendation of his old com-
mander and friend. Lord Cutts, joined the
army about to sail for Spain under Peter-
borough. There he did good service at Mon-
juich and Barcelona, but was unfortunate at
Denia, and remained a prisoner of war until
peace came in 1713. The latter part-, and by
no means the least interesting, of his * Me-
moirs ' is taken iip with his obser\'ations on
Spain and the Spaniards made during his
captivity. From one or two references, e.g.
to the recent death of Colonel Hales, governor
of Chelsea Hospital, it is clear that the book
was written between 1726 and 1728, the year
in which it was published with the title of
'The Military Memoirs of Captain George
Carleton from the Dutch War, 1672, in which
he ser\'ed to the conclusion of the peace ot
Utrecht, 1713. Illustrating some of tne most
remarkable transactions both by sea and land
during the reigns of King Charles and King
James II, hitherto unobserved by all the
writers of those times.' It was reprinted in
1741 and again in 1743, with ad captandum
variations of the title, England being then at
war with Spain ; but after these no edition
seems to have been published until that of
1808-9, edited by Sir Walter Scott, and from
that time to the present it has been included
in every collective edition of Defoe's works.
No better proof of its merits could be given
than that it has been so often and so strenu-
ously claimed as one of his fictions ; but what
more particularly entitles its author to a place
here is its importance as a piece of historical
evidence bearing on a period for which trust-
worthy evidence is scarce. Its value in this
respect has been gratefully acknowledged by
such competent authorities as Lord Stanhope
and Dr. John Hill Burton, and this is what
makes it all the more desirable that Carleton
should be definitively removed from the cate-
gory of fictitious cluuracters.
[Lord Stanhope's History of the War of the
Succession in Spain, London, 1832 ; Appendix to
the History of the War of the Succession, Lon-
don, 1833 ; Burton's History of the Beign of
Queen Anne, Edinburgh and London, 1880;
Lee's Daniel Defoe, his Life and recent dis-
covered Writings, London, 1869 ; Notes and
Queries, 2nd ser., ii. and iii. Lee, the latest
biographer of Defoe, says that his investigations
' admitted no other conclusion than that Captain
George Carleton was a real personage, and nim-
self wrote this true and historical account of his
own adventures ; ' and he prints a letter from
Mr. James Crossley of Manchester, who says:
* There cannot be a question that Defoe had no-
thing whatever to do with it. After carefully
going into the point thirty vears ago I came to
the conclusion that he could not possibly have
written it, and that it is the genuine narrative of
a real man, who is identified in the list of officers
given by Lord Stanhope in the second edition of
his " War of the Succession in Spain." I have
never seen any reason since to alter my view.']
J. 0.
CARLETON, GUY (1598P-1686), bishop
of Chiche^tor, said by Anthony k Wood to
have been a kinsman of G«orge Carleton
(1669-1628) [q. v.], was a native of Brains-
ton Foot, in Grilsland, Cumberland. He was
educated at the free school in Carlisle, and
was sent as a servitor to Queen's Gollege,
Oxford, of which he afterwards became nl-
Carleton
Carleton
low. In 1635 lie was niiule a proctor to
ihe muTersiity. When tJie civil war lirolse
nut lie Uin<w himaelf beartil,v into the klng'B
canM. He was an excellent hocsemsu, and
followeil the royal army, although he had
been arduined and held two livings. In an
engngeniBnt with the enemy he was taken
priBoner and confined iu Lambeth Hoiiec. I
He toftusffed, however, to escape by the help
of his wife, who conveyed a cord to him,
by which he was to let himself down from
It window, and then make for a boat on
the Thaioes in leadlneEfl to take him off. I
Tlie rope was too short, and in dropping to j
the ground he broke one of his bones, but i
flUfWeded in getting to the boat, which took
Jiim to a plaee of concealment, where he lay
till he recovered, but in aoch a destitut*
condition that his wife had to sell Bome of
lier clothes and work for their daily food.
At last ihey cotilrived to get out of the
coontcy, and joined the exiled king in Hol-
lond. Immediateiy after the restoration ,
Carleton was made dean of Carlisle. In
1671 he WHS promoted to the bishopric of
Bristol, and in 1678 translated to the see of
Chichester, but ' he had not the name there,'
lays Wood, ' for a scholar or liberal benefactor
as his predecessor and kinsman, Dr. George
Carleton, had.' In tlie year after his appoint-
ment, the Dukeof Monmouth, being then at
the height of hi» popularity, visited Chichester
(7 Feb.) in the courae of a kind of royal pro-
gress which he woa making through the coun-
try (see MiCAITLiT, Bitt. u 251, &c.) The
estravagnnt honourpaid to him, not only by
soma of" the citizens but by the dignitariea
of the cathedral, excited the indignation of
the bishop, which he poured forth in a letter
to tie Archbishop of Canterbury (Bancroft)
■rved among the Tanner MSS. in the
.i«a,384). *... The great men of our
nil welcomed him with beUes, and
made by wood had from their boasea
flar* before hia lodgings, personal visits
Bade to him, with all that was in their
houses proffered to his service.' He describes
the honour done the duke in the cathedral,
ud the ' opociypbal anthems when the com-
*" iwealtu saints appeared amongst us.' He
relatM at some length how, because be
'join in these bell and bonfire
inilies,' or 'bow the knee to the people's
the rabble surrounded his house at
it demanding wood to make bon£res for
duke, and, when it was refused, pelted
palace with stones, and shot into it three
-1, ebouling thnl be was an old popish
(, and all the people in hia family were
(sand thieves, a no they should moet with
at long. ' Then they shott three times
into my bouse and seconded their violence
with a shower of stones so thick that our ser-
vants thought they would have broke in nnd
cutourthroiita. . . .' Theletterisdatedl7Feb.
1679. The bishop was then about eighty-
throe years of age, but lived six yeara longer.
His death occurred on 6 July 16S5.
[Wood's Athena, iv. 886, 867-1 W. H. W. S.
CARLETON, GUY, first Loan Uohomes-
TBB(1724-1808),govemorofQuebec,waathe
third son of Christojiher Carleton of Newry,
countyDown, and bis wife,Catherine, daugh-
ter of Henry Ballof county DonegaL UewOS
bom at Strabane Z Sept. 1724. The father
died when Guy was about fourteen, and the
mother afterwards married the Bev. Thomas
Skelton of Newry. According to Samuel
Burdy, the biographer of Philip Skelton, ' Sir
Guy's emineucti in the world was owing in a
Seat degree . . . tothecarewluoh hisstep-
Lher, Thomas Skelton, took of his education '
{Complete Wor}aofIiev.P.SkelUm,\mi.y^.
3&-31). On 21 ta«y 1743 hewas appointed
enwcn in the Earl of Rothes's re^ment (after-
wards the 26th foot ), and obtained his promo-
tion as lieutenant in the some regiment on
1 May 174i). Changing his regiment ha
became lieutenant of the 1st foot guards on
22 July 1751, and wHsappointedcaptain-lieU'
tenant and lieutenant-colonel 18 June 1757.
In June and July 1758 he took part in the siege
of Louiaburg, under General Amherst, and
on 24 Aug. was made lieutenant-colouel of
the 7~2nd foot. On 30 Dec. in the same year
he was appointed quartermaster-general and
colonel in America. He was wounded at
the capture of Quebec, 13 Sept. 1759, when
in command of the corps of grenadiers. In
1761 he acted as brigadier-general under
General Hodgaon at the siege of Belleisle,
and was wounded in the attack on Port
Andro, 8 ApriL He was raised to the rank
of colonel m the army 19 Feb. 176:2, and
in the some year sen'cd under Lord Albe-
marle in the siege of the Havannah, where
he greatly distinguished himself^ and was
wounded in a sortie on 32 July. Carleton
was appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec
24 Sept. 1766, and in the following year the
government of the colony devolved on him
in consequence of General Murray having
to proceed to England. In 1770, having
obtained leave of absence, Carleton came to
England. He was appointed colonel of the
47th foot 2 April 11*72, and raised to the
rank of m»jor-gBneraI on 25 May following.
In Juno 1774 he was eiamined before the
House of Commons regarding the Q.uebcc bill.
Carleton 94 Carleton
is said was suggested by Carleton himself, - Americans, and two naval engagements were
established a legislative council, allowed the i fought on the lake on the 11th and ISth.
Koman catholics the free exercise of their re- i The result of the first conflict was somewhat
ligion, and re-established the authoritjr of the doubtful, but on the second occasion Carle-
old French laws in civil cases, while it intro- ton gained a complete victory and took pos-
duced the English law in criminal proceedings, session of Crown Point, where he remamed
In the latter end of the year Carleton returned until 3 Nov., when, giving up the idea of
to Canada, where he was warmly Welcomed besieging Ticonderoga, he returned to St.
back by the catholic bishop and clergy of the John s and sent his army into winter quar-
province, and on 10 Jan. 1776 was appointed ters. In reward for his brilliant services in
governor of Quebec. On the recall of Gage the defence of Quebec he was nominated a
the command of the army in America was knight of the Bath, 6 July 1776, and a spe-
divided, and assigned in Canada to Carleton, cial warrant was issued allowing him to wear
and in the old colonies to Howe. At an the ensigns without being invested in the
early stage of the war the Congress, being usual manner. In 1777 an expedition from
apprehensive of an attack by Carleton on Canada, intended to co-operate with the
their north-west frontier, determined on the principal British force in America, was re-
invasion of Canada, and on 10 Sept. 1775 solved on, and on 6 May Burgoyne arrived
the American troops effected a landing at at Quebec to take the command. Carleton,
St. John^s. Carleton, however, who had no who had for some time been unable to get
army and had endeavoured in vain to raise on amicably with Lord George Germaine, at
the peasantry, was defeated by Colonel War- once demanded Ids own recall on the ground
ner m an attempt to relieve the garrison, and that he had been treated with injustice. On
compelled to retire. On 3 Nov. St. John's 29 Aug. he was raised to the rank of lieut«-
capitulated to General Montgomenr, who nant-general, and in the same year was ap-
on the 12th entered Montreal. Carleton pointed governor of Charlemont in Ireland,
narrowly escaped being captured. Disguised a post which he retained during the remain-
as a fisherman he passed through the enemy's der of his life. In May 1778, without assicfn-
craft in a whaleboat and arrived at Quebec ing any reason, he dismissed Peter Livius
on the 19th. The fortifications of the town from his post of chief justice of Quebec,
had been greatly neglected, and the garrison At the end of July he left Canada for Eng-
did not consist of above eleven thousand men, land, and was succeeded by Lieutenant-gene-
few of whom were regulars. In spite of these ' ral Haldimand as governor of Quebec. He
obstacles and the lukewarmness of the Bri- declined to appear before the privy council
tish settlers who were displeased with the in defence of his dismissal of Livius, who
new constitution, Carleton, having ordered all was restored to his office by an order dated
persons who would not join in resistance to 25 March 1779. On 19 May following he
the enemy to leave, soon put the city into a
state of defence. An attempt by Colonel
Arnold to take it by surprise having failed,
Montgomery joined forces with the latter,
was installed K.B. at Westminster, and on
23 Feb. 1782 was appointed to succeed Sir
Henry Clinton as commander-in-chief in
America. He arrived at New York with his
and on 5 Dec. summoned Carleton to sur- commission on 5 May, and desired that all
render. The governor refused to have any , hostilities should be stayed. By a consistent
correspondence with the American comman-
der. After laying siege to the city for nearly
a month, the Americans attempted to take
policy of clemencv he did much to conciliate
the Americans. lie remained in New York
for some time after the treaty of peace had
it by storm on 31 Dec. 1775, but were re- ', been signed, and finally evacuated the city
pulsed, Montgomery being killed and Arnold
wounded. Tne siege was continued until
the beginning of May 1776, when, upon the
on 25 Nov. 1783 and returned to England.
A pension of 1,000/. a year was grantcKl him
by parliament for his bfe and the lives of his
arrival of a British squadron, Carleton sal- wife and two elder sons, and on 11 April
lied out and put the already retreating enemy . 1786 he was again appointed governor of
to rout with the loss of their artillery and Quebec. As a reward for his long services
he was also created Baron Dorchester on
21 Aug. in the same year. He arrived at
baggage. By the end of the month Carleton
had gathered a force of thirteen thousand men,
and accordingly assumed the offensive. The
Americans gradually retired before him, and
bv 18 June nad evacuated Canada and esta-
blished themselves at Crown Point. After
waiting until October for boats to cross liake
•Champlidn, Carleton went in pursuit of the
Quebec to take charge of the government on
23 Oct., and was cordially welcomed by the
inhabitants, with whom he was highly popu-
lar. One of his first measures was to assemole
the legislative council, whom he directed
to make a thorough iiiTeatigation into the
condition of tie proTinces. In 1791 an net
of mrlitunent — which h&d been premred by
William Qrenville, and reTised by DorcLea-
tcr — w&s paMerl. By the proTisions of Ihia
acl (31 Geo. TU, c. 31 ) C&noda was divided
into two provinces, vU. Upper Canitda (now
Ontario) (ind Lower Canada (now Quebec),
■nd a ainiilar constitution was ffiven to eftcn.
Dcirehesler was nbeent from Canada from
17 Aug. 1791 to 24 Sept. 1793, during which
time the gOTBrnmcnt of the proTinces de-
vuIvmI ou MiyoT-;g«nenit Alured Clarke, the
lieulpnftnt-p)TBrnor. Dorchester took hia
final departure from Quebec on 9 July 1796,
and wx* succeeded by Maior.generHl ftescott.
The Active, in which he embarked with his
fiunilT, was wrecked on AntieoBti. No Uvea
werelovt.andonldSept. they reached PortB-
moutliiu H.M.S. Dover without any further
misliap, On 11 July 1790 hewaa appointed
colonel of thelSlh ib-ogxiona, and on 13 Oct.
1793 raised to the rank of a general in the
vmy. On IS March 1801 he became colon J
of tie 27th dragoons, from which regiment
he was transferred on 14 Aug. 1802 t<> the
command of the 4th dragoons. After his
return from England he bved
finrt at F
aftt^rwardi „ ,
whnre he died suddenly on 10 Nov. 1W8.
Dorchester, though a severe disciplinarian,
waa a man of humane conduct ana of sound
common sense. His kind treatment of the
Canadian people, and of the American pri-
•onera during the war, did him iotiniCe credit,
as well OS hia attemple to check the excesses
of iLu Indians employed by the government
af^nst the colonists.
He marri(J,on 23 May 1772,LadTML___,
ihe third daughter of Tliomaa, second earl of
Effingham, by whom he had nine sons and
two daughters. His widow survived him
for many years, and died on 11 March l83tS,
•gei 8if. He was succeeded in the title by
luB grandson, Arthur, the only son of Chris-
topher, hie third aon. The present and fourth
baron is also a grandson of the first i>eor,
being the plrtest son of Richard , the youn^st
of the nine sons. The Kuyal Institution
pnueeena a large number of manuscripts
which formerly belonged to Maurice Morgan,
DordbestCT's secretary during the last years
■ if the American war. These consist solely
of American ofHcial documents. In the
Britiab Muwnm, lunoi^ the Add. MSS.,
aomij of his e«rre«nondence wliile governor
of QaebM will be found.
[OolUn.'!! Pwmge of England (1812), viii
118-111; rhalniBrs* Biog. I'ict. (ISIS), viii
of Canada (18(18}; Bancroft's Histoiy of tha
United Siatie (]876),ToU.iii-vi.; Holmes'sAn-
niilsof Aoinriea (182Q),vol. ii. ; Mohoo'sBiKor;
of lingland {iafi4),voli. vi. andvii. ; AnnunlHe-
gistep. 1808, chroD, pp. 149-52; Sir H. CaTvn~
diah's DtlwI.es ul' tho Housb of Commons in the
yrur 1771 (1839); London OazettcE; Army Lists;
Add. MSa. ai678, 21697-TOO, 21707, 21T3<,
31781, 21808-8.) O. F. R. B.
CAELETON, HDOH. \ iscotnrr Caslb-
TON (1 739-1 8--'6). lord chief justice of Ire-
land, eldest BOn of yraneis Carleton of Cork,
by Rebecca, daughter of John Lanton, woa
bom 11 Sept. 1730. He was educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, and being called
to the Irish bar become solicitor-general
in 1779, and lord chief iuatice of the com-
mon pleas in 1787. In 1789 he was created
Baron Carleton of Amer, and in 1797 Vis-
count Carleton of Clare, Tipperarj-. lie be-
came lord chief justice in 1800, and the same
year was chosen one of tlie twenty-eight re-
presentativepeersof Ireland. In 1803,having
incensed the mob by the trial and condemna-
tion of the two councillors Sheers, to whom
he had been left guardian by their father, he
only escaped their suminarv vengeance by Lord
Kilwarden being killed in mistake for him.
Curran, referring to the lugubrious manner
of Carleton on the bench, said that he was
plaintiff (plaintive) in every ease before him.
He died in 1826. He mamed in 1766 Elita-
beth, only daughter of Richard Mercer, and
in 179C Mary Buckley, second daughter of
Andrew Matthew ; but by neilier marriage
had he any issue.
[Georgian Era, ii. 640; Gent. Mbb. 1820. i.
270,] T. F. H.
CABLETON, MAKY (I642P-I67S), 'the
German princess," was bom, by her own
account, at Cologne, her father being Henry
van Wolway, lord of Holmstein, It was
also said that she was the only daughter of
the Duke of Oundenia, bora 10 April 1639
(Life of the Famous Madam Charlton,
pp. 2-3), but she confessed jiist before her
execution that she wna Mary Moders of Can-
terbury, daughter of a chorister of the cathe-
dral, and bom on 22 Jan. 1642. Various
(iccnunts are given of her early life, but all
agree thatshe came from Holland about 1661
to London, where her imposture commenced.
She was witty and handsome, 'Dutch-built
. . a stout Fregat.' One King', a vintner, and
Ilia wife were her first dupes, and to ihem
alio represented her fortune as oiiproachlng
m,<Xfil a y«)ar. In April 1603 she married
Carleton 9^ Carleton
John Carleton, Mrs. Eing*8 brother. A pre- of her Birth to her Execution . . . with her
viouB marria^ to one Jc'
living, was discovered,
mitted on a charge
house, where she was '
29 May 1663) and a great concourse of curious racter of Mrs. Mary Moders, alias, &c . . . with
people. She was tried at the Old Bailey on theHavock and Spoilshe committed upon the
4 June 1663, and defended herself with such Publick in the Reign of Charles the Second ; '
courage that she was 'acquitted by publique and it is said in Harley*8 ' Notes on Biogra-
proclamation' {The Great Tryall, &c. title, phies* to have been republished because Al-
and p|^. 1-^). Carleton now attacked her in derman Barber was reported to be her son
his * Ultimum Vale . . . being a true De- {Notes and Queries, 5th series, L 291).
script ion of the Passages of that Grand Im-
The Great
Hisstoricall
i' <:■ Jr^^h '"""?" "^ """T r?" ''I Famous Madam Charlton, pp. 2-9 ;
high m the defence of her wit and spirit, and j^^u^ pp^ ^^ . y^^ Carleton V «... .„
glad that she is cleared at the sessions. She XarratiTe, pp. 1-20; John Carleton's Ultimum
answered the ' Lltimum N ale in * An His- . Vale. Hearnes CollectioBS, iL 410-11 ; Notes
toricall Narrative of the German Princess and Queries, 6th ser. i. 228, 291.] J. H.
. . written for the satisfaction of the World
at the request of divers Persons of Honour.' ' CARLETON, RICHARD ( 1560 ?-
Other publications on the subject were* The 1638?), musical composer, waa possibly a
Great Ti^all and Arraignment of the late dis- member of the family of the same name who
tressed Ladv, otherwise called the late Ger- lived at liVnn in Norfolk. He was bom in
main Princess' (1663), &c.,* The Arraignment, the latter part of the sixteenth century, and
Tryal, and Examination of Mary binders, educated at Clare College, Cambridge, where
alias, &c., &c.,' and 'The Tn'all of Mary he proceeded A.B. in 15/7. He sub^uently
Moders for having two husbands.' After this took the degree of Mus. Bac., and was or-
Mary Carleton turned actress, and a play was dained. Soon afterwards he obtained an ap-
comi)08ed expressly for her, with her oTNTi title • pointment at Norwich Cathedral. In 1601
' The German Pnncess ; * it was performed he published a collection of twenty-one ma-
at the Duke's House, Dorset Gardens, where drigals, on the title-page of whicli he styles
Pepys saw her the next year, 15 April 1664, himself 'Priest.' These compositions, which
and declared that 'never was anything so in the Latin preface he calls ' prima libamina
well done in earnest worse performed in jest ' facultatis mesp,' are dedicated to Sir Thomas
(ib. for that date). She became a common Farmer. Prefixed is a ' Preface to the Skill-
thief next, and was transported to Jamaica in full Musician,' dated Norwich, 28 March
February 1671; but she returned to London 1601. In the same year he contributed a
and her evil courses ; in December 1672 she madrigal to the collection entitled ' TheTri-*
was sentenced to death for various thefts, and umphs of Oriana.' On 11 Oct. 1612 Carleton
hanged at Tyburn on 22 Jan. 1672-3 (Gran- was presented by Thomas Thursby to the rec-
eEK, Biog, Hist, i v. 224-5). Her age was said tory of Bawsey and Gloethorp, near Lynn. The
to be thirty-eight. , date of his death is unknown, but it probably
Two broadsheets were published in 1673, ! took place in 1638, for though a locum tenens
* An Elegie on the Famous and Renowned ] (Robert Powis) seems to have been appointed
Lady for Eloquence and Wit, Madam Mary to the living in 1627, there was no other reo*
Carlton, otherwise styled The German Prin- . tor until 22 Aug. 1638, when Richard Peynes
cess,' &c. ; and ' Some Luck, Some Wit, I was presented. Carleton's name is also spelt
being a Sonnet upon the merry Life and un- . Carlton or Charlton. The only extant com-
timely Death of Mistriss Mary Carlton, com- | positions of his, besides those mentioned
monly called The German Princess. To a new
Tune, called The German Princess adieu.'
There also appeared in 1673 ' Memories of the
Life of the Famous Madam Charlton . . . with
her Nativity astrolo^cally handled, to which
isprefixed her portrait ; ' and J. G.'s ' Memoires
of Mary Carleton . . . Being a Narrative of
her Life and Death, interwoven with many
strange and pleasant Passages, firom the time
above, are some instrumental pavans in the
British Museum (Add. 'MS. 568).
[Registers of the University of Cambridge,
communicated by Mr. J. W. Clark; Diocesan
Registers of Norwich, Register of Bawsey parish,
oommnnicated by the Rev. W. F. Oieen j and Dr.
Mann ; information firom the Rev. the Master of
Clare, Dr. Bensly, and Mr. Walter Rye.]
W.fi.&
CABLETON. THOMAS COMPTON.
[See C<i>IPTv>s.]
CAai^ETON, WILLIAM (d. 1309 P),
iudf[e, ttppesre to liavebeena Yorkshireman.
He is'designnTRd ' ei via EbomcenBis ' in a roll of |
1391 (Bot. Oriff. Aitbree. i. 75). The earlieflt j
mentionof him occun under date 1383, when !
lie w«B plftcod in jwssession of the vacant
ahbe^ 01 Ramser iu Himtingdoiubiiv, tA
hold during the liing's pleaanre. Between
1286 and 1390 inclustvi; he acted as one of
the jiuticee of the Jews, official* with funo-
tions similar to those eKercieed by the barons
of tbe uxchequer, but limited to Che transac-
tion of busineiu in which the Jewish commu-
nity waa concemwd. His salary appears to
have been '201. per anuum. On the expiil-
aion of the Jews, which took place in 1290,
It is probable that be was imueaiatelycreated
m bafon, as we tind him ranked next after
Jofan de Cobham, the senior baron, in tbe
list of ju9ti(!es summoned to parliament in
12S5. He was despatched to Antwerp in
1297 to ne^tiati;, on behalf of the kin^, a
loui of 10,000/. with the merchants there,
pTeeumably for the xmrpoaes of the expedi-
tion to Flanders. By the death of John de
Cobham, in 130U, he became senior haron.
He was reappointwl on the acceasioa of Ed-
ward U (Iw"), at whose coronation he was
present, and the same year reoeived permis-
uon, in consideration of his ' long and meri-
toriouB and unremitting service,' to attend
at the exchequer at his own convenience.
llie following year be ia mentioned as one
of the jndgea assigned to try cases of fore-
stalling in the city of iicndon. Aaafterthis
vear he ia not again summoned to parliament.
It ta probable that he died before the next
writ was issued (the 11th of the ensuing
Jane). Ashisname does not occur in the' Tn-
quisitiones post Mortem,' wc may infer that,
like many other of the earlier barons of the
exchequer, he was of humble origin ; and as
be ia described as ' civi« Eboracensis,' it seems
not altogether improbable that he was the
teaoat of Carleton in Yorkshire, under
Henry de Percy.
[Bot.Orig. Abbrcv. i. 01.Tfi,lI3; Dagdale's
Chron. Scr. 18, »3: Modox's Exch. i. 230, il. 62;
Vtaa* LiTM uf the Jndges; Bat. Far), i. 16S,
IM ; Pari. Writs, i, 29, ii. div. ii, pt. i. 18,
pi. il 4, l».] J. M. H.
CABLETON. WILLLiM (1794-1869),
Irish novpliat, was bom at PriJlisk, co. Ty-
rone, in 1704, and not, as some writers have
Msliid, in 1 79B. His parents supported them-
selves and fonrtw-n children, of whomWilliam
t, tho youngest, on afami of only fourteen
l^i
Carleton used to say that his father's
/ was a rich and perfect storehoaae of
all that the social antiquary, man of letters,
the poet, or the musician, would consider
valuable. He spoke tbe Irish and English
languages with nearly equal fluency, ana was
acquainted with all kinds of folklore. His
mother was famous for her musical talents.
Carleton's earliest tutor was one Pat Frayne,
the master of tbe hedge school, who appears
as Mat Eavanagh in the ' Hedge School, and
Carleton bears testimony to the savagery of
Dr. Eeenan of Olasslougli, he made consider-
able progress in his studies, especially in clas-
sics. On the removal of Dr. Keenan to Dun-
dalk, (vorleton was compelled to return home.
Bjs parents had intended him for the church,
and sent him as a poor scholar to Munster.
He had travelled as far as Granard when he
intaipreted an ominous dream as a command
to return to Tyrone. The incident* of this
journey gave rise to the tale of the ' Poor
Scholar.'
Lough-derg was a place famed for many
legends, and Carleton visited the spot to per-
form a station there. In tlie ' Lough-durg
Pilgrim' he has given an exact Iransuript of
what took place during these stations held
in the summer months. Carielon's experi-
ences at Lough-derg led hi'" to the resolution
never to enter the church. About this time
there fell into his hands a copy of ' Gil Bios.'
He now longed far contact with the world,
and entered the family of Piers Miirpliy, a
farmer in county Louth, as a tutor. He next
went to Dublin infiearch of fortune with two
shillings and iiinepence in his pocket. Offer-
ing himself as assistant to a bird-stuffer, he
was asked what he proposed to stuiT birds
with, and ingenuously replied, ' Potatoes and
meal.' Hedetenninedtoenlist.andaddresaed
, a letter in Latin to the colonel of a regiment,
' who dissuaded him from his purpose, and
I shortly afterwards Carleton obtained some
' tutorships. While engaged in tuition he met
tbe lady whom he afterwards married,
For the ' Christian Examiner,' u Dublin
periodical edited by the Rev. Ctesar Otway,
a protestant clergyman, Carleton wrote a de-
scription of hie pilgrimage to Lough-derg.
Sketches soon followed each other in rapid
succession, and in 1830 these were collected
into a volume, and published under the title
of Traits and Stories of the Irish Peoaanlry.'
Several editions were called for in three years,
and a second series appeared in 1833. His
sketches of the peasantrF were followed l»y
a collection of ' Tales of Irehind.' 1834. In
some of the tales he evidently describes his
Carleton
9«
Carliell
own feeling* and **rly <rrprrl«i«r5- C^rirton
pr-iducf^d in lN3J*h:? * F&rdorour^ :i:*rMi«r-r.'
which hh,^ been d<»CT:l^i a* our of thr n;o?t
powerful and morinj work- of nc^:>n ever
"written- • Fardor^* urhs ' wi* dr&=iJiti5*d and
produced at a Dublin thr&tr^.bu: the Terson
annovrrd Carleton. and Ird t':i ^n unplrAsani
c>'»rre*?pondrnce }>r!w-en himself and the
adapt '•r. a lady named Msiirraih- }!•: state*
'that there wa* cot a puMication of any im-
p^.»rtanoe in hi* time to which h^ did not con-
tribute.' The ZT^'f.*"T number of hi« sketches
have >yifen republic h-rd in volume form. In
1S41 there app»rarr'l a c^ill-rcti^n of tales by
Carleton. patn*-tic and humorou*. c:>ntain-
inj? the sketch entitled 'The Misfortunes of
Barney Branasran." Tlii* volume was suc-
ceeded in 1^545 bv a more elaborate work.
entitled * Valentine M'Clutchy. the Irish
Asrent, or Chronicles of the Castle Cumber
Property.* This novel dealt with the land
question. The work was extendrd in 1S46
by the addition of *The Pious Aspirations
of Solomon M'Slime.' The machinations of
fiecret societies wore exposed in • Rody the
Hover, or the Kibbonman.* A Dublin pub-
lisher haviner pro Wted a series of books under
the title of * The Librarv of Ireland.' Carleton
•
came forward to supply a cap caused by the
death of Thomas Davis. He produced in the
course of a few days his story of * Paddy Go-
easy.' The Irish famine supplied Carleton
■with the materials for his * Black Prophet/
published in 1847. It was succeeded by
* The Emigrants of Ahadarra ' and * Art Ma-
guire.' In 1849 appeared ' The Tithe Proc-
tor/ and in 1852 *The Red Hall, or the
Baronet's Daughter/ afterwards republished
under the title of * The Black Baronet.* This
was succeeded by * The Squanders of Castle
Squander/ and at a brief interval by a volume
of shorter collected tales. The last consider-
able works from Carleton's pen were * Willy
Reillv and his dear Colleen Bawn ' (1855) ;
< The'Evil Eye, or the Black Spectre * (I860) ;
and * Redmond, Count O'llanlon, the Irish
Rapparee' (1862). But for many vears sub-
sequently there appeared periodically volumes
of this writer's collected sketches.
Notwithstanding Carleton's indefatigable
industry he fell into difficulties. A memorial
was addressed to gfovemment on his behalf,
signed by persons of all ranks and creeds, in-
cluding JIaria Edgeworth, and on the recom-
mendation of Lord John Russell he received
a pension of 200/. per annum. Two of his
sons went out to New Zealand. He died
SO Jan. 1869.
Carleton has been regarded as the truest,
the most powerful, and the tenderest deli-
neator of Irish life. Indignant at the con-
stant misrepTEscrntations of the character of
hi* CT'oatrymen, he resolved to give a faithful
pict-ir^- vf the Insh people: and although he
did n:>t spare- their vices he championed their
virru«. which were too often neglected or dis-
Eut'e-i. He was erratic in habit, and although
e wrote much he was unsystematic and fittul
in r2f."»rt. Most of Carleton's works were
translate into French. German, and Italian.
There is as vet no collected edition of them
in Enzlish. the various novels and sketches
havin; appeared in one form at intervals in
Dublin, and in anot her form in London. Many
are now entirely out of print.
The following is a list of the works of Car-
leton which have been published in volume
form : 1. * Traits and :>tories of the Irish
Peasantry.' two series. 1830 and 1833.
2. • Tales of Ireland/ 1834. 3. * The Fawn
of Springvale and other Tales,' 1841.
4. * Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry,'
new edition, with an autobiographical intro-
duction, ejcplanatorv notes, and illustrations,
1843-4. 5. * Valentine M'Clutchy,' 1845.
6. 'Rody the Rover, or the Ribbonman,'
1845. 7. ' Parra Sastha ; or the History of
Paddv Go-easv and his wife Nancy,* 1845.
8. • Ae Bbick' Prophet.' * The Emigrants of
Ahadarra,' ' Fardorougha the Miser,' 'The
Tithe Proctor' (Parlour Library series), 1847.
9. 'Art Maguire. or the Broken Fledge,'
1847. 10. * The Clarionet, the Dead Boxer,
and Bamev Branagan,' 1850. 11. ' Red
Hall, or the Baronet's Daughter,' 1852.
12. * Jane Sinclair, Xeal Malone,' &c., 1852.
13. < Willy ReUly and his dear Colleen Bawn,'
1855. 14. *The Emigrants' (Railway Li-
brary series), 1857. 15. * The Evil Eye, or
the black Spectre,' 1860. 16. < The Double
Prophecy, or Trials of the Heart,' 1862.
17. 'Redmond, Count 0*Hanlon, the Irish
Rapparee, an Historical Tale,' 1862. la 'The
Silver Acre and other Tales,' 1862. 19. 'The
Fair of Emyvale and the Master and Scholar '
(Parlour Library series), 1870. 20. 'The
Squanders of Castle Squander' (librairof
Favourite Authors), 18^3. Several of these
works have passed through a considerable
number of editions.
[Carleton's Traits and Stories of the Iriih
Peasantiy, with an AutobiogFaphical Introdne-
tion, 1843; Read's Cabinet of Irish Literature,
1880 ; Quarterly Review, September 1841 ; FVea-
man's Journal, Dublin, 1 Feb. 1869 ; Chamhaii'i
Cyclopaedia of English Literature, 1876.1
a.B.a
CAIUilELL, ROBERT (d. 1622 P), po^
is the author of a scarce vdlame entitled
' Britaines Gloria ; or an AUegorioid Dname
with the Exposition thereof: oontainiiig the
m Infidelitie, the Turkes Blaspl
• PopHS Uypocrisie, Amsterdams Vori^tie,
« Charch of Englandg Veritie in Kelieion.
And in our ClturcU of England, the Kings
Excellenc;^. His rssueslntegtitie. The Nobles
«nd Oentries CcinBt«iicie. The Counccis aod
ludgisa Fidelitie. The Preacherg and the Bi-
ehous ^ncttritie. Conceived and written by
Robert Cwlietl, Gent., for the lore and honour
of Ilia King imi Country,' London, 1619.
Tlus allegoricnl pofm, in forty-two six-line
^"KOm, is followwlby a prose eiposition, in
Inch the glories of the cliurch of England
b further described. A singular attack on
'^•eoo figures in the early pages. In the
itish Sluseiira Library ore three copies of
the work, two dated 1630, and a third dated
1622. Nulhing certain is known of the au-
thor. The will of a citizen and leatherseller
(Jjandoa of the same name, dated 9 Oct.
I, was proved on 7 Nov, following. This
rt Carliell had a son Ilobert, who accord-
ii to tba will had treatjjd his father very
tifuUy.
kdi«le*aCollectionsfor aHistoryof theCar-
■ Painilr, p. 3T3 ; Caraer's Collectanea Ang1<
^" "l. 263-S; Brit. Mus. Cat,]
e.LL.
RLTLE- [Sep also Oakliell, Cab-
UB, and CjiRLYi.E.]
ItCARLILE or CARLISU; ANKE (d.
ie80F),waa an artbt. In 1658 Sir Waiiam
Suide.non, speaking in hjs 'Graphice
punters 'now in England,'tiays(p. 20), 'and
inO^'IColourawehaveavirtuoua example in
llut wntrthyArtist.Mrs.Carlile.' Shepainted
fcer own portrait ; Verttie saw it in the succeed-
iDgcerilar>-,uboutl730. Shewaslorgely em-
ployad in copying the jaintings of the Italian
iiia8t«rs, and in reproducing these ii
ture ; and Charles I was so warm an admirer
of ber work, Graham says, that be presented
Vandyke and the lady with ultramarine to
the value of 5001. Atme Carlile died about
1680 J and many of her pictures were after-
wanla in the possession of Lady Cotterel.
[Sir William Sandurooii's Gmphico. p. 20:
VkbMile'H Atu<atl. of Pniming, mI. ]S49, ii. 'ASIA
^ J. U.
1, CTIRISTOPIIEH, D.D, (d.
B?), divine,wiiaB member of Clare Hall,
nkridge, of which sociu^ he was elected a
iw. ilo commenced M.A. in 1541, and
i woji chosen one of the proctors of
jTriniverKiry. In 1662 he took the degree
..Ti.D., ond he was siibseqiwntly created
D.D. n<r waa residing at Monks' florton in
Ktnfin inai. 'Hie fi»t dat«d edition (157ii)
iit hia diBcooTBu or iIig controverted point
whether St. Peter waa ever at Rome is dedi-
cated to Lord Wentworth, ' by whom,' sayi
the author, 'I liave bene liheriLlly sustained
these xx'x, yearee.' On 22 Au^. 1671 ona
Christopher Corlile, M.A., was instituted to
the rectory of St. John's, Hackney, which
was vacant by his death on '2 Aug. 1588,
when William Sutton, M.A., was appoint^
bis succeasor. Aiiothc>r Christopher Carlile,
who lited for some time at Barham in Kent,
removed thence to the parish of St. Botolph,
Dear Bishopsgate, London, where lie died in
I tlie beginning of the year 1696.
Carlile was an excellent Hebrew scholar.
He wrote; 1. 'A Discourse wherein is
plainlyproved by the orderof time and place
that Peter was never at Rome. Further-
more, that neither Peter nor the Pope is the
head of Christes Church,' Lood. n.d. and
157:?, 4to. Another edition bears this title,
' A Diacourae of Peters Lyfe, Pere^inatiou,
and Death," Lond. 1582, 4to. The first di»-
course was reprinted, with two letters to a
clergyman, by James Billet, Lond. 1845, Svo.
2. ' A DiscouTBo, concerning two divine Posi-
tions. The first effectually concluding, that
the soules of the faithfull fathers deceased
before Christ went immediately to Heaven.
The second sufficientlye setting foorth unto
us Chiistians, what we are to conceive,
touching the descension of ourSaviourChriat
into Hell,' Lond. 1582, 16mo. Dedicat«d to
Henry, earl of Huntingdon. This book con-
tains the substance of a public disputation
held at Cambridge in 1552, and was written
in confutation of a work by Dr. R. Smith of
Oxford. Carlile'a book was interdicted by
public authority soon after its appearance.
3. The Psalms of David in English, with tat-
notations, I673j manuscript in the Cambridge
University Library, Ff. 6. 6.
[Carlisle's Calleetions for a History of the
Carlisla Family, 68; Tanner's Bibl. Brit, 154;
Ames's Typogr. Antaq. (Herbert), 8fi3, 878.908,
1008, 1071. 1101. 1319; Lysons'a Esvirons, ii.
47S; Cooper's AnnalB of Cambridge, v. 243;
Addit. MS. 8866, f. 49; Wood's AchenK Oxon.
(Bliss).!. 336,418; Cooper's Athens C«utab. ii.
34; Newcourt's Eopertorium, i. 619; Holiin-
Bon's Hnckney, ii. 154, !6S.] T. C.
OARLELE, CHRISTOPHER (1551-
1593). [See C&Buull, Cukisxophbb.]
CAKLILE, JAMES (d. 1691), actor and
dramatist, was a native of Lancashire, and
' led the company at Drury Lane some time
previous to 16S2. After mentioning the fa-
mous union of the two companies — the King's
and the Duke's — under Betterton [q. v.] in
1682, Downes (itoiciW Amlioanut) writes
folhnra ; ' Note, now Mr, Monfbrt and Mr.
Carlile
ii4'.f-*,r». 7!i«* '.a. 7 •!»*<» .3, •r.miitj'.ru'.a "Vj*j.
>^i:2Ui> .:•. 'Oh: • l-iir ".tf 'rij** '.if lr7i»*!L
\i ''.*.••-. ^ :.;<AiC»TJU^ 1.* ui bnr ir'.d -ta***
r-rfv.?-:.*- fji Lt- u.n:-.?:.:ii* "... '>.j:«:n, Ciir-J-
L jugii.r'ii.. ji -v'i.-i!a iie i<iTOi.*ated a plan
■.a "nn ju:*ltti. ZL *«;cm* 5Rir?«« :f th«» 3Ioraviaa
•n ."■ni'.na. la 1 Hilr ii* pr^Tiileii oa hi« Dublin
"«: 1^1:^7 izn. tt; > srill '■^^^'Ain^g his re-
.jriiiii -■: .iiL v un: i£ '..ifrbr :rifis;oaary to Par-
*:mffi.:-vT. zi Ecr. iz.'i r':r la:-:^ tiian rwclTe
T^nL** 2k .aJ:i:iE^iTr:':!i ::•: Irrzle «ai:ces& among
'iiis^ j^:rn;i.n :«rt^:Ljs§. in-i ^jei co sat that the
fCtrjTLAl ±riir3 it zl* Libiicir were at least
T?; 1^ * : "liii;!*** :«: lis zi'acb. I:az»?r ministry in
1*1 :L:s_ Hr -.:•;* a=. ictivr parx in the affairs
:tf T2i* 5r»s.b7^«-.iLn ..-c:irch of Ireland, was
Tm-jif. zL'-.tifznZ'ZS :i izi sc:pr»*me court, and on
'.Titi :onL<J:c. zLbie & «p«ch. which wa£ emi-
afcc'lr istzrzL xz \ cr.zical tarn of the church's
r. H-r ii-iii a: I^^blin 31 March,
IS'4. CvtLIt W15 a sun of high character
iz.i *:i-:LtrlT i*:i;:Lir«=n'i-ii*s, and of consider-
x'.'^r li":rnrr airiLTirr. His works an?: 1.
• Ft^— -Ti:ijc •::' Arruments fir Roman
J.
ar L.r./':f..r/t fr.-i Fir. i* c: 'Ttt., Fxl* wrll
ir./:ii: CV'.-.'r/ C*rl.l*. wi:h Ll>? rir'/il-er. i;-e<i
*•. *\n W*.h o: -Vi'arlm on Iir Jnlr i»3Vl.
'O^.'-***'* Ar-cr/"-:.- m' tit Enz'.ifj: St-vje:
l/'/Tr.-i*^'* Krjvi\zM Ar^lisir.'x*; BiozrapLia LTa-
^JiO'/^r'* Ky,.'ja^ hy Ii^llchazn'>srs ; Oxbrrrr':*
Imtti^Xir, Cnr^fiol'./gy.l J. K.
carlile; JAME.S, D.D. n7^1S:>4N
x.\i*'.h\'//ii'j%\ ■A'rit'jr, l>>m in 1 784 at Paisley, was
•AixntiU*i at CiluAgow L'uiversitv, from which
h«; n:f'J:'l\'tA hi is tih^^thH hi D.D. In 1S13 he
Ur'ram': miniit'.-r of the Scotfl church at Mary's
A b^^^y, DuMin, and in 1 K*^) he wa.> appointed
nrx.id'^nt r:/jmmLh>»ioner to the Irish board of
*'A\iiv.\\\'iXi, In this hituation it fell to him
Vt thk<; the leading part in preparing and
iA'xUiv/. VifXii^A Ixx^ka, and in organising the
Hch'xjl ityntem. His aim was to avoid all ■
that might bf; counted sectarian, and intro- .
diice KM much wholesome religious matter as |
poHHible. He was associated in the educa-
tional board with Archbishop Wliately, who '
held him in high esteem, and also with Arch- j
bishop Murray, whose liberal snirit made him I
an agreeable iellow-worker. Tne educational
fabric which was thus reared, however, dis-
pleased Cardinal Cullen and his successors.
1 laving nssigned the post of educational com-
iniHsioner in 18«'i9, he devoted the remaining
years of his life to an enterprise for the con-
version of Roman catholics to the protestant
faith. Ho luid felt the ordinary methods of
dealing with lioman catholics to be unsatis-
Ccksbrlic EriiCi:c*CT." Ihiblin. ISlo. 2. ' Sep-
^:h ani Rf^pentance/ London,
I'?ll. 3. -Ti* Old D>:trine of Faith as-
s^rii'i.' L:t:-i:n, l^iS. 4. • The Apocryphal
C:!:":r:v^r?y sommed up.' Glasgow, Y&ll.
.">. •T'n Thr Con<:::uti:»n of the Primitive
Ch-^ircL**/ Dublin. 1S31. 6. • Letters on the
Divine •'►rlzin and Authority of Scripture,'
^ v:l5., Edinburrh. Is37. 7'. • On the First
and Second Advent?.' Edinburgh, 1848. 8.
* Fruit gathered tyym. among Roman Catho-
lics in Inrland,* L^jndon, 1848. 9. *The
Papal Invasion: how to repel it,* I^ndon,
IndO. 10. * Manual of the Anatomy and
Physiology of the Human Mind,' London,
ISol. 11. ^Station and Occupation of Saints
in Final Glory,' London, 1854.
[Xntrodoctory notice prefixed to the last-
named work by his nephew, Rev. James E. Car*
lile; Thirty-eight Years of 3Iission Life in Ja-
maica, Sketch of Rev. Warrand Carlile ; Cata-
logue of Xew College Libraiy and of Advocates'
Library, Edinburgh ; Killen's History of the Irish
Presbyterian Church.] W. G. B.
CARLILE, RICHARD (1790-1843),
fineethinker, was bom 8 Dec 1790 in Ash-
burton, Devonshire. His father was a shoe-
maker, who had some reputation as an arith-
metician, and published a collection of mathe-
matical and a^braic questions. He became
an exciseman and fell into bad habits. His
son Richard was four years of age at the time
of his death. Carlile was educated in the
village firee school, where William Gifford,
afterwards editor of the ' Quarterly Review,*
had been a scholar. He was taught writing,
arithmetic, and sufficient Latin to read a
physician's prescription. For a time he was
in a chemist's shop in Exeter, but left on.
being Mt to perfbrm some office incompBtible
wiih the dignitT of one wbo could reikd &
pKscnption. For n time he coloured pic-
lures, which were aold in the shop kept by
his mother. Her principal trade cuBtomers
w>^reOiff<ird &Co., brothersof Robert, aftei^
w ard « allorne y-^eneral and lord Gjfford [q. v. ].
Carlile was eventually apprenticed to Mr.
Cumming, a tinman, a hard master, who con-
sideR'd (iTe or six hours for sleep all the re-
ndition necessary for his apprentices. Cap-
lile freq uen I ly rebelled against ibis injustice.
He hod an ambition to earn bis living bj bis
pen. In the meant ime be worbed aa a jour-
neyman tinman in various parts of thecoun-
tiT. Id 1813 he was employed at Benbam
ft Sons', Blacldriara Road, London ; in 18!6
mX the firm of Matthews &, Maaterman of
L'aion Court, IIol bom. Tbere he saw for the
first time one of the worksof Thomas Paine,
whose e£g7 be bad helped to bum when a boy.
Escil«d by- the viffoi"' of the ' Rights of Man '
and the diatre»s of the time, he n-rote letters
lo newspapers, but only with the result of
SMing' a notice in the ' Independent Whig,' a
' half-emploTed mechanic is too Tiolent.' He
wrote to Hunt and Cobbett without inte-
resting them. In 18X7 the 'Black Dwarf,' a
London weeklv publication, edited by Jona-
than WoolcT, first appeared. This periodical
was much more to Carlile's laste (ban Cob-
brtt's'Hegisier,' and waacontinufd till 1819.
Tbe Habeaa Corpus Act was then suapended,
a^d the aale of obnoxious literature exposed
to dangers which odIt stimidated Carlile.
He borrowed 11. A«m his employer, bought
with it a hundred 'Dwarfs,' and on 9 March
JSir sallied forth from the manufactory
with the pnpere in a handkerchief. He tra-
Tcrecd London in every direction toget news-
TKodoTB to sell the ' Dwarf.' He carried the
'Dwarf" round seTeml weeks, walking thirty
miles a day at a profit of fifteen pence and
uffhteenpence. When Steill, the publisher
of the 'Dwarf,' was arrested, Carlile offered
t« t«k(t his place. ' I did Dot then see,' he
uid later in life, 'what my experience has
once taugLt me. that the greatest despotism
nding the press is popular ignorance.' He
printed and effected ibe fale of 25,000 eopii
of ftiuthev's ' Wal Tyler' in 1817, in spit
_. Tyli. ._ . . ,
of ihn ouiW'b objection. The ■ Parodies ' of
Hone bfiMU itupumteed, Carlile reprinted
tbem, and also published in 1817 a series of
narodioc by himself, entitled 'The Political
Litany, diligetitly revised, to be said or sung
nntil tlf^ Aiijjijiiii.-d ClmuKe occurs;' 'The
8i».,'.ir ■ . I... ItuUetTeDeum;'
•A 1' ' The Order for the
Adni ■ :ind Fishes,' These
'Eighteen weeks' im-
acquittal of William Hoae. In 1818 Carlile
! pnblisbed the theological, political, imd mi»-
I cellaneous works of Paine, together with a
' memoir. He wasprosecuted,andhe published
other works of a similar character. By the
end of October 1819 he bad six indictments
against him. InNovember he was sentenced
to I,500i. fine and three years' imprisonment
in Dorchester gaol. In the middle of the
nigbt he was handcuffed and driven off be-
tween two armed officers to Dorchesler.
a distance of 1^ miles. His trial lasted
three days, and attracted the notjce of the
Emperor Alexander of Hussia, who thought,
it necessary to issue a ukase to forbid any
report of it being brought into his territory.
During this imprisonment be was ordered to
be taken out of his cell half an hour each day.
He resented the exhibition by remaining two
years and a half in bis room without going
mto the open air. Carlile busied himself in
gaol with the publication of a periodical
called ' The Republican,' which be began in
1819 and continued till 1826 (Uvols.) The
first twtlve volumes are dated from Dor-
chester gaol. Mrs. Carlile resuming the pub-
lication of this and other of ber husband's
works was sentenced in January 1821 to two
fears' imprisonment, also in Dorchester gaol,
tut Carlile still managed to publish his writ-
ing and at once issu^ a report of bis wife's
trial. The same year a constitutional asso-
ciation was formed for prosecuting Carlile's
assistants ; 6,000/. was raised, imd the Duke
of Wellington put his name at the head of
the list. The sheriff of the court of king's
bench took possession of Carlile's bouse in
Fleet Street, furniture, and stock in trade,
but Carlile's publications still issued &om the
prison. In 1822, in the week in which Peel
took posaession ai the home office, a second
eeiture was made of tbe bouse and stock at
55 Fleet Street, under pretence of satisfying
the fines, but neither from this nor ihe foi^
ire was a farthing allowed in the
abatement of tbe fines, andCoriile was kept
Dorchester gaol for six years, from 1819 to
1835— three years' Imprisonment being taken
lieu of the fines. His sister, Mary Anue,
IS fined 500/., and sutiijected to twelve
months' imprisonment from July 1821, for
publishing Carlile's ' New Year's Address to
tbeReformer8ofOreatBritain'(182l). Car-
lile published a report of ber trial. The rate of
liquidation of fines established by tbe crown
was twelve months for every 600/. In 1836
reported that the cabinet council had
lo the conclusion that prosecutions
should be discontinued. No more persona
Carlile
102
Carlile
were arrested from Carlile's shop, and yet
none of his publications had been suppressed.
The last nine of his shopmen arrested were
detained to complete their sentences, varying
from six months* to three years' imprison-
ment. Sir Robert Peel refusing to rive up a
single day. After his release Carlile pub-
lished the earlier numbers of a new weekly
Jolitical paper called * The Gorgon/ and from
anuary 1828 to December 1829 edited a six-
penny weekly serial called * The Lion ' — a
record of the prosecution of Robert Taylor,
author of the * DeviFs Pulpit/ Carlile sought
to establish freedom of speech, and in 1830 en-
gaged the Rotunda, Blacldriars Road. Most of
the public men in London out of parliament at-
tenaed the discussions, and a liberty of speech
never before known in England was per-
mitted. The French revolution of 1830 gave
further impetus to free speaking on the plat-
form. Later, Carlile*s house in Fleet Street
was assessed for church rat«s. When his
goods were seized he retaliated by taking out
the two front windows to exhibit two efngies
of a bishop and a distraining officer. After a
time he added a devil, who was linked arm-
in-arm with the bishop. Such crowds were
attracted that public business was impeded.
Carlile was again indicted, but the court
was at least externally courteous. Carlile
defended himself with good sense, but was
sentenced to pay a fine of 40«. to the king
and give sureties of 200/. — himself in 100/.
and two others in 50/. — ^for his good behaviour
for three years. As he refused to give sure-
ties or ask others to become sureties, he
entered with his accustomed spirit into three
years' more imprisonment. Before sentence
ne made a deposition in court stating the
g^unds of his determination, and that,' though
anxious to live in peace and amity with all
men, there did exist many political and moral
evils which he would through life labour to
abate.' Thus, with a fiirther imprisonment
in 1834-5 of ten weeks for resistance to the
paynient of cliurch rates, he endured a total
imprisonment of nine years and four months.
He saw that the humiliation of the press
could only be removed by resistance. In
1819 Castlereagh had proposed a law which
would have inflicted transportation on Car-
lile for a second offence. Edwards, a clever
spy, frequented his house for months, and
made him a full-length model of Paine, with
a view to win his confidence and involve him
in the Cato Street conspiracy. WTien Thistle-
wood was seized it was intended to arrest
Mrs. Carlile, her husband being then in pri-
son, to suggest his complicity with Thistle-
wood. Ills shopmen were arrested so fre-
gnently that he sold his books by clockworl^
so that the buyer was unable to identify the
seller. On a dial was written the name of
every publication for sale, the purchaser en-
terea and turned the handle of the dial to
the publication he wanted; on depositing
the money the book dropped down before
him. The peril of maintaining a free press
in those days brought Carlile the admiration
and sympathy of powerful friends unprepared
themselves to incur such risks. Tne third
and fourth years of his imprisonment pro-
duced him subscriptions to the amount of
600/. a year. For a long period his profits
over the counter were oO/. a week. Once,
when a trial was pending, Mrs. Carlile took
500/. in the shop m one week. But Carlile
had a passion for propagandism, and incurred
liabilities which exhausted all his resources.
So long as he vindicated the political freedom
of the press Cobbett said, * You have done
your duty bravely, Mr. Carlile ; if every one
had done like you, it would be all very welL'
But when he sought to establish the theo-
logical and even the medical freedom of the
press, Cartwright and others deprecated his
proceedings as mischievous or immoral.
Carlile married in 1813 one several years
older than himself. Out of his slender wages
of thirty shillings a week, even when he had
several children, he continued to contribute
to the support of his mother. This first led
to domestic differences, which asperity of tem-
per on his wife's part increased, and in 1819
a separation was agreed upon as soon as he
had means of providing for her, which did
not occur until 1832, when he was able to
settle upon her an annuity bequeathed to him
by Mr. Morrison of Chelsea. Otherwise Mrs.
Carlile was not without good qualities. She
had business talent, which her nusband never
acquired, and though having but little sym-
pathy with his opinions, sne resented the
oppression directed against him, and reso-
lutely refused to compromise him or discon-
tinue selling his publications, though it sub-
jected her to two years' imprisonment. Carlile
died on 10 Feb. 1843, in his fifty-third year,
from an illness brought on by excitement in
search of a child who had wandered from his
door in Bouverie Street, London. Sir AVilliam
Lawrence [q. v.]^, the author of the * Lectures on
Man,' saw nim m his brief illness. He left
his body for anatomical purposes to St. Tho-
mas's Hospital. He followed the example of
Bentham m desiring to remove by his own
example the popular prejudice against dissec-
tion. Carlile was abstemious, habitually dif-
fident, but bold under a sense of duty. He
practised free speaking, and, what was rarer,
never objected to its being lued by others
towards himself. Although he ordiiumly
spolte with be«itation. be attained eloqi
in visdiuting freedom. He had suffered
ranch thnt he not luinatunUy became co
Tinced th&t sufbriiif^ was the only qualifica^
tion for 8 pablic teacher, nnd doubted the
integritj of thnse who had dared nothing.
The ferocity with which he wae assailed drove
him to extremes id gelf-dDfence, which, how-
ever, were temperate when compared with
the insolence of his powerful assailants; but
in him it was deemed license, in them re-
spectable indignation. Hismerit was, thathe
uuMe the method of moral resistance and ac-
comiilished by endurnnce what violence could
not Mve effected. He lived to discern that
sensation is not progress and denuudation is
not instruction, and by his wont of conaide-
ntion in speecli be created a dislike of the
truth he vindicated. The faults of Carlile
will be forgiven in consideration of his having
done more tlian any other Englishmt
day for the freedom of the press.
BMidns the works mentioned above, Cor-
lile edited two serials: 'The Prompter,'
1830-li and "Tlie Gnuntlet.' 1833. He was
also the author of ' The Moralist,' a series of
moral essays, and of the following (among
numerouB other) pnm|>li1etB : 1. ' A Letter
to the Society for the Suppression of Vice,'
1819. 3.-An£ffortloaetat rest somelittle
dupntes and misunderstanduigs between the
Befcmners of Leeds . . .' 1821. 8. ' To the
B of Great Britain (Five Letters
■ Dorchester Gaol),' 1821. 4. 'An Ad-
.* 1821. 6, < Observations on Letters to
id on . . . Christian Religion, by Olin-
Gwgory . . ,' 1831. 6. ' Guide to Vir-
and Morality through the Pages of
■Bible," 1921. 7. 'Every Man's Book.or
Is God P ' 1826. 8. 'The Gospel ae-
jtoIlichnrdCBrlile,'1837. 9. 'ASer-
n upon the subject of the Deity, preached
. . . from the pulpit before the Congregation
of the Chureh of Motint Itrintisway, near
Stockport, formerlv.liHfijr" Ibiiir Ck^nversion,
the Conaregftiion iif Hibic Clirlstinns,' 1827.
la'ASewViewof Insn.iilv,'le31. 11. 'A
Letter to C. Lnrliin, of the Newaistle Press,'
1834. 12. 'Chun^h R<-rorm,' 1S36. 13. 'An
Addreis to . . . R*formcn» on the Political
Excitement of thu I'resent Time" (published
by Thomue Painu Carlile, Manchester), 183D.
Just before his death be bad be^un a weekly
pwtodiual called the ' Christian Mirror.'
[The BsuDtUt. I8i3: Th« JUpnbliean, vols.
ii-zviii.i A 8rouig«: 'th« Cliristian Warrior;
Holyoalu'a Life and Character of R. Carlile
(181t); Lion, Tola. L and ii. ; OneU of ReascB,
l|j|iA.i.(IMI)i>'ftar«n/sB*puUlcao; the Lancet,
S (1S43); hilliographiQil notes Mildly
anppU«l by Mr. C W. Sutton of Mandiostor.}
G. J. H.
OARLINaFORD, Eabl of (rf. 1677).
[See TiATB, Thkobalu.]
CAfiLINl, AGOSTINO (4. 1790), sculp-
tor and paintt't, was a iintire of Genoa, who
came to Enghmd early in life and becams
the most celebraled sculptor of his day,' dis-
tinguished particularly for his drapeiy. He
wasoneof tne original memljers of the Koyal
Academy (17691 and succeeded Moeer aa
keeperinl783. His best-known work is a stai-
tne of the notorious Doctor Ward (whose por-
trait is introduced by Hogarth in plate v. of
the ' Harlot's Progress'), which he executed
for the Society of Arts. It is said that ' in
order to make this statue talked of and seen at
the sculptor's studio,' the doctor allowed him.
200i. a vear ' to enable him to work at it oc-
casionally till it was finished, and this sum
the artist continued annually to receive till
his death.' Ctther works of his were two
statues for Somerset House and the masks on
the keystones of the Strand front of that
building representing the rivers Tyne, Deo,
and Severn ; the model of an equestriau
statue of Geor^ HI (exhibited 1769); a
Loblen
1 oil. He
1 have
been indebted to his friend Cipriani for some
of his designs. There ure some original draw-
ings by him in the British Museum. He
died at his house in Carlisle Street, Soho,
16 Aug. 1790. There is an engraving of
Carlini with Cipriani and Bartoloizi, by J. K.
Smith, after Rigaud.
[BedgTBve's Diet- of Artists; Nollekeiui andhis
CAKLISLE. [See also Cablkhx, Cab-
LiGi.t, Cabiile, and Cabltlb.]
CABLISLE, Snt ANTHONV (1768-
1840), sui^^on, was born at Stdlington, Dur-
ham, in 1708. He became the medical pupil
of an uncle at York, after whose deulh he
was placed under Mr. Green, (bunder of the
Durham City Hospital. After attending tlie
lectures of John Ilimter, Baillie, and Cruik-
shank, and being the resident pupil of Mr.
Henry Watson, surgeon to Weatmiiisler
Hospital, he succeeded to the surgeoncy, oa
Carlisle
104
Carlisle
Watson's death, in 1793, and held the office
till his own death in 1840. Carlisle became
a fellow of the Royal Society in 1800, and in
1804 delivered the Croonian lecture on * Mus-
cular Motion,' following it by another on the
' Muscles of Fishes ' in 1806. He contributed
other papers on biological subjects to the Phi-
losophical and Linnean 'Transactions,' the
* Philosophical Magazine,' &c. Carlisle was
long a member of the council of the College
of Surgeons (from 1815) and an examiner
(from April 1825), holding these appoint-
ments till death. In 1820 and in 1826 he
delivered the Hunterian oration at the col-
lege, and on other occasions lectured on
anatomy and surgery ; he also considerably
added to the library and museum. He was
f resident of the college in 1829 and 1839.
le gained admission as a student to the
Royal Academy while still young, and wrote
an essay in the * Artist ' on the * Connection
between Anatomy and the Fine Arts,' in
which he expressed the opinion that minute
knowledge of anatomy was not necessary
to the historical painter and sculptor. In
1808 the social connection which he had
cultivate led to his obtaining the professor-
ship of anatomy at the Academy, notwith-
standing Charles Bell's candidature. This
post he ncld for sixteen years. He was sur-
geon-extraordinary to the prince recent, and
was knighted on the prince's accession. He
took great interest in Westminster Hospital,
and was largely instrumental in raising funds
for the new building. He died on 2 Nov. 1840,
at his house in Langham Place, aged 72.
Carlisle was neither a brilliant anatomist nor
physiologist, but was a fairly good surgeon.
His introduction of the thin-bladed, straight-
edged amputating knife, in place of the old
clumsy crooked one, ani his use of the
simple cainpenter's saw make his name chiefly
worthy of note. He was handsome and
good-humoured, but very vain and crotchety,
and in his later years somewhat slovenly and
negligent of his duties.
In 1800, in conjunction with W. Nichol-
son, Carlisle engaged in important researches
on voltaic electricity, and is credited by Ni-
cholson with first observing the decomposi-
tion of water by the electric current {Journal
of Natural Philosophy, iv. July 1800, 179-
87), and with several ingenious experiments
and observations.
Among Carlisle's miscellaneous publica-
tions may be mentioned : * An Essay on the
Disorders of Old Age, and on the Means of
prolonging Human Life,' 1817, 2nd edit.
1818 ; * Alleged Discovery of the Use of the
Spleen/ 1829 ; ' Lecture on Cholera,' 1832 ;
' Practical Observations on the Preservation
of Health and the Prevention of Diseases,'
1838; 'Physiological Observations upon Glan-
dular Structures,' 1834. A list of nis scien-
tific papers is given in the Royal Society's
Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 1. 1867.
[PettigreVs Medical Portrait Galleiy, 1840,
vol. ii.; G«nt. Mag. December 1840, ii. 660;
Geoigian Era, ii. 1833, p. 688; J. F. Clarke's
AutobiogrHphical BecollectionB of the Medical
Profeesion, 1874, 283-94.] a. T. B.
CATlTiTSLE, Eabls and CoiTirrEsaBB of
(1629-1684). [See Hat and Howakd.]
CARLISLE, NICHOLAS (1771-1847),
antiquary, was bom at York in January or
February 1771, and was half-brother of Sir
Anthony Carlisle [q. vj Having entered
the naval service 01 the East India Company,
he amassed considerable property as purser,
with which he generously assisted his brother
at the commencement of the latter's profes-
sional career. He must have retired early,
for in September 1806 he became a candidate
for the office of secretary to the Society of
Antiquaries, to which he was elected in the
following January, his principal opponent
being Dr. Dibdin. ' He never, says nis bio-
grapher in the ' Gentleman's Ma^^azine,' ' did
more for the Society of Antiquaries than was
absolutely necessary,' but having installed
himself in the society's apartments in Somer-
set House, devoted his time to the execution
of a series of laborious and in their day use-
ful compilations. Between 1808 and 1813
he produced topographical dictionaries of
England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland. In
1818 he published *A Concise Description
of the Endowed Grammar Schools of Eng-
land and Wales,' a work of considerable
value, the materials for which he had
collected by issuing circulars. His- * Col-
lections for a History of the Ancient
Family of Carlisle' appeared in 1822, and
a similar work on the family of Bland in
1826. In 1828 he wrote <An Historical
Accoimt of Charitable Commissions,' and in
1837 printed privately a memoir of Wyon,
the engraver to the mmt, with an appendix
on the controversies between him and Pis-
trucci. He indexed the first thirty volumes
of the *■ ArchsBologia ' and the first fourteen
reports of the charity commissioners, and
was for a time a commissioner himself. ' His
long-continued but unsuccessful attempts to
estaolish professorships of the English lan-
guage in various continental universities'
procured him several foreign orders, and led
him to compile Q^^) ' An Account of Fo-
reign Orders of ^Jiignthood.' Haying bera
appointed a gentleman of the priyy chamber,
he wrote on the history of uuit body. In
1813 he became as aasiitHiit Uhrnrian of the
Royal library, and acpompmiied that cnllec-
tion to the Britiali Miiseum, whure he only
uttended two days in the week. He died at
Margattf 27 Aug. 1B47, leaving the churocter
of an amiable and -worthy man, whose ubili-
_ ti«a werp by no means comroenBurate with
Um industry.
■ [Gent. aing. August I84S, pp. 205-0.] ^'I^'
r CABL08, EDWARD JOHN (179&-
1661 ),ftnl.iqiiary,wft«ade«oendant of William
Cureless or Carloi [q. v.], who was chiefly in-
etnunental in the preservation of the life of
Cbarlte U dorine ihe flight after the battle
i Worc«sl«r, and the only child of William
^los and Grace Smith of Newington, Mid-
' [, where he was bom on 12 Feb. 17B8.
a educated at Hr. Colecraft's school,
irington, and waa articled to Mr. B«ynell
'le lofd mavor'B court office, with which he
ted for more than thirty years. He
k a grwit interest in architecture and in an-
nt buildings. In 1832 he was one of the
■Biuittee for the restoration of Crosby Hall,
■ which in November of that year he contri-
d an account to the ' Gentleman's Maga-
i' under the title, ' Historical and Anti-
"" s of Crosby Hall.' He was
IB of the moHt active promoters of public
n defence of the church of St. Mary
,■, Soulhwflrk, and when old London
Sridge wa« pulled down he contributed to
the ' OentlemBu'e Maeaiine ' for March 1832
' An Account of London Bridge, with Obser-
vations on its Architecture during its demo-
For the same periodical he wrote
iring I8J4--S3 a series of descriptions of
^ new churches in the metropolis, and the
_B»iews of architectural books from 1822 to
MNe. In 1843hepubliBhedasecondedition,
wiih iidrlitions of Skelton's ' Oxonia Keslau.
Tatu,' in which the plates illustrative of each
c-ill-'K^ «'.Ti-brougIit together and thedescrip-
forme>l into a continuous narrative. Ho
on 20 Jan. 1851.
(GuBt. Mng. 1851. pt- i. p. *42,] T. F. H.
0ABL03, CABLES, or CAKELESS,
**LLIAM (i 16fift), royalist, was a coloael
cr mnjor in ibe royalist army during the civil
wars. A family of the name of Carlosia de-
acribwl an of Slratrord-on-Avon in the ' Visi-
.fWorwickBhiris' in 1619 {HarUian
28), A corresnondent of ' Notes and
iM,' 1st ser. s. ^4, suggests that Ibe
was the son of Anthony Careless,
of the Clothiwre' C-orapany in Wor-
Ewnr in lean, who died there 6 Jan. 1670.
CUrcndon slatua that he residod in Staflbrd-
•hire. CarloM took pnitin the battleof Won
Kdied
■(3Sopt.I6ol),nnd
the last man killed there before leavil
battle-fleld. As soon as the defeat
royalists proved decisive he fled to the woods
surrounding Boscobel House, and hid himself
in the branches of an oak tree. About five
o'clock on the morning of Saturday, 8 Sept.,
King Charles himself arrived at BoscoW
while escaping from the Commonwealth sol-
diers, who were in hot pursuit, and Carlos,
who does not appear to have been personally
acquainted with the king previously, iu|ged
him to share his retreat in the oak tree. This
the king agreed to do, and the two men re-
mained concealed there for more than twenty-
four hours, while their pursuers searched the
wood below them. Carlos descended from
time to lime to procure food. Un Sunday
afternoon, however, Charles left for Moseley.
Carlos separated from him because he was
well known in the neighbourhood, andstood
in even greater danger of capture than the
king, who had managed to efiectually disguise
himself. The oak tree, culled the royal oak,
is still extant in Boscobel wood. Cin Uon-
day, 8 Sept., Carlos succeeded, with the help
of a friend at Wolverhampton, in dLsgnising
himself, and under an aseumed name ha
arrived in France. He communicated to
the PrincMS of Orange at Paris the wel-
come news of her brother's safety, and con-
tinued in Charles's service till the Restora-
tion. By a royal jiateni he was granted an
elaborate coat of arms, in which an oak tree
prominently figures (Nofa and Qumet, 2nd
aer. lii. 2(52). Carlos returned to England
with the king, and in January 1(160-1 he,
with two others, was granted the proceeds
of a tai on all strnw and hay brought into
London and Westminster, together with the
office of inspectof of liverv liorsekeepera (CaL
StaU Papert, Bom., imo-l, p. 49B). In the
account of James H's secret service fund for
1687 appears the entry: 'To Coll' William
Carlos, bounty 300;.' (^Secret Services qf
Charh* II aii'ii Jamei II, Camd. Soc. 177).
Carlos died early in 1(189. His wilt, dated in
1CS8, was proved in the following year. His
properly, of very trifling value.wasbequeathed
to an ' adopted son, Edward Carlos,' fi«m
whom was descended Edward John Carlos
[a. v.] Carlos was married, and had a son
William, bom in 1643, who died unmarried
in 1668, and was buried in Fulham church-
yard. Hi(i epitaph is printed in ' Noles and
Queries,' Ist ser. «. 305. An •
[Frei|iieDt n-f^rencra are mado to Carlos in
lloant'i tnicl Bosmbel; in Clarendon's Hiatoiy,
k. liii.; in P^pys's Narrativo printed by Lori
Carlse
1 06
Carlyle
Hailes. These ti&cts, together with several ;
briefer acooonts of Charles lis adrentures after
the battle of Worcester, have been carefully re-
printed by J. Hughes in the Boscobel Tracts
(1830, 2nd edit. 1857).] S. L. L.
OAS.LSE, JAMES (1798-1856^, engraver,
was bom in Shoreditch in 1798, and was
apprenticed to Mr. Tyrrel, an architectural
engraver. At the expiration of his term he
practised landscape and figure en^aving
without further instruction, so that he may
almost be said to have been untaught. In
1840 he commenced a work on Windsor
Castle, which he discontinued from want of
support. He engraved a good deal for the ;
annuals and afterwards for the * Art Journal,'
and some architectural plates for Mr. Weale's
publications, Stuart's * Antiquities of Athens,'
Chambers's * Civil Architecture,' &c. Among
his other engravings are Beiyamin West's
' First Essay in Art,' after E. M. Ward, and :
'Oliver Cromwell in Conference with Milton,'
after a drawing by himself. He died in
August 1855.
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878; Ottle^s
Supplement to Bryan's Dictionary.] C. M.
CARLYLE, ALEXANDER, D.D. g722-
1805), Scotch divine, was bom on 26 Jan.
1722 at Prestonpans, Midlothian, of which
parish his father, William Carlyle, was mi-
nister. The father lived on terms of intimacy
with the gentry of the district, by whom much
notice was taken of the son. Among their
neighbours was the famous Colonel Gardiner.
Canyle matriculated at the university of
Edinburgh on 1 Nov. 1735, and in the follow-
ing year he was an eye-witness of the escape
of Robertson and the Porteous riots described
in the * Heart of Midlothian.' In obedience to
his father's wishes he studied for the church,
and received his A.M. degree from the uni-
versity of Edinburgh 14 April 1 743. A small
bursary obtained for him by his father from
the Duke of Hamilton aided in enabling him
to spend two winters at the university of
Glasgow and a third at that of Leyden, where
he entered 17 Nov. 1746 {Leyden Students,
Lidex Soc. p. 18). He was one of the volun-
teers embodied in 1745 for the defence of
Edinburgh from the rebel force under Prince
Charles Edward, and he witnessed the flight
of the king's force after the battle of Preston-
pans. He was licensed for the ministry 8 July
1746, but declined an offer of presentation
to Cockbumspath in February 1747. On
2 Aug. 1748 he was ordained minister of In-
veresk, near Edinburgh, a charge which he
retained until his death. He co-operated with
his friends, John Home the autnor and Ro-
bertson the historian, in supporting and lead-
ing in the church of Scotland and its general
assembly the moderate party, which opposed
the abolition of patronage and favoured a
somewhat latituoinarian theoloey. He was
intimate with David Hume, Adam Smith,
and the other Scottish literary celebrities of
his time, including Smollett and Armstrong,
who lived in London, and he has given in the
' Autobiography ' accounts and anecdotes of
most of them. He is said (Kay, Edirdnayh
Portraits, ed. 1877, i. 67 n.) to have written
the prologue to Charles Hart's ' Herminius
and Aspasia,' acted in 1754, and he had made
for John Home several transcripts of * Dou-
flas ' before its performance in Edinburgh in
756. He not only attended the rehearsals of
* Douglas,' but, though with some reluctance,
was present in the Edinburgh theatre on the
third night of its performance (14 Dec. 1756),
and attracted additional attention by expel-
ling some young men from the boxes where
he sat for rudeness to ladies whom he accom-
panied. The public performance of a play
written by a minister of the kirk raised an
ecclesiastical storm in Scotland [see Home,
John], and to the controversy thus provoked
Carlyle contributed the anonymouspampldet,
* An Argument to prove that the Trageciy of
" Douglas " ought to be publicly burnt by the
hands of the Hangman,' the irony of which
was mistaken by some of its readers for a se-
rious condemnation of the play. When the
attendance of the upper classes began to flag,
Carlyle brouj^ht a humbler class to the theatre
by his broaoside, hawked about the streets,
with the sensational heading, * A Full and True
History of the bloody Tragedy of " Douglas "
as it is now to be seen acting in the Theatre
of the Canongate.' Carlyle was conspicuous
among the minist-ers of the kirk who were
summoned before theirrespective presbyteries
to answer the charge of having entered a
theatre to witness the performance of a stage-
play. While professing regret for having un-
wittingly ^ven offence, and promising not to
offend again, Carlyle maintained beiore the
presbytery of Dalkeith that the matter was
one not for public but for private investiga-
tion and admonition. The presbytery never-
theless relegated him to be rebuked bv the
synod of Lothian and Tweeddale. Carlyle's
friends made a strong muster at the meeting
of the sjmod, which oy a small majority ac-
cepted his contention before the presbytery
that the matter demanded * privy censure or
brotherly conference,' while censuring him
severely for his play-going and enioining him
to abstain from it in future (11 May 1757).
On appeal by the presbytery to the general
assembly the decision of tne synod wasttmimed
by a majority of 117 to 39 (24 May). This
result wae always ivuituibprcd by Cariyle as
« ugnni triumph over the fnnntical party in
thp kirk (Autoliiuffmpk)/, chn|>. viii. ; Scoti
Magazine for 1757 ; Mokreic, ArmaU of the
Otnerai Amaiihls, 1838, li. 12-^-9).
In ibe foHowiiiB year (1758) Cwlyle paid
u visit to LiOudoD, where lie madt- the nc-
SJuntancf of Oarrick and frequentAil tlie
Mtrw, coDtrihutijig to his Mend Smollett's
'Britiuli MBgaziiie' a eciticism on .lohn
Ilome'a 'A^ia,' as then peifomied at Drurr
I^ne. He oIm endeavoured, apparently will!
little EinoeeM, to execute an informal com-
iDLBBioii friini his Scotch miDiaterial brethren
to ylead their cause witli those in authority,
■^ — "M avert Iho threatened enforcement
i them of the window-tax. After his
home at the end of 1 758 the outcry
in coneraiience of the disastrous close
the St. Miilo expedition led Carlyle to
■write the irnnirni pamplilBt, ' Plain KeuHons
for removing u corlain Great Man from his
M^ — ^-y'* preBenee and councils for ever.
AddresBed to thi> people of England. By
O. M. Haberdai^Iier.' This is byfar ihemost
striking of Cariyie'8 productions. The 'great
man ' if> the elder Pitt. Carlyle speaks of
the pamphlet aa having had ' a great run,'
but It 9eemi» to have dropped into unmerited
oblivion. From on innccumcy in the tran-
script of the title it does not op^ar to have
been seen by the editor of hw 'Autobio-
graphy ' (John Hill Burton), and in the new
eataJogiie of the British Museum Library it
is kltnbuted (o ' 0. M. Haberdasher,' without
wiyreferencetoC'ariyle's authorship of it. In
17cK)appeared at Edinburgh another pamphlet
hj Carlyle, ' The (jueation relating to a Scots
Hilitia considered in a l^etter to the Lords and
Oendemen who have concerted the form of a
fcr that eatobliahment,' in which he un-
lafully sought to persuade the go'
<t that the people of the country n
ight
d with perfect safely in spile of the
A of the rebellion of '45. Carlyle boosts
ttwt this pamphlet was renubiished both at
Arr and in London, in the latt«r cose by the
Ujirquia Townsliend, who preiixed a preface.
In 1763 lie wBsappointfldaknoner to t he king.
In 1701 he published a pamphlet, ' Faction
detected,' on the claim of the Edinburgh town
oouDcit lo pnxient to the churches m their
city. Ill 17o9 be was appointed by thegenenil
usembly their commisaiODer to endeavour to
prociirn during the ensuing session of parlia-
ment nn exemption on the part of the Scottish
cleraylrom the window-tax. The clergy sub-
— l^bMl about 400/. to defray Ids .expenses. On
pjamral in London, anil doubtfess to pro-
a of his mission, he wrote a
d Kealor, ' in support of the Duke
of Grafton, whose administration was then in
a tottering slate.' Probably it was during
this visit to London that, having to preaeut
himself at St, James's, ' his portly figure,
his fine expressive countenance, witli nn
aquiline nose, his Howing silver locks, and
the freshness of the colour of his fi>cc made
oprodigiuuB impression upon the cuurtiera'
(Chief Commissioner Abak, Oi/tqfa Grand-
father, privately printed). Ilis mission was
BO for successful that, Ihotigh the Scottish
dergy continued to be charged with the
wmdow-tax, the collectors were instructed
not to enforce poymeiit (K*y, Edi-nimryh Por-
traiti, i, «6). On 24 May 1770 he was elected
moderator of the general assembly, and on
•2 Dec. 17H9 mas named one of the deans of
the Chapel Itoyal, when he resigned I he ot&ce
of almoner.
In 1766 Smollett had paid his last visit to
Scotland, and in the description of Edin-
burgh given in 'Humphry Clinker,' pub-
lished in 1771, he makes a complimentary-
reference to Carlyle. The account of tlie
Select Society in the appendix to Dugald
Stewart's memoir of Robertson the historian
was furnished by Carlyle, who was a member
of it. In 17K9 he was a candidate for the
principal clerkship to the general assembly.
A severe contest took place between the mo-
derate and the old preeliyteriaa parties in the
kirk, and the number of votes given was the
largest ever known in the assembly. Carlyle
was at first successful, but the result of a
scrutiny asked for and gmnled threatened to
be unfavourable, and he declined to &ce it.
In 1771 he opposed the passing of a remon-
strance by the general assembly against the
necessity imposed on presbyterians of taking
the communion in the Anglican font) before
they could hold office in England, saying that
he ' must be a very narrow-minded preshyte-
rian who could not join in the religious wor-
ship of the church' of England. In lifl.ihe
gave a strenuous support to a scheme for the
augmentation of the stipends of the Scottish
clergy, and courageously protested against
the want of sympathy with that bodv shown
on the occasion by his friend Ileury ilunda^
then lord advocate, as the representative of
the Pitt administration in the assembly. To
the last he exerted himself to procure pre-
fermiMit, both in the EoRlish and the Scotch
church, for young men of merit and of liberal
views in theologv, among them being the
Rev. Archibald Alison, the fatlier of th« his-
torian. Cftriyle died on ^6 Ang. ISOS, and
was buried in the churchyard of Inveresk,
his friend Adam Ferguson, the historian of
the Roman reiiublic, writing the inscription
on his tomb. He married, 14 Ocl. 1700, Muy
Carlyle
xo8
Carlyle
Boddan, who died 31 Jan. 1804, in her sixty-
first year. His * Autobio^aphy ' gives a most
agreeable impression of him as a genial, culti-
vated, liberal-minded, and sagacious minister
of the kirk, who united to the breadth of the
man of the world a sincere devotion to what
he considered to be the true interests of his
order, and it is unrivalled as a picture of the
Edinburgh and Scotch society of his time.
Although its merit had long been appreciated
in manuscript, it was not published until 1860,
excellently edited, with notes and a supple-
mentaiy chapter, by John Hill Burton. Its
full title is * Autobiography of the Rev. Dr.
Alexander Carlyle, Mmister of Inveresk, con-
taining Memorials of the Men and Events of
his Time.'
Sir Walter Scott said (LociniAKT, Zt/c,
p. 368) : * The grandest demi-god I ever saw
was Dr. Carlyle . . . commonly called "Jupiter
Carlyle " , , . and a shrewd old carle was he
no doubt, but no more a poet than his pre-
centor.' Carlyle's portrait prefixed to the
* Autobiography ' somewhat resembles those
of Goethe, and he retains a certain dignity
even in the caricatures of him, of which there
are several in Kay's * Edinburgh Portraits.'
He was more poetical than Sir Walter Scott
supposed. Wnether he was the author or
not of the * songs ' and 'gay catches' which
in an early letter to him Smollett seems to
speak of as his (Supplementary chapter to
Autobiography J p. 564), he certainly wrote
the spirited and musical ' Verses on his Grace
the Duke of Buccleuch's birthday ' published
in the 'Scots Magazine' for 1767. With
Henry Mackenzie he filled up some of the
lacuna in an imperfect manuscript copy of
Collins's *Ode on the Superstitions oi the
Highlanders,' which he presented to the
Royal Society of Edinbui^gh on its establish-
ment, and which, with a letter from Carlyle,
wa« published for the first time in its * Trans-
actions ' (Edinburgh, 1788, i. 63-75). In old
age he displayed an interest in Scott's * Lay
of the Last Minstrel,' and in the early poetry
of Wordsworth.
Carlyle published a few sermons and con-
tributed to Sir John Sinclair's * Statistical
Account of Scotland ' (1791-9) an elaborate
* Account of the Parisli of Inveresk,' topo-
graphical, historical, and statistical, in which
he describes his successful introduction into
Scotland of ploughing with two horses and
without a driver. In the Egertoii MSS. in
the British Museum (Nos. 2185-6) there are
several letters from Carlyle to Dr. Douglas,
bishop of Salisbury, urging the claims of
clerical proUgSs and gossiping about Hume,
Robertson, and other Edinburgh literati. Car-
lyle is the subject of one of Kay's caricatures.
[Dr. Carlyle's Autobiography, Pamphlets, and
Sermons; A Series of Original Portraits and
Caricature Etchings by the late John Kay,
miniature painter, Edinburgh, with BiographioLl
Sketches and Illustrative Anecdotes (new edition),
1877 ; Hew Scott's Fasti Ecd. Scot. i. 287, 896,
399; authorities cited.] F. E.
CARLYLE, JANE WELSH. [See
under Carlyle, Thomas, 1795-1881.]
CARLYLE, JOHN AITKEN, M.D.
(1801-1879), younger brother of Thomas
Carlyle (1795-1881) [q.v.], was bom at Eccle-
fechan, Dumfriesshire, on 7 Juljr 1801. * A
logic chopper from the cradle * is one of the
descriptions griyen of him by his elder brother,
whom at an early age he succeeded as a teacher
at the Annan academy. Thomas Carlyle,
when tutor to the BuUers, devoted a portion
of his salary to enable John Carlyle to study
medicine at the university of Edinburgh,
where he took his degree of M.D. in or about
1825. Two years later the same brother sent
him to complete his medical education in Ger-
many, and maintained him for several years
in London, where he tried to obtain practice
as a physician. Failing in this he attempted
literature, and contributed a little to ' Erasers
Magazine ' and other periodicals. He helped
his brother in translating Legendre's Geo-
metry. In 1831, on the recommendation of
his brother's helpful friend, Francis Jefirey,
he was appointed travelling physician to the
Countess of Clare, with a salary of three
hundred guineas a year and his expenses. In
the following year he remitted money to his
mother, and paid off his debt to his brother.
Occasionally visiting England and Scotland,
he spent some seven years in Italy with Lady
Clare, in the intervals of his attendance prac-
tising for some time on his own account as
a physician in Rome, where, during an out'-
break of cholera, he gave his medical services
gratuitously among the poor. Returning to
England in 1837, he became in 1838 tra-
velling physician to the Duke of Buccleuch,
with whom he revisited the continent. By
1843 he had resigned this position, and,
Possessed of a moderate competency, aban-
oned almost entirely the practice oi his pro-
fession, declining an invitation from Lady
Holland, given at the suggestion of Lord
Jeffrey, to become her physician in atten-
dance. He lived for several years in lodgings
near the Chelsea residence of his briMJier,
to whom, medicallv and otherwise, he made
himself very useful The first instalment of
what he intended to be an EngUah prose
translation of the whole of Dante's great poem
appeared in 1849 as ' Dante's Diyine Comedr,
the Inferno, with the text of the origuulcol-
luted from tlie be«t editions, nnd BXplona- i [Carltlo's HomiHiwenuw) (18S1) ; FwudB's
tory notes,' a volume which, under whatever Thonm* Corlylo. u History ot the First Forty
ii$:pect it isviewed, leaves little to be desired. Years of his Life (1882}; Frondo'a Thomas
The preliiPi- contains on estimate of Dante as Cnrlyla, s Hiilory of his Lift in London (1384) ;
a man Mid & poet, in which the influence of Lattera and Memoriuls of Jana Wetah Carljlo
Thumiu Csrlyle Ib very conspicuous. After ('883); Ths Correspondence of Thonms Csriyla
the prefuce come two appendices, useful con- I ""'^ ^'"'P'' ^"''1'' Emerson (1883) ; Thomas
trib£,ions to the criti J^ibliogAphy of the ' C-ljle's Print od Will (1880): Edinburgh Oni-
and tiMsktors. A second edition, revised, ^"'j'*' ^^ ^- ^- "<■""" ('««^'J- ^- ^'
Ameand in 1867, with a prefirtory notice, in CABLTLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-
wEicb I>r. Carlyle spoke of issuing two vo- ' 1804), Arabic scholar, bom in 1769 at Cftr-
liunes more, containing translations of the UbIs, where htsfstherpracttsedssaphysii
' Purgnloriu ' and the 'Paradiso.' But the ' was educated at the Carlisle nramiu!
hope was not fulfilled, though he had exe- { and was then entered at Ctrist's
cui«dn considerable portion of the task. A | Cambridge, whence he presently removed to
third edition of the'Infemo,' a reprint of jQueuns', proceeded B.A. in 1779, and was
the aecood edition, was issned in 1882. elected a fellow of Queens', took hie M.A,
In 1862 Dr. Carlyle married 4i rich widow | degree in 178;f. and B,D. in 1793. During his
with several children, and she died in 1854. I residence at Cambridge ha profited by the
After her death he resided for several years iuatmctions of a native of Bagdad, whose
in Edinburgh, ultimately settlino' in Dum- I europeanised name was David Zamio, and
fricMhire. He devoted much of nis time in ' became so proficient in oriental languagea
later yenrs to the study of the Icelandic that lie was appointed professor of Arabic
language and literature. On the death of his on the resignation of Dr. Craven in 1796, In
nialer-in-lBW, Ure. Thomas Carlyle, he offered the meantime he had obtained some church
tot»kcuphiiiabodewithlusbereaved brother, preferment at Carlisle, and liad auoceeded
The offer was declined. Complaints of his I'aley in 1793 as chancellor of that city.
brother John's ' careless helter-skelter ways ' In 1793 he published in 4to the ' llerum
occur not iufrequently in Carlyle's annota- -Egypt.iaearum Annales,' translated from the
tions to the letters of his wife, while ho hears Arabic of Ynsuf ibn Taghri Birdi, a meagre
teatimony in them to Dr. Carlyle's ' good, af- work of slight historical value ; and in 1796,
feotiona to, manly character and fine talents,' also 4to, 'Specimens of Arabian Poet^'
and his many letters to him, published by Mr. (with some account of the authora selected)^
ypaude, arc uniformly aiTectLonate in tone. By translations in which a certain elegance of
his friends, Dr. Carlyle was regarded ns s man diction is mora striking than the fidelity to
of amiable and tranquil disposition, as well as the spirit and colour of the originals. In
of ability and accomplishment. 1799 be wa^ appointed chaplain to Lord
In 11*01 Dr. Carlyle edited his friend Dr. Elgin's mission to Constantinople, with the
Irving's posthumous ' History of Scottish special duties of learned referee ; and he
*^ 'ry,' adding a little fresh matter to the made a tour through Asia Minor, Palestine,
and notes, and appending a brief gloa- i Greece, and Italy, collecting Greek and
of Scotch words occurring in thevolume. ! Syriac manuscripts lor a proposed new ver-
, 8T8hemadeoverto the acting committee , sion of the New Testament, which unfortu-
_ ittie Association for the Better Endowment nately he did not live to accomplish. Eft-
of tbe University of Edinburgh 1,600'., to i turning to England in September 1801, he
found two medical bursaries of not less than was presented Co the living of Newcastle-on-
35/. each, DOW worth 3!2f. each, known by the Tyne; but his health had been seriously
foiukder's name, and tenable for one year. | impaired by the fatigues of travel, and he
Thomas Csrlyle speaks of John in his will , also suffered from a special and painful
aa having ' no need of money or help,' hut I malady, to which he succumbed on 13 April
left him a life-interest in the lease of the 1801. His ' Poems suggested chiefly by
house at Chelsea, with his books and the j Scenes in Asia Minor, Syria^ and Greece,'
fragments of his history of James I, He | together with some translations from the
mdde bim, too, his chief execulor, and asked , Arabic, were published after his death, 1805,
him to superinteJid the execution of the in- 1 4to, with extracts from hla journal and a
etructiaiiE in his will, saying, in respect to preface by his ^ter. He had also almost
tluim, 'I wish bim to be regarded as my I completedanaccountof hia tourthrough the
boeond s^tf, my surviving self. Dr. Carlvie Troad, wbicb was never published, and had
did Dot, howaver, survive his brother. He ' advanced so far in hb Arabic Bible, revised
. 4wd at Dumfries, 15 Dec. 1879. from Walton's tust, that it was issued at
Carlyle no Carlyle
Newcastle, edited by H. Ford, professor of j and other the<Kgfian8. Among his converts
Arabic at Oxford, in 1811. ^ ■ were Ilerr Thiersch, the church historian, and
[Gent. Mag. 1804, p. 390 ; Miss Carlyle's Pre- ^fc" Charles J. T. Biihm, autlior of various
face to tlio Specimens of Arabic Poetrv.] ^Prks. ITie results of his acquaintance with
is. L.-P. *^^<^ German language, lit4>rature, society, and
religious thouglit were given in his work,
CARLYLE, THOMAS (1803-18r,r,), an *The Moral Phenomena of Germany,' which
apostle of the Catholic Apostolic church, was appeared in 1845, and of which more than one
born at King's Grange, Kirkcudbrightshire, on edition was printed in German. This work
17 July 1808. His father w^as AVilliam Car- liaving w^on him the acquaintance of Baron
lyle, and his mother Margaret Heriot, widow Bunsen, he introduced him to King Frede-
of AVilh'am McMurdo of Savannah, (leorgia. rick William of Prussia, who had been much
He was first educat<.'d at Annan academy, interested in reading the * Moral Phenomena.'
in company with Kdward Irving, and after- His work seriously impaired his health, and he
wards at the Dumfries academy, studied at diedatHeathHouse, Albury.on28Jan. 185i>,
the Edinburgh University, and was called and was buried in Albury parish church on
to the Scottish bar in 1h24. By the death 3 Feb. He married on 7 Sept. 18:>6 Frances
of John Carlyle of Torthorwald, in October AVallace, daughter of the He v. Archibald
18:?4, the claim to the dormant title of Baron Jiauri«», D.D., minister of Loudoun, Ayrshire.
Carlyle devolved on Thomas Carlyle (Cak- She died at Pan on 22 Feb. 1874.
lisle's Collections for a History of the An- Carlyle*s other writings not already men-
cient Family of Carlisle, London, 1822, 4to, tioned were: 1. *The Scottish Jurist. Con-
pp. 140-1). In 1827 ho published ' An Kssay , ducted by T. Carlyle,' 1829. 2. ' The First
to illustrate the Foundation, the Necessity, ' Besurrection and the Second Death,' 1830.
the Nature, and the Evidence of Christianity, 3. * Letter to the Editor of the "Christian
and to connect True Philosophy with the Instructor," ' 1830. 4. *A Letter to the King
Bible. By a Layman,' and in'l829 'The ' of Prussia,' 1847. 5. *0n tk^acrament of
Word made Flesh, or the True Humanity of Baptism,' 1850. 6. * llie One^Bliolic Supre-
Ood in Christ demonstrated from the Scrip- macy,' 1851. 7. * A Shoit^^^kry of the
tures ' In the well-known * Bow lieresy Apostolic Work,' 1851. 8. * T^^Iistory of
■case,' when the Bev. John Mcl^eod Camp- the Christian Church. ByH.W. J. Thiers "^
ball, minister of Bow, Argyllshire, was tried j Vol. I. The Church in the Apostolic A
and finally deposed by the courts of the I Translated by T. Carlyle,' 1852. 9. * 1
■church of Scotland in 1831, Carlyle acted Jew our Law-giver,' 1853. 10. *Tlie Door of
during the various stages of the trial as legal Hope for Britain,' 1853. 11. *The Door of
counsel for Campbell {Memoir of the Rev. J. Ho|)e for Christendom,' 1853. 12. * Apostles
McLcod Campbell, D.D,, 1877, i. 77, 103, given, lost, and restored,' 1853. 13. *On
115). Having much in common with the the Office of the Paraclete in the Prayers of
•opinions of Dr. Campbell, he also sympa- the Church,' 1853. 14. *On Symbols in
wiised with many of the views of his friend ; Worship,' 1853. 15. 'Our present Position
Edward Irving, and adopted and advocated in Spiritual Chronology,' 1853; another edi-
those religious tenets taught by the Catholic tion, 1879. 16. * On the Epistles to the
Apostolic church. This church having been Seven Churches,' 1854. 17. * Warning for
found»»d on 19 Oct. 1832, the appointment of | the Unwary against Si^|^ual Evil,' 1854.
the u])ostle proceeded, and in Edinburgh in 18. *■ Shall Turkey li^Hkr die ? ' 1854.
April 1 835 Carlyle was named the ninth apos- ; 19. ' Pleadings with my jHner, the Church
tie of the denomination, and in the same year in Scotland,' 1854. 20. nBiicke eines Eng^
gave up his practice at the bar, left Edinburgh, . landers in die kirchlichen und socialen Zu-
and settled with his wife at Albun-, Surrey, stiinde Deutschlands von T. Carlyle. Uebep-
He was one of the members of the assembly setzt von B. Frh. von Richtliofen/ 1870.
ry of
and supposed to represent 'quiet perseverance cences' (i. 312) of his famous namesake is
in accomplishing what is aimed at,* were al- not to be trusted ; at any rate there is not
lotted to Carlyle, who henceforth was known the least ground for supposing that the ad-
as 'The Apostle for North Germany.' In that vocate Thomas Carlyle ever intentionally
country he therefore very frequently resided, contributed to the mistakes of identity there
and went about collecting and superintending described. The sjpry on which Carlyle's ac-
• congregations of converts, and while there > count is founded is told in the ' Memorials'
made the acquaintance of Eerlach, Neander, of Janet Welsh Carlyle (L 204).
louM. Inl^
1 Irringiam, i. 14. S^U. *16 ; Atbo-
I Msj 1S8I, p. BSl; Unrv'n Life of
a BttnMD (3rd lA. 1882), ii. 76; inf.;^
1 TMeireil from the Kdv. il. G. Oruhu^|
)W.] G. C. B ~
JILYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881), es-
1 mid hifitoriiin, waa liurn 4 Dec. \7i<'i
M:lefM;1iBJi in Atwandale. Uewasgrand-
if a Thoinaa Carlyle, first a earpent*ir and
wards a amail fiirmer al Browulniciwe,
r Bumswork liill. FmnciB, « brother of
IT Tbamae, wii» a rough suiloi of the
HI type. The brotliere had been ee-
! by tt long nuarrel, and among the
it recollections of the yiiuiiger Thomas
% tight of the ^anduncle, who woe beioK
' ajjstnire to'be reconcile-d with the dy-
lafnthor. Hoth brothera were tough.,
I men, aa inucb given to flgbtingaa
orldng. Tliuraos married Anne Gil-
, S by whom he baij four sons and two
ighters. The second son, James, born in
', inherited t lie palonial temper, and was
Igbly brought up, and allowed (o ramble
~r the county shooting harea. Hereceived
'"" rdigious impreeaions from John. Orr,
|] shoemalter, who was pious
kften Bp«nt weeks at the pot-
Rruee became apprenticed to a
n Brown, married to Ma eldest
^ker Fanny. He afterwards aet up in busi-
Hm with n br'itlier, built a house for himself
^n£M]ef«chau, and there made a home for
' IT »nd brothers. In 1731 he married
a, Janet Carlyle, who died after giving
lo «on, Jofui. Two years sAer her
' I) Jajnea Carlyle married Janet
Beir ftrst child,' Thomaa, was fol-
« Mns And five daughters. The
(John Aitlren [q. v.] ; Alexander
who emigrnted to Canada, and died
id Junes (A. 1805), who took the farm
■fbtig and survived liia brothers. The
m wtre Ju«st, who died in infancy ;
4 lb. 18^Bled unmarried in 1830;
y (A. 1808 nn became Mrs. Austin;
Jmm>, or 'craw Jifflr (A. 1810), who married
b«r roiwiii. Jiunps .\ithen, in 1833; and
Janet (6. Ifil.T), who boome Mrs. Hanning,
d aettlod in Caoodo. James Carljle was
a the lirat steady, nhstcmioue, and a
i^h worlniian. His busing prospered,
^hojaiucl •'!<- ' bitnrbfni," a Sert of rigor-
■ -ir'frfchan. Ho
!,i.d by habi-
_ ti.Tii .S.-otch Cft)vLni«t,
■ Carlyle Ifomt landing from his
cr, and ariituiiutic (at Eve) &om his b-
ther. He was then sent to tbe village school,
Hia English -was reported to be ' complete *
in hia sev^h year, and he was set. to uttin.
IAs the schoolmaster was incompetent he wns
tauifht by Johnstone, the burgher minister,
and his aon, an Edinburgh student. At
WliiCauntide 1805 ho was sent to Annan
^mmar lichool, He had aln-ady shown> ^
violent temper, and his mother now mada
him promise not to return a blow. He had,
consequently, to pnt up with much cruelty,
until he turned against a lormentor, and,
though beaten, prored himself to be a dnn-
geroua subject for bullying. The two first
years, he says, vcere miserable. His school
experience is reflected in 'Sartor liesartus'
(hk. ii. eh. iii.; see also'Cruthor; and John-
son 'in Frater^s .Vnjr. January 1631). He'
learnt to read French and Latin and tlie
Greek alphabet ; he learnt a little geometry
and algebra ; and (JfillUUfid all the bookfl be
could get. His father perceived the son'a
ability, and decided to send him lo the uni-
versity with a view lo the ministry. Oarlylo
accordingly walked to Edinbuivh — ehundred
miles diatAnt — in the November term 18W,
and went through the usual course. He ac-
quired some Greek and Latin ; was disgusted
with the uncongenial rhetoric of Tnoniaa
Brown upon the association philosophy; but
madeeome real progress in mathematics under
John Leslie, who earned his lastinggraCitudt)
by sealous help. Ho became a leatfn^spint
among a small circle of friends of his own
class. Their letters abow remarkable intsrost
in literarv mnttera. One of them addresses
him as ' Dean ' and ' Jonathan,' implying that
he is to be a second Swift, Another Bproka
of his ' Shandeantumof expresaion.' ' Tri»-
tram Shandy' was one of his favourita books.
Carlyle contemplated an epic poem. He still
studied mathematica. He advised hja friends
sensibly, and was ready to help them &om
his little savings.
To fill up the interval which must elapse
before his intended ordination, Carlyle ob-
tained in 1814 the mathematical tutorship at
Annun. He thus became independent, and
was able to put bv something from his sa-
lary of 60/. or rOi. a year. He was near his
father, who had now settled in a farm at
JMunhilft two miles from Ecclefechan. Here
he pass^ his Jiolidays ; but hia life at Annan
was solitary, and chiefly spent among hia
books. Hisdivinitycourseinvolvedanaimual
address at Edinburgh. He delivered in 1614
'a weak, flowa^ sentimental' sermon in
English, and JflBliin discourse (Chiistmoa
1815), also *weak enough,' on the qne«tion,
' Nnm detur religio not urolis 'i ' On the lut
occasion he had a Utile passage of anna witJi
Carly le 1 1 2 Carly le
Kdward Irving, to whom he uow spoke for u hiiuutiiig of the furies. The * three most
the lirst time at a friend's rooms. Irving miserable years* of his life followed. He
was an old pupil of the Annan school, where obtained a pupil or two and was emplo\>'d
Carlyle had once seen him on a visit. lie had by Brewster on the * Kncyclopwdias/ He
become a schoolmaster at Kirkcaldy. Some managed just to pay his way ; but he a«ot>n
of the parents were dis^contented with his gave up lus law studies — always uncongenial
teaching, and resolved to import a second — and found no other opt*ning. The misery
schoolmaster. Christieson (professor of Latin : of the lower classes at this time of universal
at Edinburgh) and Leslie recommended (.-ar- depression made a profound impression, and
lyle, who thus in the summer of 181(J became he sympathised with the general discontMUt.
a rival of Irv'ing. Irving, however, welcomed He was also going through a religious crisis,
him with a generosity which he warmly The collapsii of his old Ixdiefs set^med to leave
acknowledged, and they at once formed a him no escape from gloomy and degrading
close intimacy. Carlyle made use of Irving's materialism. After much mental agonv, he
librarj', where he read Gibbon and much one day in June 1821, after * three weeks of
French literature^ and they made little ex- total sleeplessness,' went through the crisis
peditions togethe/, vividly described in the described * quite literally' in * Sartor U»'sar-
* Kemiuiscences * (\6\. i. ) To Irving's literary tus ' (bk. ii. ch. vii., where the Hue St. Thomas
example Carlyle thinks that he owed * some- de TEnfer st-ands for Leith Walk). Fn jin
thing of his own poor affectations ' in stylo this hour ho dated his ' spiritual new birth,*
{Reminiscences y i. 119). ! though for four years more he had many
Carlyle's school dut ies were t horouglily dis- mental struggles. Carlyle had now taken \ o
tasteful. His reserve, irritability, and power German study, and his great heliK'r in this
of sarcasm were bad t'ciuipmeiits for a school- crisis appears to have been Goetht*. The st»-
master*s work. He kept his pupils in awe ntnity of Goethe probably attracted him by
without physical force, but his success was the contrast to his own vehemence. Goeth^,
chiefly negative. He saw little society, but as he thought, showed that the highest cul-
was attracted by a Miss Margaret Gordon, ture and most unreservtjd acceptance of the
an ex-pupil of Irving's, probably the original results of modem inquiry might be combined
of * Blumine * in * Sartor Uesart us.' An aimt . with a reverent and truly religious concept ion
with whom Miss Gordon lived put a stop to of the universe. Carlyle continued to rrvt-re
some talk of an enga;rem»*nt. Miss Gordrin Goethe, though the religious sentiments which
took leave of him in a remarkal>le letter, in ho preserved, Scotch Calvinism minus the
wliich, after a serious warning against the dogma, were very unlike those of his spiritual
dangers of pride and excessive severity, she guide. ^
begs him to think of her as a sisti^r, though During this period of stniggle Carlyle was
she will not see him again. She sooti married supported by the steady confidence' of his
a meml>er of parliament who becam»* * gover- fatlier, the anxious alfection of his mother,
nor of Nova Scotia (or so)' and was living and the cordial sympathy of his brothers and
about 1840. sisters. He was eagerly welcomed on occa-
* Schoolmastering ' had become intolerable, sional visits to Mainhill, and, though some-
The ministry had also become out of the times alarming his family bv his complaints,
question, as Carlyle's wider reading had led always returned tlieir affection and generally
to his abandonmt'ut of the orthodox views, made the best of his prospects. To them he
In September 1818 he told liis father that seldom said a harsh wonl. Another consola-
he had saved about 90/., and with this and a tion was. the friendship of Ir\''ing, now (Octo-
few mathematical pupils could support him- ber. 18T9) under Chalmers at Glasgow. He
self in Edinburgh till he could qualiiy lim^^^isited Irving in 1820, and at Drumclog Moor,
self for the bar. He accordingly wen^ro whither Irving had walked with him on the
Edinburgh in December 1819 with Irving, I way to Eccleiechan, explained to his friend
who had given up his own school with a the difference of faith which now divided
view to entering upon his miuLstt^il func- them. The scene is vividly do^ribed in the
tions. Carlyle had now Ix^gun to suffer from ' Keminiscences ' (i. 177). Carlyle walked
the dyspepsia which tormented him through fifty-four miles the next day, the longest
life : * A rat was gnawing at the pit of his walk he ever t-ook. Irving did his utmost
stomach.' The consequentin'itability already i both to comfort Carlyle and to find him em-
found vent in language of^K^squeexaggera- i ployment. Carlyle had applied in vain to Lon-
tion where it is often di^^rt to distinguish don booksellers, proposing, for one thing, a
betw(H;u the serious and the intentionally complete translation of Schiller. Captain Ba-
humorous. The little annoyances incidental i sil Hall had offered to take Carlyle a« a kind
to life in mean lodgings are transfigured into | of scientific secretary, on offer which Carlyle
\
\
Carlyle 113 Carlyle
declined. Mean while Irving, on preach- He stayed on in T^undon trying to find some
ing experimentally in Hatton Garden, had occupation. Inthesummerot* 1824 he spent
made acquaintance with two sisters, Mrs. two months at Birmingham with Mr. Badanis,
Strachey and Mrs. Charles Buller. Mrs. a manufactjirer, of some literary knowledge
Buller consulted Irving upon the education and scientific culture. Badams hoped to cure
of her two eldest sons, Charles [q. v.] and Carlyle's dys|>ep8ia by a judicious regimen,
iVrthur, afterwards Sir Arthur. Irving re- and though he miled to do much, Carlyle was
commended Edinburgh University ^vith Car- touched by hi.** kindness. (For Badams, see
lyle for a tutor, and in January \S'2'2 Carlyle Itemmi/tcenceSfU, 1(14 ; FR0L'DE,ii. 170.) From
accepted the prop<)t»al. The two lads joined Birmingham Carlyle went to Dover, where
him in the followiug spring. His salary was the Irvings were staying, and nflide a brief
spending the day with his pupils. In the detail with singidar fidelitv, and his impres-
spring of 1823 the BuUers took Kinnuird sions were of service in tlie history ot the
Ilouse, near Dimkeld. Carlyle sjient the French revolution. On returning, ho took
rest of the year there with them, and on the lodgings in Islinj^n, near Irving, and stayed
whole happily, though oc-casionally grumbling there, occupied m publishing negotiations,
at dyspepsia and the ways of fine ladies ana till his return to Scotland in ^larch 1825.
gentlemen. At the end of January 1824 the His * Schiller,' reprinted from the * London
BuUers finally n^tumed to London, Carlyle , Magazine,' was issued before his departure^rv
Htaying at Maiuhill to finish a translation of i bringing him about 100/. ^
* \Vilhelm Meister.' At the beginning of Juno Carlyle received strong impressions from
ha followed the BuUers to London ui a sail- his first view of London scwiety. He judged
ing ship, and found them hesitating between it much as Knox judged the court of Mary,
various schemes. After a week at Kew with or St. John the Baptist (see Fboide, ii. 334)
Charles Buller, who was now intended for the court of Herod. He is typified by Tevi-
Cambridge, he resolved to give up his place, felsdriickh, * a wild seer, shaggy, unkempt.
He had Deen much attracted by his pupil like a baptist living on locusts and wild .
Charles, but to his proud spirit a life of de- honey.' The rugged independence of the
pendence upon grand people, with constantly , Scotch peasant, resenting even well-pieant
unsettled plans and with no definite outlook patronage, colours his judgments of tlie fa-
fur himselt, had naturally become intolerable, shionable world, while an additional severity
His improved income had enabled him , is duti tt) his habitual dys])t'psia. The circle
to help his family. Out of his 200/. a year | to whom Ir\-ing had introduc«'d him are de-
he supported liis brother John as a medical i scribed in the ' Reminiscences' with a graphic
student in Edinburgh, and stocked a farm for power in which a desire to acknowledge real
his brother Alexander, besides stmding many i Kindness and merit struggles agtiinst a gtme-
presents to his parents. He had been ao- I rally unfavourable opinion. Of ^Irs. Strachey,
tively writing. He had translated Legendrc's indeed, he speaks with n»al warmth, and he
* Geometry,' for which he received 50/., and admired for the ])resent * the no])le lady,' Mrs.
wrote in one morning an introduction on the Basil Montagu, of whom there is a striking
doctrine of Proportion, of which he s})eaks
and generally favoui*able ])ortrait {^liemifu'ji-
with complacency. Irving, who had finally cences, p. 227). But the social atmosphere
Fettled in London, in the summer of 1822 was evidently luiccmgenial. He still admired
had mentioned Carlyle to Taylor, proprietor . Irving, whom he always loved : but felt keenly
of the 'London Magazine.' Taylor offered him that his friend was surrounded by a circle
sixteen guineas a sheet for a series of * Por-
whose flattt?ry was dangen.)us to his sim])li-
traits of Men of Genius and Character.' The city, and which mistook a flush of excitement
first was to be a life of Schiller, which ap- for deep religious feeling. Yet Carlyle still
Carlyle i. 258). Carlyle formed a still more dispi
was to receive 180/. for the first edition, 2oO/. raging estimate of the men of letters. Upon
fftr a thousand copies of a second, and after- i these ' things for wTiting articles' he lavished
vards to have the copyright. Carlyle, there- ! his most exaggerated expressions of sconi.
fore, accustomed to the severe economy of his Coleridge was dawdling upon Highgat« Hill,
father's house, was sufliciently prosperous, wasting his genius upon aimless talk ; Hazlitt
On leaving the Bnllers he was thrown on his a mere Bohemian ; CampbelUs powers had
own mources. i left him ; Charles Lamb (of whose pathetic
YOL. IZ. I
Carlyle 114A Carlyle
fltory he was iprnorant, * something of real ' Virgil. On her tenth birthday she burnt her
insanity I have understood/ BeminUcences^ doll on a funeral pjTe, after the mo<leI of
ii. 160) hnd degenerated into a mere cockney ; Dido ; at fourteen she wrote a tragedy, and
idol, niine<l by flattery. Southeyand Wordfr- : continued for many years to writ« poetry,
worth had * retired far from the din of this Her father, the only person who had real in-
monstrous city/ and Carlyle thought best to flucnce with herydiea of tvphus fever caucht
follow their example. If his judgment was from a patient in September 1819, and her
harsh, it put new force into his resolution to health sufl^ered from tlie blow for years. She
deliver his own message to a backsliding gene- continue<l to live with her mother, to whom
ration, and to refuse at whatever cost to pro- her father had left a sufficient income, and
stitute his tiihnits for gain or flattery. i became known from her wit and beauty as
The most gratifying incident of this period | * the flower of Haddington.' She was sought
was a letter from Goctlit? acknowledging the by many lovers, and encouraged more than
translation of * Meister,' and introducing * the one, but cherished a childish passion for her
Lords Bentinck * (one of them Lord George), tutor Irving. He had removea to Kirkcaldy,
whom Carlyle did not see. The translation and there, while MissWelsh was still a child,
had been successful. Carlyle hnd arranged became engaged to Miss Martin. He conti-
to translate other selections from German nued to visit Haddington, and came to a mu-
writers, which ultimately api)eared in \S27, I tual understanding with MissWelsh. They
He proceeded to carry out his scheme of re- ; hoped, it seems, that the Martins would con-
tirement. His father took a farm called Hod- sent to release him j but when this hope was
dam Hill, about two miles from Mainhill, at : disappointed, both agreed that he must keep
a rent of 100/. a year. His brother Alex- I to his engagement. Ir^'inJ^ married in the
ander managed the farm ; and Carlyle settled autumn of 1823. Meanwhile, in June 1821,
down with his books, and after some idleness Irving had brought Carlyle from Edinburgh
took up his translating. The quiet, the coun- '. to Haddington, and there introduced him to
tr\' air, and long rides on his * wild Irish horse Miss Welsh. Carlyle obtained permission to
"Larry,"' improved his health and spirits, and send her books, opened a correspondence, and
just ified his choice ; but his life was now to be saw her on her occasional visits to Edinburgh.
seriously changed.
,Ta.ne Baillie Welsh was descended from
two unrelated families, both named Welsh.
They had long been settled at the manor-
house of Craigenputtock. Her father, .John
W'elsh, descended through a long line of John
Ir\'ing wrote some final letters of farewell to
Miss Welsh in the autumn of 1822.
Carlyle, who was quite ignorant of this
aflkir, was meanwhile becoming more inti-
mate with Miss Welsh, who was beginning
to recognise his remarkable qualities, and to
Welshes from John Welsh, a famous minister regard nim with a much deeper feeling than
of Avr, whose wife was daughter of John
Knox. The last John Welsh (ft. 4 April
1776) was a pupil of one of the Bells, and
afterwards became a country doctor at Had- j
dington. His father, John Welsh of Pen-
fillan (so called after his farm), survived
that which she had formerly entertained for
Irving. In the summer of 1823, while he
was at Kinnaird, she had told him emphati-
cally that he had misunderstood a previous
letter, and that she would never be nis wile.
Soon afterwards she executed a deed trans-
him, dying in 1823. Dr. Welsh, in 1801, ■ ferring the whole of her father*8 property,
married Grace, or Grizzie, Welsh, daugh- some 200/. or 300/. a year (Fbottbe, iii. 237),
ter of Walter W\jl8h, a stock-farmer, who which had been left to her, to her mother, in
upon his daughter's marriage settled at order that her husband, if she ever married,
Tcmpland, near Penfillan. Walter's wife, a ; might not be able to diminish her mothers
Miss Baillie, claimed descent from William income. She also left the whole to Carlvle
Wallace. A .John Welsh, often mentioned
in case of her Gvra and her mother^a death.
in the books uptm Carlyle, was son of Walter, For the next two years the intimacy gra-
and therefore maternal uncle of Jane Baillie dually increased, with various occasional diffi-
Welsli. Ho settled at Liverpool, became culties. In the spring of 1824 she had pro-
bankrupt through the dishonesty of a part- . mised, apparently in a fit of repentance for a
ner, ana afterwards retrieved his fortune and quarrel, that she would become his wxfisif he
paid his creditors in full. Jane Baillie Welsh could achieve independence. Some remark-
(h, 14 July 1801) was the only child of her ; able letters passed during his atAy in Eng-
parents. rrom her infancy she was remark- land. Carlyle proposed b^ finvourite acheme
ably bright and self-willed. She insist-ed on I for settling* with her as his wife upon a faim
learning Latin, and was sent to Haddington ' — her farm of Craigenputtock, for example,
school. Irving came there as a master, lived j then about to become vacant — and devotmg
in her father's house, and introduced her to himself to his lofty aBpixationa. MiafWeUh
'ered by pointing out the sBcrifice of
'ort Bnd locial position to herself, and
frnnkly that she did not iove hini well
enough for k husband. Yet she showed some
relenting, and wm unwilling to break en-
tirely. The solution came by the strange in-
terferenre of Mrs. Montagu, wbo, though a
fnend to Irring and Carlyle, was unknown
to Miss WeUh. Mtr. Montagu warned Mias
Wclah Bgainft tlie dangers of EtiU cherish-
ins her passion for Irvine. In answer Misa
W eleh stated her intention of marrying Car-
Itle. The lady protested, and exhorted Miss
'(Vrlah mot to conceal the story trom her new
.Itrver. Hereupon Miss Welsh sent the letter
'"■"Cariyle.wbo now for the firat time became
mreof her former feeling! for Irving. Hiiher-
■ho had spoken of Irving so bitterly that
riyle Iwl remonstrated. He woa startled
unwonted humility, and begged her to
eonsidt>r Uie risk of sacrificing berajlf to one
of his 'strange dark humours.' For answer
she came to see him in person (September
il8S5), nnd was introduced as his promised
"""' ' "o his family, who received her with
courtesy, und always remained on
Owlyle now fell to work on his transla-
;, MotiT difficulties remained. A dis-
trith the landlord led to the abandon-
of Hoddam Uitl by his father. The
'" lease also expired in 18^6, and the
moved to Scotsbrig, a neighbouring
Carlylc wis aniious to Ix^in his mar-
, and had saved '2001. to start house-
Some small schemes for regular
employment fell ihrmiBh, hut Car-
Uglit that he might find some quiet
near Edinburgh where work would
Various plans were discussed.
«.Wi
'• mat.i'Ji,
flahheortilydisapprovedofherdau^h-
ti*Ji, thinking Carlyle irreligious, ill*
d, and socially inferior. MigsWeli"
tbe beauty of a small country
class superior to that of the Carl
Igb superior neither in
^.O tbp society to which Carl;
" 1 while her first love,
intimnie friond. Mrs, Welsli
t kat to allow the pair to take up
T nbode with her. Carlyle decliued
i that he must be mast«r in
k^and that the proposed arrange-
Jl insritAbly tttail, ns wa« only too
EdiNtgreemcnts. The mother and
B|d mquont disputfis (FKot'DE,
^'^ Jy to be the milder for Cnr-
■ M MB U cc. The Carlyle family tli«m-
,11 rtpclared thai it would b« impossible
M Welali to »iibmit to the rough con<
I al life at Scotsbrig. At last C»i^
lyle'e original plan, which seetos to have
been the most reasonable, was adopted, and
token at Comley Bank, Edin-
burgh. Mrs. Welsh was to settle with her
father at Tempknd. The marris«e expenses
piudfor by the proceeds of the 'German
Komanccia,' and the wedding took place at
" Empland, 17 Oct. 1826.
The mflfriage of two of tlie most remark-
able pnople of their time had been preceded
by some ominous symptoms. Carlyle's in-
tense and enduring altection for his wife is
ahowQ in letters of extreme tenderness and
by many unequivocal symptoms. It was
unfortunately too often masked by explosions
-' — assive irritability, and by the constant
increased by lus complete absoTption
work. From the first, too. It seems to
have been less the passion of a lover than ad-
miration of an iutellectiial companion. Mrs.
Carlyle'a brilliancy was associated with a
scorn for all iUusions and a marked power of
uttering impleasant truths. There can he no
doubt thai Hlie sincerely loved Carlyle, though
she is re|KDried totuivesaid that she had mar-
ried > for ambition ' and was miserable. Her
childlessness left her to constant solitude, and
her m ind preyed upon itself. The result waa
that a union, extemaUy irreproachable, and
founded upon genuine affection, wag marred
by painful discordswhichhave been laid bare
witli unsparing frankness. Carlyle'a habit of
excessive emphasis and eii^geration of speech
has deepened the impression. ~~ — — ■
The marriage started happily. The Car-
lyles lived in the simplest style, with one
servant. Mrs. Carlyle was a charming hostess,
and the literary people of Edinburgh come
to see her and listen to her husband's as-
tonishing monol(^!n^- 1*^^ money difficullv
iooD became pressing. Carlyle Ined^novel,
iwhicb had lo be burnt. 'He suggested a
scheme for a literary Annual Kegister; but
the publishers, disappointed in the sale of
' MeiBt«r " and ' SchiUer,' turned a deaf ear,
'.n spite o:
fused a p
Carlyle, however, b^an to think again of
Craigenputtock, with fresh country air and
exercise. His brother Alexander was willing
to take the &rm, where the tenant was in
arrears, and Mrs. Welsh, now at Templand,
approved the change, which would bring her
daughter within fifteen miles of her. It was
agreed that Alenonder Carlyle should take
the farm at Whitsuntide 1627, and that the
Thomas Carlyles should occupy the hotise,
which was separate from the farmhouse, ae
soon as it could be prepared. Meanwhile
Bomo gleams of proaiieriiy helped lo detain
Carlyle at Edinburgn. His rGputation was
Carlyle ii6 Carlyle
rising. In Aujrust 1>27 Le received a Trzinu was fttiH g^ippnrtii^jjr I^iq bmtlipr John, -.vbj
acknowledgment from Goethe of his 'Life returned toLondon about 1S3<J. ani c-yiW
of Schiller? with a pre,<<MiT of K>ok.<, medals, pet no patients. In February 1S31 C-rly>
a neckliuv for Mrs. #irlyle. and a pocket- hadonlyo/.,andexpecte<l no more turn: »!.:!:-.
book for hiiusi'll*. lie conceaU'd his poverty from his br'-rhrr.
Carlyle had formed a mow direoily useful and did his best to encourage him. Tb- d—
aci|uaiutance with .leiVrt\v. An iiriiole sent mand for his articles had declined. O^nnan
by Irving's adviee to the • Kdiubur*:!! Ke- literatun»,ofwhichhehadliegunabisT«.»ry.wa.s.
view' had received no notice; but Carlyle, not a marketable topic. His brother Alrxan-
Hupplied with a letter \^( in: rvxluet ion from der. to whom he had advanced :i40/.. had f a iltd
PnH*ter( /u.v<//»>ii7itf <.ii.-n.re.<olvt\lar last at Craigenputtock ; and after leaving it at
to call uixm JfllVey. JeiVrey was friendly, Whitsuntide 18iU (Froude, ii. 144) wa> for
diseovertHi a relatioushin to Sirs. C'arlyle, to a time without employment. Jeffivy's tmns-
whom III' Invaiue sjHviruly a::aeljed, and ac- feri'uce of the tnlitorship of the * Edinburgli
ci'ptiHl articles lor the • Fdinl»urj;li.* Two, Ki'vi»'w ' to Macvey Xapier in the middle of
U|H>n ,1i'an Paul and on Oorman Literature, 1S29 .sto])iMKl one source of income. In the
appeared in June and lVtvd»ir l^^'-T. and the Ik'ginning t)f 18IU Carlyle cut up his history
latt«'rbivui:ht ailatteriuj: lUijuiry iromCioothe of Gfrmaii literature into articles,and workvd
lis to thr author>l»i^». The sliirl'.i inipn.>ve- desiH-rately at * Sartor llesart us.* John had
iiii'iit in his tinaiiees imnitdiateU eneouragtHl lHt»n forced to borrow from Jeffrey ; and Car-
Carlvli' to stMul his br\»thiT .lolm to study lyle n'Solve<l at last togo to l^ndonaud try
nuHlu'ine in (ii'rmauy. JiMl'tvy iiir: her tried the publishers. lleliojH'd tofindenctuirjiire-
by hi.s intere.Ni wiili Urvnijrlsam to obtain inent for settling there permanently, lie was
Carlyle's nnpoiiituuMii to a pn^t'essorship in fi>rcedtolK)rrow 50/. from Jeffrey, and reached
the newly toundod London I ni\e'.*>ity. He Ixnulon Aug. 18i^l. Neither Murray, nor
support tnl Cavlyh* in a candidal uri* for the the Longmans, nor Frast.T would buy * Sartor
Srotessorsliip of moral philosophy at St. An- Uesartus.' Carlyle found Irving plunged into
r»'\\s, \aeaitHl by l>r. ChahueT"s. restinuv dauirentus illusions ; Itadams falling into dif-
nials \\«»iv v^'wt^n not only by Irviuir. duller, liculties and drink; and his old friends, as he
IJri'wster, Wilson. Lo^lie. and .lell'rey. but thought, coKl or faithless. A great relief,
by diH'thi'. They tailed, however, in eonsi^ lunvever, canit* through Jeffrey, wlio obtaimxl
nuenee ot' the op|Hvsiti»m of the priuei]vil, an ap]>ointment for ,Iohn as travelling phy-
i)r. Nicol. iVaigeiiputtoek thus Invanio al- sician to the Countess of Clare, with a >iU};ry
most a niHvs>iiy ; and the discovery that of .*KK) guineas a year. Freed from this strain,
flu'jr landlord ai l\Mnb'\ Hank had accepted i'arlvle's income might suffice. Mrs. Carlylt*
I 1*111 * It •*i*"1''l«^ i'\ ^
hiuisi'lf by ^^ riiiu;;s worthy o( himself. Hf Thev ^aw Charles BuUer, and now made ac-
would n«)i turn out a pagi* of inferior work- quaint ance with J. S. Mill. Carlyle wrote
luansliip or coudesemd to the sliu'htest com- his ' Characteristics,* which was acci'ptedby
pronii.M- with liis priuciples. He stru^udrd Napier for the ' Edinburgh/ and his article
on for six yi'ar>wnh Narying success. He upon Hoswell's* Johnson 'for Eraser. Bulwer,
wroti' tlu' articli'< which t'onu the tirst tlinv . now editing the *New Monthly,* asked for
yolumoof the * .Mi>cellaiui's,' I'lu'V apj»eared ' articles, ana Hayward got I^rdner,as editor
chiellv in ihr • Kdinburgh Uevirw / and in of the * Cabinet Encyclopjedia/ to offer 300/.
the ' l'\)reign Uevi^w ' and ' Frascr's Maira- for the * Ilistorv of German Literature.* The
zino,' lx»th nt'w vt-ntuii'S. lie wrote nothing death of hisfatlier, '22 Jan. 1832, came upon
which ^va'< not worth subsequent collection, Carlyle as a heavy blow. Though he had
and .«4ome of the>e ^yritings are among his not obtained a ]>viblisher for * Sartor Resar-
nio>t tinislu'd performances. Hown to the tns,* he had established relations with some
enil t)f 1.6')iAJii"< work ^ except the article on editors for future work; and he retired again
liurns) was chiefly upon (Terman literaturt\ for a time to the now vacant Craigeuputtock,
e>p«'cially upon Goethe, with whom he coti- n^aching it about the middle of April IB^W.
tinuetl to have a pleasant orn'siHMidence. His \ lie set to work upon * Diderot,' which he
health was better than u>ual, the complaints HuishtHl in October, and then made an excuP' '^
of dyspepsia disappear from hi'j letters; but sion in AnnandaJe. In November Mrs. Car- P'
the money question became urgent. His lyle was called to the deathbed of her grand-
articles, always the slow prwluct of a kind father, Walter Welsh, at Templand. Tlie
of mental agony, were his only tesource. He solitude, the absence of books, and the weak-
V
\
Carlyle
Carlyle
I of Mrs. Carlvle'a health were making
wgcnputtockunMurabk; and in the winter
J reeoWed to make ft Ifral of Edinburgh.
rf wttled there in Jftnuarv 183:1; und
ijle found books in tlje AdvuMtes' Li-
; which bnd a great effect upon bin line
i^Ctndy. He collected the materials for his
articles upon ■ Cn^liostro' and the' Diamond
Xocitlsce. Edinburgh society, however,
proved uucoDgeniftl, and after four months
be ngain went back to his' Whinstane Castle'
at Craig«iiputlock. Editors wnre once more
ibecomtn^ cold. ' Sartor Itesartus ' was ap-
/pearing lit Xaet in ' Fraser's MagaiJne' (No-
iTembttr 1833 to August 1834), ffaser having
Eti|mtQti.-d to pay only twelve guineas a sheet
in^ttnLl of twenty as before (the usual rat«
Iwiiig fifi.-en). Fraaer now reported that it
■ esciioci the most unqualified disapprobation'
<l-RM-i.E. ii. lOl). Thedealeraii literature
n-iTi'lurriiugtheir hacks uponhim; though his
fim-'increax^in some directions. In August
I ^'t.'l Emer»on came to bim with a letter mim
Mill. The Corlyles thouglil bim 'one of the
most loveable creatures ' they had ever setn j
nnd nn unbroken Iriendsblp of nearly flftv
venrs was brgnn. Carlvle corresponded wiili
_^illj who apiiroaolied fiim as a uhilosopHiual
^"— jher [ tmu their correBpondence turned
hrle'e thotigkts towards th>< * French lie-
UJoa.' A visit from his brother John,
jtmArriages of his sister Jean to James Ait-
Jl, a houa^painter of superior abilities, and
Ellis youngest brother Jamca, now farming
^tshrie, to whom Cariyia made over the
A of §001. from Alexander, varied the mo-
y «f Oraigenputtock. In the winter of
IPS-l-i Carlyle took charge of a promising
voung William Glen, who gave him Oreek
Icawxis in return for lessons in mathematics.
( 'arlyle, however, now at the lowest peconi-
aiy ebb, bncame more and more discontented,
IBrill at lost iVMlvcd to ' burn his ships ' and
•Fttle in London.
<>ther propoaals had fuled. Jefirey bad 1
tried to be helpfiil. He had proposed Car-
Irie a« his successor in the editorship of I
tlie -Edinburgh.' When this ftiled, he had |
ogfewd to Carlyle an annuity of lOW. The ,
I7WB« houourahly declined, with Carlyle's |
' independence, though bis gratitude
/ tii».
for ony kind of
J'ilTn>v. when lord advocate, had
. f'.'v him some appoint-
liiid also lent money
iiii-i, which was repaid
mil y .^JWtrey, howevsr,
iiiiri;^ 1. niiik-'agenlus'hadspnken
upttuiualy lit his liternrv eccen
(For Jeflrey's opinion of Onrlyli
N*r[HB'a Cerrttpondmcr, p. 12ti.)
was entirely out of sympathy with Carlyle's
opinions, condemned his defiance of dU con-
ventions, and complained of him for being
BO ' desperately in earucst.* A growing cool-
Dees ensued, which came to a head when, in
January 16S4, Carlyle proposed to apply for
the post of astronomical professor and ob-
server at Edinburgh. Carlyle had shown
mathematical abiLty, and was confident of
' his own powers. Jeffrey naturally replied
I that the place would have to be given to
some one of proved ability. He added that
I a secretary of his own was qualified, and
would probably get it on his merits, and
proceeded to aiuninister a very sharp lecture
' to Carlyle. He said that if lie had had the
power he would have appointed Carlyle to a
rhetoric cbair then vacant in some university.
But the authorities had decided that the chair
ought to be given to some man of great and
estsblished reputation, like Macaulay, for ex-
ample. Carlyle's eccentricities would prevent
him from ever obtaining any. such position.
The lecture stungCarlyle bayond bearing.
, It left a resentment which lie cdt^d not con-
coal, even wlien trying, long aft-erwarda, to
do justice to the memory of a friend and
benefactor. A coolness due to another cause
hod probably made itself felt, though not
openly expressed by Jertrey. He had con-
demned Carlyle's eccentricity not only as a
, wilfuL,thrQsring.away-of opportunities, hut
as involvine cruelty to Sirs. Carlyle. Her
I life during the Craigetiputtock years bad been
bard and injurious t^ her health. Carlyle
, speaks frequently in hia letters of her deli-
cacy. Sheseems to havesiiffered evenraore I
' at London and Edinburgh than at Craigen- I
put-tock fFKouDE, iL 8621. But the life in
a bleak situotion, with one ceiront and an
occasional boy, with the necesaity of minute
attention to every housekeeping detail, was
excessively trying. Carlyle, accustomed to
the rigid economy of his father's household,
thought comparatively little of these trials,
or rather {Seminigeeiictt, ii. 150) thought
tliat the occupation was 'the saving cborm
of her life.' Mre. Carlyle had undertaken the
duty of keeping a poor man's household with
her eyes onen ; and severe economy was es-
sential to his power of discharging his self-
imposed tusk. Unluckily, though a stoical
senseof duty made her conceal her sufTerings
from her husband, her love for him was not
of the kind which could fither make them a
pleasure or prevent ber from complaining to
others. Jeflrey, who visited tlie Carlyles at I
Craigenputtock, saw what was bidden from I
Carlyle. The extreme solitude was unbear-
able to ber wearii^ spirits. They were for
Eaoulhs alone, without interruption fimn an
Carl vie nS Carlyle
outsider. Carlyir frfqu-nriv aLrn'.i-r.j. loni: looked forward, indeed, to a reconstruct ion
rides and drive? wi;li hi? -wiw : he consulied of ]irinciple8 and institutions which was en-
her upon ail bis liook* : h!.d he reniemlKred tirt-ly o]»postid to the views of the Mills and
Craigenputt'X'k a? the s.ivr*e of fK-rhiips • \ heir their associates. Yet he held that the 'whip;*
happiest days." But co:npi<i:ion meant for were amateurs, the radicals ^ild bn»threu' -^
him a soliiarj- afiTony. Hj> devMion to his iFBOi'DE, ii. 90). Though limited in their
labours left her to eompl* Te > iii; ude for many philosv^phy, they were genuine as far as they
hours and day?; and she retained a most pain- went. MilFs respect and sympathy had
ful impression. possiiOy even exa^irerated in toucheil him, and he was prepared to form
her later confe>!;i>ms. >;il h'.r trial •.hiriniT the somn temporary alliance witli the set of
six years \ less two winTor? ar EdinVairjrh and 'pliilosophical radicals.' He saw something
London). It is not easy, however, to see ol them, and calls Mill and one or two of
how, under the conditions, a Wtter scheme his set the * reastmablest people we have:'
could have been devised. I: enabled Carlyle, though disgusted by their views in regard to
at least, to go thrvmgli his a]«prentioeship. and ' marriage and the like ' ( ib, 4/)9 ). Mrs. Car-
he was now to emerge as a maSTer of his omft.* lyle was at first 'greatly taken with' Mrs.
^ Carlyle reached l>>ndi«n .m li* May 1S54. Taylor, whose relations with Mill wer»» now
settled in his old lodginc>. aiul K'tran house- beginning and causing some anxiety to his
hunting. lie l\»und a small «^ld-fa?'hioned friends and family. J. S. Mill was com em-
house at i) (^now numbered .4 ) Cheyne IJnw, plating the* London Review,' having become
Chelsea, at a rent of liol. a vear. Mrs. Carlvle du^satisfitKl with the * Westminster.' Carlvle
followed and continued his choice. They had been told (.Tanuarj- 1834) that W. J. Fox
set tied in the houses which he ^>ccupit^l till his was to edit the new venture. He seems,
death) on 10 .June iNU, and he U^iran work however, to have had some hopes of being
in tolerable spirits ujv^u the • Krench llevoly- made editor himself, and was disappointed on
tion.* Leigh Hunt was his neichhour, and linding that the other arrangement was to be
Corlj-le forgave hi? civkney ism and queer 1V>- carried out. It appears from Mill's * Auto-
hemian mode oflife fur his vivacity and kindli- biogniphy' ip. 199) that Molesworth, who
ness (see Carltle's* Memoranda ' u]H>n l^-igh im»videil the funds, had stipulated that Mill
Hunt in Macmiliafi'itMajfnzinrior,]\\\y \t^&2). himself should be the real, if not the asU-n-
Ir^'ing jmid his hist visit to themalx^ut a sible, editor; and this probably put a stop to
month before his death u* Dec. ISU). A final any thought of Carlyle.
explanation had taken place Ivt ween him and Carlyle now set to work upon the ' French
the Carlyles on their previou-j visit to l»n- Kevolution,' suggested by Mill's correspon-
don, revealing hi^peless alienation u^nm sre- dence,and for which Mill sent him *lmrrow-
ligious quest ii>n». Tln» old ]H'rsonal attach- fuls ' of Ixmks. His position was precarious,
ment survived, and in a touchinir arTVle in and he notes (February 1835) that it is now
* Fraser's Miigazine' (.lanuarv IKio) Carlyle • some twenty-three months since I have
says that but for Ir\'ing he would never luive earned one ])enny by the craft of literature.'
know^n'what the communitm of man with Emers<'>n had invite<l him to take up lecturing
man meant,' and thought him on the whole in America, and for some time Carlyle occa-
the best man he had ever found or Iio^hhI to sionally leaneil to this scheme. His brother
find. IJoth Carl vies wen' nt»w almost com- ,Tohn entreated him to accept a share of his
pletely separated from Mrs. Montagu, and earnings. Carlyle refused, though in the most
rather resented a letter written by her to atlectionate terms, and at times reproaching
Mrs. Carlyle upon Irviiig's death. Younger himselffordenving. John the pleasure. At last
friends, however, were lx>ginning to gather he had finished his first volume, and lent the
round Carlyle. Mrs. Carlyh* rei>orts t hat he onlv copy to Mill. On 6 March 1836 Mill came
is becoming a *tnl«'rably social chiinicter,' and to Lis house with Mrs. Taylor to make the
losing the Craipenputtock gloom. Charles confession that the manuscript had been acci-
Buller visit t»d him and took him to radical dentally destroyed. Mill awkwardly staved
meetings, where the popular wrath gave him for two hours. WTien he lefk, Carlyle's hrst
a grim satisfaction. Carlyle was a thorjjughX words to his wife were tliat they must try to
radical in so far as the word im])lies a pro- conceal from Mill the full extent of the injury,
found dissatisfaction with tlm existing order. Five months' labour was wasted, and it was
He shan'd, or represented, an extreme form equally serious that the enthusiasm to which
of the discontent which accumulated during Carlyle always wrought himself up was ffone
the first quarter of the centiirj- against the and could hardly be recovered. He felt as
existing institutions. He welcomed the lie- if he had staked and lost his last throw. Mill
form Bill agitation. as the first movement was anxious to make up at least the pecu-
towards the destruction of the old order. He . niary loss, and Carlyle ultimately, accepted
100/. Slowlyaiidwit.hKreotdiffii-HltyCarivlB
ref^aia^ bla mood (ui<l repoirt'd liie loss. A
vagae HUfWMtinn of »ome employment in
naliontl location ciinie to noltiiiig; he de-
clined the editorship of a Dewspa[>er at Lich'
fi«ld ; uid declined also, with some indif^o-
tiott at the ofFansive tone of patronage, an
offer of a clerkahip of 200/. a year in Basil
Uontofu'a olBco. He admired Montagu's
&ith that ' a polar bear, reduced to a state .
of dyspeptic digestion, might Bafely be t rusted
tfoding rabbits.' A nsit of four weeks t«
bia mother at the end of 133S, and a visit I
from John Carlyk in the summer of 1830,
relieved his toils. At last, in the evening of
12 Jan. 1637, he finished his manuscript, and
gKve it to his wife, stjing that be could tell
the world, ' You have not had for a hundred
y«U8 auy book that comes more direct and
nuningly from the heart of d living man.
, Do w&t you like with it, you .'
Six months elapsed before itA publication.'
A few articles, the ' Diamond Necklace' (re-
vised bj the ' Foreign Quarterly ' when writ-
ten at (^igenputtock, and published in ' Fm-
M-r ' in the spring of 1837), ' Mirabeau,' and
the ' Parliamentary History of tba French
Revolution ' (in the ' Weatminsler," January
ftod April 1 837), su)iplied some funds. Miss
3Iartineau, whose acquuiulance be bad made
io November 1830, now suggested that he
it lecture in England as well asAmerica.
ffuh some other friends she collected suh-
'ptions, and he gave a course of six lec~
ssatWiUis'sRoomsupon'GermauLitera- i
May 1837 (a report of these lecti
published by Professor Dowden
the
•Nine'teenth Century' for May 1881). He
interested his audience and made a net gain of
136i In May 1838 be repeated the eiperi-
mect, Riving a course of twelve lectures on
' Tltt) wbole Spiritual Uistoryof Man from the
■vtrliest tnuee until now,' and earning nearly
„.j und in May 1S40, upon 'Hero-wor-
^' Mcraving again about ^00/. The lust
Ine alone was published. The lectures
Mmu)ciieafDl,the bmod accent contributing
"* e eSvCt of the original style and senti-
j and the money results were important.
» felt that uratorical success was un-
e and the excitement trying, He
iWTtT iip>)ke SAsin in public, eiu^pt in bis
Iklinburgh address of 1860.
The first course bad finally lifte<] Carlyle
abovewant. The 'French Revolution'gitined
n dmtided success. The sole wris slow at
first, but good judges apiroved. Mill reviewed
him v&tbiisiaiitiotdly in tlii> ' Westminster,'
]A{AutoinojrrapAy, p. 217) that he
conlribiited materially to the early
the book. Carlyle, exhausted by hia work,
spent two montls at Scolsbrig, resting and
smoking pipes wil h his mother. He Mw the
Cnd view of the Cumberland mountains as
went, and eay^; ' Tartarus itself, and the
pale kingdoms of Dis, could not have been
more preternatural to mt — most stem, gloomy,
sad, grand yet terrible, yet steeped in woe.
He returned, however, refreshed by the rest
and his mother's society, to find his position
materially improved, and to be enabled at
once to send on substantial proofs of the im-
provement to his mother. Editors became
attentive, and Fraser now proposed an edi-
tionof 'Surtor Itesartns'and of the collected
' Essavs.' America was also beginning to
send him supplieB. Emerson secured the
publication for the author's benefit of the
' French Revolution ' and the ' Miscellanies,'
and it seems from the ilifferent statements in
their correspondence that Carlyle must have
received about 500/. from this source in 1838-
, 184i!. The later books were appropriated by
American publishers without recompense to
the author. Carlylehadmadesomevaiuable
friendships during these years, and his grow-
ing hune opened the houses of many well-
known pec^e. His relations to Mill rra*
dually cooled : Mill's friends repelled him ;
though he still (1837) thought Mill 'infinitely
too good ' for his associates, he loved him aa
' a friend frosen in ice for me ' (Fboude, iii.
108). The radical difference of opinions and
Mill's own gradual withdrawal from society
widened the gulf to complete separation.
John Sterling bad accidentally met Carlyle
■" Mill's company in February 1835 (appa*
dat^ 1834 in Carlyle's' Life flfSter-
'StXL,
■ently di
ling, but Carlj-le was tbenat CraigenputtocK).
°*"-ling had just given uptbe clerical career
became a disciple of Carlyle, though a
Sterling had just given uptba clerical career.
" ' came a disciple of Carlyle, thougl
itb many dloerences, and gained
the
warmest affection of his a
duction to Sterling's father, with an offer ot
employment on the ' Times,' bononrablv re-
jected by Carlyle, followed. The friendship
IS commemorated in the most delightful of
Carlyle's writings. Through Sterling, Car-
lylecametoknowF. D. Maurice. Tbegenuine
liking shared by all who bad personal inter-
course with Maurice was tempered by a pro-
found conviction of the futility of Maurice's
philosophy. Another friend, Thomas Erskine
of Iiinlathen, was acquired about this time,
and was always loved by Carlyle in spilo of
Mrs. Carlylu's occasional mockery.' He made
some acquaintance, too, with persona of social
position. Lord Monteagle sought him out
in IS-ld. He thus come into connection with
Mr. James O&rth Marshall, who inl639gttTe
Carlyle 122 Carlyle
Ll:r. ^ r.-ir-^ -.r. : -v^i i'.TTiT-i l>-.'i'':l- i- i rrevi: ^4 vfAr. ind liis orher books were sell-
fr.-r.:l". •>;.-r:r.rL:- --> J. ''f S-» >:'•:':: tr:. :^ -ar-ll, Li IMl hr declino<l a proposul
Cor.r.p Ti.r."... %r.i M r:Jr:!i Mil'-e*. :: ?T.iri::r& jrifesS'Drshipol'liistoTTat Ediii-
fe:*-.-.vj.r;T L r: H.^---!. wLz: iz. 1?4'. t-rjii: : mi in 1S44 a similiir oiler from St.
fcr. i "ir-ra-iri- :.-. -.■-.--'. i* Frvf:-. Ti-^ Ar.i.'>r'!v>. He w&5 no l-.ini:-rin needof sucb
ir->* .mj' ri:.- rr'.-r. i^Lip -x-l--::! W:1Lj.=. s-zzz'-.r:. In If4if. while still preparing for
h'.i.j':. in: Jiir.nj. .v^ — '- 17 ; • L ri A*':. 1 Mr : r. • Cr . n:-.vrll.' an i rrva: ly znov«l by the preva-
'^. v.\ }ir.: 1- -.vl>. Liiv Hirr!-: Kirin.:. 'en: mis^rr ini discontent, he came across
T:.v7 iti'-iT rr-' -: r.ar- m-* :n IS-'. Ci> :hr cir ni:lr •:: Jocelin 01 Brakelond, pub-
Ivlr -'.-■:.« -i.-i- '.►•■; niinj V- .-nrn in *..«?:r*v t? IL^nt^i in !•*+.• bv the Camden Society, and
w... > s.. i^-:.- .;• 'V y.-:n:: in .:.">- r«. IKn- siiir :r.r 5::ry of Abbot SampjK>n the nu-
ll ■.-.•-•. ^rir- jr-.-iii-ri ini:r'--":r.. -.ni hii >- clr'is i a iisoourse upn his familiar topics.
.~rr.* ::-•.-:.• ■:' tjT :.-i."*. :.:*.". v snir-.d >.t hi* I: w^ w7:::-n in the lirst seven weeks of
w::-. rci :r r.im 1 ri*n-:T i^n^-v.- :« r".r*t. If4^i. asi published as 'Past and Present*
H.s «:• r.v-rria"- n c ill f.— ::::*' :n:pr-:S*:v.-. inisi-r^iiiTrlv aller^'ards. The brilliant pic-
Th..:.::i t.r wi- * .-• in*' I-.-rin* ■::* c n'rj.ii.> tiire :: .^ rrajment of mediieval life helped
ti ■:.. H- •:■ ... i :: •• -r.-.v 'iiriL/iily. r rhe r&:hrr c-nfiised mii<< of cKioniy rhetoric.
l-rir.\.r:T'A -I." yn:-n* ••vi'n r^m ^^. i^n : 'L- and 'hr c»>.>k laade m'-»re srir than most of
5pi-::> f c.n-.j- ->::'n TVr^: f:l'. -.v-i 'ry rl*< hiiwri: in j*. and has pre>er\'ed a hiph position.
or pr-.f -un-] i"! .-in ■.•.:.•• 'yij-j.^io n:i■^^r^^ Mv;inw'.:;rh*rwaslab<.niringat 'Cromwell.'
ihecrncli;^:- n o: tLv*Frrr.i?h Kevo'.iirion' llv l.ad rlrs* Wjun >eriou5 work;Jn the aii-
whs f.lIow..-d i V ;i prrii-d of rithvr 'ir^-.'.Ton- tumn '.i* 1S40 1 Krofpe, iii. 'J0\ ). He was
work. Twi ftr.:«?:vs in th-? ' Wrs:n:ius:er* now making acquaintance with * Dryasdust '
(>C'-^t and Wmi.it jvn v-n En*- « wrr*.- the for thr rlrs: time. He h.id never been en-
chi»;l]o»diic*':'f ISi**. InlS3v»i.isc>ll»-c:o.lr5- slavv-i to a bioirraphical dictionary ; and the
vay« tir-yt app»>ar»-l : an-i in th»- winr^r he l-ejjin dr«ear}- work of invest iiratiniT dull records pro-
toayitatvl'-r th''fjrn:a*ion ofthv L'"'iidinl-i- vokel loud lamentations and sometimes de-
brary. now aim «* thf only in*rituT:on where spair. His thouehts lay round him 'all iii-
anv but the newos* *":oks can )k- freelv Taken articul.tte. sour, fermentinc. Ix'ittomless, like
out in the me* r-:]** /lis. The n^.-^d of such a a hide..'us en«>rmous 1»l^ of Allen.' He re-
libran* had b^-ii sf^riTnirly impressed up-^n solved at l;i<t 'to force and tear and dip some
him by his ]ir»-vioui labours, and it was suo- kind of main ditch throuph it.* In plain
ces*fuilysritrf-din 1**4<'. Carlyl»-wasits]>ro5i- wonls, it st^-ms, he pave up hopes of writinp
den* from l**?*.' till his death. J.S. Mill had re- a re^rular histori- : bunit much that he had
siirii»-'l the <'diTor5liip of the ' Westminster' to written ; and resolved to Wpin by making a
ayouna ?fcotchman nam»d lInV>ert.«on(Mii.L. collection of all Cromwrll's extant speeches
Anfohioff. p. lior ). He had previously a>ke<l and letters with explanatory- comments. Hav-
Carlvl*- to writ'.' up'«n < 'n.>mwell. Robertson inir fini^hetl this, he found to his surprise that
inf'>niied Carlvle that lie meant to write tlie he had tinish^d his biHik {ib. pp. 'lilX^ 331 1.
artif.-le himself. Carlyle was naturally an- He stayetl in London durinp 1844 and 184."i
nov-d : but hi.- attention havinp lH?en drawn till the task was done. The book ap])eare<l
t«) the subject, he l>'_'an 'some de-jultory stu- in the autumn of lS4o.and w.is received with
die-, whiMi ultiraati-ly led to the composition peneral applause. Carlyle's position as a
of his next L^reat IjO'ik. Some occasional writ- leader of literature was now established. His
inL*^- intrrrvened. He had written what was income was still mode.-si.but sufKcient for hi<
intended as an article for l^ickhart. It srx)n strictly economical mrnle of life. In 1848 he
appear<*d, how»'ver, to be unsuitable for the had a lixed income from Craipenputtock of
* C^uarterlv.' T^ockhart • dared not ' take it. lo(.)/.. In'sides a fluctuating income from his
Mill would have accepted it for the * West- btwiks. ranpinp fn)m l(M)/. to 8CK)/. (lA. p. 420).
minster,' which he was now handing over After tinishing the 'French Revolution ' he
to Mr. Hirk-on (ih. p. JiiO). Mrs. Carlyle visited Scotland almost annually to spend
and .Jrilm derlan-d that it was too pood for some wwks alone with his mother and family.
such a fate, and it appeared as a separate In 1S40 his holiday was sacrificed to the pre-
iKiok, under the name 'Chartism,' at the end paratiou for press of the lectures on *IIen>-
of 1 ■%'{!♦. It nuiy \)*' taken as Carlyle's expli- worship,* when he took care to send to his
eit avowal of the principles which distin- mother part of the sums saved from travelling
^ui-hed him cjjually from wliips, tories, and exp»*nses. In 1JS44 he was kept at home by
I he npclinarv radicals. A thousand copies 'Cromwell.* He paid a few other visits: to the
were 8f)id at once, and a second edition a|)- Hares in Sussex in 1840, to Milnes at Fry.*-
].eared in IKJO. In 1841 he published the ton in 1841, to an admirer namedL Redwood,
lect ures on ' Hero-worship * delivered in the near Cardiff, whence he viBitedBialiop Thirl-
Carlyle 121 Carlyle
-wall in 1843 ; and in 1842 he took a five days' to remove tlio feeling. Each apparently mis-
run across the Channel with Stephen Spring judged the other. Mrs. Carlyle was weakly
Itice in an admiralty yacht. Iiis vivid de- and irritable, and a painful misunderstanding
scription is partly*given in Froude (iii. 269- followed with Carlyle.
273). Mrs. Carlyle sometimes went with him In Julv 1846 she left him to stay with her
to Scotland and visited her relations, or stayed friends t)ie Paulets at Seaforth. She con-
at home to superintend house-cleanings, pe- fided in Mazzini, wlio gave her wise and
riods during which his absence was clearly honourable advice. Carlvle himself wrote
desirable. In London his appearances in most tenderly, though without the desired
society were fitful, and during his absorp- eftect. He saw that her feeling was un-
tion in his chief works Mrs. Carlyle was left reasonable, but unfortunately inferred that
to a very solitary life, though she read and it might be disregarded. He therefore per-
criticised his performances as they were sisteu in keeping up his relations with the
completed. She gradually formed a circle of ' Barings, while siie took refuse in reticence,
friends of her own. Miss d-erald ine Jewsbury, and wrote to him in terms which persuaded
attracted by Carlyle*s fang, mad^ their ac- him too easily that the difficulty was over,
quaintance in 1841 {ih. p. 208\ and became She visited the Barings with and without
ilrs. Carlyle's most intimate rriend. Refu- ' her husband, accepted the use of their house
g^?es, including Mazzini and Cavaignac (bro- < at Addiscombe, and preser\'cd external good
t her of the general), came to the house, l^ord relation*?, while recording her feelings in a
Tennyson, much loved by both, and Arthiur most minful journal, published in the ' Me*
Helps, who got on better with Mrs. Carlyle morials.' This suppressed alienation lasted
than with her husband, were other friends, till tlie death of Lady Ash hurt on. -
John Forster, Macready, Dickens, and Thac- The publication of 'Cromwell' had left
keray are also occasionally mentioned. She Carlyle without occupation, except that the
was less terrible than her husband to shy . discovery of new letters which had to be
visitors, though on occasion she could aim embodied in the second edition gave him
^nally efl\ictive blows. Death was thinning some work in 1846. He had read Preuss's
the old circle. John Sterling died after a work upon Frederick in 1844, and was think-
vathetic farewell, 18 Sept. 1844. Mrs. Welsh, ing of an expedition to Berlin after finishing
Mrs. Carlyle's mother, died suddenly at the ' Cromweir (Froude, iii. 369). In February
<*nd of February 1842. Mrs. Carlyle, already 1848 he notes thot he has been for above
in delicate health, was prostrated by the blow, two years comjwsedly lying fallow. He men-
and lav unable to be' moved at the house of tions schemes for future work. The 'exodus
her uncle (Jolm Welsh) in Liveri)ool. Car- from Jloundsditch ' meant a discourse upon
lyle went to Templand, where Mrs. Welsh the liberation of tlie spirit of religion from
bad livt»d, and had to spend two months there * Hebrew Old Clothes.^ This ho felt to" be
and at Scotsbrig arranging business. His let- an impossible task : the external shell could
ters were most tender, though a reference to not as yet be attacked without injury to the
a ])os8ibility of a new residence at Craigen- spirit, and he therufore remained silent to
puttock ap|)ears to have shaken his wife's the last. A l)ook upon Ireland, one u|K)n the
iien-es. On her next birthday (14 July) he * Scavenger Age,' and a life of Sterling also
s»fnt her a ])re8ent, and never afterwards for- Oi'curred to him. In 1846 he paid a flying
got to do so. She was deeply touched, and visit to Ireland in the first days of September,
remarked that in great matters he had always and saw O'Connell in Conciliation Hall. The
been kind and considerate, and was now be- outbreaks of 1848 aifected him deeply. He
coming equally attentive on little matters, to symmthised with the destruction of * shams,*
which liis education and temper had made him but felt that the only alternative was too pro-
indillerent. She went for a rest to Tniston, bably anarchy. He again visited Irelana in
a living belonging to Reginald Buller, son of 1849, spending. July therr, and ap^in meeting
their old friends the Charles BuUers, where Gavan i)ufiy and others. His 'Journal' was
Mrs. Charles Buller was now staying with published in 18H2 {ilt. iv. 3). He came home
her son. Charles the younger died in 1848, convinced that he could say nothing to the
when Carlyle wrote an elegy to his memory, puq)ose uiK)n the chaotic state of things,
published in the 'Examiner.' Mrs. Buller where he could discover no elements of order.
read it just before she too died of grief. His general views of the political and social
In December 1845 the Carlyles visited the state found utterance, however, in an * Occa-
Barings at Bay House, near Alverstoke. sional Discourse on the Nigger Question,*
Mrs. Carlyle became jealous of Lady Harriet's ' first published in 'Fraser's Magazine' in
influence over Carlyle ; and Lady Harriet, February 1849. It was a vehement denun-
t hough courteous, was not sufficiently cordial ciation of the philanthropic sentimentalism
..*r>. ■;.* -•-■r*,-?- •-. '..■-t; .-- . jirjir^'ZL. l-i — ' -l-t i- . «Lyr zi.b it i-TZn-L '• —. -Z. J ^1t. au'd, finding
.•*5,-.'*r: i.r\.:.;- .i. rru--..*. 4..-.i ".i- --;i*-ri" .c .- _i:3*:»s:.:jt " . ?"j.~. 1- T^l"-'i Thomxts Er-
r^uv.-...-:*-. •.-.^ i: .■•-. --sjrriir-: i.'. 1 •."ji- >£' ?''-t «:»=r*. L '.TTniAZ. i-inir^r rta-icivnt in
*.',cji,..-. '.i.-'i^^'. i.».-.rr.:.-.- .:"-_• }r.jL..}.rr-. L. ni.-.-i- ::t r.-r.-r. 1-r ZLJti-r ^T'T'Ur through
S(t rr..:-: ."• ii :--«,--. >rr _-il i' "^-s >rr^Li7. zi-:ii ■B-irr.r^i cj i.:L?r« and bug's
•:..r.* *->• :•'. ..-..-.4' "- •" ■'.•: *"■-- .^~. ...^'^n ii: l:: i_rjir — j.:Tr-tl* :.r Li* w.jrk. Tht»
:.-..i""-=:.' • .."- 1 ' ."7r:.- -.: r — :!l ^. -.- it* -^..-j.- -tifik. ^i-v^-rr. ri^-r '---T. nvicL rr»5ublt-. and
•..^r..' H-».r:i...-: ".-::." ■■.li.r^.-rL -.21. i,~ i."- jz".-. vx ,r^i '^r ■--?-^^ ±'s if i-r^poa lencv and im-
fcAV-r.-t;..r..- ;.•:..«.'•. .:' iT.'ri-r., -^1 .11 . -r Lr.£ -j."-. _-v -..riirT :: -s-i,? «-.ir:«ii. fie *«taved
"i.'...-: ..v-w.-'^". .-.. - .1..-: --- L-'i^-T'. ._r»r-"ri ." Zj.* I'.r ".LT" IT- 1 >V.. s^liT-T himself to
..'. »..*:./>: ..• ' -t.'^ .^^t:- — rrri ij l-i rlr- 1_- -v.-i. -1^:1*1 triu'lrs of iiesh paint
v>r^'.. T;.- *'i.v.^;..r*- .>- -: .-rr.-rTtl ,~^-.-r. iZ.i ■ i-rii.;- :;-s-l4" -ex: d>:»r. while Mr?.
Mr. Irr.A-. -a.- .t. -'■? 'ii.: *:;.-: : .:ctt i. ir>'.-r tb-^^: :•: jtit •w::h John Carlvle at
••ry^p^ ':.r: -i.-j : .• -. \.z.j '^ .z.' l- i-i -ct-j- M.fi-. Sir "Wi* i: S.v:*r.rl;j during an
T*Ar-,. A.-. '. .*..ri' i-rr.-rrt..T :. i.^ -1-r .ii.it.:^ ilir::::^^^ illr.-rS5 : 1> =:::Lrr. and the *vm-
':'f*i*r. It.-. *r-*:. ri-::^r rrr^::.^ •: ':.•= iJLi:. p;2WT ijllrii :;r:i ':r;u*L: :Lr husband and
;n >!^.V; '.: •l.-r.r T''."^ •" i::i -rl^ii-rr.-'r. :'-r Tirlr^lii::.: ;l:«ser r»rli:::^for the time. On
jAff-p:..-:*.- :»•-::-: :i.i ;-•-.-. Cir'.T.r Lai :■;•:• 4 E»e«. Lr -arrirrr -o ij ni^TL-rr a most aflk-c-
l.tt;*: <«:ip^r>.-'..T ',: v.^u-ilM-ir-rM :•: i-rLv-er *:>ej.:c ".-•-r-rr. i» Ii-r wa* leaving? for the
•fslllr.;? .'..■.-*• is. "JL-r d*rLii..::v::i.-; vv-r- v.-j Grir^-r. Mrs. Cdrlj".r,'5rho aceiimpaniedhim,
Irid.-yrr.rs.-r./i*.'^ "t t^. r.^lr..-. ir.! "-r :r.'.v 7^: ^j::^i :o CLrl^rji :•:• ciake an arrangement
•AtiAfAf.'.on- r«::o.Tr. ^s ii'i*r.**.'-i. "Lr: a.ri; -liui t:r :-rnrjinrr.:lv .ijurl'.'.nj th-? ' demon fowls/
lie then heard of
Scots-
able
to rec>^Tiisr him, bu" died quietlv on 25 Dec.
In l%ol L': at la-.* ■?*,•? :o work upon a life age-i al»u: •rljhtv-four. Carlyfe had loved
if Srerlin;?. th'.- linal impubje c./min«% a? Mr. no one bert^r. and had done all that a son
Froiid*; r;Mij»:';*ur»r^ <iv. »Jl 1, from a conversa- couM do to make a mother happy. He re-
tion at ly^rd -V-JjburtonV in which Carlvle tum-rd to shut himi>rlf up and trv to settle
and IJiithop Thirlwail had an anirnat»;d thiro- to his work. The wre?tle with * Frederick*
logical di-s'.-ij'iTion in pr*j-'.'nc*: of Dr. Trench wt-nt on through 1654, with scarcely a holi-
Ctfi'; d<.an oi W *:^Uii\j\'<*:T », .Sir John rfimepn, day. A • sound-proof room, beeyn in 16o3,
and oth»:r-. Tarlylo's immediate piiqjose was built at the top of the house and lighted onlv
to v.rit*: an arrcount of .Sterling to supplant from abovt- tseeFBOUDE, iv. 136, l.)3; Uemi-
tlie life by J'iliii-s Hare, where the theological fiiscencef, ii. 236), care him a retreat, where
element had r».-ceiv<rd, as lie thought, undue he remained buried for hours, emergring only
prominence. He agn;»jd with P^merson in at tea-time for a short talk with his wife,
the 8umm<:r of HI'i (Fkoude, iii. 419) that whose health became gradually weaker. After
Sterling niUMt nor !><.• made a Mheological ei^rhreen months* steady labour, hetookaholi-
c'Krk.ihy.' Carlvle wi.sh»;d to exiiibit him as day with Edward Fitzgerald at Woodbridga
raiNf.*d alxive tli»- turbid .sphere of contempo- (August 1855), and afterwards spent u little
rary controversy. The result was a b<)ok so time at the Aushburtons* vacant house at Ad-
calm, tender, and affectionate as to be in sin- discombe, where Mrs. Carlyle chose to leave
gulur contract with his recent utterances, him alone. In 1856 the Carlyles went to
and to \}*t jM'fl laps his most successful piece Scotland with the Ashburtons, when a mise-
of literary work. - rable little incident about a railway journey
He was now slowly settling to a life of caused fresh annoyance (Froude, iv. 181,
r'nrderick. In iHol h«; tried the water-cure 182). Carlyle went to Scotsbrig and the Gill
lit Malvern, and made friends wit h Dr. Gully, (his sister Mary Austin^s house near Annan),
hill. conMidered tin: cure to Ih; a humbug. He taking his work with him. A short visit to
vinited Sf:otHbrig, and, aftfr six^nding a iew the Ashburtons in the highlands, and a dis-
davM at Paris with the Ashburtons, began pute about the return home, caused fresh bit-
HiTiouHlv working at ' Frederick.' Six months temess. The winter found him again at his
of sttiafly reading followed, during which he work, and the days went by monotonously, a
long ride eviTT atttrnDon on liia hCfse Friti
beinff his only 'ivUml inn. L«dj ABlil>unon's
dpnth (4 Muy 185.) removed a cause of dis-
cnrd,thuugh il deprived him ofasuloce. Lord
AshlMirton's wcond marringe (1" Nov, IS-jS)
to Mi»4 Stiinrt Mackenzie brnusht a new and
ino*l valuable friimdEhip to both the Carlvles.
In July 1 867 tbu first cfmiiterB of ' Frederick '
were M laat getting iuto print. >Lr8. Carljle
took a holiday at Liverpool, and came back
rather better. The old confidenca rettimi'd
with the removal of the cause of irritation.
Id the ninler, however, her health showed
serious aymploms, and Carljle mada great
efforta to restrain his comiilaint^. Mr, Larkin,
a next-door neighbour, helped him in his work
with maps,iiidicee,andBoforth. At lost the
first init«lnient of hia book, on which he bnd
bmn occupied for six or seven years, was
finiBhed. At the end of June he went to
Scotland, and then in August and September
Tiait«d Germany again, returning to Chelsea
on 22 Sept. 186S, having fixed in his mind
^^^ aepeets of Frederick's battle-fields. The
^^K|t two volumes appared won after his re-
^^^^^ and four thousand copies were sold be-
^^^^tbe end of the year. The fifth thousand
^■m {ointud, and Carlyle had received 2,800/.
C,-Tlie l»ter volumes of 'Fredtffick' appeared
in 1862, 1804, and 1865. In 1869 he staved
at AberdwD with Mm. Carlyle, and iu 18t(0
hv visited Thurso. After that titne his la-
bour* at ' Frederick ' allowed him no respite.
In August. 1862 he speaks of the fifth volume
fts alreidy in hand; but it swelled into two,
Ukd the final emergenl^e was not'tillJanuary
The eitrBordinarv merit s of the boot,
ired aa a piece of historical research,
nrccMfnimd both in England and Ger-
. Mifjlary students in Gtrmaiiy, accord-
;tb Mr. Fronde (iv. 227), eludy Frederick's
ties in Carlyle's history, a proof both of
earefiil atudy and of his wonderful power
ition. EmersondecIaredthat'Frede-
Ihe'witliestbook ever written.' The
hiunourandlhegraphic power are undeniable, !
though it is perhaps wanting in proportion,
and the principles implied are of course dis-
puUble. '
The laf«r period of Carlylu's kbnnrs hiid
been darkened by anxiety about his wife's
health. Id 1860 he had insisted- upon the
■ddition of another servant to the maid of all
wark with whom she had hitherto been con-
tcntMl. Ashe became conscious of hei'deli-
CBOT be becnae thoughtful and generous.
In I863 he sent her for a holiday to her in-
tinialc friends. Dr. and Mrs. Russell of Thorn-
hill. She was a little better during the fol-
lowing winter, and, tliough weak, contrived
)avoid<i(catuigCarl]rle'Bunxiety. InAugtist
i
18ti3 she was knocked down by a cob. Th»
accident had serious consequences which gra-
dually developed themselves, though Carlyle
for a time imagined that she was improving.
The suffering grew to be intense, ancl Carlyle
became awake to tbe danger. In Alarcb
1864 she was removed to the house of her
family physician, Dr. Blakiston, at St. Leo-
nard's. The death of Lord Asbburton on
23 March 1864 (who left. Carlyle 2,000/.)
«iiddened both. Carlvle remained for n time
struggling with 'Frederick ' till her nbeence
became intolerable, and in the beginning of
Mhj be settled with her in a fumi^ed house
at St. Leonard's, still working hard, but
taking doily drives witli her. At last in
desperation she determined, after twelve
nights of sleeplessness, to go at all hniards
to Scotland. She stayed there fiAit at the
Gill and allerwards with the Itussella, alowly
improving, and she finally returned in tbe
beginning of October. Her apparent re-
covery aS'ected some of her fi-ieails to tears.
Carlyle bought her a brougham, having pre-
viously only been able to persuade her to
indulge iu an occasional hired carriage. She
took great delight in it , and for the remainder
of her life had bo complaints to make of any
want of attention. Carlyle fell into his usual
depression after the conclusion of ' Frede-
rics ' (January 1866). He went with his
wife to Devonshire for a time and afterwards
to Scotland, returning in the ninter. Mrs.
Carl vis was better, occasionally diningabroad.
At the end of 1 865 Carlyje was elected almost
unanimously to the rectorship of Edinburgh.
He delivered the customary address, 2 April
1866. Professor T^dall had taken charge
of him during the journey, acting like tha
'loyallestson.' The address, as Tyndall tele-
graphed to Mrs. Carlyle, was ' a perfect tri-
umph.' Tbe mildness of the tone secured
for it a universal applause, which rather
puTxled Carlyle and seems to have a little
scandalised nia disciples. Carlyle went to
Scotsbrig and was detained by a slight sprain.
Mrs. Carlvle bad asked some friends to lea
on Saturday, 21 April. She had gone out
for a drive with a little dogj she let it
out for a run, when a carriage knocked it
down. She sprang out and lifted it into the
carriage. The driver went on, and presently
she was found sitting with folded nands in
the carriage, dead. The news readied Car-
lyle at Dumfries. Sirs. Carlyle bad pre-
served two wax candles wliich her mother
Iter's feelings
stUAi, She
had left directions, whitli were now carried
:, that they should be lighted in the room
Carlyle 124 Carlyle
of dentil. She was buried at JIaddin|(ton, latory letter from Prince Bismarck, and a
in her father's grave. A pathetic epitaph medal, with an address from many admirers
by her husband was placed in the church led by Professor Masson. The gloom, how-
(Jrfnnorialjij iii. 341 ). ever, deepened, and he would sometimes ex-
HenceforvN'ard Carlyle's life was secluded, press a wish that the old fashion of suicide
and work became impossible. His brother were still permissible. He specially felt the
John tried staying with him for a time, but death of Erskine of Linlatnen (30 March
*anada
E whether
dinburgh.
mer. He was moved to incllgnation by the John died in December 1879. Carlyle still
prosecution of (rovemor Eyre, which he con- took pleasure in the writings and companion-
sidered ns punishing a man for throwing an ship of a few congenial mends, e8p<M:ially
extra bucket of water into a shij) on fire. Mr. Uuskin, Mr. f roude, and Mr. Justice
He joined the Eyre Defence Committee. In Stephen. The last two were his executors,
the winter he "\nsited Lady Ashburton at His talk was still often brilliant, whether a
Mentone, travelling again under theaft'ection- declamation of the old fashion or a pouring
ate gunrdianship of Professor Tyndall, and forth of personal reminiscences. Ilowever
returning to Cheyue Row in March. During harsh his judgments, he never condescended
lute proiHTty, to found bursaries at Ediu- figure, much bent with age, was familiar' to
burgh. He revised his collected works, which many London wayfarers. He gradually
wore now gaining a wide circulation. He sank, and died on 4 Feb. 1881. A burial at
put together and annotated Mrs. Carlyle's Westminster Abbey was oflered, but refused
letters. In 18(IS he had to give up ridmg ; in accordance with his own wish, as he'dis-
and about 1872 his right hand, which had approved of certain passages in the Anglican
long shaken, became unable to write, /^even service. He was buried, as he desired, in the
1^ 1*1 ^1 It ** 1- * 111*1 1 A Y^ li*l VI*
•ontemporary politics. On 18 Nov. 1870 he portraits of any
wrote a * Detouoe of the (Temiau Case in the writing, and seems to have been desirous to
AVar with France/ which was warmly ac- obtain good portraits of himself. According
knowlodged (by some unknown authority) to Mr. Froude no portrait was really success-
words his positive knowledge that a plan ness of him *in the days of his strength'
had been formed by Lord Beaconstield's ^o- (ih. 4oO). His portrait was also painted by
vernm(»nt which would produce a war with Mr. Watts in 1869, by Mr. (now Sir J. E.)
Russia. Wliat his authority may have been Millais in 1877, and by Mr. Whistler. A
remains unknown, nor can it be said how statue by Boehm, belonging to Lord Hosebery,
far the statement liad any important influ- a replica of which has been erected on the
etice in averting the danger. Chelsea Embankment near his old house, is
( 'arlyle during these years had become the a verj- strilckig likeness,
acknowledged head of Englisli literature. Ever^- page of Carlyle's writings reveals a
He had a large number of applications of all character of astonishing force and originality*
kinds. He was generous even to excess in The antagonism rou^d by his vehement^
money matters. In February 1874 he re- ' iconr)clasm was quenched by respect during
ceivei the Prussian Unler of Merit, for his his last years, only to break out afresh upon
ser\ices as the historian of Frederick. In the appearance of the Mieminiscences.' His
December 1874 Disraeli oll'ered him, in very style, whether learnt at home or partly ac-
ilelicate and tlattering terms, the grand quired under the influence of Irving and
cross of the Bath and a pension. Carlyle Kichter (^see Froube, i. 390), faithfully re-
declined both offers in a dignified letter, fleets his idiosyncrasy. Though his language
' ' ' ' * "^ ^^« -1 . , , ^ iften pure and BMObite
eccentricities ofiended
dangerous of
his eightieth birthday he received a con|pitu- ^ models. They are pardonable aa the only
^
fitting embodiment of liie gTa|ihlc power, his |
■breird insight inin hiiman uatiire, and his |
peculiar liumniir, which bleuds aympirtliy for |
the iufR-ring witli siw>ru for foitU. His faults
of slylp are tlie result of the perpetual '
stmiiiiag for (•mphuBiB uf wUicb lie was cou-
itcioiuii, nnd which must be attributed to an i
* exoiiMivi' ut'rvousirritnbilitf seeking relief in |
fttronu; Imi^uage, as well as to a Bupersbiitt-
dant int'iUecttial Titnlity. Conventionality ^
for him the deadly sin. Eveir aentence i
t he alive to its finder's ends. As a '
le mdeee by intuition instead of cal-
Iii history he tries toseetbeessen-
A bets stripped of the glosses of pedants i
Kipolilies to recognise the real forces masked
fl'MiastitUtioniil mechanism; in philosophy
3 tiiB Uvini Bpiril uutmmmelled
« dead letter, ac thus cuBl aside con'
,, lously what often appeared to ordi-
f mindt to be of the essence. Though no
rv hostile to materialism, he ap-
d (U a sceptic in theology ; and thouib
revolutionary in his aims than tlie ordi-
Bsry mdicals, they often confounded his con-
tempt for bnllot-hoses and parliamentary con^
trivances with a sympathy for arbitrary force.
In truth, the prophet who reveals and the
beni nlii) acta could be bis only guides. Their
nutUoritr must be manifested by its own
tigbl, and the purblind masses must be guided
by loyally to beaven-sent leaders, ^io me-
ouanical criterion can be provided, and
tbn demand for such a criterion shows in-
capacity even to gnap the problem. The
common charge that he comcunded right
with might woe indignantly repudiated by
bid) Hs the exact inrersioQ of bis real creed.
That I'TiU succeeds which is based on divine
lriLl'i..itiil ]ii;rmanent success therefore ((rovaB
■ ■ ' ■ 1 = the effect proves the cause.
: lie confessed that the docti
ii capacity for ' swallowing all
I Ljf overriding even moral con-
a confidence of genuine insight
iaiu i-.-uliiitts. Theroan who can safcly break
through (ordinary rules must be^|Mded by
a specUi ingpiration, and by common ob-
Mnurn th.' Cromwell must often bo con-
foiiiid-'d with the Napoleon. Wbatvoimay
hf thoiighi of Carlyle's teaching, tke ntfrits
of A|rrTvicb«T must be estimati-d rather by
Li.^^i.'imiilus to thoLicbt than by the soundness
■!ii-ioiiB. Measured by auch'a lest,
- iiuapproached in his day. He
tiiofts of readsTB rather by an-
'.:lii sympathy; but hiS"lntenBe
iitions, his raspecl. for realities,
■ rnttlive gnisp of historical focta
■ vnlUH to Ilia writingB. Uis auto~
,„ .^.. .,.-...1 writings, with all their display
of superficial infirmities,
of human nature as to be unatirpassablr' for
inlert^st even in the most fascinating de-
partment of literature. \ '
The following writings of Curlyle have
never been collected : —
Articles in EdtTUmrgh Encycloveedia : Vol.
xiv.: 'MontaisTie,' 'LadyM. 'W, Montagu,'
' HonteBquieu, ' Monlfiiucon,' ' Moore, Dr. J.,'
'Moore, Sir John.' Voi sv.t 'Naekec,'
' Nelson,' ' Netherlands,' ' Newfoundland,'
'Norfolk,' 'TforUiiunptonshire,' 'Northum-
berland,' 'Introduction to Legendre's Qeome-
try,' Vol. itL: 'Park, Muiigo,' 'Pitt, W.,
Lord Chatham,' and ' Pitt, W.,' 1820-3.
New Edinlmrgk Sevleui: ' Joanna Baillie's
Metrical Legends ' (October 1821 ); ' Goethe's
Faust' (April 18i»2V
Fnuer't Mai/asine: 'Cnithera and John-
son ' (Januniy 1881) ; ' Peter Nimmo ' (Feb-
ruary 1831); ' Prefaces to Emerson's EssavH,'
1S41 and 1844.
The following have beea collected in iha
' Mjscellaniea : '— -
JEdinhuiyh Itemeia .■ 'J. P. F. Riehter '
(June 1827); -State of German Literalnre"
(October 1827) ; ' Life and "Writings of Wer-
ner" (January 1828); 'Bums' (December
1828); 'Sjgna of the Times' (June 1829) j
'Taylor's Historic Survey of Germiin Poetry
(March 1831) ; ' (^aracteristios ' tUecember
1831) i ' Com Law Bb;Fmea ' (Jul^ 1832).
Foreiffn Jteiiew ; ' Life and Vt ritings of
Werner ' (January 1828) ; ' Goethe's Helena '
(AprU 1838) : ' Goetbt. ' (July 1828) : ' Life
of Heyne ' (October 1828) ; ' German Pby-
wrightB ' (January 1 829 ) ; ' Voltaire ' (April
1829); 'Novalis' (July 1829); *J. P. F.
Richt«r' again (January 1830). '"''^
Fbre^ Quarterly Review : ' Gnnnan Lite-
rature of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Oen-
ituries' (October 1831); 'Goethe's Works'
(August 1832); 'Diderot' (April 1833);
' Dr. Franoio ' (July 1843).
Frana's Ma^iaine : ' Richter's Keview of
Mme. de Stael's Allemt^e ' (February and
May 1830) ; ' Four Fables, by Pilpay junior,'
and 'Cui bono ?'(Septemberl830)!>'rhoughrs
on History' (November 1830); 'The Beetle'
(February 1831); 'Schiller' (.March 1831);
'Sower's Sonfr' (April 1831); "Tragedy of
the Night-moth' (August 1831); 'Schiller,
Goethe, and Mme. de StaisI (trans,) and
GoetJie'*Portrait'{ March 1832); 'Biography'
(April 1832); 'Boswell'a Life of Johnson'
(May 1832) ; ' The Tale from Goethe ' (Octo-
ber 18S2); 'Novolle'(Novemberl932);'QuiD
igitavit,' on histo^ again (May 1833);
(.'ount Cagliostro ' f July and August 1883);
' Death of Edward Irving' (PFehruwy 1835);
' Diamond Necklace ' (r January, £ehruaij.
Carlyle 126 Carlyle
and March 1^*37 ); * On the Sinking of the Ven- * Fraser s Ma^razine : ' the iirst separate edition
ffeur ' (July 1839 ) ; ' An F! lection to the Long appeared at Baston in 18^)5, the first English
Parliament' (October 1844); * Thirty-five edition in 1838. 0. 'French Revolution/
L'npubliflhed Letters of Cromwell ' ( Dec^-m- 3 vols. 1837: 2nd edition, 1839. 7. •Chartism,*
John Knox' (April 1875). The last two Pamphlets :M )*The Present Time' (1 Feb.);
together and SHpamtely. ( '2) * Model Prisons ' (1 March) : (3) • Down-
H'esf minster Jteciew : * Nibclungcn Lied ' ing Street ' (15 April ): (4) * The New l)own-
(Jiily 1831). ing Street' (1 Mav): (6) 'Stump Orator'
New .yfonth/t/^faf^azine:^ Death of Goethe' <1 Mav): (0) ' I^arliaments ' (1 June);
(June 1832). ^7) ' HudsonV Statue' (1 July): (8) *Je-
Ijondon and Wfi^tfmn^ter jR«?if>?r.* 'Mirn- suiti!*m'(l Aug.), 1850. 12. * Life of Sti'r-
beau* (January 1^37); * Parliamentary Hi*- ling,' 1851. 13. 'Friedrich II' (vols. i. and
tory of the French I devolution '(April 1837): ii. 1858, vol. iii. 1862, vol. iv. 1864, vols.
*Sir Walter Scott' (January 1838) : ' Vam- v. and vi. 1865). 14. 'Inaugural Addrvss
hajivn von Ense ' ClJecember 18.'i8): 'Baillie at Edinburgh,' 1806. 15. ' Keminiscences of
the Covenanter ' (January 1842) ; ' The Prin- my Irish Journey in 1849 ' (with preface by
zenraub' (January 1855 j. Mr. Froude), 1882. 16. 'Last Words of
Rcaminer : 'Petition on Copvright Bill' Thomas Carlyle' (with preface by Jfane]
(7 April 1839). ' C>rlyle; Altken]), 1882. The first coUec-
Leigh Hunfs Journal : 'Two Hundred and tive edition (in 16 vols.) appeared in 1857-8.
Fifty Years Ago, a Fragment about DupIs ' (For letters in newspapers and elsewhere see
(Nos. 1, 3, 0, \^r:iO) ',' Keepsake for \^'l ' Bibliography of Thomas Carlyle ' by H. R.
(Barry Cornwall's); 'The Opera;' Pn>- Shepherd.)
feedings of S^yriety of Scotch ^l^^'J?™, ! ^^he main authorities for Carlyle-.s life are
/i' "'V T.^^^""^ ^^^.^f!'^°*^ Exhibition h5g^ Keminiscences. published by Mr. Fronde in
of h)Cotch Portnut^3 (18.>4).^^ ^^ 1881. Xhomas Carlyle. a history of the first
vols. 1882 ; and Thomiis
s life in London, 2 vols.
Fronde (cited above as
) ; Letters and Memorial
(18:^9), printed in America, included all of Jane Welsh Carlyle, • prepared for publicait ion
the above up to the date : those published by Thomas Carlyle, and edited by J. A. Froude,'
later were added in subsequent editions, in 3 vols. 1883 ; see also Correspondence of Thomas
a 2nd edition (5 vol-*.), 1840; 3rd edition, Carlyle and K. W. Emerson, 2 vols. 1883. edite^l
1847; 4th edition, 1857. They are included ^7 Charles Eliot Norton, who has also (1886)
in the ' Miscellanies ' in collected editions of .|^;^ pnblished a collection of Oirlyle's early
1 letters. Carlyle s Reminiscences and the Mu-
WOTKS. 1 _ «« r^ii«^« .1 < T :a> «f morials of Mrs. Carlyle were entrusted to Mr.
Seimrate works are as foll^^^ 1. 'Life of p^oude for publication under cinmmstances d^
Schiller,' first, published m l^ndon Maga- ^^be.! in the prefaces to these works, and in
zine for October 1 823, January, J uly, A ugust, ^he Life in London, ii. 408-1 5, 464-7. Mr. Fronde
and September 1824 ; issued separately m defends himself against the charge of improper
1825; second edition, 1845. 2. 'Wilhelm publication in the Life in London, i. 1-7. Car-
Meister's Apprenticeship ' (3 vols. 1824). lyle first gave him the mamiscripts in 1871. and
3. 'Legendres Elements of Geometry and the will of 1873 left the decision as to publicn-
Trigonomctry * ( translated with introductory ; tion with him ; John Carlyle and John Forster,
chapter on " " . ^ .«>. *.^ - -- .- ^ , ,
4. ' German
doctrine of proportion), 1824. who were to be consulted, died before Carlyle.
Komance,' 1827 (vol. i. ' Musa^is Shortly before Carlyle's death, in the autnmn of
and La Motte Fouqu6 : ' vol. ii. ' Treck and 1880, Mr. Froude again had a consnltaUon with
Hoffman;' vol. iii. 'J. V. F. Kichter ;' Carlyle, who had * almost forgot^ what he had
yil iv. 'Wilhelm Meister,' including the!^"^^'^' but on having it wcaUed t» his ^^^^
' IVayds • now first published. The prefaces ^^^^ ?P~™ of the publication. Mr F^ade
Araveis, "u« *" ^ i r decided to carry out the publication, chiefly on
included ™i'i^.3^'''crflaneou8 Essays | the ground that thi.w.MOilyW.perri«ent^h
are
6. ' Sartor Resartus,' first published in
'Eraser's Magazine' (bk. i. November and
December 1833; bk. ii. February; March,
April, June, 1834 ; bk. iii. July and August,
and ' supremely honourable ' to him. It wa»an
act of posthumous penance, and it was desirable
that ' a frank and noble confession ' should give
the whole truth as to Mrs. Carlylp's grievances.
1834). Some copies were made up from ndiich would ' infallibly come to light ' in some
Carlyon
EWichwit diecnsBing the point, it is neces-
«ay thot C«rljU. when wiiting, did not
(jitUpiibticationwitlioiit cnreful revtsioD.
At i^e end of the originnl mannficript he says, in
a pnieage omilted bj Mr. Fioade. preBamabt;
beCBUBe mpetwded in hia new by the Uler iii-
■ImptioDB. 'I jolemnly forbid' my friendB to
pnLlirii'tbiB bit of witting OS it Btands hece.nnd
■mia liam lh»t -wilhoat fit ediling no pact of it
dionld bapTinl«d (sot ki fHrHsIcan order sbsU
«ver bo), nnd thnl. the " fit oditing " of perhaps ,
nine'teolhs of it will, nfter I am Rone. hare be-
fomt inpoasible' (Morton, Nev Prianton He- ,
view for July ISSSJ. The fnllowing aro notiiwa
by personal friendB : Hanry James, Literary
Bemninh soma Pcraooal RotoUeciionB of Carlyle
(fmn AtUntJaHantbly for May 1881); Masion,
David. Ctolyle perBonallv and in hia writings,
Land, lltflfi (Lectai«s before Phil. Institute of
Ediolnugh] ; Sin. OHphnnl, MiimiillaD's Ha-
gana« for April 1881- H. LaiMn in British
^rterly for July 1881, 28-84; Rio, A. F.,
KpilOKWi i t'/lrt Qiritien (1870), ii. 332-10;
8ir I&iirv Taylor, Autobioeraphy, i. 32d-32 ;
Mill'* Antobii^phy (1873), 174-8 ; G.S.Van.
kUn, in Fortnighlly Rariaw fur May 1888 and
Nvreniber 1884 ; Wyllio's Tlionias Carljle, tha
ISta and hit Boalia. 1831 : Conway's Thoman
CariyU, 1881; Larldn'B The Open Secret of
Cariyle'a Ufa. 1888. A list of man; articles
Kferring to Caflyla is girra by Mr. Ireland
in !JoteB and Queries. 6thaer.ir. HS. 201. 226.]
L. S.
CAitLTON, CLEMENT (1777-1804),
liciui, was bom at Trtiro 14 April 1777,
edncnted at the gmmmar school, where
■ and Henrr Martyn were among his
dfetlows. tlaving taken his degree at
'Pembroke OolleKei Cambridge, be wn^ ap-
pointed a travelling bachelor on the Worts
faundation, and, proceeding to Oennan^r,
£rtnaed the acquaintance with Coleridge fur
■which, apart fi^m his merely local celebrity,
lie is now principaHy Temembered. After
cotnnleling his medical studies at Edinburgh
and London, be settled in bia native town,
where he spent a long life of active henefi-
cencp. He waa five times mayor of Traro,
and vnm chiefly icatmraontal in the eraction
»( the handsome meraoriaJ to Richard Lan-
der, which is so peat an ornament to the
town. Tlie Butr>bio(fraphy, published under
lh« title of • Early Yeara and Late Reflec-
tiniu,' in i vols., h?twoen 1636 and 1858, is
in porta exceclinglv tedious, but is valuable
for the uiimerona Interesting particulars of
Colcridfie, Davy, and other men of eminence
known to thn writer. His ' Observations on
the Rrdemic Tjrpbua Fever of Cornwall'
(l^'27)are usteumed,aad effected much good
in a lanitaiy point of vipw. He edited Coi^
naro uid Btirnurd Qilpin, tnd wrote several
Carmelianus
I died on ^H
^ oia:
^hmic
[Cnrlyon's Early Years and Late Reflections;
Gent. Mng. June 1864, pp. 797-8: Boiiae and
Conrtney's Bibliothecn Cornabiensis.] R. 6.
CARMELIANUS, PETER (d. 1527),
Kct, was a native of Breccia, who must have
im bom about the middle of the fifteenth
century. He appears to have eomo to Eng-
land in the days of Edward IV, and to have
been habitually resident in this country from
that time till his death. The earliest pro-
duction of his pen that we have met with is a
Soem on the life of St. Mary of Egypt written
uring the reign of Richard III (Xat«^ MS,
501 ; CoiE, Calal<u/ue), with an epistle dedi-
catory to Sir Robert Brackenbnry, the con-
stable of the Tower. In this dedicatory epistle
Richard is praised as a model king, a pattern
of religion, justice, and sagacity. But little
more than a year after his death CarmelianuB
gives us a very different characler of him in
a poem written to celebrate the birth of
Henry VII's son. Prince Arthur, in 1486, in
which he charges the t^nt with the mur-
der of Henry VI and his own nephevrs, and
denounces him as a ferocious monater, prompt
to commit every crime. The composition of
two such works within the space of not more
than three years ot theulmost reflectsalight
upontheautiior'scharacterwhich makes com-
ment qtiite unnecessary. From the first he
shows himself to be a court poet and nothing
him by the king on 27 Sept. llSfi, which
pension, the words of the grant state, ' he
that shall be next promoted to the bishopric
of "Worcester is bound to yield to a clerk of
ours at our nomination.' On 8 April 1488,
in like manner, Heiuy Vlt granted hjm
another pension which the elect abbot of
Hyde was bound to pay to a clerk of the
king's nomination. On the 2^rd of the same
month ho obtained a patent of denization.
He had also given bim by the king on
15 Feb. just before a corrody in the priory of
Christ«hurch, A year or two later he wrote,
in ihe opinion of hisfellow-poetaoter Bernard
Andrf, a most witty poem in answer to Ga-
guin, the French historian and ambassador,
who bad revenged himself in satirical verse
for the failure of his embnssy lo England.
He became Henry VITs Latin secretary, nnd
one of his chaplains. In this latter capacity
he attended the king to bis meeting with
the Archduke Philip at Calais in 160O. In
tbo former he was the keeper of the king's
Carmelianus 128 Carmichael
correspondence with Rome, a circumstance , in the provostship of Beverley in the East
to which Sherboume, bishop of Chichester, | Riding. He also nad the prebend of Ample-
called attention two years after his death, | forth m York given him as early as 1498,
when Henry VIII was pushing inquiries and appears to have held it till his death,
touching the validity of the dispensation for 1 Being thus largely beneficed, in 1522 he
his marriage with Catherine of Arragon was^ assessed, for the loan for a new war
(Calendar, Henry VIII, iv. 2406). But we
ao not find that he held this office after the
accession of Henry VIII, who, however, re-
cognising his merits in a different capacity,
in France, at no less a sum than 333/. 6«.
We also find that in 1524 (and perhaps for
several years before) he was a prebendary
_ of St. Stephen's, Westminster, and that in
made him his lute-player, and gave lum an ' that year he sold to Roger Pynchestre, citi-
annuity of 40/. (ib, i. 427, ii. 308). i zen and grocer of London, certain lands
It must have been about a year before ' called Hartcombe, in the parishes of Kings-
Henry VIFs death that he wrote a couple of ton-upon-Thames and Ditton in Surrey,
poems to celebrate the espousal (sponsalia) which he had bought of Stephen Coope two
of Charles, prince of Castile (afterwards the years before. On 13 Oct. 1526 he obtained
Emperor CharlesV), with the king's daughter a license to import 200 tuns of Gascon wine
Mary. The marriage, though it never took and Toulouse woad. In January 1527 he re-
effect, was arranged by treaty in 1607, and ! ceived a new-year's gift from the king ; but
ambassadors came from the Emperor Maxi- ; he seems to have died towards the close of
milian in 1508 to conclude the marriage con- ', that year, as his successor in the York pre-
tract. An official account of their reception, ^ bend was collated on 13 Jan. 1528. In ad-
and of the betrothal, was printed by Pynson , dition to the poems referred to in the course
in two separate forms, Latin and English, of this notice we find an epigram written by
each without date of year ; and the two Carmelianus on Dominic Mancini's poem
poems of Carmelianus appeared as preface (written in 1516), ' De Quatuor Virtutibus,'
and conclusion to the Latin version. The which Alexander Barclay translated into
treatise itself, of which a uni^e copy in vel- English under the title of ' The Mirrour of
lum exista in the Qrenvillo Library, is de- ) Good Maners.' Our author's epigram will be
scribed in the catalogue as if it consisted ! found at the end of Barclay's work, which
simply of a poem of Carmelianus ; but pro- was published along with his 'Ship of Fools'
bably tlie titie-page is wanting. The text of in 1570.
the narrative contained in it is precisely the | [Memorials of Honry VH ; Letters and Papers
same as thatof the English version, of which . of the reigns of Richard III and Henry VII;
a unique copy also exists in the British Mu- Carapbell's Memorials of Henry VII (all Uireo of
seum, described by Sir Henry Ellis in the Rolls Ser.); Calendar of Henry VIII, vols, i-iv.;
' Archceologia,' xviii. 33. Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy).] J. G.
(a;;i%";KarSS7 a^^^^ 17?ifK^^ FREDERICK (170^
o|plimen^.paid hun by Carmeliaiu« wL l^S' C^c£^i m^^^SXl^
liad called mm 'doctorum doctissimus (Cz- . v :_ ttaq "'^'"o"" .^"""o"""*
lendar,Hen.VIII,ii.im). Unfortunately, ^^ l»™ « 1708. He took his M.A. de-
however, he could not
ment ; and when Carmeli
lished another poem on the death of the King "'^W^"^" "" '^"^ 4«»i" "' •^,i"""
of Scots at Flo^en, Eiasmus and his corr^ JL ^- 7" »« <«"« «>e88fiil candidate for
spondent Ammoniils, Henry VHTs Latin ^^^^'^/.uTm. ^^'^''^'^w "^ T* I"
8^retary,could not help malSngmerry over a T^ X.\l^^^7<i^T^^ J^ • *^
false qukitity which the unlucSy autW had ^^"IJ^ of ScoUandon 27 Sept 1?83, ordamed
^ 1 ^ . ' ^ •i./'jL-' tyrui at Monimail m March 1737, translated to
yei7 nearly put into print (tb u 306 ; com- j^^^^^ j„ December 1747, aAd died ITOct
pare preface, p. xvn, footnote) In that year ^^^^ ^ ^ author'of a ' Sermon^n
Cai^ehanus as the W « tutor, went oyer Christian Zeal,' 1753, and' Sermons onseveS
in the ' middle ward of the army with which T„^^._t o„i!j„^„ n ^r., „• 71 u ""ff'"""
Henry Vni invaded Franco. Meanwhile, ^^Mitant Subjects, 1753, said to be of 'great
he had been made archdeacon of (jloucester rrr ' « i t^ . -r^ ,
in 1511, and a few years later, probably on wl^Sf^^^^^F?^' ^^^- ^^ '* ??'i- ^^ '
the deprivation of Cardinal Adrian de Cas- ^*^'^« ^'^^' ^"^'^ T. F. H.
telle [q. v.] in 1517, he was appointed pre- CARMICHAEL, Snt JAMES, Lobd
bendary of Ealdland in St. Paul^. This stall Cabmichael (1578 P-1672), was the tiiild son
he resijg^ed in 1 526, the year before his death, of Walter Carmichael of Hvndford, by Orizel,
at which time we find that he held livings daughter of Sir John Canmohael of Mndow-
Carmichael
Carmichael
flat. He was originally deei^altMi nt Hyiid-
ford.but ouTiurchasinB; the lands of Westeraw
took bin title from tnem, until, on BUcceed-
ing iut oxMii), Sir John CanniehiLel of Carmi-
chttel fq-v,], he adopted the deaignstion of the
oldef bmnch of the family. Having in early
life been introduced by the Earl of Dunbar
At the court of Jamas v I, he waa appointed a
cupboorer, afterwards carver, and tlien cham-
berlain of the principality. He was created a
baronet of Nova Scotia on 17 July 1627, and
Ike following; year he aubecribed the eubmis-
uon toCharfesI. Ue was appointed sheriff-
prindpal of Lanarkshire on 6 Sept. 163S,
and in 1634 lord jiiatice clerk, which office
be rewgned in 1 (>38, on being made treasurer-
depute. He was admitted! an ordinary lord
of aaesion on 6 Manih 1639. His presence
as treasurer-depute at the prorogation of
parliament, by warrant of the king's com-
missioners, led to the presentation of a re-
monstrance against the some as illegal. On
13 Nov. he was naraed one of the commis-
siotiers for executing the office of lord high
tre^urer, and was at the same time appointed
treuurer-depute, privy councillor, and lord
of seesion, to be held ad ntam aut aitpam.
For hi£ servicee to Charles I during the civil
war, eepedally in lending him various sums
of money, he received a piitent on 27 Dec.
1647 raising him t^ the peerage by the title
of Lord Carmichael ; but the patent wad not
made public until S Jan. 16GI, when it was
rntifiea by Charles H. For his adharenco to
the engagement, he made a humble submis-
aion im 2S Dec. before the presbytery of
Lanark, but was nevertheless deprived of hia
ofiictss by the Act of Classes on 18 March
1649. That of treasurer-depute was, how-
aver, bestowed on his second son. Sir Daniel
Carmichael. By Cromwell's act, in 1664, a
fine was imposed on him of 2,000/, In
Douglas's 'Peemge' it is stated erroneously
that after the accession of Charles 11 he was
ewom a privy councillor, and reappointed
lord justice clerk, that office having been be-
stowed on Sir John Campbell of Lundy
[q. v.) Carmichael died on 29 Nov. 1672,
in his ninety-fourth year. By his wife
Agnes, sixth daughter of John Wilkie of
Foulden, be had three sons and four daugh-
ters. Hiseldest son. Sir William, after serv-
ing as one of the gens d'armes of Louis Xftt,
joined the committee of estates in Scotland,
and commanded the Clydesdale regiment
yinst the Marquis of Montrose at the battle
PbOiphRUgh in 1646. He died before his
father in 1657, leaving a son, John {a. v.],
who became second Lord Carmichael and first
Karlof Uyndfbrd. The first Lord Carmichael
4wd two other iions and four daughturs.
[Acts of Piiriiaraent of Scotlnnd. vol. v. pas-
sim ; H^gandBmnlon'a Senators of the Col lege
of JustiPB, 2BS-9 ; Douglas's Scotlisb Peeruge, li.
754-6 ; Irving's Upper Wnrd of liinarkshiTB,
ii. 17-21.] T. F. H.
OABMICHAEL, JAMES {JL 1587),
grammarian, was a Scotchman who published
a Latin grammar at Cambridge in September
1587. He dedicated it to James VI— 'Sco-
torum regi christiunissimo gratiam et pocem
S Domino.' Carmichael'* work, ' Gnimmatice
Latine de Etymologia,' &c., was from the
press of the university printer, Thomas
Tliomas, M.A., a lexicographer himself, and
Its full title is given hy Ames; it eonsistsof
b'2 pp, , and has some commendatory poems
prenxed, There is a copy of it in the Bodleian.
[Cooper's Athence Cantab, ii. 23; Ames's
ToiMgr. Anliq. (Herbert), iu. 14U, 1418.]
J. H.
CARMICHAEL, JAMES WILSON
(1800-1868), marine painter, was bom at
Newcaalie-upon-Tyne in 1800. At about the
age of ten or eleven lie went to sea. He re-
turned, and was apprenticed to a shipbuilder,
who employed him in drawing and design-
ing. His early works are in water colours,
but about 1826 be began also to paint in
oils. Between 1838 and 1862 lie was a fre-
quent exhibitor at the Uoyal Academy, at
the British Institute, and at the Suffolk
Street Gallery. He made hia first public
appearance in the formeryearwith a picture
of ' Shipping in the Bay of Naples,' contri-
buted to the exhibition of the Society of
British Artists. In 1841 he sent to the
Academy a drawing of the ' Conqueror tow-
ing the Africa off the Shoals of Trafalgar,'
and in 1843 two drawings, 'The Royal Yacht
with the Queen on board off Edinburgh,'
and the 'Arrival of the Royal Squadron.'
In the Water-Colour Collection at South
Kensington there is one example of this
painter, ' The Houses of Parliament in course
of Erection.' About 1845, according to Red-
grare, he left Newcastle for London. Pro-
bably about 1862 (at which date be ceased to
eihibit in London) he went to Scarborough,
and there died on 3 May 1666. In the north
of England his work was highly thought of.
There ts a large painting bvhim in the 'Irinity
House, Newcastle, 'T^e'Heroic Exploit of
Admiral ColLngwood at the Battle of Tra-
falgar.' He appears as an author, having
published ' The Art of Marine Painting in
Water Colours,' 1869. and ' The Art of Ma-
rine Painting in Oil Colours,' 1804.
[Redgrave's Diet, of ArtisU ; Graves's Diet.
of Artists; Cat. EugL CoU. South KeDsiagtOQ
UuMom.]
I
l^^^fCiL
•
;%'■* .. f. T -; . .: . /. ..-'^.. -i,- uM •jMr*.'! r "^•'■-.-ni:. j. l**?-:! it ""t^ ap-
'.. .v^>-' L. :..". '.1.1., .-• ■ .T- ::" : I *^: ■; ::r-; mk - tiuii;i:h: :c i r»^.^-7nt of
*.•'• ' -■/ .■-."'^- ..'■...i. ■■ .■ ■ " -r.iU'-.i:!- T~i--.i 11 ". 'l'" _i I»t?'tni>.7 '.'.1^ i.tr was
-t" 1. ■•rt.- ".i •.'.- • •: : -.. • .: ^----ii T-ii'.^- ■- M- r-'iJ-T.. l-^th-:-* 3 " til:-"!': i: Ktn-
•\ . -.;•.:--: ::.-■: i' :■• • ■ ■.. '■' I-tu :. -.zj' t. t. ' ruii* '!! !.■-• tls irrr*:rfi
V •. '.f- .-■▼ ■' "•■•■■...:.■ .'f — ■: v'^n "-ir Z.j_- I. TL^^rjLi.irL ^.- r-'"i_:T»^£ rl* ric^ol
v*.'' '. ' .'-''. '■ '•■ *- ■- .":••■ ".. v -- •'• '—••iz»^', i— r^-*"!::^ r rrL"- oc "'.■. "^^ I'MZL-rillir 'iinder
-•.- '-..v.!-'" *.•• .^■■- '. ■-•• I . .u: :. . ':i. t.:-: :.t~- v. 'li-ri >_:.:'• 3i' '^"l- 'Crr :: tI* crsiinis^
r'^' t *■ .-— V I -:.' •- ..*".:-; r--- i — t__ir-i _i ti! i.-r^ iir * i- ~r-L — c' t:_ i^^ lii c-:riiallv
1 >!. ".• -.»- -../ '.. '*.i ••—.:-: .: ■ 1- n. : : _-. ■.-.:- •■i-.'ZKir -t-i -zi- u:" r'-T itLrr^.Tj: .* ir:.:- r3ect.
1,- V :.'•• ',•• \^\ ' '•'•'. ' '." i...*, j: :ii. r.i H- :.!-: n. -' S^i^. 1*1! T'*^ Li* wife,
A ...'.■■ .V' ', i.— : ■. M- V •.- i--.'-.:-'i ':l;.- j.-i-r.i.- iTi-n-ZL- ti'I. "—vo: Lt'uri'i'er of the
*A ■-i-'-..--T- ■.' ■ '..T ■ ■ -.- ■- -i'-' 1 . ■"— -.:_-■: l^ri "fuLiiir"" !■- "ij.i 3*r t-t- fi^r'ns and
• -• ...» ... _:!:•:- - iri - .■ vi 't».' ^* :^..-4: Liltrti. s
' .- ..... S- ' ■ — - - z^- .u. ■■_. .■" l.f. 11.
Vi * • .-■.■'--- V -*■■ ••••■■■■—. '1 - "S" l> ' ^Lr-
'/ *•■> t "-.»»_".>.': -' — -.- - r--_.ii.-i -■ z.-r- r A ?. VT -" ^ X TT. r ■ ITN. :i:ri Earl OP
y-.' *'-. ••.•: ".\'^.ii''. •.►--■»■—• ."l.--!-- '"1 Lzi Htttj i:: I'll-l*:". L-rlmi"!?:. wn ot
'>.-'--.'.>'' ^.•. -^ .?■-' -v.i.v-/. r.-. 1'<1:* J"L=.r"=. -^r.ci ^trl Lzi TLaJt Elizabeth
"*•.-. -^'r-r*. *-*.•.'-: '. •. »-'. .-.-.:•.""»•■ :.:.:•.-': M.l*1l.- L .-^j iLi^*:rr :: J Lr.. nfth earl
</.<.'. ;.. /.••'••..■'••. i. •-•.I" -.-•-'-> -i"-*- : L.Li£rrLLlr. ttl? :*:tz it Eiinburgh on
*>."*■' •". i* '/li ' ■• •'■• ■■'" — 1 * '.- -'^Ln-H- ' " \r •■"'"- " - - • TTi _--,i-«iui "Vt» *Hird KV
?>.v .-.■,-..'.v..\.''. r-':- iT...'..- .*. ..-. Iv>r. :.r — i- .\ii-Lz. Iz IT-V'. Kr 5-i>:'=^i-rd to his
f.':'*-,."-^: ••. V'.-r '.::.'.^. V,':. ^: 1^ :.:.; -z-ij :. ii-l^r'i -.:Ir izi eri-iT-r- ':: 10 Au^. 1737,
I yy:.rr.^^' A- r.. ^ '.':.'.: >^ ''':.r-l''T.'r ^:.r :- 7 '':.-. i-i ■=■»• .L'^z a rvpT-sju-iiTA'.ive peer on
p .;, :..'.'.-:.'.•. '.f '..*r .'.'.-:- ':. .71 ;.'.:->■: n -i-: 14 Mini l^rs. s-i Iri-n in 1741. 1747,
>/,.-:• .-'. .'.-■ ■'.%.- >,*r^j:.r:-/l '.'J J .:.-. >>'»V -v ir'-4. i- : ITrl. H^ wi* apT-r-ntrd one i^f
91. fy/i: ',? '..•.'• A.T.V'T.r.i'- ir. i -'. * i-A ^itii :l.^ Iri? :: "■:l:.>r :r. Mir/:i 17-^^. ami con-
h }.■'.". .\ i'.r ':.'.' rr. :H:r T;. .T-i^ .\TTn- 4::* i":r»i -i.-rr™-TrJ::c:pi! imi lord-lieutenant
^•f',.'.;'. r.' :/•' v '/ Kirv. r.- Wlllir Vr Asx- :: Linirk -;> Ajrll 17:5l?. In 1739 and 1740
i57if'i-.'/. ^^';Lf.fA^. y?. 1 •'/*;]. "Wi- rXr-?-*.-:'I Le iCT-i i* liri hirh Ci^mmissioner to the
in *;.': fo!. '/■/.>:;' N^vrrri^/r. ftr.I Al-.-i'ir:i-r ^'-^r-rrsl a.si^=:bl_r -s' :he kirk of Scotland.
Ar;r.-*.'"..'jy of i?/»v.?ir.h»jrT:*: in pT^riin- U»J. Whrn Frvirrlok II invadrd Silesia in 1741,
lKt:",r\\uyi t/, '<\t Wjil'f-r :v:o**. triditi-.n the Earl >f II \T:dfor»i wa* sent to George 11
wWxnu*. th" •//<•!! -known hfillst']. * A rnL^t rone's a.* f-nvoy extra-^rdinarr and plenipotent iarr,
O'ivl N!/ht/ fo h»iv«T ^.■'•n ryjr.'-.por^rd by to mediate be:we^*n th-? king and Maria
'ni'irn.'i-. Ann-*r>n:.f j>r':vioiii to his execu- There«a. Carlyle. in his 'Life of Frederick,'
i-iofi. thus d'-lineatt'S his characteristics : * We can
\i\rA'*.i',T'W SVorfi'-h JV'raL'e; Douffjas's discern a certain rough tenacity and horae-
\*t^i,\y\A\ IVM-Jii."-, ii. Vyi\ ActH of the P;irlia- dealer finesse in thf* man; a broad-based,
riiMit of J-'otJand, voIh, iii, ir. arid v.; Irvings shrewdly practical Scotch gentleman, wide
\.\,\,t:T Wfir'l of J^iriHrk.Hhir*:, i. I:j-1G.] awake: and can conjecture that the diplo-
T. F. H. matic function in that element might have
CAKMrOJfAKL, JOHN, «'cond Lord been in worse hands. He is often laid meta-
rAitMir:irAr;i. \\\A fir-t Kakl ok Hvxdford phorically nt the king's feet, king of Eng-
rW;;iH iriOj, non of Willium, mfistt-rof Car- land's; and haunts personally the king of
mirh»i«.|, find liwiy driz'l Dou^rlns, third Prussia's elbow at all times, watching e ver>-
danprhii-rof Ihi' firj-i Tn»in|ui-» of I >ouglas, was glance of him like a British house-dog, that
Ixirn on *JH I'Vb. \\u\H. ]I«; sucrcft'd^'d his will not be taken in with suspicious tra-
Knmdfiilhirr hm Lfird ^'»rniiclini!l in 1072. In vellers if he can help it; and castixu^ per-
IMH^J 1m' wft.H fiiiiM)int«^d by William on«» of petual horoscopes in his dull mind.[ It was
Mil- rorniniMHioniiFH of thf» privy seal and a m a great deffxee owing to the patience and
])rivy councillor. Tho following year he was , persistence of Hyndfom that the treaty of
armichael
131
Carmichael
was finally signed on 11 Jar
mcluaion, IT^dfori] w
1742.
„ t of the Thistle, and was invested
|j tliB insignia of tfint order at Charlot-
1 29 Aug. 174a, by the king of
[ virtue of a cooonigsion ftom
■e H. From Frederick he also received
Che proof of Lis eldust brother's title to this
earldom; but tlie loss or destruetion of soma
indispensable family records rendered hia
eftbrts futile.
After a two jenrs' apprenticeBhip to Peile,
a well-Vnown Jhiblln eurpeon, and study at
the Irish College of Surgeons, Carmjchnel
Bf limner Service, and was ' passed the requiaile esaminalion. and wnit
of the royal PruRsian arms, Inppointed assist ant-*ttrfteon (and
now enrich the ellieM of the Car- ■ the We^tford militin in 1795, when 1
asini) to
only siK-
tn 1744 Hyndford was sent on a | teen. This position he held, ewning 1,
'•"" '" Russia, when bis ekilfiil sidernble notice by his early ^11 and atten-
n^^tiatioas (rrestlT accelerated the peace of
tion to his duties, till 1802, when the army
eatablishnient was reduced after the peace of
Ajniens. In 1800 be had become a member
of the Irtsb College of Surgeons, and in
1803 he commenced practice in Dublin. In
the same year he was api>oi!ited surgeon to
St. George's Hospital and Dispensary, and
"■ 1810 surgeon to the Lock Hospital. In
1749, and after hie return to England was,
oti 29 March 1760, sworn a privv councillor,
and was appointed one of the lords of the
bedchamber. In 1752 he was sent as am-
bassador to Vienna, where he remained till
17(H. On his return he was appointed vice- ^ _. _„j.
admiralof Scotland, when be pave up his office j 1816 he obl.nined the important appointment
at the board of police. The remainder of his ' of surgeon to tbe Richmond, Whitworth, and
life wHsspent at hisseatinLanarkshire, where ' Hardwicke Hospitals, an office which beheld
be devoted his attention to the improvement I till 1836. Already in 1SI3, at the early ago
and adornment of his estate. While occupied ! of thirty-four, he was cboaan president of the
with bin diplomatic duties abroad, he con- 1 Dublin College of Surgeons, a position he dso
tinned tti take a eonstant Interest in agri- I beld in 1826 and 1848, In 1835 he waa
cultural affairs. To encourage his tenants in I elected a corresponding member of the Royal
tbeiranrovementof their landB.hegTnnted to Academy of Medicine of France, being the
them leases of fifty-seven years' duration, | first Irishman to receive that dininction.
and alio Introduced clauseB in the new leases 1 In 1826 Carmichael, in conjunction with
which have since met with the general ap- Drs. Adams and McDowell, founded the
proval of agriculturists. Theflne plantations ' Richmond HospitalSchool of Medicine (after-
ftn the states have been reared from seeds 1 wards known as the Carmichael School), and
brought by him from Russia. He died on was for two years a principal, and afterwards
19 .Tilly 1787. He was twice married; first, I an occasional lecturer. In addition to con-
to I'Tliinbeth. eldest daughter of Admiral Sir j siderable donations in his lifetime, be be-
Clowdislny Shovell, and widow of the firat queathed 8,000;. for its improvement, and
Ivord Rfimney; and secondly, to.Iean, daugh- -lOOO'i tte interest to be given as prices to
terof Tli'njamin Vigor of Futhnra, SliddlBsei. the best students of the school. During the
By his first wife be had a son, who died in ' last ten years of hia life ( 1839-49) he took
infiiwy. and by hia second he had no issne. d^ep interest in medical reform, strongly sup-
Tlie earldom passed to his cousin, John Car- porting the Medical Association of Ireland,
mifhael. The title became dormant orextinct of which he was president from its formation
on the death of the sixth earl in 1817. His t'H iia death. Be aimed at securing for the
correspoD deuce while ambassador abroad is medical student a good preliminary and a
in the ' Slate Papers,' and there are rough high professional education, and uniform and
;hing examinations by all 1
and medical and surgical colleges. He aba
advocated the separation of apothecary'a
work from medicine and surgery as i^ as
practicable. To promote its objects he placed
oCOl. in the hands of the Medical Assoda-
; but when it proved that the fund was
needed, he directed its transfer to the
I, nurijeoii. wao born in Dtiblin on B Feb. ■ Medical Benevolent Fund Society. To this
IViurth son of Hugh Carmichael, society, one much cared for by him, he left
i|M (vns nearly ^'Isfed to the 4,500/. at his death. A piece' of plate was
!■. of the enrls of Hyndford. ! presented to him in 1841 by 410 of his pn>-
iiiiwl fortune, Carmichael spent fessional brethren, witli an address eipress-
iiirl mutwy in seeking to establish ing their sense of bis unwearied lenl for the
1.1
jonal MSS. 1
[Dooglas* Swittiah PeeragP (Wood), ii. 7S6-7 ;
Irrioe'» IJpp*r Ward of Liinnrk shire, i. 2*-5 -
r«rlyVB Frvderiok; Add. MSS. 1 1 365-87, lfl870,
16948.] T, F. H.
CARMICHAEL, RICHARD (1770-1:
Carmylyon 132 Camaby
intorests of his profession and the advance- ! account-books of Heniy V Ill's xeign. but
xnent of medical science.
In addition to numerous pamplilets and
in the next two reigns there was one, who i»
styled * Mjsties Levyn Terlynck^ payntrix.*
papers in the medical journals, Carmichael ; The use of this feminine form is a slight
punlished: 1. 'An Essay on the Effects of | argument in favour of Carmylvon bein^ a
Oarbonate of Iron upon Cancer, with an In- i man, and so is the fact that all the other
(luiry into tho Nature of that Disease,' Lon- | ' myllyners ' attached to the court were of the
(Ion, IH()({ ; 2nd edit. 1809. 2. 'An Essay same sex. On the other hand, Carmylyon s
on the Nature of Scrofula,' London, 1810 (of , wages were 33^. 4d. a quarter, while those
which a Ut^rman translation was published ofthe Homebauds and \mcentVolpe ranged
at liitipzig in 1818). 3. * An Essay on the from 33«. 4€?. a month to 5/. a quarter. Tnis
Vnritireul DiHOoses which have been con-
foiindful with SyphiliH, and the Symptoms
which ariHo excluriivdy from that Poison,*
'1 1 o, 1 H 1 4. Tho latter he made in an especial
niiinnor hiri own subject; and his practical
might point to the lower scale of wages paid
to a woman, were it not that what was known
of Carmylyon's work shows that it watf by
no means of a high class. It does not appear
what foundation John Gough Xichols has for
viiiwri (Mt al)li8h(Hl im])ortant improvements i his remark that ' she appears to have been
ill (Jif^ tntatjufiit. of thost^ diseases, especially | a painter in miniature {Archatol, xxxix.
in rugunl to the administration of mercury. 39), for all the notices discoverable refer to
Iliri work w<»nt through many editions. It
wan at llrnt seven*lv reviewed in tho * Kdin-
burgh ModinilandhurgicalJouniar (xi..*i80).
the banquetting-house at Greenwich, gilding
vanes for the Tower, and working at * twoo
arches, a portall, a fountayne, and an arbour.'
tin* rnview htMng ably answennl by Car- j We may therefore conclude that decoration
niichatil in tho same volume. I rather than miniature was her province. The
( 'arinicliael was originally a member of the dates 1539 and 1541 given by Nichols as the
itNtahlinhiHl chun'h; Imt in 1825 he joined a last payments to Carmylyon are mistakes
unitarian rhureh. lie was a handsome man, for 1529 and 1531.
w ith a Hti»rn rant t)f countenance; and was all I [Cal. State Papers, Hen. VIII, iv. 1395, v.
that wan mlminihle in domestic life. He was i 306, 307, vi. 6 ; Ardueologia, xxxix. 39.]
drowninl, on H June 18-19, while crossing a ^ "
dtn^p arm t»t' the sea between Clontarf and
Hutliuitui horsel>ai*k. Among liis bt»nofac-
C. T. M.
CARNABY, WILLIAM (1772-1839),
musical composer, was bom in London in
tituiri hv will lie letY 3,(KX)/. to the College of musical composer, was born m lx)nclon m
HuriTfoiw. tilt* intt^rtvst to be applit^l as prizes \ 1' '^ and educated m the Chanel Royal as
f.ir tliP lM»st esMHVs on subjwts siHH'iiied in » chorister under Dr. Nares and Dr. Ayrton.
UlbuvtS S|HH"
I ho will. .\ list of his writings is given in
th«i * Duhliii (Quarterly Jounial of Medical
H«*iiMu*»^* ix. -197 9.
He was subsequently organist of Eye and of
Huntingdon. In 1805 he took the degree of
Mus. Bac. at Cambridge, where he entered
, ,. . ,v. ^ 1 1 ,o«*v i« at Trinity Hall. In July 1808 he proceeded
llhil.hn Modu.nMhH«. 4 July 1849, p. 13; ^^^^ D^^,^on which odcaaion his exercise,
)«Mnj OuHrturly Jounml ot MfKhcal Science, described i(s ' a grand musical piece,' was perl
U. 4\)a-A04.| u. 1. iJ. ^^^^ at Great St. Mary's on Sunday, the
CARMYLYON, ALICE or ELLYS 7th. Previous to this he had left Himting-
( //, lf)'J7 153h, iminter, a fortMgner settled don and settled in London, where he lived
in Miigland, hiis btvn by some writ^-ra t«ken at various times at 18 Winchester Row and
to Iw a woman, the christian name l)eing | 81 Red Lion Square. In 1823 he was ap-
oeoasionallv spelt Alice, but thert^ is no con- i pointed organist ofthe newly onenedHanover
elusive evidence tnt her way. The name occurs . Chapel, Regent Street, at a salary of 50/. per
ami there may have been some relationship six songs dedicated to Lady Tem^etown, two
b<^t ween the painter and Petrus Carmelianus books of songs dedicated to W. Knyvett, six
of Hn^ia, the poet [q. v.] The artist is de- canzonets for two voices to words by Shen-
Hcribed in* various entries in account-lKX)ks stone, and a collection of vocal music dedi-
as * uayntor,' ' myllvner,* * guylder,* and cated to Viscountess Mahon are perhaps his
'gtmnor.* This last 'is no doubt merely a . best compositions, but ^e also wrote manv
copyist's mistake, the name next above in songs, vociad duets, and pianoforte pieces which
the list being that of a gunner. There are are always respectable, if not remaxkably ori-
no other female painters mentioned in the ginaL
Carnac
[Otovs's Diet, of Mnaie, i. SIS; Qsat. Uag. I which he was held bf fauGOllMgllBa. WUhi
ISOS. 628 ; Mueiciil World, 14 Nov. 1S39 ; Timr^, chairman of the court, Otnuo vna n^alf
Jl Not. 183S iLuftrd'sCanubrieiiinawGradimti, I iuatnimental in secaringfbr Lord W^mIs^
It. Mus. Mniiic Cat] W. B. S. the grant of 20,000/. wWch waa made to
CASXAC, Sib JAMES RIVEIT (1785- I that eminent BtateBman in 1837, in addition
""■ of Bombay, entered the Bust | to tbij pension previouoly awarded to hira.
irapiiny's Berviw in 1801 as an officer [ With Lord Wellealey, as well as with the
the Mudns tmtive infantry. His father, Duke of Wellington, Lord Melbourne, and
RiveIt,who in ihe Bameyeorassumeil | Xxird Gleuelg, Camac carried on aa active
of Camac, was at that time a mem- correspondence. During liis brief tenure of
if council at Bombay, and by hia influ- | the government of Bonibav ha appears t
ttie younger Camac was appointed in , have won the esteem of aU classes in that
aide-de-camp to Mr. Duncan, then go- presidency. In recognition of hia efforts ti
of Bombay, and a few months afler- | promote the education of the natires am
was placed on the persomil ^taff of I their advancement in the public service, i
tie officer commanding a field force employed ' scholarship, called the Camac scholarship.
^Utth«
Guiarat.' fhi
ice was passed
entirely in the Bombay presidejicy. After
baiug present in several actions, which ended
~ the defeat of the insuwent chief, he was
'int«d in August 1903 first assistant to
__ reddent at the court of the Gaikwar,
And &om that time until 1819, when he was
compelled by iU-health to leave India, he
was constantly employed in a political capa-
city, holding during the la^t two years of
that period the important post of resident at
Bitroaa. For his services as resident Oamac
received the repeated thanks of the govern-
ment of Bombay, of the supreme government,
And of the court of directors. One of the
objects to which he devoted much time and
attention during this period of hia life was
ibe suppression of the practice of infanticide,
then and afterwards very prevalent in Ouxa-
rit and in other niilive states. Like other
Indian political ofUcers, Camac was fre-
quently present at the military operations
carried on in the earlier years of the century.
Carnac retired from the Indian service as a
major in 1832. In 1837 he was elected a
director of the East India Company, and in
1836 served a« deputy-chairman, and as I
ehairmaoin ie36andal8oinl83~. In 1836 I
created a baronet, and in 1838
was founded in the ElphinBtone College al
Bombay ; his baat by Chantry wa« placed ii
the Town Hall, and a valuable service oi
plate was presented to him.
Camac died at Rockcliffe, near Lyming-
ton, Hampshire, on 4 Jan. 1846, leaving a
widow and several cliildren.
[Philippart's Enat India Military Caloadar,
IS24; Annual Register, 1846; Burkc'e Peerage
and Coroiiela^i Boml>ay Qoiutte, 20 April 1841 ;
privatfl papers.] A. J. A.
CAKNAC, .TOnN (171*^1800), colonel,
commenced his military service in the 39th
foot (' Primus in India'), and, being in Indi
when that regiment was ordered home i
1758, was admitted into the East India
Company's service with the rank of captain.
In 1760 Oamac, then a major, succeeded
Colonel John Caillaud [<]. v.] in command of
"' ij- at Patna, andm the following year
important victory over the troops of
the Emperor of Delhi and a French contingent
commanded by M. Law, who with flneen
officers and filty of his men was taken pri-
:. The courtesy with which the French
general was treated by the English com-
mander appears to have aslonished the na-
tives, who at that time had but little acquain-
ith European usages in war. The
appointed (rovemor of Bombay, which office | author of the ' Sir Mutakbarin,' adverting
he held rather less than two years, the st
of his health compelling him to quit India
•ttuUy on 27 April 1841. In 183/ he was
" "ed member for Sandwich in the whig
est, but resigned his seat on his appoint-
mt to the Bombay government in the fol-
ding year.
K Ae a director of the East India Company
atac fully justified the reputation for abi-
r and seal in the discnarge of public
fOM which he had brought with him from
!■ election to the chaixmanship in
m\ve years was an honour rarely
i, and prored the high eotimatioa in
this incident, remarks: 'Notbingcan
modest and becoming than the behaviour of
these strangers, whether in the heat of battle
or in the pride of success.' Camac was &v-
fointed a Drigadiec^neral in May 1T64. ill
765hedrove the Manratt as across the Jumna.
Ret umii^ to Eng'Itvnd in 1767, he wa« elected
M.P. for Leominster. Four years later he was
again in India, and rendered effective aid to
Lord Clive in quelling a mutiny of the Eng-
lish officers in Ben^l. In 1776 he was ap-
pointed member of council at Bombay, and,
still filling that office in 1TT8, he was ap-
pointed one of the civil committee with too
Carnarvon
134
Came
annj who early in the following vear executed
the unfortunate convention of Wargam. For
his participation in this affair he was dismissed
from the company's service. He appears to
have remained in India until his death, which
occurred at Mangalore in 1800 at the age of
eighty-four.
[Philippart's Ea^t India Military Calendar,
vol. ii. ; Mill's History of India, vol. iii. ; Marsh-
man's History of India, voL i.] A. J. A.
CARNARVON, Eakl of (rf. Ift43). [See
DORMEB, ROBEBT.]
CARNARVON, Eabl of (1800-1849).
[See Hebbebt, Hexbt Johx Geobge.]
CARNE, Sib EDWARD (d. 1501), diplo-
matist, was son of Howell Came of Cow-
bridge in Glamorganshire, by his wife Cicely,
daughter of William Kemys of Newport,
and was lineally descended from Thomas Le
Came, second son of Ithyn, king of Gwent.
He was educated at Oxford, where he be-
came principal of Greek Hall, in St. Edward's
parisl^ and was created D.C.L. in 1524. He
acted as one of the commissioners for the
suppression of the monasteries, and purchased
Ewenny Abbey, in his native county, at its
dissolution. His residence was at Luidough
Castle. Henry VIII employed him in seve-
ral difficult diplomatic missions. In March
1530-1 he was at Rome in the capacity
of ' excusator ' of his majesty, who haa been
cited to appear fjersonally or by proxy at
the papal court in the matter 01 his di-
vorce 60m Queen Catherine. Such a cita-
tion, it was contended, was contrary to the
customs of the church and the pri^1leges of
christian princes (Letters and Papers, Foreign
and Dom., Henry VUI, v. 33). Came re-
mained in Rome for several years. In 1538
he was one of the ambassadors sent to treat
with the regent of the Low Countries ; and
again in 1541 he and Stephen Vaughan were
sent as ambassadors to the queen regent of
Flanders to procure the repeal of the im-
perial edict restrictive of English commerce.
Subsequently he was resident ambassador in
the Liw Countries, and he received the
honour of knighthood from the Emperor
Charles V. He was returned for the county
of Glamorgan to the parliament which met
at Westminster on 12 rsov. 1554, in the first
year of the reign of Philip and Mary, and,
according to Browne Willis, he was again
elected to the parliament which assembled
at Westminster on 21 Oct. 1555, though the
official list states that the return is defaced.
In 1555, when Philip and Mary had re-
stored the ancient worship in England, they
sent an embassy to Rome to give the cus-
tomaiy obedience to the pope. The em-
bassy was composed of the Bishop of Ely,
Lord Montagu, and Came. When Montagu
and the bishop returned to England, Came
remained as resident ambassador to Pope
Paul r\', and continued in this capacity for
nearly four years. On Elizabeth^s accession
to the throne he asked permission of the
English government to leave Rome, as well
on account of his old age as in order to see
his wife and children again. On 9 Feb.
1558-^ this permission was granted by the
counciL Came thereupon asked the pope
for leave to depart, but this leave was re-
fused to him on account of the hostile atti-
tude Elizabeth was assuming towards Rome
(Game's original Letter from Rome, 1 April
1559, in Cotton, MS. Nero B vi. f. 9). It
was then a common practice among sove-
reigns to retain an ambassador in the cha-
racter of hostage. Little surprise therefore
was caused by the detention of Came, who
was commanded by the pope to relinquish
his office of ambassador and to assume the
'■ government of the English hospital at Rome.
Elizabeth, indeed, tried to effect his release,
but her efforts proved unavailing, and Came
■ remained at Rome, an exile from his native
; country, up to his death. This conduct to-
I wards an old, a poor, and an innocent man
i has naturally been considered harsh, though
some persons, as W^ood observes, suspected
that Hhe crafty old knight did voluntary
chuse his banishment out of a burning zeal
to the Roman catholic religion, and eagerly
desired to continue * at Rome, ' rather than
return to his own country, which was then
ready to be overspread with heresy.' That
this surmise was correct is shown by state
papers which have been since brought to
lignt. Philip, king of Spain, on being re-
quested by Queen Elizabeth in 1560 to ob-
tain her ambassador's release, ordered Fran-
cisco de Vaigas, his representative at Rome,
to inquire j ucuciously into the matter. Came* s
account of his detention was that on Eliza-
beth's accession he, being a good catholic,
had decided to live and die in the faith.
He had asked Paul IV to detain him in
order that the queen might not confiscate his-
property and persecute nis wife and children.
The pope granted his request, and, after the
death of Paul, Pius IV followed the same
course. Came begged of Vargas that his stoiy
might be kept profoundly secret. The Eng-
lish ambassadors in Spain accordingly re-
ceived an evasive reply, and Game remained
unmolested at Rome till his death on 19 Jan.
1560-1. He lies buried in the church of San
Gregorio in Monte Celio, where his epitaph
may stiU be read.
' [An!b»oluMi<>Cmiibr«D<iiH(]Sig),iv.3ia;Aa-
■-i^'eWUishitorJaolisuuj.^gai Burku's I«D<led
■ati7 (1888). ir. 480: BanefK Hist, of the
.HefoTniBtioD ; CaJviuIitn of Stalo Papers ; Cnm-
dec's AnoalM of Elirabetb <1635~9). i. 18, 79 i
Chrooiole. 6 April 1887. 38; Cliylneaa, Va-
riorum ItiDBnim Delicin, 9 ; Cootv'a CiriliaiiB,
20; Dodd's Church Hist. i. SSO, also Tieriie^'s
edit. ii. 168 ft. ; Fuley's Records, vi. pp. xiinii,
zxix; I''uller'a Worthies (KicboU),ii. MS; Gent.
Mag. xciii. (i) 41*2, new series, ixiii. 516 ;
Hajii(i)i'sSwuPa[H<n, 103,345; Liagard's Hist.
of Enelaul, vii. 3S.S n. ; Addit. MSS. 26114. IT.
3;)3-a, 3)4, 346. 28383, f. 183; Cok'a M9.
xiii. 130 ; Cotlui. MSS. Cftlig- E iv. fl, E y. 80,
Units B X. 89, 127. Xero B vi. 9 ; Laasd. MS.
f. 116. »n. 2 ; Murdin's Stulc Papats, 752 ; Nicho-
Ifu's QlumoriiBuahire, IflQ ; Liiit of Mpmbers of
Plkrliainent (official return), i. 393 ; Thomns's
Hist. Notes, 16, 360, 369; Williuns'B Emineat
Welshinen; WUIig'ii Not. Pari. iii. (2) 48, 53;
Wood's Faslj OioQ. (BlissJ, i. 66, 67.] T. C.
CABNE, ELIZABETH CATHEHINE
THOMAS ( 1 8i:-l»".3). author, fifth daugh-
ter of Jow^ Came, F.R.S. [ij. v.^, was bom
at Riviere House, in the parish ot Phillack,
Coniwnll, on 16 Dec. 1817, and Imptisud in
PhillAck church on 15 Mar 1820. On her
fitther'e death in 1^58, having come into an
imple fortune, shu spent considerable sums
^&arit«ble purposes, ^ve the site for iLe
■alwtb or bl. FbuI's schools nhicb were
d at Fenzanca on 2 Feb. 1676, founded
x)la at Wesley Hock, Carfury, and Bo-
low^ three thinlj populated districts in
- nei^bouibuod of Fensauce, and built a
teum in which to exhibit to the public a
« oollection of minerals which she had in-
sited &om her parent. She was the head of
B pBUiwice bank from 1858 to her decease.
Kinheriled her father's lore of geology, and
re(« four papere in the 'TransHCtions of the
loyal Oeoloeical Society of Cornwall : ' < Cliff
"wider* ana the Former Condition of the
i and Seia in the Land's End district,'
THDw Age of the Maritime Alps surrounding
'Hetitone,' ' On the Transition and Metamor-
?ho«is of itocka,' and ' On the Nature of the
'orcee that have acted on the Formation
of the Xiand'a End Oranile.' Many articles
^MTere cuntribulod by her to the ' London
'lurttirl; Keview,' and she was the author
J aevcinil books. She died at Penzance on
^^pt. 1873, and was buried at Fhillack on
^S Sept. Her funeral sermon was preached
m St. Mary's Church, Pennance, by the Kev.
rrebandnry Hedgeland on 14 Sept. She
WM tUo author oT; 1. 'Three Months' Kest
It P«u in the Winter and Spring of 1859,"
nought out with the psoudanym of John
tbnyd Wittitt*riy in 1860. '2. • Country ,
laWns %ad tbo place ttiey fill in Modem ;
01 uiei^
^■iflept. 1
^"18 Sept.
;. 'England's Three
book, 1871. 4. 'The
Realm of Truth,'^ 1873.
[Boawand Courtney's BiU.Comab. 60, 1113;
Daily Nbwb, London, 10 Sept. 1873, p. 7 ; GeoL
Mag, X. 480, 524 (1873).] G. C. B.
j CABNE, JOHN (1789-1844), trareller
and author, was born on 18 June 1789, pro-
bably at Truro. His father, William Came,
was a merchant and banker at Feniance,
where he dieii on 4 July 1838; he mar-
ried in 1780 Miss Anna Cock, who died on
8 Nov. 1832. His eldest brother was Joseph
Came[q. T.] Came was a member of Queens'
College, Cambridge, at ditferent times both
before and after bla journey to the East,
but he never resided long enough for a. de~
gtev. He was admitted m 1826 to deacon's
orders by Dr. Michael Henry ThomhUl Lus-
combe, the chaplain of the British embassv
st Paris, and a bishop of the episcopal church
I ofScotland; but, except duringafew months'
I residence at Vevey in Switzerland, he never
oiBciated as a cleiv>iuan. His father, a strict
man of business, desired that his son should
follow in his footsteps, but after a short trial
of business, during which his literary abilitias
showed themselves, his father allowed him to
I follow his own inclinations. His first lite-
' rary production was brought out anony-
mously lu 1820, and was called ' Poems
containing the Indian and Lazarus.' Carae
resolved to visit the holy places, and accord-
ing;iy left England on 26 March 1821. He
visited Constantinople, Greece, the Levant,
Egypt, and Palestine. In the latter coun-
try, while returning from the convent of St.
Catharine, he was taken prisoner by Be-
dooioB, but, after being detained for some
days, was released in safety. On coming
beck to England he commenced writing for
the ' New Monthly Magazine ' an account of
his travels, under the title of ' Letters from
the East,' receiving from Henry Collnim
twenty guineas for each article. "These ' Let-
ters ' were then reproduced in a volume,
dedicated to Sir Walter Scott, which went
to a third edition. This book is noticeable
for the fact that there is not a single date to
be found In it, except that on the title-page.
The publication of this work and his talents
for society brought him into familiar inter-
course with Scoll, Soulhey, Cumplell. Lock-
hart, Jerdan, and other distinguished men
of letters. He ne^t published ' Tales of the
West,' 1828, 2 vols,, treating of his native
county. AmoD)^ those who knew htm hia
fame as a story-teller far exceeded his re-
nown as a writer, and social company often
gathered round him to be spellbound by
Carne
136
Carne
some exciting or pathetic narration. During
the latter part of his life he resided chiefly
in Penzance. Oppressed by the infirmities
of a premature old age, he had ceased for
some years before his death to engage in
any literary pursuits. While preparing to
set out for the shores of the Mediterranean
he was attacked with a sudden illness and
died at Penzance on 19 April 1844, when his
remains were buried in Gulvfd churchyard.
At the age of twenty-five, namely in 1824,
he married Ellen, daughter of Mr. Lane, a
drawing-master of Worcester. Her brother,
Theodore Lane, an artist of much promise
and an exhibitioner at the Royal Academy,
met with an untimely fate by falling through
a skylight at the horse bazaar in Gray's Inn
Lane on 21 May 1828, when his daughter
Emma was adopted by her uncle. Mrs. Came
married, secondly, Mr. Henry Harrington
Clay, and died at Penzance on 2 Feb. 1868,
aged 67.
Besides the works already mentioned,
Came was the author of: 1. ' Stratton Hill,
a Tale of the Civil War,' 1829, 3 vols.
2. * llecollections of Travels in the East,'
1830. 3. ' The Exiles of Palestine, a Tale,'
1831, 3 vols. 4. * Lives of Eminent Mis-
sionaries,' 1833, 3 vols. 6. * Letters from
Switzerland and Italy,' 1834. 6. ' Lives of
Eminent Missionaries,' 1844. 7. * Lives of
Eminent Missionaries,' 1852, 3 vols. He
was also a writer in the *New Monthly
Magazine,' the ' Forget-me-not,' the ' Gem,'
the * Keepsake,' and other works.
Boase and
[Gent. Mag. June 1844, p. 656; Bo
Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. i. 60, iii. 1113.]
G. C. B.
CAHNE, JOSEPH (1782-1868), geolo-
gist, bom at Truro, Cornwall, on 17 April 1782,
was the eldest son of William Came, a banker,
and was educated at the Wesleyan school,
Keynsham, near Bristol. His younger brother
was John Came [q. v.] He married on
23 March 1808 Mary Thomas, the daughter of
William Thomas of Kidwelly, M.D., physician
at Haverfordwest. After his marriage he lived
for a short time at Penzance, and in 1810 or
1811 he removed to Riviere House, on being
appointed manager of the Cornish Copper
Company's smelt mg works at Hayle. His good
business habits and (]^uickness at figures well
fitted him for this situation. From a very
early period Came showed a great love for
mineralogy and geology. He was in the habit
of walking round to the copper mines, and col-
lecting specimens of the rarer ores, which the
miners were glad to sell at low prices. He thus
formed the nucleus of his unique mineralogical
collection. Came was a remarkably close ob-
server. He paid special attention to the gra-
nitic veins of St. Michael's Mount, and the
vein-like lines of porphyritic rocks provin-
cially termed < elvans.' In 1816 and 1818
Came communicated to the Royal G^logical
Society of Cornwall his investigation 'On
Elvan Courses,' in which he Batis£BU^orily
establishes their general characters and fixes
the probable dates of their intrusion into
the granite masses and the clay-slates. ' The
Granite of the Western part of Cornwall'
and the ' G^logy of the Scilly Isles ' were
additional communications made to the local
geological society. After studying the foi^
mation of mineral veins he in 1§18 com-
municated to the Geological Society of Corn-
wall a paper 'On the relative Age of the
. Veins of Cornwall.' The celebrated Wer-
ner was drawn by it into ComwaU, and he
visited the mines of the county in company
with Came. This inquiry led, some years
after, to the formation of a fund by subscrip-
tion, which enabled Mr. William Jory Hen-
wood to devote all his leisure, for many years,
to personal observations in every mining field
in ComwalL These inquiries led to Came's
being elected a fellow of the Royal Society
on 28 May 1818. In 1821 he published his
paper ' On the Mineral Productions and the
Geology of the Parish of St. Just.' This
work led to the remarkable collection of
the Cornish minerals which still exists in the
possession of Mr. Charles Campbell Ross, for-
merly M.P. for St. Ives. Came's paper * On
the Pseudo-morphous Minerals of Ck)mwall '
is calculated to tnrow light on the mysterious
changes which occur in minerals. In con-
nection with this subject Came also ex-
amined most of the varieties of tin ore which
have been found in veins, and such as are
peculiar to the diluvial deposits, which have
been worked from the earnest historic times,
in what are called * stream works.' In 1846
a paper was read by Came ' On the Remains
of^a Submarine Forest in the North-eastern
part of the Mount's Bay,' and in 1851 * No-
tice of a Raised Beach lately discovered in
Zennor ' will be found in the pages of the
'Transactions of the Cornwall Geological
Society,' vol. vii.
Came also wrote on the history of copper
mining, and on the improvements made in
its metallurgy — on the discovery of ancient
coins^-on the formation of the blown sands
of the north coasts of the county, and con-
tributed to the Statistical Society of London
a most useful paper, ' Statistics of the Tin
Mines in Cornwall and of the Consumption
of Tin in Great Britain.'
Came was an honorary member of the Cam-
bridge Philosophical Society. Iiil8d7hewas
pricked &r sheriff of the county. lie wm for
many yean the treasurer of the Cornwall
Geological Society. From his accurate know-
ledge of the laws of mines and mineraU, and
bis intimate acquaintance with local ueagee,
he was referred to in most cases of ditficiuty.
All the Wesleyan chapels of West Com-
~isll sought Came's assistance and advice.
ktook charge of Sunday Heho()ls,andBlwaya
bpt • Inive stock of books fcrr the teachers.
b 1830 Came left Hayle, and went to Pen-
IW to become a partner in hie father'a bonk
ktt^lli Came, & Came). He olwayH took
nsidenble interest in the affairs of that t
jtKi>y>] Goological Society of Cornwall, 1818-
tSei ; Do la Beehe's Report on the Geology of
Ccimvall and Divun. 1839: Honwood's Metal-
liferam pppoaits of Corainit! and Devnn. 1843 ,
Boyal Soddly'a Cutalogiie ; Gilbert's History of
0«iniU : penonal knowledge.] B. H-T.
CAHNE, ROBERT HARKNESS (1784-
l&M), theological writer, son of John Came,
-ot St. Austell, Cornwall, mercer, was bap-
tised at St. Austell parish church on 10 Oct.
17»*i, matriculated from Exeter CoUege, Oi-
ford. on 16 Jan. 1803, and graduated ll.A.
on 19 Nov. 1S06. He afterwards served as
cumt« of Crediton, Drewsteignton, and Tor-
bryan in Huccession, and, the bishop then re-
fusing to renew his license, he removed to
Berkshire, where during twelve months he
ftctcd as a curate without holding any li-
cense. In 1820 the corporation of Maraiion
on Mount's Bay elected him to the lecture-
ship of the chapel in that town, and the
mayor wrote to Dr. Pelbom, bishop of Exeter,
announcing the election. The bishop in
reply said : ' Mr. Came knows that to hia
moral conduct I have nothing to object, in-
deed I have every reason to believe it exem-
piory, but to my conception the doctrines
tie tnoinlnina are not those of the church of
England, nor are they, as I conceive, accord-
ing tn its discipline. I therefore cannot
coDsdentiously liceoae him, and without a
licMiM no clergyman is authorised to preach.'
Ctrnp then withdrew &om the established
cfaorch, giving na his chief reasons for his ac-
tion the violanoe done to eonscieoce and the
n of the r^hta of private judgi
Hn held high Calvinistic doctrines ' upon con-
Ttvlion,' and had objections to some portions
I the Atluinaaiaii Creed. After this Came
■Ome time acted an minister of the High
tn Chapal, Exeter, and then withdrew to
My, where he spent the remainder of his
days, and, dving of apoplexy on 12 July 1844,
was buried "at St. Heliers on 18 July, in the
siitietb year of his age. He was the author
of the following works: 1. ' Substance of Di»-
couraes delivered in the Churches of Credi-
ton and Drewsteignton,' 1810, 2. 'A Series
of Letters in Refutation of the Socinian
Heresy,' 1815. 8. 'All the Elect People of
God contemplated as Members of One Body,'
1817. 4. ■'The Proper Deitv and Distinct
Personality, Agency, and Worship of the
Holy Spirit,' 1818. 5. 'Reason for with-
drawing from the National Establishment,
with a itrief Stateoient of Doctrinal Senti-
ments," 1820. 6. • Sabellianiam Revived.'
7. ' The Scripture Doctrine of Sanetifica-
tion.' 8, ' The Two Covenants, or ]j,w and
Gospel.' 1S-2S. S. 'Examination of Piedo-
baptism for the Satisfaction of Pu'do-bap-
tists,' 1830. 10. 'The Gospel Herald, a
scries of Discourses on the Glad Tidings of
the Kingdom of God,' He was also a writer
in the 'Moming Watch' in opposition to
Edword Irvin^s opiuiona on ' The True Hu-
manity of Christ.'
CARNEGIE, StK DAATD, of Kinnaird,
Lord Carnbsib and Earl op SotrrHBsK
(1576-1658), son of Sir David Camepe of
Panbride and Colluthie, one of the commis-
ouera of the treasury, by hia second wife,
daughter of Sir David Wemyss of We-
yss, was born in 1575, He succeeded bis
father in the family estates of Kinnaird
198. In 1601 he obtained license from
the king to travel on the continent for a
apace of two years. When James VI of
Scotland succeeded to the English crown,
Carnegie was appointed to escort the qneen
into England, and received for his sarvices
the honour of knighthood. In 1604 he was
nominated a comroissioQer to arrange a
1 between England and Scotland- In
the general assembly of the kirk he waa
an active eupporter of the ecclesiastical
policy of the king, and on 25 May 1606 re-
ceived a letter Irom him thanking him for
.ervices. In 1009 he waa nominated a
oissiooef for reforming the university of
St. Andrews. In the parliament of 1612 he
was one of the commissioners for the shire
of Fife, and was appointed a commissioner
for coneidcring the penal laws and in reference
to taxation. On 14 April 1616 the king
recognised his special services to Scotland
by crMtting him Lord Carnegie of Kinnaird,
and in July following be was appointed a
lord of session, which office he retained till
the death of James I in 1626. He was ono
Carnegie
138
Carnegie
of the roj;aI commissioners to the Perth I
aasambly in August 1618, when the ob-
noxious five articles were pasaed. In the
parliament which met aoon after, he was ap- I
pointed commissioner for the plantation of 1
kirks, as well as for the abolition of here-
ditary jurisdictions, and in August 1630 he 1
was nominated one of the commissioners of
laws, to which he was reappointed in June 1
1633. At the coronation of Charlea I in the ,
abbey of Hotyrood on 22 June 1633 he was
created Earl of Southesk. He was an active
supporter of the ecclesiastical policy both of |
James I and Charles I. In 1637 he endea-
voured without success to bring about a
conference between the bishops and Alexan-
der Henderson and other ministers in re-
ference to the Service Book (GIoedos, Scott
Affairt, i. 17). When his son-in-law the
Earl of Montrose, in February ia39, came to
Forfar to hold a committee for the aubscrip-
tion of the covenant abjuring episcopacy, the
Earl of Southesk refused to sulncribe, as well
as to raise a quota of men to aid the cove-
nanters (8pALi>iifo,^rwnoriiji»o/(Ae Troubla,
i. 186). In March 1040 he and other pro-
minent anti-covenantera were apprehended
in Edinburgh and lodged in private houses
under a nightly guard (ib. 200). He sub-
scribed the bond of Montrose against Argyll
in 1640, but after the reconciliation of parties
which succeeded the king's visit to Scotland
in 1641 he was nominated a privy councillor.
On the triumph of the covenanters he sub-
mitted to their authority. By Cromwell's
Act of Qrace he was fined 3,000i. He died
on 22 Feb. 1658, at the age of eighty-three.
[DoogWs Peerage (Wood), ii, fiH ; Fraser'a
Hbtory of the Camegise, l^rls of Southee'ii
(1867), i. 7&-1S4; Robert Baillie's Lettera and
Journala; Gordon's Scots Affairs; Spalding's
MeTnoriois of the Troubles ; Acts of the Psrlia-
meut of Scotland.] T. F. H.
CABNEGEE, Sir KOBERT (d. 1566), of
Einnaird, judge and diplomatist, son of John
Carnegie of Kinnaird, who fell at Flodden
(9 Sept. 15la), bj- Jane Vans, was in 1547
nominated an ordinary lord of session by the
regent (the Earl of Arran), to whose party
he had attached himself. The appointment
seems to have been made in anticipation of
the removal of Henry BalnavKS [q, v.], then
under suspicion of compLcity in the murder
of Cardinal Beaton. In the autumn of 1548
Carnegie was despatched to England to ne-
gotiate with the protector for the ransom of
the Earl of Huntly, the chancellor of Scot-
land, who had been taken prisoner at the
battle of Pinkie Cleugh in the preceding
year (10 Sept.) From London Carnegie
of Ross and Gavin Hamilton (abbot o
wvnning), be conducted the negotiations
wnich resulted, in 1551, in the creation of
the regent duke of Chatelherault, with the
understanding that he should resign the re-
gency into the hands of the queen-mother.
In the summer of 1551 he returned to Scot-
land, travelling through England under let-
ters of safe-conduct granted by the protector,
and was employed in negotiations relotive to
the settlement of the borders. On the ac-
cession to the regency of Mary of Quisiy
(1553), he became clerk to the treasurer
(thesaurar-clerk) at a salary of 2W. per
annum. He was appointed (9 June of the
same year) commissioner to enforce the ob-
servance of the statutes relating to forestall-
ing and regrating at the approaching fair at
Brechin, and on 18 Sept. was deputed, with
Sir Robert Bellenden, to represent Scotland
in another negotiation for a settlement of
the border, as the result of which a treaty,
the terms of which will be found in the
' Calendar of State Papers ' (Dom. Addenda,
I5i7-65, p. 430), was concluded on 4 Dec
In 1557 another negotiation with the same
object was opened, Carnegie being again em-
ployed. The commissioners met at Carlisle
in the summer, but the negotiation was
abruptly terminated by the queen regent.
Carnegie was employed in 1553 in another
settle the perennial border ques-
precise date when he received the
honour of knighthood is uncertain, but it wb»
probably about 1652-3. The last meeting of
. The
lowing year. He is described by Knox
of those ' quha for fajmting of the bretheris
hairtis, and drawing many to the Queneis
factioun against thair natyve countrey have
declairit tbameselfis ennemies to Ood and
traytouris to thair commune wealth ' (Rut.
ife/brm.i. 400, Bannatyne Club). Bv his de-
votion to the queen regent he profited largely,
receiving from her several grants of lands in
Forfarshire. Hie wife was Margaret Outhrie,
of the Outhries of Lunan. He is supposed
to be the author of a work on Scotch law,
cited in Balfour's 'Practick8'(ed.l7&4), p. 6(V
by the title of ' Lib. Cameg.'
[Lesley's Hist. Scotl. pp. 19T.S!D, 268; Beff.
Conac. Scotl. i. S3, 141. 146, IfiO; Keith's
Hist. Scotl. App. 116 ; CaL State Papers (8cotl.
lfiOH-l603>, pp. IDO, 106, 192 (Dam. Addewlii.
\6il^6\ p. 430 ; Knox's 'Works (Bann. Clali).
i. 400, iii. 410-11 ; Strypa'a Mom. iiL pt. ii.
!QIE, WTLLL-VM, Earl cj-
(ITofi-lgai), ttdminil, wns the
of George, aUth Earl of Nortliesi,
admits) of the vlute, who died in I79i.
Ue entered the navy in 1771 on board the
AlbioQ, with Captaio Barrineton, Berved
afterwords with Captains Macbride in the
Southanapton and Stjiir Douglae in the
Squirrel, and on 7 Dec. 1777 waa made heii-
tenant iuto the ApoUo. He wns aftiirwards
with Sir John Lockliart Roa« in the Koyal '
Oeoirge, and in the Sandwich with Sir George
Rodnev, hy whom be was made commiinder ,
alter the battle of 17 April 1780, thoiigli the
GOmmiBiion was not confirmed till 10 Sept. i
continued in the West Indies, commoud-
m ftucceasion the Blast lire&Iiip and the
Eustatius, hired ship, till on 7 April
post rank, lit
aids had cammand of the Entt
frigate, which be brought homu and jiuid ul
H the pence. By the death of hw elder
brothers, in 17B8 he become Lord UoEehill,
In 17tfO he commanded the Ileroinefora few
months, in the Spaniah armament, and in
1792 succeeded to the earldom on the death
of his father. In 1793 he commanded the
Baaulicn frigate, and afterwards the Andro-
id bat only for a short time. In 17M
« appointed to the Monmouth of 64
a tbe North Sea fleet, one of the ahips
_^ d in the following year in the mu-
til^at, the Nore. Nortueeh was for some
time detained on board, a prisoner in his
calnii; be was afterwards brought before the
committee of delegates on hoard the Sand-
wich, and employed by them to lay their de-
tnauds before ihe kins', receiring from their ,
president a commission in the following
t«rros : ' You are hereby authorised and or-
derad to wait upon the king, wherever he
mav be, with the resolutions of the committee
of ael^ntes, and are directed to return boclt
with »n answer within fifty-four hours from
_ the date hereof. 6 June, 3 P.K.' I
' ITorthiiBk accordingly carried the propo-
~ a of the mutineers to the admiralty,
iS taken by Lord Spencer to the king.
manda were rejected, and a message
ptitat effect was sent down to the revolted
iment but Northesk did not return, and
■tlv after the mutiny had been quelled
bTHigncd the command of the Monmouth.
^'1600 be was appointed to the Prince of
n the Channel fleet, and commanded
V till the peace. On the renewal of the
■ ' ;» appointed to the Hritannia of
9 pan, in the fleet off Brest nndcr Admi-
SComwallis, and continueil in her, on the
Ml station, after his promotioD to flag rank,
BApril ieOi. In August leal he was de-
tached under f^ir Ilobert Colder to reinforce
the tleet otI'Cadix, and on 21 Oct, commanded
in the third post in the battle of IVa&lgar.
The Britannia was the fourth ship in the
weather-line led by Kflson, and was thua
earlyintheaction,continuing' closely engaged
till the end, and suslaining a loss of lilty-
two killed and wounded. Northesk's sbp-
Ticea on this occasion were acknowledged
by his being nominated a knight of the Both,
the investiture taking place on 5 June 1806.
He became vice-odmirnl 2H April 1808, and
admiral 4 June 1814, but had no further
service during the war. In 1821 he was con-
stituted reai-admiral of Great Britain ; from
1827-1630 was commander-in-chief at Ply-
mouth j and died, after a short, illness, on
^8MaylB31. On 8 Junehewaaburiedinthe
cryrit of St. Paul's Cathedral, where a plain
slab marks his grave, in the immediato neigh-
bourhood of Nelson 'sand Colhngwood's. lie
aat in several parliaments as a repreeentative
peer of Scotland. He married, 9 Dec. 178(1,
Slaty, daughter of William Henry Ricketts,
and niece of Lord St. Vincent, and had by
her a very numerous family. The eldest son,
then Lord Kosehill, was lost in the Blenheim
with Sir Thomas Tioubridge in February
1807.
[NavH) Chronide, zv. 441, with a portrait;
Ralfe'H Kav. Biog. ii. 400 ; Morahall's Roy. Nov.
liio\f. i. IBS; Gent. Mag. (1831) vol. ci. pi. ii,
p. 70] J. K. L.
CABOLINE (1683-1737), queen of Great
Britain and Ireloud, was Itorn 1 March 1683,
and baptised by the names of Withelmina
Caroline. Her father, John Frederick, mar-
grave of Brandenburg- A nsbach, died when
she was four years of age, and his margravate
was for seven years afterwards under uie rule
of minors. Thus, on the marriage in 1693
of his widow, Eleonora Erdmuthe Louisa,
daughter of John George, duke of Saxe-Eise-
naco.totheeleclor JohnGeorgel^'of Saxony,
Caroline accompanied her mother to Dresden.
The extroordinary condition of manners and
morals at the Saxon court had very nearly
GuchiiAU von Sat^hten, 1870, ii. 265-70).
After the death of the elector, in 1694,
Caroline seems to have remained with lior
mother at Dresden or at Pret»ch, on the
Kibe above Wittenberg, the estate settled
on the etectress in jointure, where slie waa
visited hy her daughter's guardian, the
Elector Frederick III of Braudnuburg (after-
wards King Frederick I of Prusaia), and his
Caroline
140
Caroline
channin^ wife, Sophia Charlotte, daughter
of the Electress Sophia of Hanover (\^JtN-
HA6EN, * Sophia Charlotte/ in Biographische
DenkmdUry 3rd edit. 1872, iv. 278\ In 1696
Caroline was left an orphan by tne death of
her mother, and after this event she seems to
have spent some years under the care of her
^ardian and his consort at Berlin, though
doubtless paying occasional visits to Ansbach
and other courts. It must have been near
the time of her mother's death that, if there
be any truth in the story retailed by Horace
Walpole (Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of
George II, 4to, 1822, 158-9), Caroline fell in
love with Frederick II, duke of Saxe-Gotha,
who married in 1696, and whose daughter
was afterwards married to Caroline's eldest
fion.
Caroline's sojourn with her guardian's wife,
the Electress Sophia Charlotte (queen of Prus-
sia from 1701), largely helped to mould her
mind and character. Sophia Charlotte was a
woman of unusual intellectual gifts, which
had been fostered by the training given to her
by her mother, and more especialljr by the in-
fluence of her mother's faithful friend, Leib-
niz, who during these years was a constant
visitor at Berlin and at Liitzenburg, the new
chateau since famous under the name of Char-
lottenburg (Varnhagbx and Klopp, Corre-
spondancey vol. iii. passim. See ib, iii. 104-6
Leibniz's tribute to Caroline's vocal powers).
Sophia Charlotte entertained a warm affec-
tion for the young Ansbach princess, without
whom Berlin seemed to her * a desert ' (see
Leibniz's letter to the queen, 17 Nov. 1703,
in Kbmble, 322); and this affection was
shared bv the old Electress Sophia, who made
Carolines acquaintance at Jierlin (Corre-
spondance, iii. 100). Already, in October
1704, the old lady is found manifesting a
wish that by marrying her grandson, the
Electoral Prince of Hanover, Caroline might
have been saved the trouble inflicted upon
her in connection with a proposal of more
brilliant promise. The scheme of marrying
the Ansbach princess to the Archduke Charles,
afterwards titular king of Spain and em-
peror under the designation of Charles VI,
appears to have been entertained as early as
1698 (see Leibniz's letter to the Duchess
Benedicta in Kemble, 322); but negotia-
tions were not actually opened on the subject
till about 1704, when the Elector Palatine,
John "William, solicited Caroline's hand for
the archduke. As her conversion to the
church of Rome was an indispensable pre-
liminary for such a marriage, the Jesuit
father, Orbanus, a personage nijo^hly praised
by Leibniz, was permitted to instruct her
in the fedth^ and me Electress Sophia very
graphically describes the intelligent girl's
disputations with her tutor, and her tears
when the arguing had unsettled her mind
{Correspondancey iii. 108). The old electress
and Leibniz were supposed to have encouraged
Caroline in her resistance (ib, iiL Introd. Sd\
and Leibniz certainly dnuted for her the
letter to the elector palatine, in which she
declined further negotiations (ib, iii. 108-9).
But ' Providence,' as Addison afterwards put
it (see extract from the ' Freeholder,' No. 21,
in Coxe's Memoirs of Sir Mobert Walpole, iL
270), 'kept a reward in store for such an
exalted virtue,' and her ' pious fimmeas,' as
it was styled by Burnet {Oum Times, 1833
edit. V. 322^, was not to go unrequited,
' even in this life.' After a decent interval
the Hanoverian family and their relations
resumed the project of a match between
Caroline and the electoral prince, and by the
close of the year she consiaered the Spanish
project at an end {Corresporuianoe, iii. 113;
Kemble, 383), though it seems to have been
transitonly resumed about March 1705 {Cor^
respondance, iii. 119). Late in 1704 she had
returned to Ansbach, and it was here that
she learnt with the deepest sorrow of the
death of her kind friend and j^rotectiess,
Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia (see her
letter to Leibniz, in Ejbmblb, 435). Her stay
at her native place was soon to come to an
end ; but she seems always to have retained
a warm interest in the family firom which
she sprang (see the statement, probably true
in substance, though certainly inaccurate, as
to her kindness in her later years towsids
the infant mai^rave of Ansbach, in the Me-
moirsofthe Margravine of Ansbach, 1826, i.
177-8).
On 2 Sept. 1705 Caroline was married to
Oeorge Augustus, electoral prince of ELan-
over, who had visited Ansbach incognito a
few weeks before, and had been captivated
by the charms of her person and conversa-
tion (CoxE, ii. 270, from the ' Marlborough
Papers'). The ensuing nine years, which &e
spent as electoral princess at Hanover and
its neighbourhood, were probably among the
happiest in her life. Soon after ner marriage
she had an attack of the small-pox, from
which she was in 1707 thought to have just
escaped (Ejbmble, 448) ; but it neither alto-
gether destroyed her personal charms (see
Walfole's Ilemimscences, 304), nor put an
end to their power over her husband. Their
eldest son, Frederick, afterwards prince of
Wales, was bom on 6 Jan. 1707, and their
eldest daughter, Anne, afterwaxds princess
of Orange, in 1709. Two other daughters
were bom, in 1711 and in 1713 ; and after-
wards in England, between 1721 and 1724,
three more children, who survived to rantu-
rity, tho eldest, of lliese, ftfterwarda known .
Bsihe Duke ofCumberland, being- the favourite ,
of his parenU, The Duke of Gloucester, j
whoee birth in 1717 'tnui8poi1«d' hU father '
vriib jov (Sujfilk Let ten, i. 17), and gave
riae to the family quaml noticed below, died
in infancy ; another boy, born in the previous
year, did not aurvive his birth.
Between the electoral princess and her
grandmolher, the old Electress Sophia, to
wiunn ahe moat largely have eupphed th?
place of Sophia Charlotte, a warm esteem
and affection continued to prevul, and her
intimacy with Leibniz continued, though he i
was at this time much away from Hanover. ■
Even in limm of political auiietv she took
comfort, in the preface to his ' Deoajeos ' (*ic,
KeublB. 501; for other examples of her
spelling, phenomenal even in that age, see
)it>r letl*<rs in the #auie collection, pasBlui).
But she was not absorbed in moral philo-
Kiphy or in other literature. The electoral
pnare was fur more eager for the British suc-
ceeBJon than his father, or probably even than
his grandmother; and CwoUno had already
leanied how to flatter her husband's foibles.
wa«, moreover, her^lf of an ambitious
le, and may be supposed to have been
"'ous of her capacity for the royal sta-
o which, in common with the prim*,
le tspirod. Towards this end her conduct
esas to have been consistently shaped. Her
Cgrew in the English tongue was slow ;
though asearly as 1706 she hod expressed
R wish to study \t[Corrupimdance,iu. 220-1),
and in 1713 actually engaged an English-
woman born in Hanover to read English to
her (ib. iii. 411), she never eeems to have
learned to speak it with any degree of cor-
reclneM. But to the politii^ situation and
its need* the was wide awake. In September
1712 she is found assuring Qneen Anne of
her gratilude (Ellis's Original Lettn-g, 2nd
eer. iv. 207-8); but in December 1713 she
writee to Leibniz very gloomily concerning
the pro«pecte of the succession. She may
be concluded to have agreed with the step
ttJaa on her husband's behalf in England in
Y 1714, when his writ of summons to the
_ twe of Lords was demanded and granted.
^•11 events, she shared in the excitement
Hied at Hanover by the queen's irate
a to the Elnctresa Sophia auatheelectoral
«, and declared that she had never ex-
id so intolerable an annoyance (see her
1 Kkhblb, 503-4, and in Carretpon-
, i.4B2-3). tInSJune, inconsequence,
twaa widely believed, of her agitation from
e cause, the Electreaa Sophia died at
liaiuen, ia Caroline's arms (see the
, , iii. 457-62).
The request of Leibtuz, that she would accept
him 08 a poor legacy from his old niiatreas
(ib. 462-6), was not overlooked ; she is found
ccirrespouding with lum from England in
1715, when she attempted to obtain for
him from George I the payment of arrears
of salary due to him (Keublb, 628 seq.)
But her most confidential correspondent' after
ihii death of the old eleotress seems to have
been the favourite nieee of the latter, the
vivacious and warm-hearted Elisabeth Char-
lotte, duelees of Orleans, who declared
Caroline to be posaeseod of a heart, ' a rare
thing as times go ' (Vbuse, 251).
After the death of the Electress Sophia,
Caroline's active ijiterest in the British suc-
cession did not abate (Memoin of Ker of
Kei-sland, 3rd ed. 1727, i. 88 seq.); and
her hopes had not loug to wait for ^fil-
ment. Before the close of 1714 the Princess
of Wales had followed her husband and
George I to England ; already in November
Addison rapturously commends his 'Cato'
to her notice (see the lines in Anmsoir'a
Miecellaneou* Workt, 1736, ii. 124-6 ; and
about the same time her first household
appointments are sharply censured by Lady
Mary Wortley Montagu {Lettert and Work»,
2nd ed. 1837, i. 325). And likewise at a
very early date in her English life her name
was mixed up in a factious dispute concern-
ing the religious beliefs of the new royal
familv, in the course of which she was
branded as a Calvinist and a presbyterian,
and declared to have refused to receive the
sacrament according to the rites of the
church of England. These reports, thoush
contradicted, may have contributed to the
animosity with which she afterwards came
to be regarded by the high church parly (see
R. Pauli, Aufiatze air aiglitehen Oeschichte,
neue(third)Folge(1833),883-91). Thefirst
occasion, however, on which, after the acces-
sion of the houseof Hanover in England, the
Princess of Wales was called upon to take a
side, was that of the open rupture between
her husband and the king, his father, towards
the close of 1717. George 1 did not love his
daughter-in-law,whom to confidential earshe
termed ' cetie diablesse madame la princesse '
{Seminuamive, 283 1, and she had shown her-
self us irrec<incilable as had her husband, and
carried her display of animosity against the
king's party even into the neutral ground of a
loasquerade (Lajjt M, W, Mostaou, i. 381),
When the prince was banished from St.
James's Palace, the princess, though in con-
sideration of her condition leave was ^nled
her to remain, oreferred to accomt«ny her
husband | and tne night from 2-3 Dec. was
Caroline
142
Caroline
spent by both in the house of Lord Grantham,
the princess's great chamberlain (see the ac-
count, based upon a contemporary official nar-
rative, in LoKD Hervet*8 MemoirSy iii. 279-
282; also WALP0LE*8jRewmwccncc*, 290). Ten
years afterwards, on the death of Georj^e I, it
was Queen Caroline herself who, if Walpole
is to be believed, discovered in the late king's
cabinet Lord Berkeley's atrocious proposal
to transport the Prince of Wales to America
(^Remimscences, 289).
After his quarrel with the king, the Prince
of Wales in 1718 hired, and in 1719 bought,
as a summer residence, Richmond Lodge in
Richmond Gardens, on the riverside near
Kew. The villa had formerly been the Duke
of Ormonde's {Suffolk Letters^ i. 23 note;
IIbrvey, iii. 118). Ultimately both Rich-
mond Lodge and Gardens became Queen
Caroline's separate property (Her^'EY, iii.
312 note) ; and it was here that in 1735 she
caused to be constructed, in the absurd fashion
of the times, the famous * Merlin's Cave,' a
grotto adorned with figures of Merlin and
others, and supplied with a collection of
books, of which Stephen Duck was librarian
{ih. ii. 222 and note). As a town residence the
prince and princess took Leicester Uouse in
Leicester Fields (J?<'mtwt>c<»n«»«, 295 and note).
But Richmond was associated with Caroline's
court more than any other place — more even
than Kensington (hardens, whence was de-
rived the title of the poem in which Tickell
paid a tribute to * England's daughter ' and
* her virgin band.' Even after her accession
to the throne her and her husband's life here
was * so much in private that they saw nobody
but their servants' (IIervey, i. 249) ; but
this household and its immediate intimates
included, besides a bevv of fair ladies, the
most accomplished of tlie younger whig no-
bility, and not a few of such great wits of
the day as were within reach. Pope him-
self, in 1717, celebrated the princess's 'maids'
in his 'court ballad ' entitled *The Challenge ; '
but a more complete picture of * Bellenden,
Lepell, and Griffin,' and of the lively ways
of these and other ladies around the princess,
will be found in their own contributions to
the * Suffislk Jjetters ' (see also JRemifiisceywe^f
300 seqq., for a general survey of this court).
Among the ladies attached to the court were
Mrs. Selwyn and Lady Walpole; but the
most influential personage there after the
princess was her bedchamber-woman, Mrs.
iToward, afterwards Lady Suffijlk and mis-
tress of the robes, and mistress en titre to
George II both before and after his accession.
With her the princess prudently established a
modus vivendty and though a species of party
inevitably formed round the mistress, the con-
trolling influence oyer her husband remained
with the wife. According to Lord Hervey
(Memoirs, ii. 89-93), when in 1734 a rupture
between the king and Lady Suffolk at last
took place, Queen Caroline was ' both glad
and sorry ; ' indeed, at one time she had been
rather desirous to keep Lady Suffolk about
the king than to leave a chance for a suc-
cessor. Mrs. Clayton (afterwards Lady Sun-
don), another of the bedchamber-women,
acquired great influence over the queen in
later days, and was thought in especial to
be the agent who introduced low church or
* heterodox' divines to her favour {Suffolk
LetterSy i. 62-3 ; Reminiscences, 307). Among
the male members of the young court im
most prominent were Lord Stanhope, from
1726 Lord Chesterfield, whose opposition to
Walpole, coupled, it was said, with the dis-
covery of his trust in !Mrs. Howard by the
queen, entailed upon him her lasting resent-
ment (t*. 297 ; Walpoliana, i. 83-4 ; Her-
vey, i. 322-4 ; and see Croxek's refutation of
CoxB in a note to Suffolk Letters) ; Lords
Bat hurst and Scarborough; Colonel, after-
wards General, Charles C&urchill ; Garr, lord
Hervey, and above all his younger brother
John, who succeeded to the title in 1723.
Lord Hervey was the most devoted of Queen
Caroline's ser\*ants and friends; he says
(ii. 40) that she called him always 'her
child, her pupil, and her charge ; ' he was of
the utmost use to her in her dealings with
the king and with Walpole; he reported the
debates to her ; his society was the relief of
her life ; and he was even allowed to laugh
at her without offence being taken (see fis
jeiu* (Tesprit, ii. 325-40). After her death
he wrote her epitaph (ib. iii. 334 note).
Among the neighbours or the court at Rich-
mond Lodge who at different times came
into contact with it were I^ady Mary Wortley
Montagu and Pope; Bolingbroke too was
from 1726 intriguing close at hand. Gay
had the enfrSe, thou^ he thought it beneath
him to accept the office of gentleman-usher
to the Pnncess Louisa and Arbuthnot.
Swift in his exile flattered himself with
hopes founded on the interest shown in him
and in Irish affairs by the princess on his
visits to England in 1726 and 1727, but more
especially on the supposed influence of Mrs.
Howard {Suffolk Letters), Finally, it may
be presumed that even in the earlier years of
Caroline's English life the literary represen-
tatives of those opinions on religious matters
which chiefly found favour there were oc-
casionally admitted to her society.
The hopes of the * Howard party,' which
had thought that the ascen&ncy of the
mistress would be finnly ettablidied on
^KOoearioD to the throne of George II,
altogether disnppoiuted tvhea t1t»t
WM liroueht Hliout by the suilden
death of hia falBnr on 9 June 1727. Not
only Wfts Lord Bathurst disnppointed of a
coronet by the veto of Queen Oaroline (Ite-
nii»i>v7i«M, !ilt6) : but another friend of Mrs.
Howard, Sir Speuwr Compton, was, at the
direct anggualion of the queen, deposed from
tht> Lvi^nt of prime-minister-degij^ate. At
Uitt reici^pt ion held by the kinj; and queen at
Leicoster House on the day after the notice
of their aceeaaion had reached them, the
qneen cnrefullj distinguished Lady Wal-
pote, and the imbecility of Sir Spencer mede
il easy for her to give effect to her wish.
B^yood H doubt she was strongly influenced
by Walpole's offw, carried out by a pnrlis-
mentSry vote on 9 Jidy following, to obtain
for her Irom parliament n jointure of lOO.OOOt
a year, in lieu of uO,OUO/. na proposed hy Sir
Spencer Corapton. But there were other ren-
B01U whioh hud long mitde her fnvouisble
to Waltiole: she wna fully capable of recog-
niting liis meritB. she was on good terms
with his supuorter the Duke of Devonshire,
and. while ulwayg respectfiJ to her, be hud
nev«>r paid court to Mrs. Howard (CoiE, ii.
384Hiqq.i cf. Walpiliana, i. 86-7). From
this time onward the part played hy the
qneeii in the political affairs of Great Britain
may he said to have determined itself. Her
support of Walpole was all but unfaltering.
In 1730, US she observed the growing mis-
unHi-'rstanding between Walpole and Towns-
hend. she 8l«adily adhered to the former,
and helpvd to secure his victory (COXB, ii,
3(^2-4 ; cf. Jtemmi*r*nc^, 306). In 1733 she
not only supported the minister in his excise
sclwinn so courageously as on its withdrawal
to have the honour of'^ being burnt in effigy
with him by the London mob (Hervei, i.
206), but she inspired the king with a stead-
fast resolution not to drop the author of the
scheme with the scbenu? itself (ib. 193-1^).
In the South S«a Company inquiry which :
maiii-^ i[i the lords, she eagerly strove, by
private persuasions addresseo to several peers,
to avert a ministerial defeat (ifi. 233). In
the same and in the following year her action '
in the Polish succession ouestinn was affected
by the arguments of Walpole and Rervey to
such a 'li'RTeo that, though still in favour of
war,ebe contrived tocouTince the king of the
mpediimcy of peace (I'A. i. 362, 271-3, ii. 61 ;
cf. CoiB, ii. 'iOi ), It would seem, however,
that before the election of 1734 the ({ueen
»har«d the king's temporary distrust in the
proiipnrtj" of the ministry (Hervbt, i. 339).
jiuttng hrr Inter (t^reueies the queen and
Walpolf did everything by themselves {ib. ii.
181), and in 1736 the queen aided the n
ster in inducing the king to abandon his
scheme of a northern league (Coib, iii. 260).
Such was the political intimacy between'tie
king's two oars,' as Lord Hervey called them
(ii. 107), that Walpole was jealous even of
the confidence she reposed in the faithful
Lord Hervey (Hbkvbt, iii. 234), and such
her trust in the mioister, that shortly before
her death she recommended the king to hia
care instead of o^ng for him the favourof the
king (CoSB, iii. 386-7 ; SfminUamefi, 307).
The general character of the relations between
the kingandthequeen were morepanidoiical.
It vras said that the alkali of her temper
sweetened the acid of bis (HEavmr, iii, fi^).
She governed him primarily by his admiration
for her person (J7mtinMc«ncM. 304 ; Hebvet,
i. 293-300), but ahnosi equallv by her com-
Elaisance, which knew no bounds (see, to quote
ut one instance, Lord Hervey's account, ii,
168, of her treatment of his passion for Ma-
dame de Walmoden, afterwards countess of .
Yarmouth). Lastly, she governed him by
means of the tact which enabled her to appear
not to govern the vainest of men (Hbbtet,
i. 334 ; BeminUefnca, 305). In return he
treated her, on the whole, as well as his es-
sentially selfish nature and his vainglorious-
ness in matters of gallantry would allow.
About 1736 a change for the worse was
thought observable in his behaviour towards
her fHERVBT, ii. 205), but she manifested
much emotion when in December 1736 he
was thought to have imperilled his life in
a storm nt sea (ib. iii. 6 seqq.); and when
be lost her in tbe following year, there woa
no doubt as to the genuineness of his grief.
In no sentiment was she more entirely at
one with him than in her detestation of tneir
eldest son, Frederick, prince of Wales. Even
Croker cannot account for the early beginning
or for the intensity of the queen's animosity
Bgaimt the prince (IIbrtet, iii. 54 note ; see,
liowever,i6. 276andii. 870) ; nor does she seem
ever to have heartily entered into the notable
scheme in favour of her second aon for sever-
ing Hanover from Great Britain, though it
might in the event of her husband's death
have secured her a convenient retreat (ib,
iii. 920 seqq.) At the time of her death the
popular imagination was greatly occupied
with the fact that she refused an interview
to her hated first-born, and Pope was at
pains to preserve her refusal from oblivion in
a classic sneer; but though she must be held
personally responsible for the detusion (ib.
307-8), there is something little short of
hypocrisy in treating it as inejccusable. Her
second son was beloved by Ixith his parents;
of the daughters, the Princess Caroline waa
Caroline
144
Caroline
devoted to the queen (ib. iii. 209). Towards
the princess royal her affection appears to
have been warm rather than deep (t^. 334). |
As a rule, the political opinions of Queen
Caroline were in complete accord with those
of her husband. Though at times eloquent
in her praise of English institutions^ she was
a German princess at heart, * always partial
to the emperor ' {ib. i. 273), jealous of the i
prerogative, and as fond of troops as was the ;
King nimself (tft. ii. 263). Walpole declared
that she was in the habit of accusing him of
* partiality to England ' (ib. ii. 63), and it is
certain that ' the militant flame in her was
blown ' by such counsellors as the Hanoverian
minister Hattorf (ib. ii. 38-9). Though true
to the whig leader in the main, she nad no
love for the whigs as a party (ib. iii. 65), and
had a strong dislike of tlie minister's brother .
Horace, of Newcastle (iii. 134-6), and of
Carteret (iii. 161). She was liberal in sen-
timent towards Jacobites and Roman catho-
lics, and promised Swift to use her best en- .
deavours for Ireland (Suffolk Letters, i.
700-1). Though she was at all times active ;
in influencing appointments (CoxE, ii. 268),
her interest in politics most fully exhibited
itself when she acted as regent durii^ the
king's absence in Hanover in 1729, 1732,
17SS, and 1736-7. From first to last, much
to the chagrin of the Prince of Wales, the
king invanably appointed her to this office, '
and an act of parliament was passed for the .
express purpose of exempting her from taking
the oaths (io. ii. 296). More especially during |
his last aosence she took an active part in
the conduct of affairs, and showed great
vigour in dealing with the troubles which
arose during this period, and with the Edin-
burgh Porteous riots, and their consequences
in particular. At the same time she con-
cibated the king's weakness by avoiding any
display of state during his absence, and by
residing out of town at Kensington, notwith-
standing his pretended wishes to the con-
trary (IlBRVEY, ii. 362). Towards the church
Queen Caroline's position was peculiar. The
bench of bishops as a whole she treated de
haut en bets (see her rebuke of them for their
opposition to the Quakers' Tithe Bill in 1736,
Hebvst, ii. 276) ; but for several members
of it, such as Sherlocke, Seeker, Butler, and
Pearce, she entertained a strong regard. Her
relations with Hoadly, whom Hervey main-
tains she hated, but whom she helped to pro-
mote to the see of Winchester, must have
been of a more complex nature. She would
ffladly have placed on the bench Dr. Clarke,
for whose learning and character she had
the deepest respect, but he repeatedly de-
clined (see as to her relations with Clarke,
and her * arbitration ' between him and
Leibniz, CoxE, IL 273-4). It pleased the
world and the wits who set it talking (see
especially Croker's note to Hervet, iL 140)
to impugn the orthodoxy of her creed. That
she thought soberly on the highest subjects
is shown by her letter to Leibniz concerning
his 'Theodicee' (Eemble, 633-4); it was
not her fault that she could not help, as he
had hoped, to incline the church of England
in the direction of a reunion of the protes-
tant churches (ib. 641-6).
The health of Queen Caroline was seriously
affected in the autumn of 1734 (the report of
her death in 1731 was a mere stoclgobber*s
invention ; see Wenttoorth Papers^ 474) ; and
in August 1737, after receiving a letter offen-
sive in form from the Prince of Wales, she
fell ill of a violent fit of the gout ^Hervet,
iii. 227). But the fatal illness which began
on 9 Nov. of the same year had its origin in
a rupture which she had for years carefully
kept concealed, and for which a painfiu
operation was performed, it is said, only two
days too late. She died on 20 Nov. quite
peacefully. Not long before her death she
made a simple and touching declaration of
her endeavours on behalf of the king and
nation. There was much gossip as to her
having declined to receive the sacrament;
her last words were a request for prayer.
The king lamented her witn loud and half-
selfish passionateness, but he scrupulously
provid^ for her servants, declaring that he
would have nobody feel her loss but himself
He was afterwaros buried by her side in
Henry VU's chapel in Westminster Abbey
(CoxB, iii. 377-80, chiefly from Dr. Alubed
Clabke's Essay towards the Character of
Queen Caroline-, Hervey, iii. 294-348; Bemi-
niscences). By her will she lefr all her pro-
perty to the kin^, including the seat at
Kichmond, on which she had spent so much
money (his, according to Hemintscences, 305),
but it seems to have been an idle invention
that she died rich. ' Caroline the GKxkI ' was
a genuinely able and, notwithstanding her
Swer of dissembling, a true-hearted woman,
er learning was not deep, but she was able
to appreciate some of the best thought of her
times, and she made some attempt to en-
courage poets and other men of letters by her
patronage. She was not ill-read in French
history, and took some interest in English
literature, though she never learnt to speak
English correctly, and conversed with her
family in French. Of eminent men of science,
Newton and Halley had her active good-
will ; and she was a benefactress of Queen's
College, Oxford. Of couiseshawasJEbr Handel
with the king, and against theprinoe. Hiough
Caroline
>45
Caroline
she was a stickler for etiquette, lier conversn-
tion wfts OS unrelined ofl her spelling waa iu-
cortwt, but for these defect* she need not
b<> held responsible. She had a hraad wit of
hpr own, which she eKereised freely on both
friend anil foe. She was not averee to the
ordinary amueemenls of her times, and it
was tlie king's taste which condemned her
to spend most of her evenings ' IfDotting'nnd
listening: to his ol^urgBtory talk. But she
learnt to study other characters besides her
husband's, and beeame, as Sir Robert Wal-
pole phrased it, ' main good at pumping.'
She was a good hater, as Chesterfield and
others found; she was a faithful friend, and
full of active sympathy for the iinprotecleil.
Her greatest error, as Horace Wnlpole truly
obeerves, vras that she cherished too high an
Opioiou of her own power of dealing with
others, so that her desigiiB were more often
teen through than she thought. Her greatest
merit, and the source of the power which she
nation, was her patience — the pat
strong and not ungenerous mind.
The National Portrait Gallery
Krtrait of t'aroUne as Princess of Wales bv
rras, and another of her as queen byKuoch
Seeman.
(Hcrtey's Memoirs of the Eeign of Qeorge II
ttam his AcC««sion to Che Death of Queen Caro~
liae (ed. Croker). 3 vols. 1848, reprinted 18B4;
Q^m'a Mcmoira of the life and Administrntiiin
of Sit Kobert Walpole, new ed. 4 vols. 1810;
lord SiiiBhope'i History ol' England from the
Peace of UlrocbC 6th ed. ISfiS, vols. i. and ii. ;
ROToinisofnceB, written in 1788, in the Worksof
HomtJo Walpulc. earl of Orfonl, S vols. 1 798 ;
Wentworlh Papers (1706-89), edited by J.J.
CsTtwrigbt, 1883; toI. i. of Dr. Doran'i Livfsof
tb* Qaecos of England of the Honse ot Honovar,
4th ed. 2 vols, 1876; vol. xviii. of Tehse's
t)eaehirht« der deutsvhru Hiife. &c., Hamburg,
186S. For Iho earlier years of Queen Caroliufl
tec also vol. lii. of tlie CorrMpoudiuice de Leib-
d)c avee I'tlectriee Sophie de Brunswick- Lii ne-
burg, S vols. Haoover, 1874;Hnd Kemble's .State
Bspen and Corrtapondence, &o., from the Itevo-
totion to the AccessioDof the House of Hanover,
I8fi7.| A. W. W.
CABOLINE MATTLDA (1751-1775),
rjiiecn of Denmark and Norway, was the
ninth and jroungest child of Frederick and
Augusta, prince and princess of Wales. She
wai bom at Leicester House in London,
32 July li'il, a little more than four months I
after bor father's death. Her childhood was ,
•pent in the comparative seclusion of her
moliisr's court, where eho was well, thoush
~ '■ tq* no meana rigorously,
educated. Pleasant traditions attach them-
selves to this period of her life, at Kew and
elsewhere (Keith ; L. Wkixill). It came
to a close with her engagement, announced
to parliament 10 Jan. 1766, to Christian,
prince royal of Denmark, son of Frederick V
and his popular first wife Louisa, youngest
daughter of George II of Great Britain.
The match seems to have given satisfaction
in England as ' adding security to the pro-
testant religion ; ' but it possessed no special
political significance. By the death of
Frederick V, 14 Jan. 1766, Christian VH
succeeded to the Danish throne, and 1 Oct.
in the same year Caroline Matilda was mar-
ried to him t)T proxy (her brother the Duke
of York) at tlie Chapel Royal, St. James's.
Two days afterwards abe embarked from
Harwich for Rotterdam, whence she pro-
ceeded to Altona and Roesldlde. From
this place Christian \'7I conducted her to
the palace of Frederiksberg, near Copenhagen,
where her solemn entry and formal mar-
riage followed 8 Nov, {Annual Seffiiter for
1766; Malobtib, ii. 6^-9). Her English
and Hanoverian suite having quitted her at
Altona, Caroline Matilda was left alone in
a strange land among doubtful surroundings.
Her popular reception had been warm; but
thekingwasindifferenttoher. Christian VII,
a youth of feeble character and selfish dispo-
sition, was by setf-indulgence beginning to
reduce himself to a mental condition which
in some measure justified Niebuhr's com-
parison of him to Caligula. Next by birth
to the throne stood his stepbrother Frederick,
the son of his father's second wife Juliana
Maria, a princess of Brans wick- WolfenbiitteL
There is no reason whatever for supposing
that Juliana Maria was either now or for
some time afterwards animated by jealous
or hostile feelings against the young qneen
(this Buppoaition, of which the AaihenfiicAe
Aafkliirv-ngni are a main source, is refuted
bj Revbrhil, 327, and by the other evi-
dence reviewed by WimPH, 185-8) ; on the
contrary, they and the other queen dowager,
Sophia Magdulena, widow of Christian VI,
lived together 'dans une grande intimity et
dans im ennui paisible' (KevEitDiL, 138).
Queen Caroline Matilda took no interest in
public affairs {ill. 162 j cf. WiTTICH, 26).
Though she was from the first treated with
coldness by her husband, her troublee be-
gan when Count von Hoick, by taking ad-
vantage of the peculiarities in the king's
temper, eatablished himself as favourite ; on
21Dec. 1767 hewas appointed marshal of the
court. On tlie king's return from a joumev
to Holstein in the previous summer, on which
he was not accompanied by the queen, h»
Caroline
146
Caroline
was provided with a mistress ; nor was any
change in the situation brought about by the
birth of an heir to the crown (afterwards
Frederick VI), 28 Jan. 1768. Hoick suc-
ceeded in ousting from office Frau von Pies-
sen, the queen's mistress of the robes, who
had gained her confidence and whose old-
fashioned severity might have kept her from
the path of error (Reverdil, 73-4). From
6 May 1768 to 14 Jan. 1769 the king was
on his travels in England, Paris, and else-
where, while the queen remained at Frede-
riksberg, gaining tlie good-will of her neigh-
bours by her kindliness and her attention
to her maternal duties (Keith, i. 184).
Christian VTFs suite on his journey included
John Frederick Struensee, a physician of
Altona, who had been appointed surgeon-in-
ordinary to the king for the occasion, and
who on the return to Copenhagen was ap-
pointed to the post in permanency. From
this point forward the ambitious adventurer's
political rise began. His plan was at first
Dv no means based upon any connivance
with the queen ; on the contrary, he relied
upon the aid of a new royal mistress, who
however died in the following Aug^t (N.
Wraxall's private journal ap. L. Wbax-
ALL, i. 216 ; cf. Rbvbrdil, 147). Both this
person and Struensee hud been odious to the
queen ; and when about this time she con-
sulted the latter on a supposed attack of the
dropsy, it was the king wno had obliged her
to do so {ib, 148). Struensee advised amuse-
ment and exercise as the best cure, and these
remedies answering, she naturally gained
confidence in her physician. Struensee was
beyond all doubt a man of unusual intelli-
gence, and, as his confessions to Miinter
suffice to prove {Conversion^ (J-c, 41-2), a
convinced lady-killer. While the king en-
couraged an intimacy which kept the queen
amused, Struensee seems to have exerted
himself to bring about a better understand-
ing between the royal pair, and by his efforts
to have gained the approval of both. In
January 1770 he was assigned rooms in the
Christiansberg palace (L. vVraxall, i. 221);
and his successful inoculation of the crown
prince early in the year raised him higher
than ever in the royal favour {AutJienttsche
Aufkldningeny 40; the process was of quite
recent introduction). He was now named
councillor of conference and reader to the
king and queen ; and from this time the
intimacy between the latter and Struensee
must have rapidly reached its climax. In-
deed, if certain evidence brought against the
Queen after her catastrophe is to be believed,
the familiarity between her and Struensee
had attracted the suspicions of her attendants
as early as the winter of 1709-70 (see Bang's
indictment, ap. Jenssek-Tusch, 281 seq.)
After this they had imposed restraint upon
themselves, but only for a time ; soon their
intimacy was paraded before the capital Tsee
the anecdote of the queen passing in her
riding-habit on Struensee's arm by the corpfle
of the dowager Sophia Magdalena when it
lay in state. May 1770, ap. Wittich, 51
note), and revealed itself in the provinces,
to which the court paid a visit in June (see
the testimony of Irince Charles of Hesse
ap. L. Wraxall, L 232).
During this visit, perhaps while the court
sojourned at Traven^hl, Struensee perfected
his ambitious projects in company with Ene*
void von Brandt, a former royal page who
had returned to the court, and with Shack
Charles, count von llantzau-Ascheberg, to
whom Struensee owed his admission to the
royal service and whose h^h official career
had been arrested largely by Kussian influence.
Their intrigues resmted by the end of July
in the dismissal of Hoick and others, among
whom were his sister Madame von der Liihe,
the mistress of the robes, and other ladies
attached to the person of the queen. Shortly
before this Caroline Matilda's mother, the
dowager Princess of Wales, paid a visit to
the continent, where for many reasons she
wished to meet her daughter. The proposed
meeting at Brunswick was, however, post-
poned ; nor was it till August that mother
and daughter met — for the last time — at
Liineburg. Struensee was in the queen's
company, and the princess found no oppor-
tunity of doing more than requesting Wood-
ford, the British minister to the Lower
Saxon Circle, to make representations to the
queen concerning her conduct ; nor was the
l)uke of Gloucester, who shortly afterwards
paid a visit to Copenhagen on the same
errand, more successful (Revebdil, 159-00).
At Hirschholm, near Copenhagen, where the
court spent the rest of tne summer, the fall
of BcmstorfT, the chief minister of Den-
mark, was brought about. This change of
government may be briefly described as dis-
agreeable to the Russian and therefore agree-
able to the Swedish, agreeable to the French
and therefore disagreeable to the British,
interest at Copenhagen. Hereupon, in de-
fiance alike of national traditions and public
feeling, the reforms of Struensee in court,
state, and social life ran their course; and
though ' there might be something ''rotten**
in the state of Denmark, there was nothing
rusty' since the new brooms had been set
to work rKEiTH, i. 229). He was appointed
master 01 requests December 1770 ; in the
same month the oouncil was sup p r e ss e d by
a royal decree ; 18 July 1771 he was made
Ckbinet miniaier, end his orders were de-
clared to baTe the same validity as if aigned
by tbe iifgi 22 July— the queen's birtliday
—he and Brandt were created counts. His
administrBtlon met with universal obloquy.
Hie quet^D shared his unpopularity, partly
because he eave every possible publicity lo
her regard ior him, wluch y/ag (lie bMt se-
curity of hia poaition, partly because her
conduct deemed to fumiab a atmnge com-
ment on tbe spirit of her favourite's reforms.
There seems indeed lo have been little truth
in the rumour as to the extraordinary license
prevailing at her court. But the sovereigns
were completely surrounded by Straensee's
GTMtiireSiwho belonged as a rule to bis own
elA»; the court, says lleverdil (271), who
returned lo Denmark about midsummer, had
tbn air of servnnla in a respectnbie house
sitting down to table in the absence of their
masti^TS. Straensee's attempta at retrench-
ment in court expenditure were counter-
biilancedby tbe extravafronceof Brandt; and
on one occasion which became notorious the
quf<en speina to have shared with them inagift
from Iheroval treasury (Wiwet'a indictment
an. JbSssb^-Tvbou, 278-9). Heverdil found
Vu> king, whose condition was already near
to imbecility, willing to allow the queen to
conduct herself with the most openfamiliarity
towards her favourite (260). Shrewd ot-
•errera thought that the latter occasionally
exhibited indifference towards the advances
of the queen (ap. Wittich, 181) ; but he
well knew that ner support was indispen-
sable to him, Colonel(afterwardR Sir Robert)
Murray Keith^ who arrived as British Tuinis-
I«r Ht [he Daouh court in June 1771, clearly
perceived the condition of affairs, but be-
Bsred with great discretion, reserving his
tnterrention for a 'dangerous extremity'
(KslTH, i. 227-8), Eveii the nevra of the
birtb, 7 July, at Hirscbbolm of a princess
(LouiaaAupiBta.afterwards married to Duke
Pwderick Christian II of Augu^tenburg)
was coldly, if not suspLciously, received by
die capital; the queen dowager was, how-
ever, ready to be a godmother at Carolina Ma-
tilda's request (AutAentUche Aafkldmnffm,
lOS). The queen nursed the infant herself.
Indeed the maternal instinct was always
•ironE in her. and although she was re-
proached for giving her son nn early train-
ing, which by Struensee's advice wns based
on thn principles of 'Etnile' (ItEVERDiL,
2S1-5), It seems on the whole to have been
«uc«e*sful.
Thn ovOTthrow of Struensee was the result
flf a court intrigue, not of onypopularmove-
DUtnt : but some Uine before it was brought
about the wildest charges had been spread
against the queen and him. It was said that
they intended to abut up tbe king and pro-
claim the queen as regent — a rumour, as
Charles of Hesse in repeating it points out,
absurd in i»elf, as the king was rather a pro*
tection to them than un obstacle (WimcH,
115 b.) Towards tbe end of 1771 they began
to grow uneasy, and when early in September
a malcontent body of Norwegian sailors mado
a tumultuous visit to Ilirscbholm the queen
I prepared everytbingforflight, Anotherpanio
I followed in connection with a popular festival
I held at Frederiksbra^ 28 Se^ ; if Reverdil
is to be believed {'267), this was caused by a
real plot, of which Juliana Maria was at the
bottom. In October Struensee thought it
necessary virtually to abolish the liberty of
the press, which hod been one of bis most
striking reforms. Then Brandt himself, Stru-
ensee's confederate, engaged in a desperate
scheme for the minister's removal; 'means
would be found for consoling the queen'
fKALCKBJtaitJoLii ap. Wittich, 132). This
danger was averted by a grotesque affray
between the king and Brandt, which after-
wards proved fatal to the Utter; but Stru-
ensee's anxiety continued. About this time
(according to the .(4 u/ApniMcAe^w^MruTiyni,
122-3) he threw himself at the feet of the
queen, imploring her to allow him for both
their sakee to quit the country, hut she in-
duced him to remain. Onthe other band, he
told Heverdil, to whom he was not otherwise
contidential, that his devotion to the queen
alone kept him at his post (288). The same
writer relates a characteristic anecdote bow
the queen, who had a pleasant voice, face-
tiously declared that when in exile she would
gwn herbreadasasinger(290). Struensee'a
arbitrary system, however, continued ; when,
30 Nov., the court migrated to Frederiksberg,
military precautions were taken for its secu-
rity, and Copenhagen itself was placed under
effect ive control. Finally, an order for the
disbandment of the guards as such led to their
mutinous march to Frederiksberg on Christ-
mas eve, and to scenes in the capital which
left no doubt as to the sentiments of the popu-
Ution, Icissaid(byL.WBUALt,ii.78)that
about this time Keith offered Struensee a
large sum of money if be would leave the
country: but there is no notice of any such
proposal in Keith's ' Memoirs,' and be was
probably too discreet to have made it. The
court returned to Copenhagen 8 Jan. 1772.
By this time tbe mine had been laid. Rant-
lan, discontented with his share of the spoils
and with Struensee's unwillingness to adopt
his political views, had determined lo over-
throw tbe la vourite. He induced the dowager
Caroline
148
Caroline
queen Juliana Maria, who during the summer
Had watched the progress of affairs from Fre-
densborg, where she lived isolated with her
son Frederick, to approve of the plot, by
showing her forged evidence of a conspiracy
between Struensee and the queen against the
kinff (Revbkdil, 328). The details of Rant-
zau s scheme were settled in Juliana Maria s
palace 15 Jan. (t^. 329), and its execution
was fixed for the night from 16-17 Jan., after
the termination of a masked ball in the Chris-
tiansborg palace. Though Rantzau himself
h&sitated at the last moment, the palace revo- •
lution was punctually and successfully carried
out by himself and his confederates. Stru-
ensee, Brandt, and their chief actual or sup-
posed abettors were placed under arrest, and
on the same night the queen was with cynical
brutality taken prisoner by Kantzau, accom-
ganied by a body of soldiery under Major
'astenskjold. AVith her little daughter in
her arms she was hurriedly driven to Blron-
borg, a royal castle and prison on the Sound,
near Elsinore, and there consigned to care-
fully guarded apartments. It is said that in
the evening she saw in the distance Copen-
hagen illuminated in celebration of her dis-
aster (ib. 336-8).
In solitude, relieved only by the presence
of her infant daughter, whom she nursed
throu£^h an attack of the measles, and by
occasional visits from the faithful Keith,
Caroline Matilda awaited her fate. The
genuineness of her letters to Keith and to her
brother, George III, is open to serious doubt
(they are given by L. Wbaxall, ii. 205-7).
Her attendants were persons whom she dis-
liked (ih. ii. 203), and she had to listen to
pulpit addresses, which must have been hard
to bear (the best account of her period of con-
finement is stated by Wittich, 143 note, to
be that of Schiekn in Hisf. Tidsskr. iv. vol.
ii. 776 seqq. ; see also CoXB ap. Adolphus,
i. 544-5). During the course of her im-
prisonment she must have heard of the death
of her mother, the dowager Princess of Wales,
8 Feb. 1772. The interrogatory of Struensee
began 20 Feb., but it was not till the third
day of his examination that, under pressure,
he confessed to criminal familiarity with the
queen; aftenvards he sought to throw the
blame as much as possible on her. Ques-
tions affecting the legitimacy of the Princess
Louisa Augusta were, however, satisfactorily
answered. Brandt, in his interrogatory, de-
clared that Struensee had confessed his crimi-
nality to him (Rbverdil, 394-8). Hereupon
a commission of four subjected the queen to
an interrogatory at Kronborg; at toe first
visit, acting it is said on Keith's advice, she
refused to answer, declaring that she acknow-
ledged no superior or judge besides the king.
At the second, 9 March, Stmensee's confes-
sion signed by him was shown to her, when
she avowed herself guilty, and signed a writ-
ten confession, generously taking the original
blame upon herself (Revebdil, 400-1; ac-
cording to Jenssen-Ttjsch, 401-2, she was
induced to sign by the assurance that her
confession would miti^te Struensee's (ate:
while this, though possible, is improbable, the
dramatic account of Falckenslgold, which is
also that of the Authentische Nachrichteii,
223-8, is almost certiiinly fictitious. Horace
"Walpole s account, Journal of the Reign of
Chorge HI, i. 77-i9, 90, is clearly untrust-
worthy. On the whole subject of the queen s
examination and confession, see Wittich,
222-32). On 24 March an indictment was
preferred against the queen before a tribunal
of thirty-five notables (it is given at length
in Jen8S£N-Tx78CH, 226-40) ; on 2 April her
defence was delivered {ib. 241-53 ; Wittich
notices that while her advocate Uldall here
represents her as asserting her innocence the
crime is admitted in his defence of Struensee.
For the rest his pleas on behalf of the ^ueen
are in essence hardly more than technical) ;
sentence was given on 6 April and commu-
nicated to the (]ueen on the 8th. It declared
her marriage with the king to be dissolvt^l.
Her name was hereupon removed from its
place in the liturgy (the order of Matilda,
which she had instituted on her birthday in
January 1771,hadbeenaboli8hed immediately
after the catastrophe). Capital sentences on
Struensee and Brandt followed shortlv after-
wards, and were carried out 28 April. It
is said that in her prison the ^ueen intuitively
knew the day of her favourite's doom.
In England the news of Caroline Matilda's
arrest had created a passing excitement (see
Oibbon's fiippant letters to Holroyd in his
Miscellaneous Works, ii. 72-6 ; cf. W alfole,
i. 3, 42). At first Qeor^ IH's government
took up a threatening attitude, but the public
press made indicant comments on the sup-
posed apathy of Lord North's administration
(Walpole, 1. 89 ; cf. L. Wra^all, ii. 169).
Soon, however, public feeling ac(^uie8ced in
the manifest opmion of the initiated, that
the affair had better be taken quietly. Keith's
activity at Copenhagen had been acknow-
ledged ^eTM^eTt to liU by admission to the order
of the JBath (Keith, i. 121) ; but, as is now
known, the diplomatic correspondence be-
tween the two courts at this stage gave
rise to no very serious differences. While
George III was informed of the evidence
against his sister and of the necessity of re-
moving her from the court after the sentence
pronounced against her, he waa aaaored that
every poeeible cons idemt ion would be exten-
ded to her, and thnt Hbt name would not be
mentioned in the sontences of Stniensee and
llip other delinquents (Schiers ap, WiT-
TicH, 25ii-3J. The latter promise, at all
events, was Bubstantiallj kept. When, how-
ever, aiW the sentence of diToree, the Danish
^vemment proposed to banish Cnmline Ma-
tilda to Aalborg- in Jutland, the British mi-
nistry resolved to make at least, a show of
Active intervention. The protests of Keith
(i. 102) seem to have been followed by a
threat of the rupture of diplomatic relations,
and a squadron was ordered to sail for Co-
pi^nliatfen. But a few houn before the time
fixed ror it« weighing anchor the news arrived
tlitit the Daiiisii tfovemment had promised
the liberation of the queen (cf. tlie account
in Walpolb, 80-1, where the king is said to
liaVE known his sister a story two years be-
fore the catastrophe). Keith had further
obtained the grant to her of an annual pen-
sion of the value of fl.OOOi., and notwith-
■landing the divorce she retained the title
<if qiu«n (see l..ord Sufiblk's grandiloquent
letters »p. Keitr, 1. ^86-9). Two frigates ,
And ■ doop were hereupon ordered to Elsl-
noreby the British government, and on 3 May
the quBon, over whom after her enlargement '
a ' dBpui;ation of noblemen' had been ap-
pointiM to hold watch, quitted the Danish
•hor«s under a royal salute. She had been
obliged to part from her daughter, whom in
the Lnea gnpposed to have been written by |
ber at sea (Keith, i. 3i)9) she is absurdly
mode to commend to the care of Keith, the
companion of her VOTage.
At Btode, where Caroline Matilda arrived j
on 5 June, and where she parted with her ,
Dnitish suite, she was received with much
ceremony by the Hanoverian authorities, and
held a reception on the day after her arrival.
Hence she proceeded lo the Giihrde, an elec-
tonl hunting-seat near Liineburg, where she
delayed for several months till tne cnstle at
Celie should have been put in order for her.
On 20 Oct. she held a formal entry into this
her destined residence, where a court was
organised for her in due fonn, and whence
^« afterwards made occasional visite to
Hanover of a ceremonial nature (cf. Ma-
urnne, ii. 7a-88 for details). At Celle il-
lelf her life seems to have been a quiet one,
thoiieh she re«eived visitors, among them
bor sister, the Heruditary Princes* Augusta
of Brunewick-WoUanbUltel, who, according
to Wraxoll, was set to watch h^ conduct
hv Qoorge III (PotHtumuvn M«moir», 1. 373,
Sjft). A small theatre (Mill in e^xlstence)
tras M>aslru«led in the cattle for her amuse-
Slie rud Gorman assiduoualy, and
il l— M . i
requested her brother, Georp; ITI, to send
her some English books (Kbith, i. 304);
bur the memory of her sojourn is above all
associated with the charming jardin /ran-
(ait in the immediale neighbourhood of the
castle, where stands the monument, with her
medallion in relief, erected bytheLiineburg-
: Celle estates (cf. Annual Si^itter for 1775).
Sir Robert Keith, who visited her in No-
vember 1772, reported to Lord Suffolk that
he had found her in a contented frame of
mind and with no wish for any communi-
cations with the Danish court br^vond what
immediately concerned the welfare of her
children (Kbith, 1. 301-41. Another Eng--
lish visitor who first saw her in September
1774 was N. W. 'Wraxall, a youag out Iru-
velled gentleman, iiigcnunusly in search of
adventure and employment, He returned
in October as the secret agent of a number
of Danish noblemen, exiles in namburg,and
others, who were conspiring for a counter-
revolution at Copenhagen, which should re-
store Caroline 3Iatllda to the throne. To Iiis
written overtures she signified her assent
through a. gentleman in her confidence, but
she declined to take any steps until the
approval of George UI should have been
obtained. Wraxall returned to Celle on
three subsequent occasions, when he had
personal interviews with the queen, whom
three emissaries from Copenhagen appear
hkewise to hove reached. He failed, now-
ever, in London to obtain an audience from
George III, or to elicit more than that the
king, while approving the project, could not
undertake to support it with money or other-
wise tlU it should have been Buccesefnlly
executed. Wraxall was still waiting in Lon-
don when the news reached him of Queen
Caroline Matilda's death ; but he afterwards
held that the scheme would have been car-
ried out with or without George III (see
N. WRAiiLL'fl PoetAumous Memoirt, u 372-
414 ; and cf. L. WltiXil.L'a Nan-ative, i. 173-
241, compiled from the above, his grand-
father's private journal, and a manuscript
entitled HUtoricat Narrative of the Attempt
to rrttopf the Qtirm ; with Wittich'b com-
ments, 257-0. The existence of a Danish
party in sympathy with the plan is corrobo-
rated by a letter of George III to Lord
North ; see .Stashope, v. 309 note).
The death of Queen Caroline Matilda,
which took place 11 May 1775, was caused
by a sudden attack of inflammation of the
throat, She was of a plethoric habit of
bodv, and had not been ill for more than a
week (see N. Wriiall'b account of her last
days, based on the information of her valet
Muilel, in Mrmuirt of the Courla of Berlin
r
Die
Verschwdnmg gegen die Konigin CSaroline Ma-
thilda und die Grafen Struensee nnd Brandt
(Leipzig, 1864); N. W. Wraxall, Memoin of
the Coiirts of Berlin, Dresden, &c., yoL i. (Lon-
don, 1799); id., Posthumons Memoirs, yoL i.
Caroline 150 Caroline
^c. (1799), i. 77-87. He mentions the story, , with a careful examination of special points,
which also appears in Brown's Northern ; such as the queen^s reUtions to Scmensee, irill
Courts, of her naving, just before she was ; ^ found in K. Wittich, Struensee (Leipzig,
taken ill, inspected the corpse of a page who '■ 1879). Here are only added the titles of some
had died eight days previously, and also refers ■ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^ve been used in the above
to the suspicions of poison which were rife '■ arti^e-Authentische und hochstmerkwurd^
at Celle with regard to her own death). A Auf klaningen uber die G^hichte der Grafen
J .,4-1.^^^ «i^«™v,o« /Voo*^* T ^i,-««\ «,i,^ Struensee und Brandt (' Germanien,' 1788);
.f 5Tif T^ ^ L^u^ ^ ^^ Struensee et la Cour de Copenhague, 1760-72
attended her afterwards published an edi- , ^^^^i^ ^^ j^^^^l^ publirVA. Roge
fymgaccount of her last days. The letter to (PaHs, 1858); G. F. von Jenss^Tusch. Di.
George III declaring her innocence, said to
have been written by her on her deathbed,
is almost certainly spurious; her assertion
in the same sense to the French pastor,
Roques, rests on a secondhand statement
made five years after her death (Wittich, I (London, i836); C. E. von Malortie, Beitrage
2Sl note). She was buried in the vault of , zurGheschichtedesBraunschweig^Lunebuigischen
the town church at Celle, where her coflin Hauses und Hofes, 2 Heft (Hannover, 1860);
with a Latin inscription, in which she is ^^""^ t2^*I?^^®' Journal of the Reign of
entitled Queen of Denmark and Norway, is S^'^V^^^^lol^m^ ^? -^^^f' ^'^?i ^^ ^'
still shown near those of the Celle dukes ?^«T,^°f??k^A^ V^ * ''ij-^^^'^^^f*!;
^^\^-^oi ^er .^onun.t. grandniother J^'tL^A';^?,;^^^^^^^
Sophia Dorothea (for an account of her j^ 541,5 ^o^ St^nhopef Histiry of England
funeral see Malobtib, 89-92). In England from the Peace of Utr^ht (6th iition, 1858),
thenewsof her death met with little public v. 306-9; Havemann, Geschichte der Lande
comment ; but the faithful N. Wraxall con- Braunschweig nnd Luneburg (Gottingen, 1867),
tributed a * character ' of her to the * Annual iii. 679-82 ; C. F. AUen, Histoire de Danemark,
Register' of the year. Though of late she trad, par £. Beauvois (Copenhagen, 1878), ii.
had grown stout, she must have been very 192-216.] A. W. W.
attractive in person ; she was fair to a de-
gree which exasperated her husband (Wal- OAROLINE, AMELIA ELIZABETH,
POLE, i. 91 : * elle est si blonde') ; her like- of Brunswick - Wolfenbuttel (1768-1821),
ness to her brother, George lU, which at queenof George IV, second daughter of Duke
once struck observers (ib. 174), is very per- (!/harlesWilliamFerdinand of Brunswick and
ceptible in her portrait at Uerrenhausen. the Princess Augusta of England, sister of
The queen's male costume on horseback has George m, was bom 17 May 1768.
become famous (cf. JENSSEir-TuscH, 73 note. The few anecdotes told of her childhood
as to her portraits at Copenhagen) ; the show that she was kind, good-hearted, and
fashion was a common one. charitable. The court of Bmnswick-AVol-
TT"!, •*• T? 0.1 -1,1.— I.- rn T fenbUttel was one of the gayest in Germany,
[The ex.st.ng English b.ogra^h.es of Carol.ne ^ ■ ^ jj , f^ ^j^ etiquette
Matilda are that incorporated in vol. 1. of the \\ t 7 ^^ " . ^.^ yVi- ^1- *" -T^
Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir Robert !^^^^ ^*» charactenstic of the other ^o^th
Murray Keith, edited by Mre. Gillespie Smyth, ^®™*^ courts. She was extremely fond of
2 vols., London, 1849, and Sir C. F. Lascelles children, and would ston in her waUa to notice
Wraxall's Life and Times of Queen Caroline them. The Duke of York had, during the cam-
Matilda, 3 vols., London, 1864. Both are im- paigQ) seen much of his uncle, the Duke of
critical, though the latter is valuable where Brunswick, and he was so charmed with the
based on the private papers of the author's grand- Princess Caroline, that he mentioned her to
father. Sir Nathaniel W. Wraxall. The litera- his brother the king and the Prince of Wales
ture on Struensee's rise and fall and on Queen as a suitable bride for the latter. There was
Caroline Matilda's relations to him is extremely qq prospect of the Duke and Duchess of York
large, and from the Memoirs of an Unfortunate having any famUy, and the king was natu-
Queen (London, 1776) onwards must be used paUy most anxious that thrsuccession to
with the greatest caution ; and sensational ver- the throne should be indubitably settled bv
sions of the story like that in vol. 1. of John 1 •. • ^i. j* *. t tt Ii j '
Brown's Norther/ Courts (London. 1818) may hent;^ m the direct line. Hara pressed on
be left aside. It should in particular be ni ^} ^'^^f ^^f pnnce consented, on condition
ticed that every endeavour was made during the ^\}}^f bqiudation of his debts, and a large
three-quarters of a century which ensued upon addition to his income, to mai^ his cousin,
the catastrophe to make a complete review of then twenty-six years old. He stipulated
the historical evidence on the subject impos- that his income was to be raised firom
■ible. By far the best survey of it, together 60,000/. to 125,000^ per annoni, oi which
•loflUOL per
pav his detiU, wiiicti nt that time u
to'eSOflOQL Besides this he -traa to
37,000/, foe prepBTOtionB for the marriage,
28,000/. for jewels and pUle, 26,000/. for tie
compleliun of Csrlton House, and 50,000/.
|N.T aimuiii as & jointure to her royal high-
OHM, of which, uowever, she would only
accept 36,000/.
She left Brunswick on 30 Dec. 1794, hut
on her way was met by a messenger from
Lord St. Helen's, telling her that the squa-
dron sent to escort her had been ohliffeu to
return to England, For a few weeEs she
Kta^ed at Uaaover until her embarkation,
which took place at Cuxhaven on 28 March
1T9S. Shenirivedat Greenwich about noon
on 6 April, where she dressed, and then drove
to St. JoiDca's, accompanied by Lady Jersey,
LO bad been sent to meet her. Lady Jersey
»lly became her most implacable enemy,
id probably did more than any one else to
'^Utge the prince from his consort. The
nage took place at 8 p.m. on 8 April in
the Chapel Royal, St. James's. The prince's
relations with Mrs. Fitzherbert and Lady
Jersey — esjieciEdly the latter— soon led to
quairets, and an appeal was made to the kin^
to aot OB arbiter between them. Their matn*
tnonial relations continued in this state until
Ike birth of the Princess Charlotte Aug'usta
fq. v.], on 7 Jan. 1796, when the prince de-
liberately forsook his wife. A formal separa-
tion between them was agreed on three months
Inter, and it waa only through the kind offices
of the king that the princess was to have
o her child during the tirdt eight
« left Carlton House and went to reside
A privacy at an unpretentious residence,
rebury House, near Shooter's Hill. In
1801 she removed to Montague House, Black-
healh, where she entertained her friends,
among whom were Sir John and Ladv Dou-
flaa, Sir Sidney Smith, Captain Manby, &c.
litberto there bod been nothing against her
moral ohamcter. But becoming very intimate
iritb Lady Douglas, she fooIisOy talked some
nonsense a» to her being about to gire birth to
a child, which she intended to account for by
Miying she had adopted it. She already hod
several young protSgfs, and one named Wil-
liam Austin was singled ont as being her
This rumour was spread by Lady
a>, and in 1806 the king granted a
wion, consisting of Lords Erskine,
~le, Spencer, ana EUenborough, to in-
« the matter. This was cdled ' the
a invnetigationf'and at the conclusion
'r Wraun they unhesitatingly repu-
'lO charge made against the ^irincess,
Bithougit they censured her levity of manners
on several occiisions. For this also the king
gently rebuked her, but he allotted her
apartments in Kensington Palace, and often
passed a whole day at Blockheath with lier
and his grandchild, the Princess Charlotte, a
proceeding which certainly tended to widen
the breach between him and the Prince of
Wales. Still, although on friendly relations
with the king, she never recovered her former
footing at court, and when, after the death of
thePrincessAmelia in 1810, the king's health
Save way,the intercourse between her and her
augbter was much restricted. Herposition
Buffered still more when, in 1811, the Prince
of Wales was proclaimed regent, an accession
of rank which brought to her no corresponding
Caroline felt deeply the separation
from her child. On 4 Oct. 1812 she went to
Windsor with the intention of paying her
daughter a visit, hut wos not permitted to see
her, whereon she demanded an audience of the
queen, which was immediatelr granted, but
no satisfaction could be obtained. Her in-
dignation knew no bounds, and she wrote a
long and most impassioned letter of remon-
strance to the regent on 12 Jan. 1813. This
letter was laid before the privy council, and
in their report they * were of opinion that,
under all the circumstances of the case, it
is highly fit and proper, with a view t« the
welfare of her royal highness the Princess
Charlotte, in which ore equally involved the
happiness of your royal highness in your
parental and royal character, and the most
important interests of the state, that the
intercourse between her royal hiKhnesa the
Princess of Wales and her royal highnesa
the Princess Charlotte should continue to be
subject to regulation and restraint.' Tlieprin-
cesa then addressed a letter to the speaker of
the House of Commons on the subject, wbieli
was read to the house, andadebate was raised,
but the sense of the house was that the regent
was the sole judge of the conduct to be ob-
served in the educationof htsdai^hter. On
8 March the princess received an intim^
tion that her restricted visits to her daughter
to be discontinued, but by accident the
mother and child met when out driving, and
hod some ten minutes' conversation ; and on
the death of the Duchess of Brunswick (wlio
living in England) on 23 March 1813,
the regent permitted his daughter to visit
her mother, and they passerl two hours to-
gether. When, on 13 July, the Prince of
Wales visited Iuk daughter, and informed
hi'r that be was going to dismiss all her
hoiiBebold, and that she must lake up her
idence at Carlton IIouBe, she fled at once
Caroline
152
Caroline
to her mother at Connaught House, only to
find that the princess had gone to Blackheath.
A messenger was despatched after her, and
she immediately returned to comfort her
daughter, hut the counsels and advice of
Brougham prevailed, and the princess oheyed
her father's will.
Indignant at heing excluded firom court,
and debarred from the society of her daughter,
the Princess of Wales resolved to travel
abroad, and she sailed for the continent, with
the regent's sanction, in the Jason frigate on
9 Aug. She started with a suite mainly com-
posea of English men and women, but from
one cause or another they all shortly left her,
and she did not fill their places worthily.
After visiting her brother, Ihike Frederick
William of Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel, she
turned her steps to Italy, and at Milan she en-
gaged one Bartolomeo Bergami as her courier.
Some infatuation led her to lavish upon this
man every kind of favour it was in her power
to bestow. He had served in some capacity
on the Stat rnajor of the force commanded by
General Count Pino in the campaign of 1812-
1814,andwasofFered the brevet rank of captain
by Joachim, kin^ of Naples, but refused it in
order to remain m the service of the princess.
His looks were in his favour, for his portraits
show him as a handsome man. She raised
him to be her equerry, her chamberlain, her
constant companion, even at dinner; pro-
cured for him a barony in Sicily and the
knighthood of Malta, besides several other
orders, among which was one which she in-
stituted, that of St. Caroline. She took his
relatives into her service. Louis Bergami di-
rected her household, Yallotti Bergami kept
her purse, the Countess Oldi, Bergami's sister,
was her lady of honour, and Ber^ami's child
Victorine also travelled in her suite.
After living some time at Como, she visited
many places, among others Tunis, Malta,
Athens, Constantinople, Ephesus, and Jeru-
salem. Here she made her entry in some-
what theatrical style, and behave<f with such
levity that secret commissioners were sent
from England to investigate her conduct.
She was surrounded by spies, and, after her
return to Italy, an attempt was made to seize
her papers by surreptitious means.
On 6 Nov. 1817 the Princess Charlotte
died, and the following year the Princess of
Wales much desired to return to England,
but she remained abroad for the next year
and a half, and wintered at Marseilles in
1819. On hearing of the death of George IH,
29 Jan. 1820, she proceeded to Rome, where,
although queen consort, she was refused a
guard of honour. She was never officially
informed of the old king^s death, and her name
was omitted in the prayers of the church of
England. On her way to England early in
1820 she received at St. Omer a letter on be-
half of the king, in which it was proposed to
allow her 50,000/. per annum, subject to such
conditions as the King might impose, which
were that she was not to take the title of
queen of England, or any title attached to the
royal family of England, and that she was to
reside abroad, and never even to visit England.
It was not likely that these terms could be
accepted, and she at once set out for Calais,
and embarked the same night for England.
She set sail next morning, 6 June 1820, and
landed at Dover the same day at 1 p.m., being
received with a royal salute, no instructions
to the contrary having been ^ven. She was
welcomed most entnusiastically, and her
journey to London was an ovation. On her
arrival she went to live at the house of her
friend Alderman Wood, in South Audley
Street. Her imexpected arrival filled the king
and his party with consternation, and next
day he sent a message to the House of Lords,
accompanied by the evidence collected by the
Milan commission, re<juesting their lordships
to give the matter their serious consideration.
A committee was appointed, which reported,
with regard to the cnarges made against the
queen, that 'it is indispensable that they
should become the subject of a solemn in-
quiry,' and on 6 July the Earl of Liverpool
proposed the introduction of * a bill entitled
an Act to deprive her Majesty, Caroline
Amelia Elizabeth, of the Title, Preroffatives,
Rights, Privileges, and Exemptions of Queen
Consort of this Realm, and to dissolve the
Marriage between his Majesty and the said
Caroline Amelia Elizabeth.' It was read a
first time, and appointed to be read a second
on 19 Aug. 1820, but this was only a pre-
liminary sitting, the examination of the
witnesses not taking place until 21 Aug.
Broiigham defended the queen. On 6 Nov.
the House of Lords divided on the second
reading of the bill — contents 123, non-con-
tents 95 ; majority in favour of second reading,
28. On 8 Nov. the divorce clause was carriecl
in committee by 67. On 10 Nov., the date of
the third reading, the Earl of Liverpool sud-
denly announced that he was prepared to move
that it be read that day six montlis. If the
witnesses were not all perjured, the queen^s
relations with Bergami admitted only of the
conclusion that she was g^lty, and even her
own friends and apologists were fain to admit
that her conduct was open to the charge of
grave indiscretion. Her mends claimed it as a
triumphant acquittal, and Brougham's de-
fence of the queen raised him to the summit of
his profession. There can be but little doubt
^^ Caroline
that had ttie queen been found f^Uly, and
divorced, George I V'g poailion aa kins' would
have been impnriUe<l. .Vs it was, the popular
feeling in her fayour found a safety-valve in
the preeentation of addreseea of eympalliy,
^hicli poured iu &om all porta of the king-
Hw majesty waa then living at Branden-
buTgh Houae, near HainmerBmith, but on the
abandonment of the bill she demanded a
palacv and eBtablishmeDt suited to her rank ;
the wply to which was that it was ' not
IMMible for his majesty, under all the cir-
ClunsIanceB, to assi^i any of the roval
palaee« for the quet^n'e residence,' and ttnt
until parliament met ' the allowance whioh
has hitherto boen enjoyed by the queen will
in- continued lo her.' When parliament met,
Ibev vit«d her riO,000/. per ajmum.
6n Wednesday, 30 Nov. 1820, she went
in "tat*, although unaccompanied bv soldiers,
to Si. Paul's In return public thanks for her
noiiiiittBl. ■ The Queen's Guards are the
ppopje' was inscribed on one banner. Ac-
cording to the procedure prescribed for royal
Tuits to the city, the jrales of Temple Bar
wero closed, atid opened on her arrival by the
'cine authorities, who accompanied the queen
in procession to the cathedral. Addresws
continued to {>ourin ou her, but two attempts
in parliament torestoiehernBmeintheliturg;y
The king was to be crowned with HTeat
pomp and ceremony at Westtninster Abbey
on al July 1821. The queen declared her
intt^ntioD to be present, and demanded that
a euitablti plac« should be provided for her,
which was peremjitorily refused. She per-
sisted in pri'senting herself for oduiission,
l>iit was most Armly repulsed, and, not wish-
ing tn force on entrance, which would most
ag^BUrcdlv have led to a riot, she returned
home. This was her death-blow. She was
taken ill at Driiry Lane Theatre on the even-
ing of 30 July, and died on the night of
7 Aug.
Yet not fiveu with her death came peace.
She diwircd in her will that she should be
Jiuriid bi^ide her father at nrunawick. The
king ordiTed soldiers to escort, the body. Hie
city desired to show thi'ir ri«pect to Ihe royal
«cirpae. The king decidud that it Bhoiild
not go through lihe cily; hut llirough the
city the people determined it should go, and
ihmugh th*- cily it ultimately went, not be-
fnrn a Mnndy encounter with the Life Guards
at Ilydi' Park Comer, where they fired on
the mob with fatal effect. The roifin duly
Amml St Harwich, and Queen Cnrolinewas
laid to mtt in tlie royal vault at Brunswick
OAag. Ili21.
'53
Carpenter
o^UAii
[Nightinpila'a Memoirs of Quoan Cnrolios,
1820; Ad.ilphusV ilitto, 1821; Wilka'a ditto,
18.22; Clerkn'H Life of Hor Majeaty Cnrolloe,
&c.. 1S21 ; Hniah's Memoirs of George IV. 1B8U ;
Duke of Bnctinglutin'B Memoirs of Lhe CoBCt
of Oeorge IV, 1859; Works of Heary, Lord
Brorigham, vols, ij.und I. 1873; Journal of an
English Tratell«r from IBUlo 1S16, IBI7 ; The
Book. 1813; The Trial at Largo of her M«jeety
Caroline, tie., 1821; Bnosard'e Psrlinmentary
Debates. eont«ni[ioniry newipnpera, and nume-
rous jiolitical tmcts.] J. A.
GABON, REDMOND (1605 «- 11106), Irish
frinr and author, was born of a good family
near Athlone, "Westtueath, about ItiOo, and
embraced the order of St. Francis in the con-
vent there when about siiteen years of age.
He afterwards studied philoBOpny at Drog-
heda in a monastery of his own order, and
when the convents were seiied by the govern-
ment went to the continent, completing his
studies at SalxhuTV and Louvain. For some
time he held a chair iu the latter university.
Returning to Ireland as commissary-general
of the recollects, he took the part of the loyal
catholics against the supporterB of Dr. NeiU,
and was in extreme danger of his life when
he was saved by the interposition of the Earl
of Castlehoven. He died at Dublin in May
1666, and was buried in St. James's Church.
He was the author of the following chiefly
controversial works: 1. 'Roma triumphane
septicolUs, qui nova hoctenua et inaolit&Me-
thodo comp&rativa lot a FidesRomano-Cstho-
lica clarissime demons tratur. atque Infide-
lium omnium Argiitnenta diluuntur,' Ant-
werp, 1636. '2. ' Apostolus Evangelicus Mis-
sionariorum Hegularidm per universum Mun-
dum expositus, Antwerp, 1653 ; Paris, 1659.
3. ' Controversiw Generales Fidei contra In-
fldelex omnes, Judicos, Mahometanos, Pognnos
et euiuscunque Sectse Htcreticos,' Paris, 1660,
4. ' Loyalty asserted and the late Ilemon-
atrancB or Allegiance of the Irish Clergy and
Laity confirmed and proved by the autliority
of ScripturcB, Fathers. Eipoaitors, Popes,
Canons, Sic.,' London, 1862; and some other
tractates which were never printed.
piViires Works (Harris), ii. IM-J.]
T. F. H.
OAEPENTER, ALEXANDER, latin-
ised Bfl Fadricitts (/. 1429), is known only
as the author of the ' Destruct.orium Viiio-
rum," a treatise which en^joyed n considerable
popularity in the fifteenth and sixteenth cen-
turies, was six times printed bufore 1616,
and woH finally reprinted (at Venicel as
late as 16S2. Must of the editions bear
simply the name of '.\lexander Anglus,' a
dfaignation which Possevijiua {Apparatiu
Carpenter
154
Carpenter
Sacer, i. 31, Cologne, 1608) took to refer to
the famous Alexander of Hales ; but the edi-
tion printed by Koberger at Nuremberg in
1496 states in the colophon that the 'Be-
structorium ' was compiled * a cuiusdam fabri
lignarii filio,' and begun in 1429. A similar
note, giving the same date, appears at the end
of a copy of the book written in 1479, and be-
longing to the library of Balliol College, Ox-
ford (cod. Ixxxi.) A more modem entry in
this manuscript adds that the author was fel-
low of Balliol College, an assertion which
was also made by Gabriel Powel {Disputa-
tiones Theohgicce et SchoUuticce de Anti"
christOf prsef. p. 39, London, 1606), but was
discredited by Anthony k Wood on the ground
that no evidence was forthcoming in tne col-
lege itself {Hist, et Antiqq, Untv, Oxon, ii.
75 a, Oxford, 1674). Hecent researches in the
jnuniments have not discovered any trace of
Carpenter's connection with the college.
Powel and after him Bale {Script, Brit,
Cat, vii. 77, p. 566^ claim Carpenter as a
follower of Wyclifie; they both refer to
book vi. ch. xxx. of the ' Destructorium ' in
proof of his theological position; but the
language he uses in condemnation of sundry
abuses m the church is not stronger than was
frequently employed by the most correct
churchmen of the middle ages, and does not
permit us to describe him as a Wycliffite
without more distinct evidence. Bale adds
that Carpenter was the author of certain
' Homilise eruditoe,' of which nothing further
is known.
[See also Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 155.]
R. L. P.
CARPENTER, GEORGE, Lokd Cak-
PENTEB (1667-1732), general, descended from
the ancient family of Carpenter of Holme
in Herefordshire, was bom at Pitchers Ocul,
Herefordshire, on 10 Feb. 1657. His father,
a royalist soldier, was wounded at the battle
of Naseby, and George, who was the yoimgest
of seven children, commenced life as a page
to the Earl of Montagu in his embassy to
Paris in 1671. In the following year he
rode as a private in the 3rd troop of guards,
and shortly afterwards he was appointed
quartermaster in Lord Peterborouf li s regi-
ment of horse. In this regiment ne served
for seventeen years, and eventually became
lieutenant-colonel, and with it he saw ser*
vice both in the Irish campaign of 1690
and in Flanders. In 1693 he married the
Honourable Alice Margetson, daughter of
William, first viscount Charlemont, and
widow of James Margetson, with a portion
of whose dowry he purchased for 1,800
guineas the colonelcy oi the King's dragoon
guards. With this regiment he served in
Flanders, and became famous for his con«
spicuous gallantry. In 1705 Carpenter was
appointed a brigadier-general under Peter^
borough, and seems to have performed the
double function of quartermaster-general and
general of the cavairy in Spain. As a quarter-
master-general he was said to have no equal,
and as a general of cavalry he saved the
baggage oi the English army, and covered
the retreat at the head of his dragoons after
the defeat of Almanga. He was wounded at
Almenara, and was severely wounded in the
mouth and taken prisoner while desperately
defending the breach at Brihue^ He was
Eromoted lieutenant^neral in 1710, and on
is return to England was one of the general
officers who were resolved at all hazards to
maintain the protestant succession. When
George I had been proclaimed, Stanhope
nominated Carpenter to go as ambassador to
Vienna, but on the outbreak of the rebellion
of 1715 he was entrusted instead with supreme
command over all the forces in the north
of England. He prevented the rebels from
seizing Newcastle, and when he heard that
they had advanced into Lancashire, rapidly
followed them; found them at Preston,
where General Wills was blockading them
in a half-hearted way, and forced the whole
rebel army to capitulate. On reaching Lon«
don he was challenged by General W"ills in
February 1716, and a duel was with difficulty
prevented by the Dukes of Montagu and
Marlborough. In return for his great ser-
vices he was nominated governor ot Minorca
and commander-in-chief of the forces in Scot-
land. In 1714 he was returned to par*
liament as M.P. for Whitchurch in Hamp*
shire, and on 29 May 1719 he was created
Lord Carpenter of Killaghy, co. Kilkenny,
in the peerage of Ireland. In 1722 he was
elected M.P. for Westminster, but did not
seek re-election in 1729, and died at the age
of seventy-five, on 10 Feb. 1732, and was
buried at Ouselbury in Hampshire. His
grandson was created Viscount Carlingford
and Earl of TVrconnel in the peerage of
Ireland on 1 May 1761, but the earldom,
viscounty, and barony b€Mcame extinct on the
death of the fourth earl, 26 Jan. 1853.
[Life of the late Right Honourable George,
Lord Carpenter, London. Printed for Edward
Ourll, 1736, from which all other notices are
borrowed ; Lord Mahon's War of the Spanish
Succession in Spain, for his services in Spain.]
H.M.S.
CARPENTER, JAMES (17ea-lS45),
admiral, entered the navy in 1776 on board
the Foudroyant, then commanded bjr Cap-
tain Jenris, afterwards Earl St. Vincent.
I the FoudrojBut he '
.(finp year to North America
mood frignto, and from her wat
ferred to the Sullan, in which he -vat pm-
sent in the action oS Grenndn, tt Jul; 1/Ta
In 17S0 he vita for some time in the Sand-
wich, bearing Sir Georgt- Rodnej's flag, and
WAS appointed bom her to the Intrepid as '
BCttng Iteulenant, in wliich capacity he Aras !
present in the actionoff Martinique, 30 April
1781, and in that olf the Capes of Vir^nia, I
5 Sept. 1781, He was not confirmed in his i
Toak till IS April 1783. In 1793 he was '
appointed to toe Boyne, flagship of Sir ,
John Jerris in the "West Indies, and was |
promoted bv the admiral to the command of
the Nautilus, 9 Jan. 1794. Ue was then |
employed on shore at the reduction of Mar- ,
tinique, and on 2b March 1794 was posted to
the command of the Bienvenu, prize-frigate,
from which he was moved in rapid euccee-
eioo to the Veteran of 01 guna and the
Alarm of 32. He continued actively em-
plc^ed in the Weel Indies till the following
rt, when he returned to England. In 1799
was appointed to the Leviathan of 74
suns, bearing Sir John Duckworth's flag in
the Hediterranean and afterwards in the
■Weat Indies, whence he was compelled to
invalid ; and, taking a paaaage home in a
merchant ship, he was captured by a French
man-of-war and carried to Spain as a pri-
soner. Ue was, however, shortly aflerwuds
exchanged through the exertions of Lord St.
Vincent, and for a short time had com-
mand of the San Jow^f. From 1803 lo 1810
he had charge of the Deyonshlre Sea Fen-
ablea, and in 1811 went out to Newfound-
land in the Antelope, again aa flag-captain
lo Sir J. T. Duckworth, It was only for a
year, for on 12 Aug. 1812 he became a rear-
mdmiial. He had no further eervice, but
was advanced in course of seniority to be
Tice-odmiml ou 12 Aug. 1819, and admiral
1 10 Jan. 1837. He died on 16 March
^^yma'a Nav. Biog. Diet. :
R.Blog. iL (vol. i. pi, ii.)
niB), Mwri. ii. 79.]
MarsbaU's Royal
BSB; Gent. Mng.
J. K.L.
RPENTEB, JOIIN (1370P-1441?),
a clerk of Loudon, son of Richard Car-
ter, a citiieu of London, and ChHatina,
i wife, was probably bom about 1370, and
educated for the profession of law. On20April
1417 he waa chosen town clerk or common
ark of the city, after having held an in-
~''t post in the town clerk's office for some
I previously. Carpenter was well ac-
1 with John UBrchaiuit, Lis prede-
i was one of the executors of aior-
chaiini'fi will in 1431. As town clerk Car-
penterfrequentlyaddressedletterstoHenry V
on behalf of Ihe corjwration, and very soon
after his appointineat began a compilation
of the laws, customs, privileges, and usages
of the city, ejttroeted from the archivee of
the corpomtion. This important work, which
wasentitludiiie 'Liber Albue,' was completed
in November 1419, and waa printed from the
Guildhall manuscript for tlie first time in
the Rolls Series in 16o9. Carpenter was the
intimate friend of the far-famed Sir Richard
Whittington, who was lord mayor for the
third timein 1419, and as one of the executors
of Whitlington's will was busily employed in
1423 and the following yeare in carrying out
Whittington's charitable Iwqueata. On23Feb.
1431 Carpenter and his wife, whose cliriatian
name was Katharine, received from the cor-
20 Nov. 1436 be was elected one of the re-
fresentativea of the city in parliament ; on
4 Dec, following he was granted a patent of
exemption from all summonses to serve on
jories or to perform other petty municipal
duties. In 1438 Carpenter resigned the town
clerkship ; during his twenty-one years of
office he was sometimes styled 'secretarr,' a
designation which no other town clerk is
known to have home. On 26 Sept. 1439 Car-
rter was re-elected member of parliament
the city ; but he had now resolved lo
retire from public life. On 3 Dec. following
he obtained from Henry VI letters patent
exempting him fiMm all military and civil
duties. He was thus relieved of the neces-
sity of attending parliament and of receiving
the honour of knighthood. Un 10 June 1440
the mayor and aldermen voted Caipenter a
gratuity of twenty marltB, and in 1441 be
defended the sheriffs in a lawsuit preferred
against them by the dean of the coUegiaU
church of St. Martin-Ie-Grand. In the same
year Carpenter, conjointly with another John
Carpenter [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Wot^
cester, and John Somerset, chronicler of the
exchequer, received trom the crown a grant
of the manor of Theobalds in Chesbunt, Hert-
fordshire. He probably died in 1441. On
8 March of that year Carpenter drew up
a will disposing of his personal property,
and a copy of this document is st'dl extant.
From it we learn that Carpenter lived in the
Earisb of St. Peter, ComhilU in whosechurch
e desired to be buried. He left large suma
of money, together with bis jewels and house-
hold furniture, lo his wife, ond similar gifts
to his lirotliers, Robert and John, and their
children. To the religious foundations in and
near London he also bequeathed gifts of
Carpenter 156 Carpenter
money, and the terms of his bequest indicate Guildhall Letterbook K), describing Henry VI s
that Le was a lay brother of the convent of entry into the city of London after his return
the Charterhouse, London, and of the frater- ft»n^ France.] 8. L. L.
nity of the sixty priests of London. To his CARPENTER, JOHN (d, 1476), bishop
foends. Reginald PecockA\illiam Clewe, ^^ ^Vorcester, b^ probably at W;rtburv.
John Carpenter, bishop of T\ orcester [q v.] QloucestershiU, was*^educatid at Oriel Col'
and other ecclesiastics, he left most of his i Oxford, and proceeded D D there
WkjwhichincludedRichapddeBuiT'8'Phi- ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^f g^ ^^J
ob^lon and some of Aristotle sworfatraM- tony'sHoepital and School in the city of Lon-
lated into Utrn Of his landed property no ^Jf ^ ^ 1^^^^ ^.^ ^^ ^^
accoimt IS extant, and no mention « made of i^^;,^ ^ ^^^ ^^j^^ ,^^^^1 K^ ,^
"i* V^^ """ ^^ r'' ""T;^ • ^'^l * T' "id in 1440 the benefice of St. Wt Rnk!
doubtedlv oym«l laige estates in the city, He was appointed proyost of Oriel College in
aiid made a careful disposition of hem Stow ^^ ^Q^ the office conjointly wi^ the
states in his Suryey of London, p 110, tb^t ^t^y „f gt. Antony's iaospitil. About
Carpenter 'gave tenements to the ctye for the 1436 ^^ ^ ^„ „f g^ Mary Magdalen in
finding and bringing up of foure poor mens q,^ pj^ g ^o^^ J'j wfth great
chddren with meat dnnk, apparefl, learning u^^^t i^ ^^^ aimshouses beW
at the schooles m the unnersities, &c., ^tQ -^^ ^^ ^^^_ I„ comrideration of this
they be professed, and then others in their r*„^„„ ««rr«— ,w«.«.^-»- ^^^^i^^^^^^v^ir^
, -^ -'^ , 'mt. 1 * .- J 1 irenerous act Larpenter s name ' was to be in-
places for eyer. This benefaction was duly B.^,^ ^j, ^V^. ^ ^^^, jj^ ^.^
executed by the corporation with little change ch^„^i,„, „f Oxford Uniyersity in 1437. On
♦"'• nearly four centuries. ■** *^'^ «oi.iioat .j..
int book of the citv accc
- "^^ ^^. Carpenter's land . — _ jjourcnieril4iMr-14«J)|q. v.j,anawaa con-
appointed for educational purnoses is given, ^^^^^ at Eton on 22 March 1443-4 Car-
and the rental of the property tnen amounted .^^^.^^ „.„ ♦i.-^,,^!.^.,* i.:« i;4v. . w..i..':«^»«^
to 49/. 13,. 4.. andJ-hrchJig. upon it to E^SffLrt^Th'^S^^i'^f We^tr-fll^
no more than 20/. 13,. 4^. In the course of gi^^^^t^i ^^.^yt and richly endowed the
the following century the di8crei«mcy be- „ „/ rf^j, ^^^^ ^„ the church
tween the two sides of the account increased ^^ ^j|jj^ Canynges of Bristol [q.v.]
rapidly In 1823 the chanty commissioners ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^1^ -^ 1^ ci^„J
pointed out that only a fraction of the pro- j^^ ^ fe^ weeks befor/his
ceeds of the benefaction was appbed accord- ^ ^ "8^ j^ Xorthwick, and died
ing to the testators wwhes; m 1827 the ^^^ ^ ^^^^ jj ^^^^ -^ j^ ^
court of common councd increased the sum ^ ^ ; -yvestbuiy Church. Much of his
to be applied to the education «nd mainte- • j j^ t^t^Mig^ exhibitions at
nance of four poor boys, and in 1833 ,t was ^jj^'c^Uege. He is said to haye built the
resolyed to apply 900/ per annum from the ^^j^^^ ^ Hartlebuiy Castle, the official
Carpenter bequest to the founda ion and en- »^yence of the bishopSf Worc^ter. Car-
dowment of a new school and o the establish- ^j^ . . ^
ment of eight CanH^ntcr scholarships for the ^y ^^ ij^,^ ^f j^jj^ cirpenter, town
assistanc^of pupils at the school and nniver- j g ^ ^o^ ^ . ^ b^ueathed to
sities. This school, cidled the City of London y^ geveral books on hi^ death m lill
School, was erected on the site of Honey Une "^ **^ "-"^ '^** °° "^ **'"' "^ ^** ^•
Market, and opened in laS" ; it was removed [Godwin, De Prssul. (174S), p. 467 ; Le Neye's
in 1883 to the Thames Embankment. Astatue ' ^>^^ ^ccl. Angl. iii. 61 ; Newcourt's Dioccee of
of Carpenter as the virtual founder was placed K"**?? ' '• *!*' 299.471:Thoma.Breircr;sLifeof
on the principal staircase in the old building, j!."'"' CfP«nt«. *^^ cleA of London. The John
and has been removed to the new Orations Can*°ter who, according to Boase s Oxf. Lniv.
ana nas wen remo^ ea to tne new. "«ti"n8 ^^^,1^, (j ^gj proceeded Bjl. 28 Jan. 1461-2,
in Carpenter's honour are given by the boys ^^^ ^j^] ^ Dm 1465. cannot be identical with
on the annual speechdays. tl,e bUhop.] S. L. L.
[Thomas Brewer's Memoir of the IJfo and CARPENTER, JOHN (d. 1621), divine,
Times of John Carpenter (London, 1856) gives ' ^-^•* *-^^ **-•*•, ,i .^^ ' Z\' *"''"^»
very full particulars Oirpenters Liber Alius, , ^^ ^™ '"^ ComwaU, it is belief at
editetl by H. T. Riley (1859). forms the first Launceston, and entered asabatlerat Exeter
ToluniooftheMuniracntaGildhallKLondoniensis OoUege about 1670, but after a residence of
in the Rolls Series. Translations of the Norman
French passages are giren in the third Tolnme of
the Munimenta, together with a lon^ letter by
four years left without ti^dng a dmee and
became rector of Northleig^, near Honiton,
in Devonshire. Here he continued throturli-
Carpenter (dated 20 Feb. 1432, and printed from i out hia life, and here he died in Bfareh 10290-
1631, wben he was bitried in the cliuucel
of hU chuich. He was father of Nathnnact
Cnrpenwrfq.v.l He wrote : 1. ' A Sorrow-
ful Song lor Smful SouU, composed upon
the Strange nnd "Wonderful Shaking, 6 April
1580,* London, 1580. 2. ' Remember Lot's
Wifie," two BermonB, 1588, dedicated to Mary,
wife of Bishop Wooltoo. 3. ' A Preparative
to Oontentation,' 1697. 4. 'The Song of
the BoloTed concerning Hia Vineyard,' 169B.
5. 'Ctontemplationforthe Instruciion of Chil-
Anm ill Ihe Christian Religion,' 6. "Schelo-
monocham, or King Solomon, his solace,'
160e. 7. 'ThePUineMan'flSpiritunlPiough,"
dedicated to Bishop Cotton.
[Womi'B AtheM Oion. (Blias), ii. 287-8 ;
BoaKiLDilCoiirtnsy'BBibl, Cornub.pp. 63, 1115;
Arber'a Sutioni'n' Itcgistsrs. iii. IDS, 2S5.]
W. P. C.
OABPENTEB, LA>X LL-D. (1780-
1S40), unitarian diriue, bom at Kidder-
minster on 2 Sept. 1780, was the third sou
of George Carpenter (rf. 13 Feb. 1839, aged
ninety-one), carpet manufacmrer, by his
wife, Mary Hooke (d. 21 Bfarch 183S, aged
eighty-three). Ann I^ant was the maiden
name of Oeorge Carpenter's mother. George
Carpenter fuled in businesH, and removed
from Kidderminster, but Lant was left be-
hind with his mother's guardian, NioholsB
Pearsall, who adopted him, with a view to hie
beconung a minister. Pearsallwas a strong
unitarian, of much practical benevolence.
He sent him to school, first under Benjamin
Carpenter at Stourbridge, and then under
■Wifiiam Blake n730-1799) [q. v.] at the
echool of Pearaall a own founding in Kidder-
minster. In 1797 Carpenter entered the dia-
ecntiugaca<lemy at Northampton under John
Hotaey, and was ranked in the second year
of the five years' course. The Northampton
uariemy was the immediate successor of that
at Daveotry, from which Belsham had re-
tired on adopting unitarian views. Horsey
was moderately orthodox, the classical tutor
was a polemical Calvinist from Scotland.
The arrangement did not work, the minds of
tiir students became unsettled, and the Crus-
tves in 1798 abruptly closed the academy.
In October of that year Carpenter with two
fellow-ttudenta entered Glasgow College as
mhihitioners under Dr. Williams's trust.
a studies there, interrupted at the outset
ma attack of rheumatic fever, lasted till
"1. He look the arts course (but did not
iuate), adding chemistry and anatomy,
__, he liad a scientific turn, and at one time
thought fif combining the dutiea of a phy-
■ician and a dissenting minister. Divinity
lia slDidiGd for himself, especially during the
exhih
^^«rh.
prevented his con-
tinuing at Glasgow for tlie divinity course.
Ue now thought of schoolkeening as an ad-
junct to the ministry (he had alresdj entered
the pulpit), and in September 1801 he be-
came assistant in the school of his connec-
tion Rev. John Corrie, at Birch's Green, near
Binoingham. Next year he supplied for a
time tlie pulpit of the New meeting, Bir-
mingham, vacant by the resignation of John
Edwards, but soon accepted the offer of a
librarianship at the Liverpool Athenieum.
This situation he held from the end of 18(^2
till March 1805, conducting at the same
time advanced classes for young ladies, and
occasionally preaching. He declined over-
tures irom congregations at Ijiswich, Bury
St. Edmunds, Ormskirk,and Dudley, and an
invitation (in 1803) to become literary tutor
at Manchester College, York (this invitation
was renewed in 1B07, and again declined).
On 9 Jan. 1806 he accepted a co-pastorate
at George's meeting, Exeter, as colleague
with James JManning. in succession to Timo-
thy Kenrick. Manning was an Arian ; Ken-
rick had been a humanitarian, and this was
now Carpenter's standpoint. In philosophy
he was a determlnist, and an especial ad-
mirer of Hartley. At Exeter (where he soon
married) Carpenter undertook an extensive
pastorate and the cares of a boarding school
with an unfailing fervour, method, and suc-
cess, which were marvellous, considering his
far from robust health. He brought out in
1806 a popular manual of New Testament
geography. ApplyingtoGlaagowiu ISOUfor
the degree of M.A. by special grace, he was
at once made LL,D. In AususC 1807 the
temporary lose of his voice lea him to send
in his resignation; his congregation in reply
gave him a year's ireedom &om pulpit work,
and his colleague undertook the double duty.
He employed his leisure in founding and
managing a public library. His return to
the pulpit in 1808 was followed by a contro-
versy, in which his chief opponent was Daniel
Veysie, B.D. In 1810 the congregation of
the' Mint meeting otnalgamated with that of
George's meeting; the Mint meeting tmstees
in 1812 wanted to place an organ in George's
meeting, and this was done, not without con-
siderable opposition. In 1813 Carpenter de-
clined a pressing invitation to become col-
league with John Yates at Paradise Street
Chapel, Liverpool (overtures from the same
congregation weremade tohim in 1823). An-
other doctrinal controversy in which he had a
share in 1814 was summed up in an epigram
by Caleb Colton ('Laoon.' 1S2'2, ii. 720). H.>
remained at Exeter till 1817, taking an in-
creasing part b public questions, especially
Carpenter
158
Carpenter
the agitation for the Roman catholic claims
in 1813. In view of the approaching retire-
ment of John Prior Estlin, LL.D., Carpenter
was invited (28 Aug. 1816) to Lewin's Mead
Chapel, Bristol, as colleague to John Rowe.
The Exeter people made every effort to retain
him, but in the summer of 1817 he removed
to Bristol. The con^rregation was large and
wealthy [for its earlier history see Buby,
Samuel], but had lost cohesion. Carpenter
drew its various elements together, developed
its religious and philanthropic life, and gave
it a hold upon the neglected classes of so-
ciety. On the resignation of Rowe in
1832, Carpenter obtained as colleague (after
a short inter\'al) Robert Brook Aspland,
M.A. [a. V.]; in 1837, the year following
Asplana's removal, his place was filled by
George Armstrong, B. A., a seceder from the
church of Ireland. Carpenter did much to
widen the spirit of his denomination. With
one exception, the earlier unitarian tract and
mission societies had been fortified with a
preamble branding trinitarianism as * idola-
trous ' and so limiting the unitarian name as
to exclude Arians. As early as 1811, Car-
penter endeavoured to expunge the preamble
from the rules of the Western Unitarian So-
ciety ; it took him twenty years to effect
this change. But in 1825 three older metro-
politan societies were amalgamated into the
existing British and Foreign Unitarian As-
sociation, and to Carpenter is mainly due
the disappearance from its constitution of the
restrictive preamble. His polemical publi-
cations in reply to Magee and others were
commended lor their mildness by orthodox
critics ; for that very reason, perhaps, though
able works, few of them were much read.
Just before his arrival in Bristol, J. E. Stock,
M.D., long a zealous convert to unitarianism
(he had drafted the invitation to Carpenter),
seceded to the Calvinistic baptists. Soon
after this, Charles Abraham Elton, the well-
known classical scholar, became a convert,
and produced * Unitarian ism Unassailable,'
and similar publications ; but in a few years
he publishea his * Second Thoughts ' and re-
joined the established church. In 1822
Samuel Charles Fripp, B.A., a clergyman
residing at Bristol, who had been a curate
in Kent, announced his unitarianism from
the Lewin's Mead pulpit, and remained
steadfast to his new connections. Of Car-
penter's own catechumens a considerable
number, including some of his favourite
pupils, ultimately joined the church of Eng-
land. Many 01 the sterner unitarians re-
garded his influence as too evangelical. Much
independence characterised his views; the
rite of baptism he rejected altogether as a
superstition, substituting a form of infant
deaication. In 1833 the Rajah Rammohun
Roy, in whose monotheistic movement Car-
penter was strongly interested, visited Bris-
tol, but only to die. Carpenter preached
his funeral sermon (afterwards published,
with a memoir). He had given up his school
in the spring of 1829. Of Carpenter as a
schoolmaster there are two sketches by Jamea
Martineau, his pupil, and for a time his locum
tenens {Memoirs^ p. 342 ; Life of Mary Car^
penter, p. 9). No master was ever more
adored by his scholars, or more effective in
the discipline of character. Bowring says :
' For many a year I deemed him the wisest and
greatest of men, as he certainly was one of the
best.' * Christopher North * (who had been his
fellow-student at Glasgow), when appointed
in 1820 to the moral philosophy cnair at
Edinburgh, consulted him about tha plan of
his lectures and the literature of the subject
(see his reply, MemoirSy p. 255). Carpenter
is caricatured in Harriet Martineau*s * Auto-
biography,' 1877, vol. i. Till 1836 he took
a leading part in all public work in Bristol,
acting in politics as an independent liberal,
and devotmg much time to the encourage-
ment of physical science. He was one of the
chief organisers of the Bristol Literary and
Philosophical Institution in 1822. By 1839
his constitution was completely exhausted
under his unsparing labours. He left home
on 22 July and was recommended by London
physicians to travel. Accompanied by Free-
man, a medical adviser, he went on the con-
tinent, but his health did not revive. He
was drowned on the night of 5 April 1840
while going by steamer from Leghorn to
Marseilles. He was not missed till morning,
and it is supposed that he was washed over-
board. His body was cast ashore near Porto
d'Anzio, about two months afterwards, and
was buried on the beach. He married on
25 Dec. 1805 Anna (d. 19 Junel856), daughter
of James Penn of Kidderminster, and had
six children, of whom the eldest was Mary
[q. v.l, the fourth William Benjamin [q. v.j,
and the youngest Philip PearsaJfl fq. v. J His
remaining son is Russell Lant,hi8 Diographer.
Of Carpenter there is an excellent por-
trait drawn by Branwhite, and engravea by
Woodman, prefixed to his * Memoirs ; ' but
perhaps the oest likeness of him is a small
porcelain bust by Bentley, published in 1842.
Among his publications, which numbered
thirty-eight, besides four posthumous works
and several contributed articles and works
edited by him (see a fiill list in ' Memoirs,'
appendix B), the most noteworthy are:
1. ' Unitarianism the Doctrine of the Goe-
pel,' 1809, 8yo, Srd edition 182S (ia the form
(Iters to Veysie). 2, ' Systomatic Edu-
jm,' 2 Tol8. 1815, Hyo, 3rd edition 182'2
, conjiinction wilh William Shepherd,
..J-Dt u)i1 Jeremiah Joyce ; Carpenter's
part tncludcB the mental and moral philo-
Mpbj). 3. ' An Eiaminntion of the ChaiTjres
made ngtunEt Unitarians . . . bj the Ki^ht
B«v. Dr. Magee,' &c. 1820, Svo. 4. ' Pnn-
eiplec of Education,' 1820, 8vo (reprinted
trom Kgmi'b ' Cydopaidia,' much commended
by the EdgBWorths), 5. 'A Harmony, or
STnnptieDl Arrangement of the Gospels, &c.
Ifett, 8yo (tha second edition, 1WJ8, 8vo, is
dedicated, by permisfiiou, to the queen).
8. ' SetiBons on Practical Snhjecta,' 1 840, 8vo
d by hU »on ; an nbridged edition was
_ht out by Mary Carpenter in 1875).
^■mnin. by Russall Lent Carpenter (bis
.5). 18*S ; Memoiniof P. P. Cnrpentor, Ph.D.
BSD (by the Kimc) ; family pedigrees are siten
_n privately printed MBinoriale (1878) of Mary
Oarpen Mr (sister of Lant CArpeottr); Mnnlhly
Baires. 1817. p. *81 ; Murch'fl HiMory of Prwb.
■ml Gtn. Bapt. Churches in West of Kngland,
18S6, pp. 1 17 Bq.i 409. 664 : Chriatiiin Roforaier,
1613, p. 371 : Headersoa's Memoir of Rev. G.
ArrastroDg, 18S0 ; Autobio^mphicBl Recollac-
tioMof S^r .1. Bowring, 187r.pp. *2-3; iirivate
- - 1 A. C,
I'OAEPENTER, MARGARET SARAH
1783-1872), portrait-painter, daughter of
_tol«in Alexander Geddea, bom at Salisbunf
iiil793, first studied art from Lord Badiior's
collection at Longford Castle, and obtained
a gold medal from the Society of Artn for
the study of s boy's head. She went up to
London in 1814 and established herself as
a portrait-painter of much reputalion. In
1817 sbe. married 'William Hoohham Carpen-
ter fq. v.], keeper of prints and drawings
in the British Museum, upon whose death
in 1806 her majeety granted her a pension of
lOOAperimuum. She died in London 13Not.
187:^. Between 1818 and 1866 she exhibited
147 pictures at the Royal Academy, fifty at
Britiab Institution, and nineteen at the
iety of British Artjats. Her last work
"' portraitof Dr. WhewelL .^.mongher
irtreits were those of Lord Kilcouraie
(18iaS. Mr. Baring ( 1815), Lord de Tabley
(1829),aDd.\TchbishopSuniner(I852). Her
portraits of Eraser Tyl.ter, John Gibson, and
Boninffton are in the National Portrait Gal-
lery. In the South Kensington Mnseum she
IB represented by ' DerotJon — St. Francis '
(a lifoaiie study of tie bead of Anthony
Stewart, thp miniature painter), 'The 8i»-
liam Church ' {a sketch), and 'An Old Wo-
man ^niiLiiiaj^,' and also by a water-colour
tuidj tma nature. A tister of Mrs. Carpen-
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878; Bryan'a
Diet, of Psintfirs (SraTea); Omvea'a Diet, of
Artists; Catalogues of NationHl Portrait Oal-
lory nod National Qallory at South Kensington
Museum; Artists of Niaeteenth Century; Art
Journal, 1873.] C. X..
CARPENTER, MARY (1807-1877),
philanthropist, the eldest child of Lant Car-
penter, LL.D. tq. v.], by his wife, AnnaPenn,
was bom at Exeter on 3 April 1807. Her
father's teacliinga and example inspired her
whole career. From him she inherited her
industiT. her warm benevolence, and simple
piety ; her concentration of energy she drew
from herself. At a very early age she was
introduced to the wliole range of studies
pursned in her father's school, gaining a
Bound classical and scientific truning, and
developing a taste for art. James Martineau
sketches her as a schoolgirl (iV/V. 9). Ac-
customed to assist in teaching, and even on
1871'.
m
had completed her fifteenth year, she left
home in (he spring of 1827 to act as a gover-
ness, first in the Isle of Wight, then at
Odsey, near Itoyston. In August 1829 she
rejoined her mother, and began with her a
girls' school at Bristol, shortly after tbeclose
of Dr. Carpenter's school for hoys. To thjs
she added in 1631 the superintendence of
the nftemoon Sunday school. In 18.SS the
presence of Rammohun Roy, who ended his
days at Bristol, and the visit of Joseph
Tuckerman, D.D., the Boston philanthropist,
turned her sympathy towards India and the
ragged urchinsof her own country. Shewas
the means of founding in 183(i a 'working and
visiting society,' of which she acted as secre-
tary for over twenty years ; and to this was
added in 1641 aministrytothe poor, to which
she hadgiven the impulse in 1 838. Her father's
death in 1840 gave her a new motive for phi-
lanthropic work as hin representative. Aided
by John Bishop Estlln and Matthew Daven-
port Hill, she opened on 1 Aug. 1846 her
ragged school in Lewin's Mead, one of tha
worst parts of Bristol, removing it in De-
cember to larger premiaes in 'a filthy lane
called St. James's Back.' In August 1860
she purchased the court in which the school
was situated, improved the dwellings, and
laid out a playground, ^liile thus engaged
she was considering the nocMsity for echoola
of a different cbaracter, in wbicli moral dis-
cipline might be applied to the reformation
nf young criminals. She corresponded on
this subject with Matthew Davenport Hill
and John Clay [q. v.], and published her
Carpenter
1 60
Carpenter
views in 1861. Iler book, and her inter-
views in London and the north with ad-
vocates of reformatory principles, prepared
the way for a conference, w^hicn was held in
Birmingham on 9 and 10 Dec. 1851. Mary
Carpenter was the soul of the meeting, but
did not speak in public; she was always
somewhat slow to countenance any innova-
tions on the recognised sphere of woman*8
work. A committee was formed to carry
out the resolutions of the conference ; but it
soon appeared that there was a radical di-
vergence of view on the question whether
the disciplinary treatment of juvenile delin-
quents snould be partly punitive or purely
restorative in its aim. Mary Carpenter be-
lieved that certain theological ideas fostered
the demand for an element of retributive
dealing, which she was anxious to exclude.
She resolved to establish a reformatory school
on her own principles. Meanwhile she gave
evidence (in May 1852) before the parlia-
mentary committee of inquiry on juvenile
delinquency. On 11 Sept. her reformatory
was opened at Kingswood. The house (built
for school purposes by John Wesley) was
purchased by llussell Scott of Bath, and fur-
nished by Lady Byron. In December 1858
a conference on a larger scale was held in the
Birmingham town hall. At the beginning
of 1854 the first report of her Kingswood
school was issued. On 10 Aug. the Youthful
Ofienders Act legalised the position of re-
formatory schools under voluntary managers.
On 10 Oct. a separate reformatory school for
girls was opened by Mary Carpenter at the
Ked Lodge in Park Row, Bristol, an Eliza-
bethan mansion wliich had seen many vicis-
situdes. It is no wonder that, with all these
responsibilities accumulated upon her, her
hedth suddenly failed. Just before Christ-
mas 1854 she was seized with a rheumatic
fever, which incapacitated her for six months.
As she was recovering, she wrote a gently
characteristic letter (3 June 1855) to Har-
riet Martineau, expressive of her religious
trust, and received a severely characteristic
reply. The intercourse of the two friends re-
mained unbroken. Mary Carpenter's religion
was as little satisfactory to the Somersetshire
magistrates as to Miss Martineau. The quarter
sessions at Wells, moved by the diocesan board,
refused (Marcb 1856) to take cognisance of
the Red Lodge, though the government in-
spector was fully satisfied with the religious
teach ing. A year and a half after her mother^s
death Mary Carpenter left the old home in
Great George Street to occupy (December
1867) a house in Park Row, bought by Lady
Byron, who purchased also other property for
the development of the Red Lodge plans.
Meanwhile, Miss Carpenter was urging upon
members of parliament the need of a measure
such as the Industrial Schools Act, which be-
came law in 1857, and the claims of existing
ragged schools to participate in the educa-
tional grant. Among her best friends in the
. House of Commons were Lords Houghton
Ssee MiLNES, Riohakd Monokton] anl Id-
iesleigh. As if her hands were not yet full —
she had resigned her Sunday school dutv in
1856, but was still doing * the work of three
people on thefood of halfa one' (Cobbe)— the
dimculties in the working of the act induced
her to undertake the establishment of a cer-
tified industrial school, mainly in order to
show in what way the government provisions
needed amendment. This school she opened
(April 1859) in premises in Park Row pur-
chased by Fredenck Chappie, a Bristol boy
who had made a fortune in Liverpool. Many
of her proposals were adopted in the amended
acts of 18i61 and 1866. A third conference
on ragged schools at Birmingham on 23 Jan.
1861 urged upon parliament their claims to
further government aid. Although attacked
by illness in the autumn of 1863, she planned
and opened a workmen's hall in December of
that year, and published a work on the con-
vict system.
In the autumn of 1860 her sympathy with
India had been reldndled by the visit of
Joguth Chunder Gangooly, a young convert
of the unitarian mission at Calcutta. The sub-
sequent visits of Rakhal Das Haldar (1862),
and of Satyendra Nath Tagore and M. Ghose
(1864) convinced her that the condition of
Indian women could be improved by judicious
education. On 1 Sept.l8o6 she left England
for India, Ghose being among her travelling
companions. Her pums and expectations
were small, but no sooner had she arrived
than her advice was sought by the Bombay
government on the problems of education and
prison discipline. At Madras and at Ofilcutta
(where she interested herself in the mono-
theistic movement of Keshub Chunder Sen)
similar calls were made upon her judgment
and experience. Here she became for the
first time a public speaker. Her general im-
pressions were summed up in a communica-
tion (12 Dec. 1866) to the govemor-ffeneraly
Sir John Lawrence, on the subjects of female
education, reformatory schools, and the state
of the gaols. She left India on 20 March
1867. At home she took up again with zest
all her old labours, but at once opened com-
mimications with the India Omce, with a
view to urge the home government to over-
come 'the incubus of Indian led-tapeism.^
In March 1868 she had the honour of an
interview with the queeiii and in October she
agun etart(-d for India. Otrerin^ her gra-
tiiiloUH wrvicea to the government as super-
inlendeut oft fomtle nirmal school at Bom-
bav, ski: wns eood in the midHi of a band of
Udy miodJTitiirs, English and native. Her
litultli mive way in Februivrj ISiiH, and in
April bEu reliirniwi lo Englaad. Hlt third I
viait to IndiH, id the winter of 1869-70, was '
somi'wiiiit dlMppoiutiu^. She made up her
mind that more was to be done by tlie in-
flaenee alic could vxen at headqiiart«rg in I
thia cfluntry than by personal work in India I
ttsel£ At Bristol, in September 1870, she I
. iiuiigurated, in connection with a second I
risit from Kushub Cbunder Sen, a 'National '
Indian ABsoctation,' of which tlie Princess '
Alice ultiinattily became president. Its ob- |
joct was twiifold — to enaole Indian visitors ■
ta Mudv the institutions of England, and to '
ripen ^eliah opinlnn rciapecting the wants of ,
lodia. She was on the point of adding to her
travels a vif it to Amerii^n to study the condi-
tion of prisons tberp, when an invitation to
Utend, ttB the gneet of the Princess Alice, a
OODgreas (September 187:3) at Darmstadt on
women's woA, opened the way for an exami-
Rfttion of Eomeoi the reformatory systems of
the continent. Her voyage to America was
made in April 1873. She accepted an invi-
tation to speak on priaon reform in the largest
church Rt Hartford, all the other churches
being closed for the occaaion. From the
Uoitttd States she proceeded to Canada, point-
ing; out the defects in prison arrangements,
»IM interosting herself warmly in the condi-
tion of the afaocivines. Returning borne in
the autumn, she had a fresh subject for her
■pplieations to government — the state of
the Canadian prisons. Her luat journey to
India was undertaken in Se]it«mber 1»76,
and lasted tUl 27 March 1876. Her impres-
aiona were now more hopeful. On all her
great subjects she made careful reports to the
autliorities in India and at home, and saw
many of her suffgestions carried into law. In
July 187U parliament at length authorised
lior plan of^ allowing school boards to eata-
bliahday-faedingindustriolschools. She died
14 June 1877, and wna buriwl in tho Amo's
Vale comeiury, Bristol, Among the mourufrs
ir«re two TTindu boys whose education she
wa«aap«TiDt«nding, A tablet to her memory,
with an inscription by James Martineau, was
placed in the north transept of Bristol Cathe-
dral. An adrairabla likeness, engraved by
C.H.Jeun!!, is prefixed to Iter 'I.i^.' Of her
pnsoaal charBCtcriEticathereisabriefglimpse
iXtft, p. ilS) by the Rev.W. 0. Gannett, who
fpMhg of ' her great grey eyes, so slow and
wiae, yet. bo hiDd aometimes j ' and a Toluable .
, ilfiUilml account, doing justice to her quaint
sense of humour and her capacity for art
(TAf^Iegieal Jleiict. April 1880, p. -279), by
Frances Power Cobbc, who was associaled
with her for some time from November 1^58
in herwork at Red Lodge. In Harriet Mar-
tineau's autobiography there is a charming
picture of Mary Carpenter acting as brides
maidtooneofherRedLodceprot^g^es. Mary
Carpenter was a familiar hgure at the Social
Science congresses, and some of her ablest pa-
pers were read at tbeaa meetings. Her 'Life'
givea many evidences of a true poetic vein.
In early life she had written poems in the
anti-slavery cause, which were printed in
America, but her most touching verses were
called forth 1^ the loss of friends. Of her
separate publications the following are the
chief: 1. 'Meditations and Prayers,' 1845
(1st ed. anon.; five subsequent editions).
2. ' Memoir of Joseph Tuckerman,' 1848 (re-
printed in ' American Unitarian Biogra-
phy,' 1851, 8vo, ii. 29 sq., with corrections
by Tuckerman's daughter, Mrs. Becker).
3. ' Ragged Schools, their PHuciples and
Modes of Operation, by a Worker,' 1849 (re-
printed from the ' Iiiqnirer ' newspaper).
4. ' Reformatory Schools for the Children of
tlie Perishit^ and Dangerous Classes, and for
Juvenile Olfenders,' 1851, 8to. 6. 'Juvenile
Delinquents, their Condition and Treatment,'
1853, 8vo (dedicated to 'my three helpers
in Heaven, my dear Father, Dr. Tuckerman,
and Mr. Fletcher,* i.e. Joseph Fletcher,
U.M. inspector of schools). 6. ■ The Cl^ms
of Ragged Schools to Pecuniary Educational
Aid from the Annual Parliamentary Grant,
&c.," 1859. 7. ' What shall we do with our
Pauper ChildrenP'&c. 1861. 8. 'Our Con-
victs, how they are made and should be
treated,' 1864, 8vo, 2 vols, (this had the
great honour ' of being placed on the Boman
1 RiDUnrstoriiiB 1. 9. ' Tjlst Davn in
'Index Espurgatorius ).
' Last Days in
8vo, 2 vols. She published also an abndg-
ment of the ' Memoir ' of her father ; and a
' Young Christian'sHymn Book,' withsupple-
OARPENTER, NATHANAEL (15S9-
1((28?), author and philosopher, son of John
Cnrpenter (d. I5fil) [q. v.], rector of North-
leigh, Devonshire, was bom there on 7 Feb.
1588-9. He matriculated at St. Edmund
IIoll,Oxford,on7June 1005; but was elected,
on a re"jommendatory letter of James I, a De-
vonshire fellow of Eiet«r College on 30 June
1 607. A second Devonshire candidaterMicbael
Carpenter
162
Carpenter
Jermyn, obtained an equal number of votes,
whereupon the vice-chancellor gave his de-
cision m favour of Carpenter. The dates
of Carpenter's degrees were B.A. 5 July
1610, M. A. 1618, B.D. 11 May 1620, D.D.
1626. During his residence at Oxford he is '
said to have become, * by a virtuous emula- '
tion and industry, a noted philosopher, poet,
mathematician, and geographer.' One of
his pupils at the university was Sir Wil-
liam Morice, secretary of state 1660-8, a
politician with religious views inclined to
presbyterianism, which were probably in-
spired by his tutor's Calvinism. Carpenter's
attainments attracted the notice of the chief
divines of the age. SutclifFe, dean of Exeter,
nominated him a member of his new college
at Chelsea, and Archbishop Ussher tempted
him into Ireland, where he was appointed
schoolmaster of the king's wards in Dublin,
the wards being minors of property whose
Sarents were Eoman catholics. Carpenter's
eath is said to have occurred at Dublin in
the beginning of 1628, and his funeral sermon
was preached by Robert Ussher, a brother of
the archbishop. On his deathbed he re-
gretted that he had * so much courted the
maid instead of the mistress,' meaning that
he had spent his chief time in philosophy and
mathematics and had neglected divinity.
His writings were numerous. The earliest
of them, * Philosophia libera triplici exerci-
tationum decade proposita/ an attack on the
Aristotelian system of philosophy, appeared
at Frankfort in 1621, under the disguise of
N. C. Cosmopolitanus. Later editions were
issued under his name in 1622, 1636, and 1675.
His treatise of * Geography delineated forth
in two books,' published in 1625, and repub-
lished in 1685, contains many eloquent pas-
sages, especially a digression (p. 260 et seq.)
in praise of the illustrious natives of 'our
mountainous provinces of Devon and Corn-
wall.' Embodied in it are some pages of
poetry, in which his 'Mother Oxford' re-
counts the advantages which he had derived
from association with her, and reproaches
him for his partiality to his native coimty.
Three sermons entitled ' Achitophel, or the
Picture of a Wicked Politician,' preached to
the imiversity of Oxford and dedicated to
Ussher, are stated to have appeared in 1627,
1628, 1629, 16.38, 1638, and 1642. The first
edition was called in, and the passages against
Arminianism were expunged. Aft^er his death
there appeared (1633 and 1640) a sermon,
* Chorazin and Bethsaida's Woe,' which he
had preached at St. Mary's, Oxford. The
dedication by N. H. to Dean Winnifie asserts
that but for ' a kinsman's (Jo. Ca.) friendly
hand ' the manuscript might have ' perished
on the Netherland shores,' as Oarpentei^s
labours in optics did in the Irish Sea. A
charisterium to Carpenter by Degorr Wheare
appears in the appendix to the latter a ' Pietas
erga benefactores,' 1628. A manuscript by
Carpenter entitled ' Encomia Varia ' beiongB
to Trinitv College, Dublin {Hist. MSS.
Comm, 4th Rep. app. p. 590).
[Wood's Athene Oxon. (Bliss),!!. 421-2, Fasti,
i. 337, 393 ; Prince's Worthies (1810), 178-^,
603 ; Boase's Beg. of Exeter Coll. pp. 55, 56,
211.] w.p.a
CARPENTER, PHILIP PEARSALL
(1819-1877), conchologist, youngest child
of Lant Carpenter [q. y.], was bom at
Bristol in November 1819. His education
began in his father's school, was continued
at a proprietary institution called the Bristol
College, and concluded at a presbyterian
training college at York. He graduated B.A.
in the university of London in 1841, and soon
after became minister of a presbyterian con-
gregation at Stand, whence he removed in
1846 to a congregation at Warrington, and
there remained for fifteen years. ISe did not
confine his activity to preaching, but was
concerned in endless philanthropic schemes,
some wise and useful, others ill-considered
and unfruitful. He established a printing
press, and disseminated his opinions by fre-
quent leaflets, letters, magazines, and other
publications. He learnt to swim in the canal,
and instituted a swimming academy ; he lec-
tured on the necessity of proper drainage, and
stood up for the preservation of ancient rights
of way. He set a fine example of temperance
in eating and of abstinence from wine, but he
spoke of a public dinner to the officers of the
militia as an expenditure for sensual opratifi-
cation which could not be reconcilea with
christian sobriety, and he refused to lend a
copy of a song, ' Mynheer van Dunk,' to a
Christmas glee party because he would not
encourage the singing of bacchanalian verses.
He had always thought it a sin to drink wine,
and soon came to believe it foolish to eat
meat. When his house was robbed he pub-
lished a handbill describing the candlesticks,
silver spoons, and other property stolen, and
informing the thieves that he had forgiven
them ; that if they liked to call he would
converse with them, and that if they did not
call they would have tb meet him on the day
of j udgment . The current of his activity was
at length turned into a definite channel. He
had been instructed in natural science when
a boy, had made a collection of shells, and
had always had a taste for natural histoiy.
One day, in 1855, while walldzig down a
street in Liyeipooli Caipenter cauglit ta^l
Carpenter
of somii strange elieUa in b dealer's window.
He went in, nnd found that tbe epecimena
were [wirt of a vaat collection made by a Bel-
gian nnturnlist named Reifcen at Maiatlan in
California. The coUector had died, leaving
hia shells unsorted and unnamed. Carpen-
ttr bought them for 50/. There were foiir-
'■'--- tons of ghella, each ton occupying forty
! feet. The eiaminBlion, description,
ninf, and class iS cation of these ehella wea
• chief work of the rest of Carpenter's life.
By the eompBriaon of hundreds of examples,
104 previous species were shown to he mere
Tarieties, while 222 new speeies were added
to the caialogue of the mollusca. Thence-
forward, though he sometimes prenched,
made speeches, and wrote pamphlets, most
of C«rpenttr*9 time was given to shells, and
even when he received calls or paid visits
he would wash and pack up shells during
conversation. Their pecuniary value when
named and arranged in serica was great, but
he never tried to grow rich by them, and his
- _yhoIe endeavour was to spread the know-
n of them and to supply as manv public
riUutions as possible witfccompiete collec-
-IB of Hnxatlan mollusca. A full report on
n oceupiea 209 pages of the 'British As-
dstion Rpporls' f..r 1856, and further de-
'i src to be found in the same reports for
i, and in the 'Smithsonian Reports' for
>. He visited America tu 1858, nnd in
l880, after his return to England, married at
Sfancheater Miss Minnie Meyer. At the con-
clusion of the ceremony the wedded pair for-
mally adopted a hoy whom Carpenter had
found in n rafuge at Baltimore. In 1865 he
laJled with wife and adopted sou for America,
•etiled in Montreal, and there lived to the
BBd of his days. He took pupils, ceased to
be a pnwbyterian, and became reconciled to
the doctrines of the Anglican church. Sheila
occupied most of hia time, and he was work-
ing at the Chitonidoe, of which he had formed
■ gT»at collection, when he was »ei«ed with
"■ II acute illness, and died on 24 May 1877.
ter once spoke of himself as 'a born
, a naturalist hy chance.' The de-
lU should have been reversed. He had
I fond of shells and of nnlural history
from Barly hoy hood, and the chance was only
in tb« incident which gave him the opiiortu-
nity of following his natural bent. His teach-
ing was spoiledljy his ignorance of what was
ludicrous, und he used to imitate the move-
mvnU of polyps with his arms and legs in a
way which fixud his own frrotesque attitudes
on the BWmoryof his pupils, hut which drove
tb^ alUmtion nwny from poli-ps. He was
« virtuous tuan end a laborious, but was
fieitber judicioua nor profound.
[Momoira (with portrait), edited by B. L. Car-
poDter. 1S80; British Aeeociatian Reports. IS68,
&C, ; personal kiiowledge.] N, M.
CABPENTEB,RICHARD(15r5-ie27),
divine, was born in Cornwall in 1875. He
matriculated at Exeter Collie, Oxford, on
28 May 1592, and took his degroas of B.A.
on 19 Feb. 1595-6, B,D, 25 Juno 1611, and
D,D. 10 Feb. 1616-17. He was elected to a
Cornish fellowship at his college on 30 June
1696, nnd retained it until 30 June 1606.
during which time he devoted his attention,
under the advice of Thomas Holiand, the
rector of Exeter College, to the etudr of
theology, and became noted for his preaching
powers. In 1606 he was appointed by Sir
Robert Chichester to the rectories of Sher-
well and Loxhore, near Barnstaple, and it
has been suggested that he was the Richard
Carpenter wSio from 1601 to 1026 held the
vicarage of Collumpton. While he was a
tutor at Oxford, Chris tophcrTrevely an, a son
of John Trevelyau of Settlecombe, Somer-
set-shire, who married Urilh, daughter of Sir
John Chichester of Devonshire, was among
his pupils, and through this in^oduction to
these families Carpenter married Susanna,
his pupil's youngest sister, and obtained his
benefice from Sir Robert Chichester. Ha
died on 18 Dec. 1627, and was buried in the
chancel of Loxhore Church, where a monu-
ment was erected to his memory.
Carpenter's literary productions were con-
fined to theology. Hewastheauthorof: l.'A
Sermon preached at the Funeral Solemnities
of Sir Arthur Ackland,' 9 Jan. 1011-12.
2. 'A Pastoral Charge at the Triennial Visi-
tation of the Bishop of Exon. at Barnstaple,*
1816. 3. 'Christ's Larum Bell of Love re-
sounded,' 1616. 4. ' The Concionable Chris-
tian,' three sermons preached before the
judges of the circuit in 1620, London, 1623.
His learning is hi; " • ■ - ~ -
Fitigeoifry in his '.
addressed to him by Dtgory Wheare in 1608
and 1621 are in the ' Epislolie Eucharisttcffi '
subjoined to the Intlet'e 'Pietas erga Bnio-
factores,' 1628, Some verses by Qirpenter
are printed in the ' Funebre OIBcium in me-
mcriam Eliiabethre AnglLiD regime ' of the
universitv of Oxford, 1603, and in the collec-
tion (' Pfetas erga Jacnbum Anglije regem ')
with which that body in the same year wel-
comed the new king.
[Wood's Athon* 0x00. (Bliss), ii. 418; Boase's
Reg. of Eietor Coll. pp. S2-3, 2ID ; Boose and
Courtney's Bib]. Comnb. pp. 83, 1115; Troveljan
Papera, pt, iii, {Camdeii 8oc 187^), pp. iivi, 77,
84,1 10-13, 138-10;. irber'sStatianera'Regiitan,
iii.498,fi9fl,iv, 81.] W.P.O.
Carpenter r^4 Carpenter
CABPENTEB. ribJUAlLb L l-J?':- r - i:-=«i izr=x :bir T*4r. W.»l. who wa* imi-
".'zjic.'^'jcn^ S'.'iJ.'irhftn'f.' TTiLi -iii^!a."'=*i i: so^rlr *ci;iA£2t-,*Ji wi:h him. sajs *ihat he
E.v,?^ i£ri I2. iKn rlrctrti *•:■ L «i!li'LLr^p \z iTis X iLc^AjC Lcil zxAZL 'hAC chftziged his mind
Kirx? O^Ilr:?^- L*4zihr.i*--t. Ftoe. •.jic j*> -^iti his cl-rh*. and that for his juggles and
VAiLZ, ^A him La :h/T ■Hi:cnp';Lii I>r»=:a- trj:k* i:i ^iazikT*- ^f religion he was esteemed
:fca" :: U v> r>r izf-rrr^d :ii: bir I-r!!^ :b» a : hr* : L :ir-'::il niooniehar k . ' I>xid affirms that
unlT'rT^i'rv wiTb-jii*: T;Lk:iijr ills ierr^r^r. la " 2fr W4a:*i Ei^i'her wit nor leanmur. which,
Li^ w-.TE. • Erp»rrlr!i«>:. Hi*".:r>. tni EKvi- ii-:rw::bjrAn«iinj- lay oii'ier a firiizhtful ma-
nirir.' h#r -aya than hr. • t^-Tiz tr^ x ?oL*Lkr ruj^nsea- :rir»:*ifch the ini'iaity rt?the times
of Eav^n Oillie!?^ ani ifr-^rwari* 1 •T-iirrc: aai hi* own incinstanr tamper/ His chief
in f'hsc}jrAx^. i-jz^j»-j'£ rir riEivi-r*:':y i=.i w:rk wsj: 1. • Experience. It*torie, and Di-
imm.'^diatrlT rnTTiIed." In "tL^ -asi-r work vzni^L-e.'ic. 1»)4«>: republished with additions
hr a&ms "La* Lr -ar*.* conrrrrir^i t:- R.3Ezi:in in 1*>4-'? as • Th(* D>wnfall of Antichrist/ a
catLvlicL*m by an EarLib. mr-si in I-»'iid:n. qoeer m:it»ire •"<' aut'>bi'>eraphy and ivli-
that h«i -TTidi-ini in Flan-i-er*. .Vrt-ri*. FrML-^r. zion. roll r-f clASeicai •^u^'^tations and absurd
.Spiaiin. and Iraly. and tha' h-r wa.* ^-^^.^e- storlrs. _\iter the Resioration he wr^ne a
fj'irnrlv ordain-:*! a prl-r*^ bv :be hini* of om-e^iv call-ed : '2. "The Prazmatical Jesuit/
thf: popr*"* i'ifctstLture in Rome. Havinz b»r»rn of which Lan^bftine speaks with some c«."»m-
a Ben^i^icrinr monk at I>/'iay for «iOme time. meri-iicL-kn. Prvdied t.-» this play is his pir-
h^ was ^nt a? a mis^si- nary ro En::L-in>i. rrai: in a Ioev; habit : a previous one, however,
wher^, after ab-ut a y^ar. hrr r»r:umed to exhibit* him as a formal cleric with a sad
the pr'A*r«ran* r*rlizi"'n. wa.* •i-riain-rd. and. and m«"»rtined c^^untenance. He also wr^rte :
thp-j>u^h the int»;rven:i-»n ^>i thrr Archbish->p '^ ' The Anabaptist washt and washt, and
of Canterbury 1 Ab]> -t i. was pre-sente^l t'^ the shrunk in the ^^ ashinff.' 165:1 4. * The tht-
emall livin^r of F »linif, near .Vrin irl. in 1^3o feet Law >yi G»>1. bein^r a Sermi'tn and no >*>r-
(Dallawat, Sa*jf^.i\ ii. ipt. L» *^)k I*urin^ mon. pp^ached and yet not preached/ \tyyl
his incumbency he was much annr-ye^i by (published while he was an independent),
the I^>man cath«»lics in Arundel. wh-» l>st •>. ' Astp:>l-vy proved harmless, useful, pittas*
no op{^'>rt unity of slandering him or hoIdiUiT 1«>>3. 6. * The Last and Hi^rhest Appeul;
him up to ridicule before his parishioners. «^r an Appeal t^ God against the new Keli-
In his • Experience/ %Vc.. he ?i ves a hiirh- arion Makers. Dressers. Menders, and "N'endors
flown account of his reus^ins f ''r bec«"»minir a amongst us/ &c. 7. * The Jesuit and the
prrit»r5tant, but hi'» enemies affirmed that his Monk ; or the Serpent and the Drag«>n/ I606.
chan^ of crfet<i was in • order to zain a wilV/ S. ' Kome and her Jesuits/ 1663.
and tliat * he liad nin away with the wife of A RicUABO C.tRPENTEB is mentioned by
the man with whom he lidged/ There is Elias Ashmole, who prints in his ' Theatrum
no reaA'^tn to suppose that he was married at Chimicum Britannicum/ 1651, an English
this time. At the outbreak of the civil war poem, detailing various alchemical prescrip-
he threw up his living and became an it ine- tions. under the title of *The "W orke of
rant preacher, hi* chief aim seeming to be to Richard Carpenter.* This is from the 'Sloane
widen the br»*ach betwet/n the king and the MS.' :?S8, Xo. 8, where the piece is entitled
parliament as much as p)ssible. Disappointed *The Proline of R. C. of tne Philosophers
r>y hLs lack of .success, he quitted this way of Stone,' and described as the opening lines of
life, and going over to Paris he again be- a lost work by Thomas Chamock (1524?-
cam»; reconciled to the R<')mish church, and 1581) Tq. v.], doubtless Carpenter's contempo-
made it his business to rail at protestantism, rary (TA>'2nBK, BibL Brit, ; Brit. Mu8, Cat,)
according to the humour of the time, and 3rd edit.; Dodd*s Church History, 1737; Lang-
iN^came a mere mountebank of religion. Ue baine's Account of the Dramatic Poets, 1691 ;
sliortly afterwards married and settled at Baker's Biog. Dramatica, vol. i. pt. i. p. SS."!
Avh-^sburj-, where he had relations, and used ^' ^* B.
to* preach in a ver>- fantastical manner, to CA BPENTER, RICHARD CROM-
the great mirth of his auditors.' Towards WELL (1812-1855), architect, was born
tlie latter part of his life he became very , 21 Oct. 1812, educated at Charterhouse, and
H(;rious, and, in company with his wife, em- articled to Mr. Blyth. He first exhibited ar
braced Catholicism for a third time, which the Rojral Academy in 1830, sendinf a ' De-
religion he is supposed to have professed at sign for a Cathedral Transept/ and between
the time of his death. He is known to have tmit year and 1849 exhibited nine works,
been alive in 1670, but is believed to have | Amonghis earliest baildingB were the churches
t St. Stoplien and St. Andrew nt Birmiii^
.tan; among his later Si. PbuI. Brighton, and
St. MuyMuj^alen, Muuater Square, Londoa.
He &I9U mecuted rest-oratioiis ai Chichester
Cathedral, Sherborne Abbey, and Si. John's
College, Biirsrpieq>oint, SuMex. He died
in I'pper Bediotd Place, Ruseell Square,
27 Mutch 1S66.
Diet,
CAItPEKTER,\VILLIAM(1797-1674),
miscellaDeriiis -n-rit^r, aon of n trndegmein in
St. Jiunea'a, Westminster, wns bom in 1797.
He received no gchtKi! educotion, but at an
««rly oge enlert'd the service of 11 bookaeUer
in Mnabuiy, first as an erraud'-boj, and then
SB an a^ipn-ntict^. By ^rgeveting aelf-.study
hi^ acquijvd Herenil Hnri<*r)t and modern Ian-
^^uages, and devotwl himaelf with speeial
eagerness to biblical aubjecta. ^MlUe at
Finabury he made the iicauaintaiice of Wil-
liam Greenfield, editor of Baaiatcr'a ' Poly-
glot Bibles.' With him he edit^ for some
titne Ihp 'Scripture Magaiine,' which was
afterwarda ejipanded into the ' Critica Bi-
blir«' (4 vols. l«;+-7). Devoting himaelf
mtitiely to literary pursuits, he wrote a num-
''~W of wotka on tiheologieal and general aub-
^1, and was connected in auccession with
.. roui periodicals. He waa editor of the
-K&bippittf Gazette ' in 1836, of the ' Era ' in
1S88, of the ' Railway Obaer\er ' in 1843, of
•Lloj-d'a Weekly Newa' in 1844, of the
'Court Journal' in 1848, of the ' Sunday
Timua' and ■ Bedfordshire Independent' in
1851. He alao edited a morning paper. Aa
ft joiiraaliat he ieatied a publication entitled
' Political LetterB'(1830-l'). Thiahemain-
tained was not Uable to the stamp duty oil
newB^pers, and he issued it pnrtly to try the
question. A prosecution followed at the in-
stauce of the authorities b the court ofex-
eihwjuer. At the trial (14 May 18.SI) Carpen-
ter defended himself, was convicted, and. was
impriaoned for some time in the king's bench
(Iteport. of Trial prefixed to Collected Poli-
tical Lettert). From his prison he edited the
'PnliticnlMnga«ine'{Septemberie31toJttly
I'-.IJ, ri'iiublished as 'Carpenter's Monthlv 1
I'.hih.a Mu(^ine,'1832). ' 1
( ■iir].iiji..r thtflW himaelf with great leal ^
iiiio [III' i-iMiw uf political rvform. In con-
nectiori witli this lie wrote ' An Address to
the Working (lassiis on the lieform Bill,'
1M1 ; 'Tlie People's Book, comprising their
clutrtetcd righta and jiractieal wrongs, 1831 ,-
' Thfi Elootors' Manual,' 18.S2 ; ' TIte Political
Twt Book, comprising a view of the origin
and objects of gortmment. and an examinit-
Hoa ill tbu prineiiial social and political in-
Mir« ' (4
^_i«atitiely ti
■&ofwo
^Kta,Mid
^R^dppinf
of England," 1833 ; ' Peerage for
the People," Ityl; 'The Corporaliim of Lon-
don as it is, and as it should be,' 1847. Be-
1851 and IS.'iS Carpenter was honorary
iry to the Chancery Reform Asaocia-
lion, for which he wrote a good deal. He
also wrote a little treatise, 'The Israelites
found in the Anglo-Saxons,' 1872. Carpenter
was troubled with defective eyesight, and
was, notwithstanding his remarkable activity,
in somewhat poor circumstances foraome time
before his death, which took place at his resi-
dence in Colebrooke Row, Islington, 21 April
1874.
I Caroenter published: 1, 'Sancla liiblico'
' (a collection of parallel passages), S vols.
: 182.'), dedicated to OeorgB IV. 2. ' Calen-
darium Palestine, exhibiting the Principal
Events in Scripture History,' 1825, 3. 'A
Popular Introduction to tfie Study of the
Scriptures,' 182fl. 4. 'Old English and He-
brew Proverbs explained and illustrated,'
1826. 6. ' A Reply to the Acciisationa of
Piracy and Plagiarism, in a letter to the Rev.
. T. H. Home; 1827. 6. 'An Eiaminntion of
-Scripture Difficulties,' 1828. 7. 'Scripture
^Natural History" (1828, republished Boston,
U.S., 18:13; Latin tmnalation, Paris^ 1841).
8. 'PopiUarLecturesonBiblicalCriticiamand
Interpretation,' 1829. 9. 'AGuidetotbePrac-
iticalHeadingofthe Bible,' 1830. 10. 'Anec-
dotes of the French Revolut ion of 1 830,' 1830.
11. '.A.PopularHistorvof Priestcraftabridged
from W. Howitfs Book,' 1834. 12. ' A Reply
I to W. Howilt's Preface to Ihe Abridged His-
tory of Priestcraft," 1834. 18. 'TheLifband
I Times of John Milton,' 183fi. U. ' The Bi-
blical Companion,' 1836. 15. 'Relief forthe
' Unemployed J Emigration and Colonisation
considered,' 1841. 16. ' Clark's Christian In-
heritance ' (5th ed. 1813). 17, ' A Compre-
hensive Diet ionary o f Englisli Synonyms '(8tli
ed. 1865). 18. 'An Introduction to the Read-
ing and Study of the English Bible ' (3 vols.
1867-8). The following have also been in-
cluded in a list of Carpenter's works; 'Mneio-
phile, a Dictionary of Facte and Dates ; '
' Critical Dissertation on Eaekiel's Temple ; '
' Wesleyana ; ' 'Life of Cobbett' (whom he
knew intimately) ; ' Small Debts, on Argu-
ment for County Courts : ' ' Machinery and
the Working Classes;' 'The Condition of
Children in Mines and Factories.' He also
edited and abridged Calmet'a ' History of the
Bible.' His acrijiturol treatises have
very popular in America.
[Men of the Titno. 8th edit. IS72, pp. 1S3-3 ;
SuDdny TirtiDS uewspnpeT, 3 May ISTi. p. S, col.
t ; Brit. Mus. Col. ; PmfiiPO to Introdtictioo to
the Reading aad Study of thi- Eagtiali Bibte.1
F. W-T.
Caq)enter i66 Carpenter
CABPENTER, WILLIAM BEX J A- logy also. He found the anxieties of general
MDi (1&13-1»$5 ). naturalist, iras the fourth meSiical ^rmctioe too great for his keoi sus-
child and eldest «on of Dr. Lant Carpenter ceptihilities, and undertook further literary
'q. T.~, and hrother of Mary and Philip Car- woiic, including a useful and comprehensiTe
penter 'q. t." He was bom at Exeter on ' Popular Cyclopedia of Science,' 1843. In
29 0ct.l813r His father removed to Bristol 1844 he remoTed to London, gaining the
in 1817 ; young Carpenter reoeired his earlr poet of Fullerian professor of physiology at
education there in his father s notable school, the Royal Institution, and being elected a
and acquired both exact classical and scientific fellow of the Royal Society in the same year,
knowledge. He was anxious to be a ciril He was appointed lecturer on physiology at
engineer, but sacrificed his inclination when the London HospitaL and professor of forensic
pressed to become the pupil of Mr. Estlin, medicine at UmTersity College. He was also
the family doctor. He passed some time in for some years examiner in physiology and
the West Indies as companion to Mr. Estlin, oomparatiye anatomy at the L^niversity of
and his experience of social conditions pre- London, and Swiney lecturer on geoloffv at
ceding the abolition of slayery led him to the British Museum. From 184 < to 1852
be tlm>ughout life a cautious and moderate he edited the ' British and Foreign Medico-
rat her than an ardent reformer. Chiruigical Reyiew.' and from 1851 to 1859
After some preliminary work at the Bristol he was principal of University Hall, the
Medical School,Carpenter entered University residence for students at University College.
College. London, in 1833, as a medical stu- In 1856, on appointment as r^istrar of the
dent, and it is significant of a mania for University of London, he resigned his lecture-
lectures then encouraged that he often at- ships.and thenceforward was the chief worker
tended thirty-five lectures a week, as his in the great development of that university
note-books sLow. He also attended the Mid- till his resignation in 1879, when he received
dlesex Hospital for some time. After obtain- the distinction of a CJ3. He was appointed
ing the Surgeons* and Apothecarit^' diplomas a crown member of the senate on the next
in 1835 he went to the Edinburgh Medical vacancy, and continued an active member
School and commenced researches on physio- tiU his death, which occurred on 19 Nov.
logy. He wrote papers which showed a 1885, from severe bums received by the
marked tendency to seek larffe generalisations accidental upsetting of a makeshift spirit-
and to bring all the natural sciences to the lamp while he was taking a vapour bath,
elucidation of vital functions. His early Carpenter was one of the last examples
papers, ' On the Voluntary and Instinctive of an almost universal naturalist. Some of
Actions of Living Beings '('£dinbui|rhMedi- his most valuable and laborious work was
cal and Surgical Journal/ xlviii. 1837, pp. done in zoology. In a series of papers and
22-44), *On the Unity of Function m reports to the British Association, com-
Organised Beings * (* Edinburgh Xew Philo- mencing in 1843, and to the Royal, Micro-
sophical Journal.* xxiii. 1837, pp. 92-116), scopica^ and Qeological Societies, he ^ve
' On the Difierences of the Laws repilating the results of his own and others' inquiries
Vital and Physical Phenomena* {tb, xxiv. into the microscopic structure of shells.
1838, pp. 327-o;3), which obtained the Stu- These were followed bv a set of four memoirs
dents* IMze of 30/.. and ' The Physiological in the ' Philosophical I'ransactions,* 1856-60,
Inferences to be deduced from the Structure on the foraminifera. In 1862 the Ray Society
of the Nervous System of Invertebrated Ani- published his ' Introduction to the Study of
mals ' (^duation thesis, 1839), the latter the Foraminifera,' in which he was largely
of which obtained the notice of Johannes assisted by Professors W. K. Parker and
Miiller, the first physiologist of the day, who T. Runert Jones ; it is a memoir of funda-
inserted a translation of it in his ' Archives ' mental importance on the subject. As late
for 1840, were the precursors of his great work, : as 1882 he contributed an important paper
' The Principles of General and Comparative on Orbitolites to the ' I^ulosophical Irans-
Physiologj, published in 1839. This was the actions.' Marine zoolo^ also largely inte-
first Euj^lish book which contained adequate rested him, and out of his summer excursions
conceptions of a science of biology. A second to Arran, when he studied the feather-stars,
edition was called for in 1841, and it was grew a lai]ge scheme of deep-sea exploration,
recognised that the author was a man of no In the spring of 1868 he studied the crinoids
ordinary mental msp and range of study. { near Belfast with ProfessorWyyilleThomson,
Before his graauation at Edinburgh Car- 1 and in the same year they explored the
penter had become lecturer on medical ju- fauna and other phenomeaa of the 8ea4)Ottom
risprudence at the Bristol Medical School, between the north of Ireland and the Faroe
and he afterwards lectured there on physio- ialands in the Lightning. This wu followed
16;
Caqienter
bv furtlivr explorstions ia tb« i'oruupi
([669 and 1870), aad is the Shp&rw>il
(1871), in -which he traversed the Mediter-
mnean and the Atlantic bet-weun Great
Britain and PortuKal, and hy the Challenger i
leicpBdition under Wyrille Thomson, in the
prejparBl.ioDe for nhicb Carpenter tiKik an
active part. |
Some of Carpenter's most importaDt eoo- i
lozieaJ contributions related to the question '
ot the animal nature of Eozoiin canadaue, I
OB found in maises in the Laurentian rocks
of Canada. He contributed numerous papers
on this subject to the Rojral Society, the
'Canadian Naturalist' ^ii. 1865), the 'In-
tellectual Obaerver" (vii. 1865), 'Philoao-
^ieal Magac ine ' ( 1 ^6^ ),' Geological Society's
Quarterly Journal,' &c. For some years
before his death he had been collecting ma-
terials for a monograph on Rnomi, which he
did not complete. Another favourite sub-
ject of hia research was llie structure, em-
Itryology, and past history of tbe feathei^
^^rt«j» and crinoids, in which he demonstrated
^^famortont facts of Btructure and physiology
^^^^moh were long controverted. Ills chief
^^PEa was 'On the Structure, Fhynology,
^^pBM Development of Antedon rosaceus '
<'Philo8ophicalTrBnsactions,' 1866, pp 671-
756). Among his eervicea to zoology, and
ID a lesser deeree to botanjr.moj' be reckoned
his work on 'The Slicroscope and its Reve-
UtioDs,' 1866, which reached a sixth edition
in 1861. His loologica! and botanical and
other contribntione to the ' Cyclopu-'dia of
Science' were afterwards published in sepa-
rate volumes in Bohn's 'Scientific Library.'
The 'Comparative Physiology' of hia early
' PhysioloBy ' was pnbtished sepnrately as an
rnluged [mirth e^tion in 1864.
In addition to his principal book, Cor-
penter'd contributions to phvsiology wore
chietly to the mental and the pnysical aspects
of the science. His early papers were followed
hv others: 'On the Mntual Relations of the
Vital and Physical Forces ' (' FhilnanpUical
Tran8actions,'le50),and'OntbBAiniliciitL(in
of the Principle of Conservation oi Force to
Phvsiology' ('Quarterly Journal of Science,'
i. 18<M). Hia great work on phvsiology
atlflincd a fifth edition in 1866, and has sith-
Sfajucntly been edited by Mr. itenry Power.
\. amnller ' Manual of Physiology,' 1846,
"ed a fourth edition in 1865. In 1874
mter expanded the chapters of his pre-
I work on "incntal physiology into a
ttiae, 'The Principles of Mental ^hysi(^-
JT ' (fourth edition, 1876). His views on
the relation of mind and brain were acute
and inodvanceof his time. While nnapuring
>u Ilia cxpiwures of quackery in phrenology,
Ltualism, ^|
in sound
meBUieriam, elect ro-biiilogy, and spiritualism,
he did mucb to educate the public in sound
views of mental processes, and especially to
bring into ^prominence the importance of
those ojterations of which * —
Institution,' i. 147-63, he wrote 'On the I:
fluence of Suggestion in Modifying and Di-
recting MusciSar Movement, independently
of Volition,' and in 1868 (i6. v. 838-46)
On the UnconacioUB Activity of the Brain.'
He made the subj
i) a Bpeciality, further
discussing it in a lecture at Glasgow in 1876,
' Is Man on Automaton '( ' It is worth noting
that while editor of the ' Medico-Chirurgical
Review ' he published a criticism of Noble's
' Physiology of the Brain," which had the
effect of converting Dr. Noble. He was one
of the editors of tue ' Natural History Re-
view' (1861-6).
Carpenter's deep-eea explorations led him
into an extensive field of marine phvelcs.
He developed in this country the doctrine of
a general oceanic circulation, due largely to
beat, cold, and evaporation, which had been
previously little suspected. His more im-
portant papers on this question are contained
-- the 'Itoyal Society a Proceedings," xvii.
,; 'Geographical Society's Proceedings^'
. 1871 ; ' British Association Reports,' sli.
xlii. xliii. His views were persistently as-
sailed by Mr. James Croll and others, but
have been sustained by many other writers.
Carpenter's incessant industry enabled him
I lake part in many public movements with
effect. In 1849 he gained a prize for an
essay 'On the Lise and Abuse of Alcoholic
Liquors ' (I860), and he wrote further ' On
the Physiology of Temperance and Total
Abstinence' (1853). He was a wngularty
lucid lecturer on scientific subjects, and orga-
nised the Gilchrist scheme of popular science
lectures, which has been of great value in
spreading sound scientific knowledge and
awokeninr interest in science among the
working dosses. He was a zealous champion
of vaccmntion and other scientific measures
for checking disease, and wrote many maga-
aine articles on such topics. Ho was a larj^
contributor to various eydoptedias. His
labours received numerous marks of high
distinction, including a royal medal of the
Royal Societv (1861), the Lyell medal of
the Oeolopcal Society (1883), the LL.D.
of Edinburgh (1871), the presidency of the
British Association (18(2), and the corre-
sponding membership of the Institute of
France (1873>
In person Carpentor was above middle
height, of quiet and somewhat formal man-
Carpenter
i68
Carpenter
ner, spare, keen-eyed, and tenacious-looking.
He was an active member of the unitarian
church at Hampstead, at which he played
the organ and conducted the psalmody for
some years. He regarded miracles not as
violations of natural order, but as manifesta-
tions of a higher order. His acceptance of
Darwin's views of evolution was somewhat
limited and reserved. He believed that
natural selection leaves imtouched the evi-
dence of design in creation. In philosophy
he especially clung to the reality of an inde-
pendent will beyond automatism. He was
well versed in literature and philosoph;^, and
this no doubt influenced his scientific writing,
which was always lucid and often highly ra-
tiocinative. Carpenter was married in 1840,
and left five sons, including Mr. W. Lant
Carpenter, B.Sc, and Dr. P. Herbert Car-
penter, F.RS.
[Obituary notices : Nature, 26 Nov. by Prof.
Ray Lankester; Inquirer, 14 Nov., hysons of
Dr. Carpenter; Times, Daily News, Standard,
11 Nov. ; Pall Mall Gazette, 13 Nov., by Grant
Allen, incorrect in several points; Athcnteum,
Christian Life, Lancet, 14 Nov. 1885. English
Cjclopsedia, Biography, ii. 91.] G. T. B.
CARPENTER, WH.LIAM HOOK-
HAM (1792-1806), keeper of prints in the
British Museum, the only son of Mr. James
Carpenter, a bookseller and publisher of some
note established in Old Bond Street, was bom
in Bruton Street, London, on 2 March 1792.
He was apprenticed to his father's business,
and was engaged in it until 1817, when he mar-
ried Miss jlargaret Sarah Geddes [see Car-
penter, Margaret Sarah] (second daughter
of Captain Alexander Geddes of Alderbury,
"Wiltsiiire), who obtained distinction aa a
portrait-painter. He now set up in business
tor himself in Lower Brook Street, and pub-
lished, among other books, Spence's * Anec-
dotes,' edited by Singer, and the first portion
of Burnet's * Practical Hints on Painting ; ' but
not succeeding, he again joined his father. Car-
penter had considerable talent for drawing,
and a taste for art, which was fostered bv his
intimacy with Andrew Geddes, A.R,A., an
accomplished etcher, and which had been
first awakened by his own early associa-
tions. His father had a large collection of
paintings, and dealt largely in publications
on art, while he also was acquainted with
many artists and engravers, to whom he
cave commissions for illustrating books.
Frtnn the time when Carpenter gave up his
own business till 1845 he seems to have had
a good deal of spare time, much of which he
spent in studying the prints and drawings of
tue great masters in the British Museum.
For a short time he held the post of secre-
tary to the Artists' Benevolent Fund. Li
1844 he published 'Pictorial Notices, con-
sisting of a memoir of Sir A. Van Dyck, with
a descriptive catalogue of the etchings exe-
cuted by him, and a variety of interestinff
particulars relating to other artists patronised
by Charles I,' London, 1844, 4to (a French
translation of this work by L. Hymans was
Eublished at Antwerp, 1844, 4to). In 1845
e was appointed keeper of the department of
prints and drawing in the Britisn Museum.
Carpenter held this post till his death, and
dunng his twenty-one years' tenure of office
very greatly increased the interest and value
of the collections under his care. He got
together a number of objects illustrating the
history of engraving, especially the early
niellated silver plates and sulphur casts. Cfif
the latter he procured for the museum no less
than sixteen : only twent^r-five are at present
known to be anywhere existing. Besides fiU-
ing many lacunae in the general collection of
engravings and etchings, ne brought together
a large series of etchings by modem painters,
both English and foreign, and greatly in-
creased tne series of engraved English por-
traits. He made many important additions
to the then existing collection of drawings,
especially works by the great masters. He
also formed an important collection of draw-
ings bv deceased British artists. Among his
acquisitions may be mentioned : The Coning-
ham collection of early Italian engravings,
obtained in 184o; selections of Rembrandt's
etchings from the collections of Lord Aylesford
and Baron Verstolk, and some valuable Dutch
drawings procured from the latter collection
in 1847; various fine drawings by the old
masters, many of which had belonged to
Sir Thomas Lawrence, procured at Messrs.
Woodbum's sale ; some drawings of Michel-
angelo, obtained from the Buonarroti family ;
and a volume of drawings by Jacopo Bellini,
purchased in 1855 at Venice. In 1864 Car-
penter had been sent to Venice by the trus-
tees of the British Museum to report upon
the last-named volume. His attention to his
duties was unremitting, and in the last month
of his life he was watching with interest the
progress of some public sales at which he had
given commissions. He died at the British
Museum on 12 July 1866, aged 74.
Carpenter's knowledge of prints and draw-
ings gained him a wide reputation in Europe.
In 1847 he was elected a member of tne
Academy of Fine Arts at Amsterdam, and in
1852 a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries,
on the council of which he served in 1857-8.
He was also a trustee of the National Por-
trait Gallery from the time of its fonnation in
s
IMft In connection with tlio work of his
deportnient, lie jiublislied 'A Guide to
— and Prints eiliibiled to the Public
ne's Library' [at the British ilu-
.], of tSiich there were editions in 186(*,
\, and 1863, 8vo.
[0»nt. Mag. (4th ser, 1888). il 410, 41 1 ; Men
ortheTinie(Sthnl.), tSSS; Froceeilinea of tho
Soc. of Antiq. (2nd ser.), iii- 480 (Presidenfa
Addnss, 30 April 1887); StMutm and Rules of
tht British Museum, 1871 ; Cat. of Nat. Portrut
Gnll.ry.] W. W.
CAEPENTIERE or CHABPEN-
TIERE, ((f, 1737 1, atatiiBry, was much
emplojred bj the Duke of Chandos at Canoi
He ivds till Bome years principal assieta
to Van OhI, the modeller of tJie statue
George I, once at Canons and afterwards
Leiceiter Square. CorpentiSre afterwards set
tip for himself, and towards the end of his
life ke|)t a maitufuctoiy of leaden statues in
PiecBdiUv. He was over sLxty when he
diwi in 1>37.
»ua Wura'm;
ncoioti
).J
CARPENTIERS, CARPENTIER, or
CHABPENTIEEB, ADKIEN (A. 1760-
l?"-!), portrait painter, was one of thearlists
who signed the deed of the Free Society of
Artiste in 1763. He sent nicturas to the
ezhjhitionsof that society and to those of the
Society of Artists and llie Royal Academy
(fourteen works id all) between 1700 and
1774, both incluMve. He is said tn have been
a native of France or Switzerland wlio set-
tled in England about 1780. He died at
IMmlicw about 1778 at an advanced age.
Xo connection has been trara^l between Ihth
and C'arpf'nlifire or Charpentiftre [q. v.] A
tionrail ufRoubitiacbyhim isin the National
'■jrtraii tiallety, which has been engraved
br Chambers in line and by Martin in meizo-
tmt. Uis own portrait is in Salters' Hall.
IPyo'a Patronage of British An ; Cat. of the
HatioDiiI Portmit Galli-ry ; Bryan's Diet, of
Painton and EDgraven (Qravrs); BalgrarB's
IHcl. of Artista, 1878: Pilkington's Diet, of
FiinierH! Oravoi'a Did, of Artist*; Edwards's
Aneedutei of PainicTB.] C. M.
CAfiPUE, JOSEPH CONSTANTINE
(l"ftl-184(f), sui^eon and anatotuisl, was
bom in London on 4 May 1784. His father,
mtleoan nf small fortune, lived at Brook
1, and was dusounded fVoin a Spanish
diofiunilr. Youi^; Carpue was intended
le Tirii«tu<wd, and was educated at the
Jdte'^OolU'p* at Douay. At the agp of
piecn he eonimenced an pitended conti-
1 tour. He saw much of Paris, both
I and aiter thu revoluiion. Cnrpue
was of a somewhat erratic disposition, and,
Laving decided again^tl the church, thought
firal of becoming a bookseUer, that he might
succeed his uncle, Lewis, of Great Kusaell
Street, Coveut Garden, the schoolfellow and
friend of Pope. Later he felt strongly at-
tracted in succession to the bar and the' stage,
being an enthusiastic student of (Shakespeare.
At last he fixed on surgery, and studied at
St. George's Hospital. Onbecomingqualified
be was appointed staff-surgeon to the Duke of
York's Hospital, Chelsea, which appointment
heheldfor twelve years, resigning on account
of his objection lo foreign service. His a»-
Bociation with Dr. Pearson at St. George's
Hospital led to hia becoming an ardent vacci-
nator. In order to promote vaccination he
visited many Enfflish military depots; and
finally, on lits resignation of iLe hospital, he
was appointed surgeon, with Pearson, of the
Natiouat Vaccine Institution, a post he held
till hie death.
Carpue was, however, moat distinguished
as an anatomical teacher, although never on
the stair of a medical ectiool. At the Duke
of York's Hospital he spared no trouble in
pertecting his anatomical knowledge ; and he
commenced teaebing in 1800, owing to an
accidental obseri-ation of a medical student.
His fe* from the first was invariably twenty
guineas. FormanyyearHhe had an overflowing
class. He gave three courses of daily lectures
on anatomy, and lectured twice ii week in the
evenings on surgery. He made his pupils
talie a personal shara in hia demonstrations,
and bis readiness with chalk illustrations
pnwured him the sobriquet of the ' chalk lec-
turer.' Hetooka most affectionate interest in
his pupils. Carpue lectured till 1*B2. Early
in his career he carried out the wish of Ben-
jamin West, P.R.A., Banks, and Coeway, to
ascertain how a recently killed corpse would
hang on a cross. A murderer just executed
was treated in this manner, and when cool a
St was made {Lancet, 1846, i. 167).
In 1801 Oarpue published a ' Description
of the Muscles of the Human Body,' and in
1«I6 an 'Account of Two Successful (.)pera-
tions for Restoring a Lost Nose from the In-
tegument of the Forehead.' In 1819 he
published a 'History of the High Operation
Tor the Stone, hv Incision above the Pubis."
He also studied, medical electridty, and in
1803 brought out 'An Introduction to Elec-
tricity and Galvanism, with Cases showing
their Efl'ects in the Cure of Uiseaae. He
kept a fine plalo (electrical) maeliine in his
dining-room, and made many experimental
researches on the subject,
Carpue was introduced to and much appre-
ciated by Qeoige IV, both before and after hii
Carr
170
Carr
accession to the throne. He was consulting
surgeon to the St. Pancras Infirmary, but
never received any recognition from the Col-
lege of Surgeons, either by election to the
council or to an examinership. He was a
fellow of the Royal Society. He died on
SO Jan. 1840, in his eightynsecond year, hav-
ing been much shaken in an accident on
the South- Western Eailway soon after its
opening.
Carpue was a warm and faithful friend,
abstemious and re^^ular in habits, and a great
admirer of simpbcity in manners and ap-
pearance. He ordered his funeral to be of
the simplest kind possible.
J. F. South, many years surgeon to St.
Thomas's Hospital, and twice president of the
London College of Surgeons, gives the fol-
lowing imcomplimentary account of Carpue.
He speaks of a private school, * conducted by
a clever but very eccentric person, Joseph
Carpue, a very good anatomist, who had but
few pupils, and carried on his teaching by the
very imusual method of catechism — for in-
stance, he described a bone, and then made
each pupil severally describe it after him, he
correcting the errors whilst the catechisation
proceeded. . . . Poor Carpue*s school came to
grief, and he then turned popular politician,
but was not more successful in that character.
I remember him, a tall, ungainly, good-tem-
pered, grey-haired man, in an unfitted black
dress, and his neck swathed in an enormous
white kerchief, very nearly approximating to
a jack-towel.*
[Lancet, 1846, i. 166-8; Feltoe's Memorials
of J. F. South, 1884, p. 102.] G. T. B.
CARR, JOHN (1723-1807), architect,
called Carr of York, was bom at Horbury,
near Wakefield, in May 1723. He began life
as a working man and settled in York, where
he attained a considerable reputation as an
architect of the * Anglo-Palladian ' school,
and amassed a large fortune. Among the
buildings he erected are the court-house and
the castle and gaol at York ; the crescent at
Buxton ; the town hall at Newark, Notting-
hamshire; Harewood House, near Leeds;
Thoresby Lodge, Nottinghamshire; Oakland
House, Cheshire ; Lytham Hall, near Pres-
ton; Constable Burton, Baseldon Park, and
Farnley Hall in Yorkshire; the east front and
west gallery of Wentworth Castle, near Be-
verley; the mausoleum of the Marquis of
Rockingham at Wentworth ; and the bridge
over the Ure at Boroughbridge. He also
built at his own expense the parish church
of his native village, where he was buried.
He was mayor of York in 1770 and 1785,
and died at Askham Hall, near York, 22 Feb.
1807, aged 84, leaving property to the amount
of about 160,000/.
[Redgrave's Diet of Artists, 1878 ; G^nt. Mag.
1807 ; Fergosson's History of Modem Architec-
ture.] 0. M.
CARR» JOHN (1732-1807), translator
of Lucian, was bom at Muggleswick, Dur-
ham, in 1732. His father was a fifirmer
and small landowner or statesman. He was
educated at the village school, and then pri-
vately by the curate of the parish, the l£ev.
Daniel Watson. Subsequently he was sent
to St. Paul's School. He became an usher
in Hertford grammar school under Dr. Hurst,
and succeeded him in the head-mastership,
which he held until about 1792, with a good
reputation. He is said to have been a can-
didate for the head-mastership of St. Paul's,
but to have failed from the lack of a univer-
sitv degree. In 1773 he published the first
volume of his translations from 'Lucian,'
which reached a second edition in the follow-
ing vear. He published a second volume in
1779, followed Dy three more between that
year and 1798. The reputation of this work,
which on the whole is executed with accu-
racy and spirit, obtained for him the degree
of LL.D. from the Marischal College of
Aberdeen, at the instance of Dr. B^ttie.
He seems to have felt that his literary pur-
suits had been too trifling, and he takes pains
in the preface to the second volume of Lu-
cian to assure the world that it was the
work only of evening hours when graver
duties were over; and that it was under-
taken to put out of his thoughts the annoy-
ances of the day, an excuse which school-
masters will understand. Besides his Lucian
he wrote : 1. * A Third Volume of Tris-
tram Shandy,' in imitation of Sterne, 1760.
2. 'Filial Piety,' a mock-heroic poem, 1763.
3. ' Extract 01 a Private Letter to a Critic,'
1764. 4. ' Epponina,' a dramatic essay ad-
dressed to ladies, 1765, the plot of which is
founded on the account of Epponina, wife of
Julius Sabinus, given in Tacitus (H. 4, 67),
and Dio Cassius (66, 3, and 16). He died
6 June 1807, and was buried in St. John's
Church, Hertford. His epitaph is given in
the ' Qentleman's Magazine,' vol. Ixxxii.
[Gent. Mag. Ixxzii. 602 ; Nichols's Anecdotes,
iii. 168 ; Baker's Biog. Dram.] R S. S.
CAER, Sm JOHN (1772-1882), writer
of ' tours,' a native of Devonshire, was bom
in 1772. He was called to the bar at the
Middle Temple, but from reasons of health
found it advisable to travel, and published
accounts of his journeys in diffsrent Euro-
pean countries, which, though without much
^" nthi
intriuaic merit, oblained a wide circulation
on occi^unt of I heir Ugfat, gossipj style,
and the fact that in this Epeciea of Lte-
TAtuie there wna then comparutiTely little
competition. In 1803 lie published 'The
Stranger in Fmnci', a Tour from DevonBhire
Paris,' which, meeting with immediate
» followed in 1806 by ' A Northern
Travelaround the Baltic, through
•k, Sweden, Russia, port of Poland,
and I'ruBaia, in 1804;' in 180(1 by 'The
Strmnger id Ireknd, or a Tour in the South-
era and Western parte of that country in
1805,' soon after wfiicU ha was knightad by
the Duke of Bedford, then Ticeroy of Ire-
"" ' and in 1807 by 'A Tour through
id, aloni: the right and left banks of
Rhine, to the south of Qermany, in 1806.'
1807 hia ' Tour in Ireland ' was mode the '
ntbiect of a clever jeu ifetprit by Edward
SuDoia, entitled ' My Pocket Book, or Hints
for B Kyghte Merrio and Conceited Tour in
4to, to be called " The Stranger in Ireland
Ib 18(^, by a Enight Errant," and dedicated
to the paper-makers.' For this satire the
' ' '■ ' Messrs. Veruor, Hood, & Sharpe,
ited in 1809, but Carr was non-
In 1808 therf appeared ' Caledouian
itches, or a Tour through Scotland in
which was msdo the subject of a witty
T by Sir Walter Scott m the 'Quar-
terly Reriew;' and in 1811 'Descriptive
TraTels in the Southern and Eaatem parts
of Spain and the Balearic Islea [Majorca and
Minorca] in the year 1809.' Lord Byron —
who had met Cart at Cadii, and had begped
' not to be put down in black and white —
refers to him in some auppressed slaujsaR of
' Childe Harold ' as ' Green Erin's knight and
Europe's wandering star.' Besides hia books
of traTcls Carr was the author of ' The Fury
of Discord, a poem,' 1803; 'The Seaside
Htto, a dnuna in three acts,' 1804 (on the
supposed repulse of an anticipated invasion,
tli«i scene being laid on the coast of Sussex) ;
and % Tolume of ' Poems,' 1800, to which his
portrait was prefixed. He died in New Noi>
folk Street, London, on 17 July 1832.
[Gent. Mac. cii. pt. ii. 1B2-3 ; Annual Regis-
ter. Iixiv. 311.] T.F.IL
CARR, JOHNSON (1744-1705), Und-
a pupil 01 Richard Wilson,
mption in his twenty-second
di2r<
year on 10 Jan. 1766. He was of a respect-
able family of the north, and obtained several
premiuma given by the Society of Arts for
^Hrjrawings bT youths under the age of nineteen,
^HlMDBiving the first priie in 17l>:? and 1763.
^^K'^dww^'s Ao«(dot«i; JtedgTsve's Uii^r. of
^^KiM>, ma.] c. M.
CABR, NIUHULAS, M.D. 1,1524-1668),
classical scholar, descended from a good
faintly, was bom at Newcastle in 1S24. At
an early age he was sent to Christ's College,
Cambridge, where he studied' under Cuth'
bert Soot, afterwards bishop of Chester. He
subsequently migrated to Pembroke Hall,
where his tutor was Nicholas Ridley, and
proceeded B.A. in 1540-1, being soon after-
wards elected a fellow of Pembroke Hall,
and commendna M.A. in 1544. On the
foundation of Tritiity College in 1546 he
was nominated one of the original fellows,
and the following year he was appointed
regiuH professor of Greek. His lectures on
Demosthenes, Plato, Sophocles, and other
writers gained for him a high reputation for
scholarship. Although be bad formerly com-
posed a panegyric on Martin Bucer, which
was sent by him to John (afterwards Sir
John) Cheke, he subscribed the catholic ar~
ticles in 1656, and two years later he was
one of those who bore witness on oath against
the heresies and doctrine of Bucer and Fagiua
(FoxB,AcU and Monumealt, ed. Townsend,
viii. 274). From this period he seems to
have been attached to the ancient futh. He
took the degree of M.D. in 1658, and began
to practise at Cambridge as a physicuui,
though for four years he continued to read
the Greek lecture, at the end of which period
he appointed Blithe of Trinity College to
lecture for him. He was obliged to resort
to the study of medicine in order to tnain-
tain his wile and family, the stipend of the
Greek professor being insulHcient for that
Eurpose. He occupied the house in which
^ucer died, and there Carr also died on 3 Nor.
1606. HawashuriedinSt.Michael'aChurch,
but as the congregation was very large, con-
sisting of the whole university, the funeral
sermon was preached at St. Mary's by Dr.
Chaderton [q. v.], after which the congrega-
tion returned 1^ St. Michael's. A handsotne
mural monument of stone, with inscriptions
in Latin and English, was erected to his me-
mor? in St. Giles's Church.
His works are ; 1. ' Epistola de morte
Buceri ad Johannem Checum,' London, 1561,
1681, 4tOi reprinted in Bucer's 'ScriptaAn-
glicuna,' Basle, 1677, fol. p. 867, and in Con-
rad Hubert's'Historia -vera devitnM. Buceri,'
Strnaburg,1562,8To. 2. 'DuieepiBtolK Latins
doctori Cbaderlono,' 1566. MS. CaL ColL
Cantab. 197, art. 63. 3. ' Eusebii PampUili
de vita Constontini,' Louvain, 1570, 8vo ;
Cologne, 157U, fol.; es recensione Suffridi
Petri, Cologne, 1681,foi.i exrecenaione Binii,
Cologne, 'I6ia, fol. The fourth book only
was translated by Carr : the others were
translated by John Cbristopherson, bishop of
Carr
172
Carr
Chichester. 4. • Demosthenis Gneconim Ora-
torum Principis Olynthiacse orationes tres,
et PhilippicDB anatuor, e Greco in Latinum
convers8B. Adaita est etiam epistola de vita
et obitu eiusdem Nicolai Carri, et carmina,
cum Giteca, turn Latina in eundem scripta,'
London, 1571| 4to. Carr*s autograph manu-
script of this translation is in the Cambridge
University Library, Dd. 4, 56. 5. * De scrip-
torum Britannicorum paucitate, et studiorum
impedimentis oratio; nunc primum tedita.
Eiusdem ferd argument i aliorum centones
aojiciuntur/ London, 1676, 12mo ; edited by
Thomas Hatcher. Carr left some other works
in manuscript.
[Life, by Bartholomew Dodington, prefixed
to the translation of Demosthenes, and tne brief
memoir, by Thomas Preston, at p. 68 of the
same work; Addit. MSS. 5803, f. 49, 5865. f.
63 b ; Foxe*8 Acts and Monuments (Townsend),
viii. 262, 271, 274, 288; Blomofield's Collect.
Cantab. 64 ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, i. 262,
555 ; Str>'pe'8 Memorials (foL), ii. 244, 282, 302,
316 ; Strypo's Smith (8vo), 14 ; Strype's Cheke
(fol.), 63, 74, 112; Smith's Cat. of Cains Coll.
MSS. 114; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 165.] T. C.
CARR, R. (/. 1668), engraver, imitated
the style of Hollar with no great success.
There is a map of England dated 1668 etched
by him.
[Strutt's Diet, of Engravers.] C. M.
CARR, RICHARD, M.D. (1651-1706),
phvsician, was son of Griffith Carr of Louth
in "Lincolnshire. He was bom in 1651, and
went from the grammar school of Louth to
Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he en-
tered as a sizar 31 May 1667, graduated B.A.
1670, and M.A. 1674. He became master
of the grammar school of Saffron "Walden in
1676, but in 1683 went to Levden to studv
physic, and in 1686 proceeded M.D. at Cam-
bridge. He was created a fellow of the Col-
lege of Physicians by James IFs charter,
and was admitted in 1(587. He died in Sep-
tember 1706, and was buried in St. Faith's
Church, under 8t. PnuFs Cathedral. He is
known as the author of ^Epistohe medici-
nales variis occasionibus conscriptie/ which
was published in 1691. The book is dedi-
cated to the ('ollege of Physicians, and re-
ceived the imprimatur of the president and
censors. The epistles, eighteen in number, do
not contain much medical information, but are
written in a readable, popular style, as if ad-
dressed to patient-s rather than to ])hysicians.
The first is on the use of sneezing powders,
the second on smoking tobacco, the third,
fourth, seventh, fifteenth, and seventeenth on
various points of dietetics, including a grave
refutation of the doctrine that it is well to
get drunk once a month. The eighth Tecom-
mends a visit to Montpellier for a case of
phthisis, while the fifth and sixth discuss the
remedial virtues of the Tonbridge and Bath
waters, and seven others are on trivial medi-
cal subjects. The fourteenth is on the stroma,
and in it Carr mentions that Charles II
touched 92,107 persons between 1660 and
1682, and respectfully doubts whether they
all got well. The most interesting of the
episUes is the third, which is on the drinks
used in coffee-houses, namely, ' coff*ee, thee,
twist (a mixture of coffee and tea), salvia,
and chocolata.' Carr shows some acquain-
tance with the medical writings of his time,
and speaks with admiration of the 'Re-
ligio Medici.' The impression left after read-
ing his epistles is that he was a doctor of
pleasant conversation, not a profound phy-
sician, but one whose daily visit cheered
the valetudinarian, and whose elaborate dis-
cussion of symptoms satisfied the hypochon-
driac
[Trunk's Coll. of Phys. (1878). i. 470; C3krrs
Epistolse; Magdalene Coll. Admission Book.]
N. M.
CARR» ROBERT, Earl of Somebset
(d, 1645), or Kbr, according to the Scottish
spelling, was a younger son of Sir Tliomas
Ker of Ferniehurst, by his second wife,
Janet, sister of Sir Walter Scott of Buc-
cleugh. In Douglas's ' Peerage,' ii. 1S4, it is
stated that he ' ser^'ed King James in the
quality of a page, and, attendinjof his majesty
into England, was invested with the order
of the Bath at his coronation.' This last
statement, though usually adopted, is erro-
neous. A list of the knights made at the
coronation in Howes's continuation of Stow's
* Clironicle,' p. 827, gives the name of Sir
Robert Carr of Newboth. If, as can hardly
be doubted, Newboth is an English corrup-
tion of Newbottle, the person knighted was
(as stated in Nichols's * Progresses/ i. 222,
note o) the Robert Ker who subsequently
became the second earl of Lothian.
Robert Carr accompanied James to Eng-
land as a page, but, being discliarged soon
after his arrival, went into France, where he
remained for some time. Soon after his re-
turn, being in attendance upon Lord Hay or
Lord Dingwall at a tilting match, he was
thrown from his horse and oroke his arm in
the king's presence. James recognised his
former page, and, being pleased with the
youth's appearance, took him into favour
(Wilson, m Kekvbt, ii. 686) and knighted
him on 23 Dec. 1607.
James was anxious to jprovide an estate
for his new favourite. Somewhere about
Carr
173
Carr
this time Salisbury suggested to the king a
mode of benefiting Carr without injury to
himself (The King to Salisbury, undated,
Hatfield MS. 134, folio 149). Though Ra-
leigh had conveyed the manor of Sherborne
to trustees to save it from forfeiture, a flaw
had been discovered in the conveyance. The
land was therefore legally forfeited in conse-
quence of Raleigh's attainder (Memoranda
of the King's Hemembrancer, Public Record
Office, Mich. Term, 7 James I, 253), and on
9 Jan. 1609 it was granted to Carr, the king
making a compensation, the adequacy of
which is a subject of dispute, to the former
owner (Gabdineb, History of England^ ii. 47^.
In the winter session of 1610, Carr, im-
tated by the feeling displayed in the com-
mons against Scottish favourites, incited his
master against the house, and did his best
to procure the dissolution which speedily
followed {Correspondence in the Hatfield
MS, 134). On 25 March 1611 he was
created Yiscoimt Rochester {Patent JRollSy
9 James I, Part 41,'l^on4), being the first |
Scotchman promoted by James to a seat in '
the English House of Lords, as the right of
sitting m parliament had been expressly re-
served in the case of Hay.
In 1612, upon Salisbury's death, Rochester,
who had recently been made a privy coun-
cillor, was employed by James to conduct
his correspondence, without the title of a
secretary (Chamberlain to Carleton, 11 and
17 June, 2 July, Court and Times of James I,
171, 173, 179). James seems to have thought
that a young man with no special political
principles would not only be a cheernil com-
panion, but a useful instrument as well, and
would gradually learn to model himself upon
his master's ideas of statesmanship. He for-
got that conduct is often determined by other
motives than political principles. The new
favourite was already in love with the Coun-
tess of Essex, a daughter of the influential
£}arl of SuflbUr, and a great-niece of the still
more influential Earl of Northampton, the
leader of the political catholics.
In the beginning of 1613 Lady Essex was
thinking of procuring a sentence of nullity
of marriage, which would set her free from
a husband whom she detested, and enable
her to marry Rochester. Her relatives, the
cliiefs of the Howard family, who had
hitherto found Rochester opposed to their
interests, grasped at the suggestion, and on
16 May a commission was appointed to try
the case.^ James threw himself on the side
of his favourite, and on 25 Sept. the commis-
sioners pronounced, by a majority of seven
to five, m favoiir of the nullity {State Trials,
ii. 785). I
When Rochester began his courtship of
Lady Essex, he had given his confidence to
Sir Thomas Overbury, a man of intelligence
and refinement. At first Overbury assisted
Rochester in * the composition of his love-
letters ' ( WiirwooD, Memorials, iii. 478), but
afterwards, perhaps when he had discovered
that his patron contemplated marriage in-
stead of an intrigue with a lady whose rela-
tions were the leaders of the Spanish party
in England, Overbury threw all his influence
into the opposite scale, and exposed himself
to the fatal anger of Lady Essex.
The king, too, was jealous of Overbury *s
influence over his favourite, and suggested
to him a diplomatic appointment. Overbury,
on refusing to accept it, was committed to
the Tower (Chamberlain to Carleton, 29 April
1613, State Papersy Dom., Ixxii. 120). Tliere
seems to be little doubt that both Rochester
and Northampton were consenting parties
to the imprisonment. Their object is a matter
of dispute. On the whole, tlie most probable
explanation is that they merely wanted to get
him out of the way for a time till the divorce
proceedings were at an end (see Gabdineb,
History of England, ii. 178-80).
Lady Essex's wrath was much more dan-
gerous. She made up her mind that Over-
bury must be murdered to revenge his per-
sonal attack upon her character. She obtained
the admission of a certain Weston as the
keeper of Overbury in the Tower, and "VN'eston
was instructed to poison his prisoner. Wes-
ton, it seems, did not actually administer the
poison, and Lady Essex is usually supposed
— for the whole evidence at this stage is
contradictory — to have mixed poison with
some tarts and jellies which were sent by
Rochester to Overbury as a means of convey-
ing letters to him, the object of which was
to assure him that Rochester and Northamp-
ton were doing everything in their power to
hasten his delivery. Rochester, too, occa-
sionally sent powders to Overbury, the object
of which was said to be to give him the ap-
pearance of ill-health sothatliis friends might
urge the king to release him. The evidence
on the point whether the tarts were eaten by
Overbury is again conflicting, but the fact
that he did not die at the time seems to show
that they remained untasted. Later on poi-
son was administered in another way, and of
this Overbury died. Whether Rochester was
acquainted with the lady's proceedings can
never be ascertained with certainty, tnough
the evidence on the whole points to a favour-
able conclusion (Gabdineb, History of Eng^
land, ii. 183-6).
At the time, at all events, no one guessed
at the existence of this tragedy, Rochester
Carr
174
Carr
was created Earl of Somerset on 3 Nov. 1613
(Patent Bolls, James I, Part 5, No. 20, mis-
dated in Nicolas, Hist Peerage), and on
23 Dec. he received a commission as treasurer
of Scotland (Paper Register of the Chreat Seal,
Book I, No. 214, communicated by T. Dick-
son, esqi^ chief of the historical department
of the Kegister House, Edinburgh), and on
26 Dec. he was married in state to the mur-
deress. Courtiers vied in making costly pre-
sents to the pair.
Somerset was now trusted with political
secrets above all others. His head was turned
by his rapid elevation, and he threw himself
without reserve into the hands of Northamp-
ton and the Spanish party. At first he ad-
vocated a plan for marrying Prince Charles
to a Savoyard princess, but as soon as Sar-
miento, the Spanish ambassador, whose later
title was Count of Gondomar, arrived in
England, he made overtures to the new envoy
to secure an alliance with Spain.
In the parliament of 1614 Somerset's vote
was given, as might have been expected,
against any compromise with the commons
in the dispute on the impositions, and a few
weeks after the dissolution he was made lord
chamberlain, a post wliich brought him into
immediate connection with the King.
Somerset's importance mij^ht seem the
greater as Northampton had just died. He
was acting lord keeper of the privy seal in
Northampton's place on 30 June 1614. His
arrogance, combined with his open adoption
of tlie principles of the Spanish party, set
against him the statesmen, such as Ellesmere
and otiiers, who wished to maintain a close
connection with the continental protestants.
By these men a new candidate for the post of
favourite, George Villiers, who first saw the
king in August 1614, was brought to court.
Though James in November 1614showed that
he Iiad no intention of abandoning Somerset,
the fact that he made Villiers a cupbearer so
irritated the favourite that he grew morose
and ill-tempered even to James nimself.
James was much hurt. Early in 1615 he
pleaded with Somerset, entreating him to
continue to return his friendship (James to
Somerset, Halliwell, Letters of the Kings,
ii. 126), and in April he consented to place in ,
Somerset's hands the negotiation which was
going on with Spain on the subject of the
prince's proposed marriage with the Infanta
Maria, taking it from the ambassador at Mar
drid, Sir John Digby, to whom it had been |
originally entrusted.
Though it was not likely that Somerset's :
adversaries were aware of this secret trust, !
they must have perceived signs of James's
continued favour towards him, and obtaining
the support of the (^ueen, who was personally
jealous of the favourite, they persuaoied James,
i on April 13, to make Villiers a gentleman
• of the bedchamber. Whatever may have been
the exact reason of James's conduct, he had
j no intention of abandoning Somerset, and
I possibly only meant to warn him against
persistence in his harsh and unreasonable
temper. Somerset, exposed as he was to hos-
tility both as a Scotchman and as a favourite,
was made by his sense of insecurity more
? querulous than before. In July James re-
used to make an appointment at Somerset's
entreaty (Chamberlam to Carleton, July 16,
Court and Times of James I, i. 364), and
about the same time sent him a letter in
which his dissatisfaction was expressed. ' I
have been needlessly troubled tnis day,' he
wrote, * with your desperate letters ; you
may take the right way, if vou list, and
neither grieve me nor yourself. No man s
nor woman's credit is able to cross you at
my hands if you pay me a part of that you
owe me. But how you can give over that
inward affection, and yet be a dutiful ser-
vant, I cannot understand that distinction.
Heaven and earth shall bear me witness that,
if you do but the half your duty unto me,
you may be with me in the old manner, only
by expressing that love to my person and re-
spect to your master that God and man crave
of you, with a hearty and feeling penitence
of your by-past errors ' (James to Somerset,
Halliwell, Letters of the Kings, 133).
The knowledge of the existence of bad feel-
ing between the favourite and his master
made Somerset's enemies more hopeful of
effecting his overthrow. Somerset accord-
ingly directed Sir Robert Cotton to draw out
a pardon sufficiently large to place him in
satety. Upon the refusal of Yelverton, the
solicitor-general, to certify its fitness for
passing the great seal (Cotton's Examina-
tions, Cotton MSS. Tit. B vii. 489), Somerset
ordered a still larger pardon to be drawn up,
which Ellesmere, the lord chancellor, refused
to seal. On 20 Julv 1615 the matter was
fully discussed at the privy coimcil in the
Presence of the king, and at the end of the
ebate James insisted upon Ellesmere's seal-
ing the pardon. After the king had left
the council, however, private influence was
brought to bear on hun, and the pardon was
left unsealed (Sarmiento to Lerma, 29 July-
8 Aug. Madrid Palace Library MSS. 20-
30 Oct. Simancas MSS,)
Not many weeks after this scene informa-
tion that Overbury had been murdered was
brought to Winwood, the secretary of state,
who was one of Somerset's opponents. Hel-
wys, the lieutenant of the Tower, hearing that
■something was Iniown, told his etory
■wood, luid on 10 Sejil. repeated it lu
to the ting, wlm directed Coke to i
the affair, Ladv Somereet's name woe Boon
implicated in I lie charge of poieoning, and
that of ber huebond was BubBequently in-
volved in it. On 13 Oct. a eommiBBion was
issued to the chancellor and other persons of
high rank to inquire.
Af soon Bd Somerset knew himself to be etu-
pect(^,he left James at Koyetonandcameup
to London to jufittty himself. Ue wrote to
James finding fault with the composition of
ihe couitofiDq(iij;,nnd threatening him with
the loas of the support of the Howard family
if he persisted in the course which he was
taking, James answeredthat the investiga-
tion muet continue, and on 17 Oct. the com-
misMoners wrote to the earl and countess
directing them to remain in their respective
apartments. On that evening Somerset
burnt a number of his own letters to North-
ampton, written at the time of the murder,
uw directed Cotton to affix false dat es to the
rs which he had received at the same time
D Northampt-on and Overbury. Though
» ordcrB were subsequently withdrawn,
, « bet that they had been given was very
damaging to Somerset ; but his conduct ia
not absolutely inconsistent witli the suppo-
eiliou that, being a man of littla judgment,
he was frightened at the prospect of eeeing
letters relating to tricks purposed to be put
on Overbury interpreted in the light of sub-
sequent discoveiiee. On the next day Somer-
set was committed to the Dean of West-
minsler's house.
The inferior instruments, the warders,
were tried and executed, and in the ordinary
course of things the trial of Somereet and
bis wife would have followed soon. It was,
" r, postponed, apparently iu order that
mtigation might be made into Somerset's
Uions with the Spanish ambassador, and
> perhaps because Lady Somerset gave
•b at tlus time to a daughter, who altera
e the mother m Lord Russell.
^ ^le priHoneJB were to be tried in the high
rt, A few days before the
appointed, Somerset, who had been
ul'gnd by the king to declare liimself guilty,
tbreatened to bring some charge against
Junes himself, James met the attack by
refusing to hear ftirther from the prisoner in
SrivBle till after the trial, and Somerset then
pdarud that be would not come to the trial
at all, on the pk<a, it would seem, of illness.
^_ On M May the countess pleaded guilty,
^^^Utd received sentence of death. On the 25th
^^^pnneiwt, though he at first pretended to be
^^■naUo to leave the Tower, to which he had
Carr
been removed some weeks previously, was
brought to Westminster Hall. That Somer-
set was accessory to Overhury's murder before
the fact, and consequently guilty of murder,
was strongly urged by Bacon, who, as attor-
ney-general, conducted the prosecution, and
Bacon was backed by Montague and Crew.
Bacon had no difficulty in showing that So*
merset had taken part in a highly suspi-
cious plot, and he argued that there was no
motive leadiug Somerset to imprison Over-
bury unless he had meant to murder him, as,
if Overbury had been nilowed to ' go beyond
sea' as an ambussador, he would nave "been
disabled by distance from throwing hin-
drances in the way of the marriage. The
argument throwe L'cht on Brian's habit of
omitting to notice difficulties in the way of
a theory which he has once accepted, but it
is certainly not conclusive against Somerset.
If Overbutj had wished to give evidence of
the conduct of Lady Essex, which might
have influenced the conuntssionerg wlio sat
to decide on the nidlity of her marriage, lie
might easily have done so by letter from the
most distant embassy, while it would have
been impossible for bim to communicate his
kuow ledge from the Tower, where both Hel-
wys, the lientenant, and Weston, his own
immediate keeper, were Somerset's creatures.
JU^ntague hnd charge of the most serious
part of the case. lie proved that Somerset
had sent powders to Overbury, and he tried
to show, though not very successfully, that
Somerset had poisoned the tarts which, had
In a case of circumstantial evidence the
business of the counsel of the defence is not
only to show that the facta proveii do not
fit the theory of the prosecution, but to show
that they do fit another theory which iscora-
¥itihle with the innocence of the accused,
he main weakness of the argument of the
counsel for the crown was that Ihey proved
too much. Somerset, according to their
showing, was constantly trying to poison
Orerhurr. and yet all his efforts signally
failed. Powder after powder, poison^ tart
after poisoned tart, were sent, and yet Over-
bury would not die, At last an injection
was administered by an apothecary^s boy,
and Overbury succumbed at once. Yet no
tittle of evidence was advanced to connect
this last act with Somerset,
On the other hand, the proceedings become
explicable if we suppose tliat Somerset, with
Northnmptnn ne his adviser, merely wanted
to silence Overbury wliile the nullity suit
was proceeding, and to impress liim with
the belief that he and Northampton were
advocating liis cause with the king, in order
Carr 176 Carr
that wh»-n he w^ r*ri-Awrd Lv mizht not statemtrnT. often madt. ;La: J&=it« \h urL:
brin^ w;:h him an anzrr felinz. Thi» would of takin^r him arain inT' favour wbrrn Le
•rxplain ihK conr.an: Irtt-rr* and me&saar-r*, was displeased with BucklnrLaai'* c^i-niuc:
and evrrn tLr ai^ndin^ of meiicin's to pr'.duce in l<5i'4. i* absolutrly wiil ou: f oundaii -:..
iiln«ir§e- which mizh: work uj^^n th- kinz's In 16:30 Somrr^t onc^ more c&m« br: re-
fr^linz*. ^ j)ufclic noiic*r. as bein^ pr^«secui«*i in iLt?
La/{y Elafirx w:ili n&tiirallr rErgar-l the .Star-chamU-r. toj^rihrr with oih-er ni->Tv irr-
a3airfr-jniano:Lrri<:n: vf view, t.hrirrbury's portant ptrr^ona^^s. for hiTinz. in ih* i.r—
attack up-on L-r ch&r4.:t-r was an insult to (wdin^ vrar. pass^ on :o the tarl >>{ «_ lirv
\^ av-rn^ed. and ^hr mav v-rv w^-Il have a paprr written loajr beforv bv Sir R-.?.-—
whether siie wa* ii.-iriy :■» pr«r«-rrve •iJrnce sequence of the b:nh '■•: ti:- cnrs s-r-a. wL»
with h-r husband ev-n after Ler desizn was was afterwards CLarle* 11. the ~pr»x>:*r.i:nr*
carrie-i on: or not. and :: :*. of course, auit^ would be dropped iSfat^ Tn'aU, i:i. a*ii.
ever. Under these cirL.ims?aiiceV :h-re is CARR, ISOBERT JAMES 1 1774-1^41 1.
no w:^nder.even if Ssm-rr^i-:: was not zuiltv, bish-ip ct( Worcester, the j-i'n '•*{ thr R»-v. r.-l-
that his ir fence «h uld Lave br>ken iown in ston L'arr, a scbxdma^'rr at Twickenham,
S'^me p."»:n:s. The only i^^uesrion wiJ^-h can who wa:* afterwards vicar of Ealing, was
be raised is whether Lis Xikilure to STistain his bom in 1774 at Twickenham. nrceivVd his
arsniment wis owin^ :o :h- rv-ality of his primary* -^^Jucation in his father's sch'>»l. and
sniilt. or whe:Ler it was only what mizht afterwards went t-i Wnrcfs:er Collejr. r»x-
Fairlv be expecte^i fr>n: a man calle^l on to f^rd. In 1797 he married Xanc%% daujhtrr
favourer. *t. >PE:>:'i>'vi. Lr*t'?r>t and Ltff of present ^rd to tli»- vicaraje r*\ Bri^'ht.>n. In
A'<i.> '«. v. oi?*'. IVi-.rvnoe* :'^ the original iN^Jhe ffraduate'l M.A. While ht? wa< vicar
author-.: i-es are iriv'tii in b-ith the*^ w..rks. of Brighton his eloquence com mend»-d him !■»
and mosT of them will b»> found in Ajcms. the prince regent, and a friendship was cnni-
^r«!.* (^yeT ■./ i^t>.-'«'/<y. a IfXjk of no criti- menced which only terminated with the
cal valii^>. The court. Wsid^-*, wa« hostile, death of Geor^ IV. In 1S20 he was np
and tl:o vonlict i>i guilty, which was ulii- p-'int^rd dean iif Heivfi^rd, and in the same
matoly civ en. was prulwibly inevi talkie. year he t«>:tk the degrees of B.D. and D.l».
Jhuios had no intention of allowing either F«^ur years later he was consecrated bishop
lol'uM'd to do this, and strongly reasserted , was the prelate who attended George I\'
bti imuHvnce. Perhaps in consequence of . during his last illne&s. He devoted himself
I hit tirmuess, l>oth he and his wife were kept almost entirely to his episcopal duties, and,
lu tho Tower till .lanuar^* \&2'2, when they although constant in his attendance at the
.» . ..II 1a. ...^1 .^..^v *1«^Zh AM«..*r..rx_. ^^^. XT^^v*... ^^^ T ^^JI^ A^^l. 1-AA.1 ^ ?^^ .. * 1*
\^%>vx\ allowed to exchange their captivity for
r««iiidoiico at ivrtain tixtni places. At last
reoeivod a formal pardon. The
Houde of Lords, took little interest in poli-
tics. He was one of the bishops who voted
against the Roman Catholic Rebef Bill, and, if
be did not speak tu^nst the measure, nl lowed
hifl opinions to be seen by the numbi^r nf
petitions SKoinst it which he presunted. Al-
though etiict in the enforcement of ri^ligious
obBcrvances,he had a decided leaningtowards
the emngelical school of thouffht. lie died
io lft41, aged 67, at Hurtleburj- Palace, near
Worcester, from p&ralyeiB, and was buried
in the churchyard of the parish. His nnly
published worhe were sermons preached for
charitable objecls.
[Annunl Beg)«tcr, 1841: Timesi Ituconl;
WoKMUnhire pHpers.] A. C, B.
CABR, ROGER (J. I(il2). divine, sup-
paced to have been the son of a London
printer of the same names, was matricuhited
as B eizar of Pembroke JIoll, CambridEe, on
23 Nov. 1566. and went out B.A. 1569-70.
On 23 Jan. ) 573-3 he was instituted to tlie
reictory of Little Kaine in Es^ei, on the
frestmtation of Ilenrr Capel, esq. About
&83hew»s suspended by Aylmer,biBhopof
Liondon, for not wearing the surplice. Ho
aubsequently conformed to the orders of the ,
chnrch, and held the before-mentioned bene-
fice till his death, which occurred shortly '
before 20 Jan. 1611-12.
It is believed that he was tlie author of:
]. 'The Defence of the Soul against Che
Strangest Assaults of Satan, by R. C.,' Lon-
don, IB78, 8to. 2, ' A Sermon on Joh. xii.,
by R C.,' London (T. Lawe and T. Nelson),
n. d., 8vo. 3. ' A godlie Form of House-
holds Goiiemment : for the ordering of pri-
vmte Families, whereunto is ndjoyned the
senenll duties of the husband towards bis
irife: and the wiues duty toward her hus-
band, ftc. Gathered by R. C.,' London, 1698,
1600. Sto. Dedicated to Robert Buigaine of
EoJttU [RoxM-ell ?].
[Atn«s's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 707, 88B,
ia04i Cooper* Atbenic L'acUb. iii. fi3; Daridti's
Fill KulK.'Onformisty. Ill; Lowndca's Bibl.
Han. (Bohn), 342 ; Mullliind'H Indsi of Early
PrinUd Book* at I^inbeth, IS ; Newcourt's Be-
pertorium, ii. 490.] T. C.
OARB. THOMAS, alias Miles Pikknby
(1."«9-I67il. [See CiRRE, Thokas.]
CARR, WILLrAM HOLWELL (1758-
1830), art connoisseur, was the eon of Ed-
ward Hoi well, apothecary of Exeter, who
died at Exmoiith on 28 March 1793, aged 66,
by his wife, IsalwUii Newte. He was bom
at Exeter in 1758, and baptised at St. Mar-
tin'* CTiiirch in that city on 4 April 1759,
tMeiving the christian narae of William
^ter hi* uncle, the Rev. William Uolwell,
vic«rof Thomhury, Olouoesterahire, and pre-
bendary of Exeter. He matrioulated at Ex^
ter College on 2 March 1776, and was elected
to a Petreian fellowship on 30 June 1778.
His degrees were : B.A. 1783. M.A. 1784.
B.D. 1790. While holding his fellowship
he obtained leave to travel abroad (30 April
1781 1, and it was during this foreign tour
that he began to form his collection of pic-
tures. The rich benefice of Menheniot in
Cornwall became vacant la November 1791,
and Holwellwas instituted on 13 Jan, 171)2,
but he never resided at his living, and was
said to have taken orders with the o^ect oi
accepting this preferment. A year after his
institution (14 Jon. 1793) he resigned his
fellowship. On 18 May lf97 he married in
London Lady Charlotte Hav, eldest daughter
of James, earl of Errol, by Iflahelia, daughter
of Sir WiUiam Carr of Etal, Northumbei^
land, and in I79S the estate of Etal became
lier property. Shetbereupoo (20Nov. I79S)
obtained royal authority for herself, her hus-
band, and her male issue, to take the name
and arms of Carr, but she died in London on
9 Feb. 1801, three days after the birth of her
only childjWilliam Carr. A protracted law-
suit took place over the estate of EtiJ, but a
settlement, mainly in favour of the rights of
her husband and their child, was ultimately
effected, and lasted until the death of the
child at Rams^te on 16 Sept. 1806. Hol-
well Carr died m Devoushire Place, London,
on 24 Dec. 1830, and was buried at Withy-
combe Raleigh, near Exmouth. Throughout
his life he was a patron and connoisseur of
the arts. From 1797 to 1820 he exhibited
at the Royal Academy, as an honorary ex-
hibitor, landscape views of his own painting.
His collection of pictures, principally of the
Itidian school, he left tjj the nation with the
stipulation that a proper gallery should be
provided for them. To Exeter College he
gave in 1766 a pcture, painted by himself,
of Sir William Petre, and to the college
library he presented the editio princcps of
Homer, printed at Florence in 1488. He
left 500i. to Meiiheniot parish for the ednc&<
tion of twelve boys and girls as a memorial
ofhiswife. Io the church of that pariah are
' for himself and his wiie.
SOGDt.MBe.p. 3TO.IS31^Buase'sReg.ofExater
L pp. liT, 111-12, 200, 216; Parochial His-
tory of CoruwaU (1870), iii. 313-14; Kadgrave's
Diet, of Artists. 1878, p. 71;MiBcell. GeneaLBt
Herald, ii, 416-17.] W, P. C,
aABBE,TnOMA8(1599-1674j. c atholic
divine, whose real name was Miles PiNltNllV,
belonged to on ancient family at Broomhill
in the bishopric of Durham, lie was eent
when very young to the English college of
Douay, waa admitted among the clergy per
Carre i
tomiiram 13 June 5620, and was ordftined
priest by Bpecinl dispensation 15 .Tuna 1025,
AfterwarM he was appointed procurator of
the college, and he held tliut office till 1634,
-whea he undertook the project of founding s
monastery of canonesses of St. Augustin at
Paris, where he resided aa their conteasor till
his death. The foundation of this monastery
cost him much time and labour. > TJs re-
corded that he crossed the aeaa sixty times
between England and France to bring it to
perfection, and bestowed all hia time, money,
interest, learning, and piety for forty years
t<]gether to the same purpose.' Being seised
with a palsy he became almost unserviceable
for nearly twelve years before his death, which
occurred in the monosterj-, then situate in the
Bue desFossfis Saint Victor, Paris, on 31 Oct.
1674.
Carre was for many years a canon of the
English chapter, and the clergy never failed
to i;on£ult him in matters of consequence.
Jle was a great friend of Richard Crashaw
the poet, Arras College in Paris was in 16Q7
much augmented by him, though it 'n'as not
completed till many years later, when Dr. John
Bet nam [q. v,] was appointed t^ preside over
it. Carre was greatly respected by the court
of France, especially by Cardinal Richelieu,
■who was a munificent lienefactor to the Eng-
lish catholics abroad through his mediation.
Hia works are: 1. 'A Treatise of the Love
of God,' 2 Tola., Paris, 1 630, 8to, translated
from the French of St. Francis of Sales.
2. 'The Spiritual Conflict,' 1632, translated
from the French of Biflbop Camus. 3. 'The
Draught of Eternity,' 8vo, 1 (139, a translation
from the Frenchof Bishop Camufl. 4. 'The
Priucipall Points of the Faith of the Catho-
like Cnvrch. Defended aRainst a writing
Bent to the liing by the 4 Ministers of Cba-
lenton. By the most eminent Arraand Ihon
de Plessia, Cardinal Dvke de Riebelie v. Eng-
Following of Christ,' written in Latin by
ThomajiilKempis.Paris,1636,8ro. 6. 'Oeea-
siona! Diflcourses,' Paris, 1646, 8to. 7. 'Tho-
jnas of Kempis, Canon Ilegvlar of S, Avgvs-
tine's Order, hia Sermons of the Incarnation
and Passion of Christ. Translated out of
Latine,' Paris, IftoS, 13mo. 8. 'Thomas of
Kempis, his Soliloquies translated ovt of La-
tine,' Paris, 1653, 12mo. fl. 'A Christian In-
Btrvction composed longc agoe,hy that most
eminent Cardinall iVrmand lohn de Plessis,
Cardinall of Richeiiev,' newly translated, 3rd
«d., Paris, 1662 (misprint for 1662), 10. 'Me-
ditations and Prayers on the Life, Paasion,
Reavrrection, and Ascension of our Saviovr
lesus-Clmst. Written in Latine by Thomas
8 Carrick
ofKempi8,'Pari8,1664,12mo. U. 'Sweets
Thought«s of Jesvs and Marie, or Meditations
for ail the Sundays and Feasts of our B.
Saviour and B. Virgin Mary ; for the use of
the daught^^rs of Sion,' 2 parts, 8vo, 16(ki,
12, 'Pietas ParisiensiSiOrashortdescription
of the Ketie and Charitie comonly exer-
cised in Paris. Which represents in short
the pious practises of the whole Oatholike
ChiTch,* Paris, 1666, 12mo. An abridgment
of this work was published by Abraham
Woodhead in 'Pietas Roniana et Pariaienf is,'
Oxford, 1 687, 4to, which work elicited ' Some
Reflections,' with a ' Vindication of Protec-
tant Charity ' by James Harrington, Oxford,
1688,4to. 13. 'TheFunerall&rmonof the
Queen of Great Britanie,' Paris, 1670, 8ro.
[Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 293; Addit. MS.
24491, f. 261 b; Palatine Not«-biH>l[. iii. Itl!.
17*; Jones's Popiry Tracts, 434; Huseabeth'a
Colleges and Conveats on the Conttni^t, 18;
Bibl. Heberiann, ii. 1016, 1017.] T. C.
CARRE, WALTER RIDDELL (1807-
1674), topographer, was descended from the
old family of Riddell of Riddell, in the county
of Roxburgh, immortalised by Scott in the
' Lay of the Last Minstrel ' a« ' ancient Rid-
dell s fair domains.' He was the second son of
Thomas Riddell of Camieston, and was bom
at Edinburgbon4AuK. 1807. After complet-
ing bis education at the high school of Edin-
burgh, he entered a mercantile house in Lon-
don, where he remained till 1848, when he
took up his residence in Hertfordshire. Some
Years afterwards be succeeded by the will of
his uncle. Admiral Robert Riddell Carre, to
the eatat* of Cavers Carre in Roxburgh shire,
when he assuiited the additional surname
and arms of Carre, From this time he de-
voted much of his attention to researches
into family and county records, and the
biography of ' worthies connected with the
Homers, giving the result of his studies oc-
casionally in popular lectures, and in contri-
btitions to the newapapera and to ' Notes and
Queries.' He also look an active interest in
various Border societies. He was a justice
of the peace and a commissioner of supply
for the county of Roxburgh. He died in
December 1874. He was the author of
' Border Memories ; or, Sketches of Prominent
Men and Women of the Border,' published
posthumounly in 1876, with a biographical
sketch by James Tait.
[Tail's Memoir, aa above.] T. F. H.
CABRICK, Eabl a:
BBT DB VIL]
[See Bbuch, Ro-
CARRICK, JOHN DONALD (1787-
1837), song writer and jounialist, wu bom
^^^^^ Carrick i
at Glaaeow in April 178" : liis fulher waa
Carrick
cotton-mill owner of tlinl dtv, l)y Ills wife,
Mary Anderson. lie was educated dt the
Carlisle grammHr ethool, and by his uucle,
the Rev. John Topping. As an artist Car-
rick was entirely self-taiight : hU fliill in
portraiture was evidenced at on eitrnardi-
narilj- early age. Having quarrelled witli
one of tlia laemlwrs of his Ikmily, he sud-
denly (juitted his home, and was taken into
the emnlojment of a chemist in Carlisle
named Brimet, who soon be^nn to take great
■"* • ■" his advancement. Carrick e'
gntphictJ Sketch' Ca CkSRicx.'t''Laird o/Zo-
l/fff P' ix). Carrick ws« early put into tho
office fif N icholsnn , a ( ! laagow architect, whi ch
office hs left about 1806 for a clerkship in a
coiintine-hriiise (i£. x). In 1807 he ran away,
and walked to Iwondon, where a Scotch t rades-
man gave him a trial as shopboj'. In J 809 he
obtained employment with Spodes & Co.,
potters in Stafiordshire, who had extensive
wurebouses in London ; and wilh them be ,
acquired sufficient knowledge of china to tuallybecnmehimself a chemist in his native
return to Glasgow, 1811, and set up business ! city. Ilia heart was so entirely given over
in Hutcheson Street. There he also took to I to painting, however, that he much neglected
Tmting, producing several humorous Scotch I hia business. Hehndbeenpaintingmimaturea
«inpi,Bndhi8'LifeofWallace'forthevoungi for several years before lie had ever seen a
hut in 1825 a prolonged litigation W to his miniature from any hand but his own. The
uuoltency. As agent to manufactaretB he first that then came under hia notice was one
sulMMuently visited the highlands, and ac- from the easel of Sir Willium Charles Ross.
quirvJ the Onelic language. On returning to , Carrick had already painted the likenesses
Glangowiii tttgHhewasengagedassuh-editor I of many «'ell-known persons in the north
of the "Sot* Times;' contributed articles to ! country; amonglhe«ewaaCharlesKean when
the'Day.'aOlasgowdailypaper, which lasted ' lis ^^B just bi^nuing to win popularity as
only six months; and produced, 1830, hJs ex- , a provincial actor. Carrick in 1829 married
tended ' IJfe of Sir M lUiam Wallace of El- i S^ary Mulcaster, by whom he had five chil-
derali*,' 2 vols., this forming vols, liii. and liv. i dren. Being by that time in thoroughly good
ofConstahVs'Miscelianv.' InlSaaheedited - '^'-i-i ^-■- -- ■: .
«nd partly wrol« ' Whistle-Hinkie, or the
Piper elf the Party,' a collection of humorous
toOKs. In 183Sheaccepted thefiilleditorship
of tii«> Perth Advertiser,' but quarrelled with
tb^ managing committee in a year, and in
FebniarylSW started the ' Kilmarnock Jour-
nal.' Carrick again fell out with the propri
tors, and was attacked by paralveis of tl
mouth ; in 1H.35 he returned to Glasgow, h
Eieolth completely shattered. He edited ar
contributed to the ' Laird of Logan,' a collec-
tion of Scotch tslei and witticism, which ,
peered in 1 83t), From Rothesay he contributed
•ome papers to the 'Scottish Monthly Mnga-
■ioe,' and announced a new work. 'Tatoa of
the HannockMen;' but he died 17 Aug. 1837,
aged ■%. A comedy was left by him in manu-
Miipt, wilh the title ' Logan House, or the
LiuTdat Home.' A neweditionof the'ljaird
of Logan,' Dccnropanied by an anonymous
* l^ographical Sketch," came out in 1841 ; and
• Whistle-Din kie' has appeared in numerous
issues in 18U8. 1839, 1843, 18J5, 1816, 1853,
Uld as late as 16T8, much enlarged.
[Biographical Sketch <o the Toird of Logan,
ed. im. pp, 9-12. H. 20-23. 2B. 87; Pn:f«w
ta Oamck'* Life of Sir William Wallnca of E>-
dardle, ed. 1 830. p. v>.] J. H.
CARRICK, THOSI.^^ (lSft?-lfl75),
miniaturr painter, was bom on 4 -Inly 180i
St I'ppcrley, near Carlisle in Cumberland.
j&t was the second child of John Carrick,
repute at Carhsle as a miniature painter, he
soon afterwards rave up his business, and in
183fl moved to Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In
November 1839 he removed with his family
to London. Two years afterwards he began
to exhibit at the Royal Academy. Among
his most remarkable sitters were Sir Itobert
Peel and Lord John Russell, the poets R^ra
and Wordsworth, Caroline Norton andEb'ia
Cook, Farren and Macready, Lablache and
Longfellow. He was painting at the same
time (in the early part of 18iJ) Daniel
(.rConnell, Blomfield the bishop of London,
and ISobert Owen the socialist. His vivacity
as a conversational i.ft, and his store of anec-
dotes, enabled him to awoken the interest of
hia sitters and seize the characteristic expres-
sion. His miniature of Thomas CarlvlewBfl
notable ns one of his most brilliant successes ;
yet while it was in progress Mrs. Carlyle
more than once ciclaimed that she was sure it
would never be like her buebnnd, seeing that
she had never heard him laugh so much or
heartily as when he was sitting to Mr.
Carrick. Carrick was simple-minded and
unambitious. Though more than once offered
Bociateship in the Royal Academy, he
iftbly declined it. From 1811 tol866he
annually exhibited the full number, eight, of
his miniatures. Photography having virtually
annihilated the art of miniature painting,
Carriek in 1868 abandoned his profession,
withdrew to Newcastle. There, seven
yearalater, hedied onSl Julyl675. Thirty
s2
Carrier
i8o
Carrington
yean preTiouslj the prince consort had pre-
Bented him with a medal in reward for his
invention of painting miniatures on marble.
Immediately oefore tne close of his career in
the metropolis the Royal Academy awarded
him the Turner annuity, which just then
happened to be vacant.
[Personal knowledge ; memoranda by Carrick's
daughter, Isabel Allom ; Boyal Academy Cata-
logoes, 1841-66.] C. K.
CARRfRR, BENJAMIN. [SeeCABiSB.]
OARBINGTON, Sib CODRINGTON
EDMUND a7ed-l&49}, chief justice of
Ceylon, was descended m>m an old Norman
family, one of whom, Sir Michel de Carring-
ton, was standard-bearer to Richard Coeur-de-
Lion. The family at an early period settled
at Carrington in Cheshire, but a branch
afterwards emigrated to Barbadoes. Cod-
rington was the son of Codrington Carrington,
of the Blackmoor estate in that island, and
the eldest daughter of the Rev. Edmund
Morris, rector of Nutshalling, the friend of
Lady Hervey, and was bom at Longwood,
Hampshire, on 22 Oct. 1760. He was edu-
cated at Winchester school and called to the
bar at the Middle Temple on 10 Feb. 1792.
In the same year he went to India, where,
being admitted an advocate of the supreme
court of judicature, he for some time acted
at Calcutta as junior counsel to the East
India Company, and made the acquaintance
of Sir William Jones. He returned on ac-
count of his health in 1709, and in 1800,
while in England, he was called upon to
prepare the code of laws for the island of
Ceylon, and shortly afterwards was appointed
the first chief justice of the supreme court
of judicature thereby created, the honour of
knighthood having been conferred on him
before he embarked on his outward voyage.
In 1806 he was compelled from ill-health to
resign his office, and for the same reason had
to decline other important colonial appoint-
ments. Having purchased an estate in
Buckinghamshire, he became a magistrate
and deputy-lieutenant of that county, where
he acted for many years as chairman of the
quarter sessions. He was created D.C.L.
and elected F.R.S., F.S.A., and honorary
member of the Soci6t6 Fran^aise Statistique
Universelle. On the occasion of the Man-
chester riots he published in 1819 an * In-
quiry into the L.aw relative to Public
Assemblies of the People,' and he was also
the author of a 'Letter to the Marq^uis of
Buckingham on the Condition of Prisons,'
1819, and other smaller pamphlets. In June
1826 he was returned to parliament for St.
Mawes, which he continued to represent till
1831. During his last years ne resided
chiefly at St. Helier'a, Jersey. He died at
Exmonth on 28 Nov. 1849.
[Annual Register for 1860 (zc), vd, 196-7 ;
information from the family; G«nt. Mag. 1850,
ii. 92-3 ; Brit. Mns. Catalogne.] T. F. H.
OAKRINGTON, FREDERICK GEORGE
(1816-1864), journalist, was the third son
of Noel Thomas Carrington [q. v.], and was
about fourteen years of age at the time of
his father's death. He was placed under the
protection of his eldest brother, Mr. Henry E.
Carrington, the proprietor of the ' Bath Chro-
nicle,' and devoted the literary talent of
which he showed early promise to journal-
istic literature. He was principally engaged
in contributions to the West of Englsnd
journals, such as the 'Bath Chronicle/ 'Felix
Farley's Bristol Journal,' the * Cornwall
Gajsette,' the 'West of England Conserva-
tive,' the 'Bristol Mirror,' the 'Gloucester
Journal,' and the ' Gloucestershire Chronicle.'
He was for several years both editor and
proprietor of the last-named paper. He also
contributed to various magazines, and wrote
treatises on 'Architecture' and 'Painting'
for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowled^. To the eighth edition of the ' En-
cyclopffidia Britannica ' he supplied the to-
pographical descriptions of Gloucestershire
and other counties. He died at Gloucester
on 1 Feb. 1864, aged forty-seven, and was
buried in the cemetery at that place. He
left a wife and six children.
[Gent. Mag. 1864, zvi. (3rd ser.) 535 ; Glou-
cestershire Chronicle, 6 Feb. 1864. J L. 0.
CARRINGTON, Lobd (1617-1679).
[See Prdcsosb, Sib Abchibald.]
CARRINGTON, Lobd (d. 1838). [See
Smith, Robbbt.]
CARRINGTON, NOEL THOMAS
(1777-1830), Devonshire poet, was the son
of a retail grocer at Plymouth, where he was
bom in 1777. Shortly after his birth his
parents removed to Plvmouth Dock, and for
some time he was employed as a derk in the
Plymouth dockyard, but he found the occu-
pation so irksome that he entered as a seaman
on board a man-of-war. In this capacity he
was present at the defeat of the Spanish fleet
off C&pe St. Vincent by Sir John Jervis 14 July
1797. After his term of service expired he
settled at Maidstone, Kent, where for five
years he taught a public school In 1800, at
the solicitation ox several Mendsy he esta-
blished a private academy at Flymoath Dock,
■ Carrington
i8i
'which he comlucted with<
UDtU ax months before his death, 2 Sept.
1 830. At an early period of his life Carring -
ton began to contribute occasional pieces in
T(tis« to the London and proTincial papers.
lIiB ppems are chie6y deacriptive of the
ec«nery and traditions of his native county,
and are characteriaed by no eamll literary
grace, although without striking individu-
nlity in matter or manner. In 1830 he pub-
lished sepnrateiy ' The Banks of the Tamar,'
tuid in 1636 'Dartmoor.' His colJecI«d poems,
■with a abort memoir prefixed, appeared po»-
thumoualy in two volumes in 1831.
rMemoir prefixed to his Collected Poems;
Oen(. Slag. ci. pt, i. 276-9 ; Brit. Mas. Cat.]
T. F. H.
CAKEINGTON, RICHAllD ClffilS-
TOPHER (1836-]S7fi), astronomer, second
BOTt of liicbard Carrington, the proprietor of
alarge brewery at Brentford, WDS l>omat Chel'
•«fton28M«y"l826. He entered Trinity Col-
lege, Coinbriilge, in 1B14 ; but, though deetined
for the church, rather by his father's than by hi s
ovm desire, his scientihc tendencies gradually
prevailed, and received afinaiimpidse towards
practical astronomy from Professor ChaUis's
lectures on the subject. This change in the
purpose of bis life was unopposed, and he had
the prospect of ample means ; so that it was
purely with the object of gaining experience
that be applied, shortly after tahing his degree
Bs thirty-slsth wrangler in 1848, for the post
of observer in the university of Uurhikm.
He entered upon his duties there in October
]84U, but noon became dissatisfied with their
tiarrow scope. The observatory was ill sup-
plied with mstruments, and the leisure left
mm for study served only to widen his aims.
Bessel's and Argelonder's star-iones, above
sU, struck him as a model for imitation, and
he resolved to complete by extending them
to the Pole. Desirous of advancing so far
beyond his predecessors as to include in his
eurr«y stars of the tenth magnitude.
Twnly applied for a suitable instrumec
at last, hopelea
compliahing any p
of his design at Durham, or of benefiting
a any furtiier stay, be resigned his position
ire m March 18^2. He had not, however,
beenidlo. Somrof hisoliBervtttions.espBcially
tt minor planets and comets, mode with a
inhofer wniatoreal of Oj inches aperture,
1 been published, in a provisional state,
' B ' Monthly Not ices ' and ' Astronomische
iricbteD,'and the whole wore definitively
1 & volume entitled ' Results of
jnnomical Observations made at the Ob-
ntorv of ibe University, Durham, from
~ ir'l&lH to April 1862' (Durham, ISTjG).
His admission as a member of the Royal
Astronomical Society, 14 March 1JS51, con-
veyed aprompt recognition of his exceptional
merits as on observer.
In June 1852 he fixed upon a site for on
observatory and dwelling-house at Red Hill,
near Keigate, Surrey. In July 1663 a Iransit-
circle of SJ feet focus, reduced in scale from
the Greenwich model, and on equatoreal of
4} inches aperture, both by Simma, were lu
their places, and work was begun. Already,
9 Dec, 18u3, Carrington presented to the
Astronomical Society, as the result of a pre-
liminary survey, printed copies of nine dnft
maps, containmg all stars down to the
eleventh magnitude within 9° of the Pole
{Monthli/ Notice), xiv. 401. Three yeara"
steady pursuance of the adopted pluu pro-
duced, in 1867, "A Catalogue 013,735 Oircum-
Eolar Stars obsen-ed at Redhill in the years
854, 1855, and 1856, and reduced xa Mean
Positions for 1855,' The work was printed
at public expense, the decision to that ell'ect
of the lords of the admiralty rendering un-
necessary the acceptance of I^everrier's Mnd-
some offer to include it in the next forthcom-
ing volume of the '.\nnales' of the Paris
otraervatory. It was rewarded with the gold
medal of the Royal Astronomical Society,
in presenting which, 11 Feb. 1859, Mr. Mam
dwelt upon the eminent utility of the design,
as well as the ' standard excellence ' of its
execution {fit. tW 162). It included a la-
borious comparison of Schwerd's places for
680 stars with those obtained at Redhill, and
an elaborate dissertation on the whole theory
of corrections as applied to stars near the
pole. Ten correepouding maps, copper-en-
graved, accompanied the catalogue.
Meanwhile Carrington had adopted, and
was cultivating with his usual felicity of
treatment, a 'second sul^ect' at that junc-
ture of peculiar interest and importance.
While his new observatory was in course of
construction, he devoted some of his spare
time to examining the drawings and records
of sun-spots in possession of the Astrono-
mical Society, and was much struck with the
need and scarcity of systematic solar observa-
tions. Sabine's and '^oif s discovery of the
coincidence between the magnetic and sun-
spot periods had just then been announced,
a]id he believed he should be able to lake
advantage of the pre-occupntion or inability
of other obeervers to appropriate to himseU,
by ' close and methodical research,' the next
ensuing eleven-year cycle. He accordingly
resolved to devote his daylight energies to
the sun, while reaen-ing (lis nights lOr the
stars. Solar physics as a whole, however,
he prudently excluded from his field of view.
Carrington
182
Carrington
He limited his task to fixing the true period
of the sun's rotation (of which curiously
discrepant values had been obtained), to
tracing the laws of distribution of maculfle,
and investigating the existence of permanent
surface-currents. Adequately to compass
these ends, new devices of observation, reduc-
tion, and comparison were required. Leaving
photography to his successors as too unde-
veloped lor immediate use, he chose a method
founded on the idea of making the solar disc
its own circular micrometer. An image of
the sun was thrown upon a screen placed at
such a distance from the eyepiece of the
44-inch equatoreal as to give to the disc a
diameter of 12 to 14 inches. In the focus
of the telescope, which was firmly clamped,
two bars of flattened gold wire were fastened
at right angles to each other, and inclined
about 45° on either side of the meridian.
Then, as the inverted image traversed the
screen, the instants of contact with the wires
of the sun's limbs and of the spot-nucleus
to be measured were severally noted, when
an easy calculation gave its heliocentric posi-
tion (tb, xiv. 163).
In this manner, during seven and a half
years, 6,290 observations were made of 954
separate groups, many of which were besides ;
accurately depicted in drawings. By the
sudden death of his father, however, in July
1858, and the consequent devolution upon
Carrington of the management of the brewery,
the complete execution of his project of re-
search was frustrated. He continued for \
some time to supervise the solar work he I
had previously carried on in person ; but in !
March 1861, seeing no prospect of release
firom commercial engagements, he thought
it advisable to close the series. The results
appeared in a 4to volume, the publication
of which was aided by a grant from the
Royal Society. Its title ran as follows:
* Observations of the Spota on the Sun from
November 9, 1863, to March 24, 1861, made
at Redhill' (London, 1863). Never were
data more opportunely furnished. Perhaps
more effectually than the pronouncements of
spectrum analysis, they served to revolu-
tionise ideas on solar physics.
Efforts to ascertain the true rate of solar
rotation had been continually baffled by what
were called the * proper motions ' of the spots
serving as indexes to it. Carrington showed
that these were in reality due to a great
* bodily drift ' of the photosphere, diminishing
apparently from the equator to the poles
(tb. xix. 81). There was, then, no single
period ascertainable through observations of
the solar surface. By equatorial spots the
circuit was found to be performed in about
two and a half days less than by spots at the
(ordinarily) extreme north and south limits
of 46°. The assumed ' mean period ' of 25*38
solar days applied, in fact, only to two zones
14° from the equator ; nearer to it the time
of rotation was snorter, further from it longer,
than the average. Carrington succeeded in
representing the daily movement of a spot
in any heliographical latitude /, by the em*
pirical expression 865' + 165 . sin ^ (/— 1°).
But he attempted no explanation of the
phenomenon. It formed, however, the basis
of Faye's theory (1866) of the sun as a
gaseous body ploughed through by vertical
currents, which flYially supers^ed Herschel'a
idea of a flame-enveloped, but cool, dark,
and even habitable globe.
Carrington's determinations of the ele-
ments 01 the sun's rotation are still of
standard authority. The inclination of the
solar equator to the plane of the ecliptic he
fixed at 7° 16' ; the longitude of the ascend*
ing node at 73° 40' (both for 1 850) . A curious
peculiarity in the distribution of sun-spots
cietected by him about the time of the mini*
mum of 1856, afforded, as he said, ' an in*
structive instance of the regular irregularity
and the irregular regularity ' characterising
solar phenomena (ib. xix. 1). As the minimum
approached, the belts of disturbance gradually
contracted towards and died out near the
equator ; shortly after which two fresh series
broke put, as if oy a completely new impulse,
in comparatively high latitudes, and spread
equatorially. No satisfactory rationale of
this curious procedure has yet been arrived
at. It is, nevertheless, intimately related to
the course of sun-spot development, since
"Wolf found e\'idence of a similar behaviour
in Bohm's observations of 1833-6, and it was
perceived by Sporer and Secchi to recur in
1867.
While still in his apprenticeship at Durham,
Carrington repaired to Sweden on the occa-
sion of the total solar eclipse of 28 July
1851, and made at Lilla Edet, on the Gota
river, observations printed in the Royal As-
tronomical Society s * Memoirs ' (xxi. 58).
The experience thus gained was turned to
public account in the compilation of * In-
formation and Suggestions addressed to Per-
sons who may be able to pl^ce themselves
within the Shadow of the Total Eclipse of
the Sun on September 7, 1858,* a brochure
printed and circulated by the lords of the
admiralty in May 1858. The eclipse to which
it referred was visible in South America.
Besides his friend, Mr. Hodffson, he was the
sole witness of the extraordinary solar out-
burst of 1 Sept. 1859. His account of an
observation memorable in the histozy of solar
^
Carrington
183
Carruthers
lytact isconUinedinthe'MouthJT Nciticea'
November 1860 {xx. 13). A Tialc to tbo
continent in 1866 gave bim the opportunity
of drawing up a vulunble report on the con-
dition of n number of Germiin obeervutories
KMonlkhf NotUxe, xviL 43), (Lud of visiting
Sahwab« at Dessau, to whose merits he drew
explicit attention, and to whom, in the fol-
lowing ;ear, be had the pleneure of trans-
mitting the Attrononiical Society's gold
medal. Ue fulfilled with great diligence the
duties of Becrelsry to that body, 18.'i7-*32,
and Vina elected a /ellow of the Royul Sucletj- 1
00 7 June 1860.
But the lease bj which be held liis powers
of useful wofh waa unhappily running out. |
A severe attack of illness in 1606 left bis
health pennanentlj impaired, and, having
disposod of the brewery, be retired to Churt,
Surrey, where, on the top of an isolaled
conical hill, 60 feet high, locally known as
Middle Devil's Jiunp, in a lonely and
iresque spot, be built a new observatory
XXX. 48). lU chief instrument was a
fi altaiimntb on Steinheil's principle,
therci ar« no records of observations made
with it. He no longer atU'ndod the meetings
of the Astronomical Society, and his last
communication to it, 10 Jan. 1873, was on
thesubjcct of a 'double altazimuth' of great
atxe wbich be had thoughts of erecting {ih.
"i.118). A deplorable tragedy, however,
n her
it seemed, through an overdose of
The event, combined perhaps nitb
t censure on a supposed aeficiency of
iT nuraing precautions conveyed by the
;t of the coroner's jury, told heavily on
her husband's spirits. He left his bouse on
ibo day of the inquest, and returned to it
after a week's absence, only to find it deserted
by his servants. Hb was seen to enter it,
2i Nov., but was ne\er again seen alive.
Aft«r a time some neighbour gave the alarm,
ihc doors were broken open, and his dead
boily woa found extended on a mattress
lof^ked into a remote apartment. A poultice
of tea-leaves was tied ovw the left ear, aa
if for the relief of pain, and a postr-mortem
examination sbowed death to have resulted
ffiTD an effusion of blond on the brain. A
verdict of ' sudden death from natural causes '
waa relumed. Thua closed a life which bad
not yetlaKted fifty yeare^and held the promise
of even more than it liad already performed.
Carringt.on's mnnuscript books of snn-epot
obaerrationi and reductions, with a folio
voluDiD of drewinffs, were purchased after
hia death by Lord Lindsay (now Earl of
Crawford), nud presented to the Royal Aa-
trooomical Society \ib. xxxvi, :M9). To the
eame body Carrington bequeathed a sum of
^,000/. Among bia numerous contributions
to scientific collectious may be mentioned a
paper ' On the Distribution of the Perihelia of
the Parabolic and Hyperbolic Comets in re-
I ktion to the Motion 01 the Solar System in
Space,' rend before the Astronomical Society,
14 Dec 1860 {^Mem. H. A. Soc. jodx. 356).
I The result, like that of Mohn's contempo-
I raneoua investigation, proved negative, and
I was thought to be, through unconiroUed con-
ditions, nugatory; yet it perhaps conveyed
an important truth as to the original counec-
tion of comets with our system,
[Monlbly Naticee, liv. 13, xriii. 23, 109, xix.
UO, )61, iDuivi. 137; Mam. R. A. Soc. ixvii.
139; Times, 22 Nov. and 7 Dee. 187fi; E. 3o«.
Cut. Se. Papers, vols. 1. and viJ, ; InlrwiacIioDS
to Works.] A. M. C.
OARBOLL, ANTHONY (1722-1794),
Jesuit, bom in Ireland on 16 Sept. 1722, en-
tered the Society of Jesus at Watten, near
St. Omer, in 1744, and was professed of the
four vows in 176^. He had been sent to the
Enghah mission about 1764, and for some
time he was stationed at Lincoln. After the
suppression of the order in 1773 he accom-
panied his cousin, Father John Carrol] (after-
wards the first archbishop of Baltimore), to
Maryland, Itetuming to England in 177&, he
served the missions of Liverpool, Shepton
Mallet, Exeter, and Worcester. On 5 Sept.
1794 he was knocked down and robbed in
Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London, and
carried speecbleea to St. Bartholomew's Iloa-
pital, where be died at one o'clock the fol-
lowing uiocning. He translated some of
Bourdaloue's sermons under the title of
Practical Divinity,' 4 vols., London, 1778,
8vo,
[Foley's Records, vii. 117: Ocnt. Mug. Isiv.
(ii.) IDSS; Oliver's Jemit CoUeetinns. 239;
Oliver's Catholic p«ligioa in Cornwall, S59 ;
Backer's Bibl. des Earivaias de la Compagnie do
"sn«(l86B), llie,^.] T. C.
CAKRTJTHER3, ANDREW (1770-
1852), Scotch catholic prelate, was bom at
Glenmillan, near New Abbey in the stewartry
of Kirkcudbright, on 7 Feb. 1 770. He studied
for six years in the Scotch college atDouay,
whence he returned to Scotland on the out-
eak of the French revolution. After a
abort time spent in supcriutcnding the studies
-" '"la seminorv of Scalnn, he was sent to
ileta his theology at Aberdeen under
the direction of the Rev. John Farquharsnn,
late principal of the Scotch college at Doua^,
and hu was advanced to the priesthood in
"e was stationed first at Balloch.
Carruthers 184
near Dnunmond Castle, in Perthshire, then '
nt Traquur in FeebleB^ire, and ftft«rwiui}a
at Munchea and at Dalbeattie in hie native
county. In 1832 he was made vicar-apo-
etolicof the eastern district of Scotland, and
consecrated at Edinbui^h aa bishop of Cera-
mU, mparUbut tn/idelmm, on 13 Jan. IS33.
He died at Dundee on 24 Maj 1852.
[Gordon's Qitholic Church in Scotland, 474,
with portrait; Catholic Diroctory (1886), 61;
Dick's BeaaODs foi embradng Che Catholic Faith
(1848).] T.C.
CAHRUTHERS, JAMES (1759-1832),
hiatorian, brother of Bishop Andrew Car-
ruthers [q. V,], was a native of New Abbey
in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright. He was
educated in the Scotch college at Douaj,
and on his return to Scotland was ordained
priest and appointed to the eitensive charge
of Glenlivet. Afterwards he was stationed
successively at Buchan in Aberdeenshire, at
Presholme in the Enzie, at Dumfries, and at
New Abbey, where he died on 14 Feb. 1832.
He wrote : 1. ' The History of Scotland
from the earliest period of the Scottish Mo-
narchy to the Accession of the Stewart
Family, interspersed with Synoptical Re-
views of Politics, Literature, and Religion
throughout the World,' 2 vols., Edinburgh,
1828, 8vo. 2. 'The Histon- of Scotland
during the reign of Queen Mary until the
accession of her son James to the crown of
England,' F^inburgh, 1831, 8vo.
[Catholic Magazine and Review (Birmingham,
1832), ii. 379; Edioburgh Catholie Murine
(1832-3), i. 24; Gordon's Catholic Church in
Scotlaud, 633.] T. C.
CARRUTHERS, ROBERT(17M-1878),
mi.icellaneous writer, bom at Dumfries 5 Nov.
17%. was the son of a small farmer in the
parish of Mousewald. He received only
Carruthers
highlands, but to their antiquities and social
history. In ISSl he became the proprietor
of the ' Courier,' which he conduct«d on mo-
derate liberal principles. In 1S43 he pub-
lished selections from his contributions to it,
■ The Highland Not«-book, or Sketches and
Anecdotes.' In its columns appeared the
' Iietters on the Fisheries,' the work which
first made Hugh Miller Imown, and Ouru-
thers otherwise befriended Miller. In 1861
the Hebrides,' with useful notee upon the
places and persons mentioned. In the ' Na-
tional Illustrated Library' also appeared in
1853 Carruthers's edition of ' The Poetical
Works of Alexander Pope,' in four volnmee,
the first of which contained a memoir of Pope,
< with extracts from his correspondence. The
memoir, much enlarged and partlv rewritten,
I was published in 1857, in Bohn's ' Illnstrated
Library,'as 'The Life of Alexander Pope, with
Extracts from his Correspondence,' and in
, the same library appeared in 1858 a revised
edition of the ' Poems.* Carruthars is beet
however, a ta8t« for literature, which pro-
cured him the regard of McDiarmid, the
well-known editor of the ' Dumfries Courier.'
His apprenticeehip over, he removed to Hun-
tingdon as master of the national school,
and there he wrote and published what re-
mains the only 'History of Huntingdon'
(1824), for which the corporation of the
borough placed its records at his disposal.
In 1B27 appeared anonymously his selections
from Milton's prose works, ' The Poetry of
Milton's Prose. In 1828, on the recom-
mendation of McDiarmid, he was appointed
editor of the ' Inverness Courier,' which he
made the most popular journal in the north
of Scotland by the att«ntion which he mvo
in it, not only to theiuat«rial interests ol the
' Poems ' he added manv of his own, with some
of Geoi^ Steevena and Wilkes notprevionaly
printed. Even the first edition of the ' Life '
was fuller than any previous one, and wu
enriched by interesting extracts from Pope 8
correspondence with Teresa and Harthk
Blount preserved at Mapledurham, which
Carruthers had been permitted to examine,a
privilege enjoyed by no other person then
living. A second examination of this cor-
respondence andthepublicationinthei nterval
ofaomeofthe results ofMr. Dilke's researches
into Pope's biography enabled hi'T to correct
in the edition of 1857 grave errors of his own
and of others.
In 1843-4 was issued the Messrs. Cham-
bers's ' Cyclopaedia of English Literature,' in
which most of the originafmatter was wTitt«n
by Carruthers, co-operating with Robert
Chambers ; the third edition, 1876, was ' ori-
ginally edited by Robert Chambers, reviaed by
Robert Carruthers.' For the same publishers
he edited, nominally in coniunetion with Wil-
liamChamhers, their Bowdlerised 'Household
Edition'ofShakeBpeare,18ei-3. Tothethiid
edition of Robert Chambers's ' Life of Sir
Walter Scott,' 1871,C8rnithera furnished an
appendix of interesting ' Abbotsfopd Notanda,
or Sir Walter Scott and his Factor,' contain-
ing letters and reminiscencesof Scott from the
correspondence and papers of William Laid-
Uw, Scott's factor and amanuensis at Ab-
botaford, reprinted from 'Chambers's Journal*
and the ' Gentleman's MagitMinft,* Oairathen
■wits also ■ contributor to the ' North British
ReTiew,' and wrote for the eighth edition of
the ' Encycloptedia Britaonica' a number of
biographies, among them those of Queen
Elilcaheth, William Penn, Lord Jeffiey, and
the Ettrick Sliepherd. He wrote the memoir
of Fftlconerprefiied (o the ' Shipwreck' (1868
and 1868), and of James Montgomerrn 880)
and GraT (187«) prefixed to ecRtions of their
poeina. He delivered Neveral series of lectures
before the Edinburgh Philosopliical Institu-
tion. In April ISzl he received the degree
of LL.D. from the university of Edinbu^li,
and in the November of the same year he
was eDtertained at a public bouquet, when
hewaa preiseuted with a portrait and bust of
himael£
CoiTuthers wBBthoftiendor correspondent
of several of his eminent contemporariea.
B furnished him with some material
IB edition of Pope, and Mni^aulay asked
T and received from him on highiuud mat-
■ informalion which was duly ockno^-
a the ' History.' \V'hen Thackeray
vUtted Inverness to lecture on the Four
Georges, the acquaintance which he made
■with Carmthers, who is said to have resem-
bled him in face, ripened into considerable
intimacy, CarrutherB died at Inverness on
26 May 1878, busy to the last with thenews-
ptiper wliich he had edited for more than half
a centuiy. His fellow-townsmen honoured
him with a public funeral.
[Cirmthera's writingii ; nbitnsry noticas in iho
InveniesE Courisr of 30 May and in the Scots-
man of 2S May 1878.] F. E.
[■ CAUSE, ALEXiVNDER (J. 1812-1820),
^Bter, was a native of Edinburgh, where
t «njoy»d a good reputation as a painter.
"^«lit 1813 he came to London, and in the
juing yMrs exhibited several pictures at
B Ri^ol Academy and at the British In-
" lion. His pictures chiefly represented
a from Scottish domestic life, often of
a humorous character. His colouring and
diswinc met with very favourable criticism.
Hti re«ded for some years in Grenville Street,
Somers Town, but seems about 1820 to have
returned to Bditibiirgh, whore lie continued
to paint for some years. He is sometimes
described aa'OldCarBo.'whicb seems to point
tn bis being the father of William Curse
[a. v.] The dale of his death has not been
ajHUfrtaiued. A. picture by him lias recently
lieun presented to the Scottish National
I Tares'* Diet, uf Arlisls ; Cstalogoes of the
ilAcadgmyitndlhe British Institution; Aa-
of thH Fine Art*, i. 428, ii. 14 ; iaformntinn
Mp. J. M. Oray.] L. C.
CAUSE, WTLLLA.M ( tf. 1818-184r>),
painter, was a native of Edinburgh, and
seems to have been the son of Alexander
Carse[c[.v.] In 1818 he was a student at
the British Institution, and resided with
Alexander Carse at Orenville Street, Somers
Town. His first pictures were cattle pieces
in the style of Paul Potter, but later he de-
voted himself to subject pictures, chiefly
scenes from lowlyScottisb life. In theveara
1820-9 he exhibited pictures at the Royal
Acadeniy, the British Institution, and the
Suffolk Street Exhibition. During the latter
part of his residence in London he resided
m Southampton Crescent, Euston Square.
About 1830 he returned to Edinburgh, and
exhibited pictures in the Roval Scottish Aca-
demy up to 1845, after which date he cannot
be traced.
[GravBB's Diet, of Artiste; Catalogues of tho
Itoynl Academy and the British Institnlion ;
Annals of the Fino Arts, iil, 668 ; iDformotion
from Mr, J, M, Gray.] L. C.
CAB8EWELL, JOHN (/. 1560-1572),
bishop of the isles, was in his earlier years
chaplain to the Earl of Argyll and rector of
Kilmartin. When the assembly of the kirk,
on -20 July 1500, appointed superintendents
of the various districts of Scotland, Carse-
well was appointed superintendent of Argyll
and the Isles (Kitos, H'orij, ii. 87 ; Caldeb-
wooD, History, ii. 11). He was also dean of
the Ohapel Koyal of Stirling (Keith, Hit-
tory, Appendix, p. 128). In his capacity of
superintendent of Argyll he was appointed
by the assembly, in 1507, to 'take satiafac-
tion ' from Argyll for separation from lus
wife, and for 'other heinous o&encea' (ClL-
DEBWOOD. ii, 397). In July 16(19 lie waa re-
buked by the assembly for accepting the
bishopric of the Isles, and for attending a
parliament ' holden by the queen after the
murther of the king' (i4. ii, 491). He died
Bome time before '20 Sept. 1572.
[KBith'aScattifihBi9hops,307-8;Calder«ncid'B
HiBtory of tho Cboruh of Sootknd, vols, ii, and
iii.] T. F. H.
CARSON, AOLIONBY ROSS (1780-
1860), clossii^scholar and rector of the high
school of Edinburgh, was born at Holywood,
Dumfriesshire, in 1780. He was educated at
Wallucp Hall endowed school, in the parish
of Closebum, and at the university of Edin-
burgh, which be entered in 1797. In 1601
be was elected rector of the grammar school
of Diimfrie«, and in 1806 a classical master
of the high school of Edinburgh, of which he
became rector in 1820, In 1828 he recwved
the degree of LL.D. from the universi^of
Carson
1 86
Carson
St. Andrews. On account of failing health
he resigned the rectorship of the high school
9 Oct. 1845y and he died at Edinburgh 4 Nov.
1850. He was the author of a work on ' The
Helative, Qui, Quib, Quod/ and published |
editions of * MaiPs Introduction/ * Turner's
Grammatical Exercises/ ' Phsedrus/ and * Ta- |
citus.' He was also a contributor to the |
* Classical Journal/ the * Scottish Review/
and the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica.' His por-
trait by Sir John Watson Gordon is in the
hall of the high school.
[Steven's History of the High School ; Ander-
son's Scottish Nation.] T. F. H.
CARSON, ALEXANDER (1776-1844),
baptist minister, was bom near Stewarts-
town, CO. Tyrone, in 1776. His parents
were Scottish Calvinistic presbyterians,
settled in Ireland, who consecrated their
son to the ministry at an early a^e. He was
sent to a classical school, and afterwards to
the university of Glasgow, where he made
himself a good Greek scholar — 'the first
scholar of his time,' says Robert Haldane.
He proceeded B.A and M.A. At twenty-
two ne was ordained pastor of the presbyterian
congregation at Tobermoro, near Coleraine.
His rig^d Calvinism caused a disagreement
with his hearers, who inclined to Arianism.
After a time Carson resigned the pastorate,
shook off the shackles of presbyterianism, and
published his 'Reasons for Separating' in 1804.
tart of his congregation followed him. For
some years he preached in bams and in the
open air. In 1814 they built a small meeting-
house, in which he devotedly laboured for
thirty years. In the intervals of his ministry
he employed his pen in vindicating the prin-
ciples of his belief, and published books on
biblical interpretation, Transubstantiation,
the Trinity, &c. In 1827 he had a sharp
controversy with Samuel Lee, professor of
Hebrew at Cambridge, and published a book
entitled 'The Incompetency of Prof. Lee for
translating the Holy Scriptures,' followed by
a reply to Lee's answer. In attem^tin^ to
refute Haldane's 'New Views of Baptism he
converted himself, and aftersvards published
(1831) a book on ' Baptism, its Mode and Sub-
jects.' Of this he printed an enlarged edition in
1844 ; it was subscribed for by &ur hundred
baptist ministers. The whole impression was
rapidly disposed of, and a new edition of ten
thousand copies called for. By his writings
and the publication of his books Carson be-
came widely known ; and so much were they
esteemed in America that two universities
simultaneously bestowed upon him the hono-
rary degree ot LL.D. He also became well
known nearer home by travelling through
most of the English counties, preaching as-
he went on behfuf of baptist missions. Re-
turning from his last tour in 1844, while^
waiting at Liverpool for the steamer to Bel-
fast, he fell over the edge of the quay, dis-
located his shoulder, and was nearly drowned.
He was rescued and taken to the steamer ;
but on his arrival at Belfast he was unable
to proceed further, and after eight days he
died, on 24 Aug. 1844, in the sixty-eighth
year of his affe. His remains were removed
to ' Solitude, his residence near Tobermore,
and buried near the chapel where he had
preached, and where six months before ha
had buried his wife. A collection of Carsons
works has since been printed in six stout
volumes. At the end of the sixth volume is
a copious collection of extracts from sixteen
different notices of Carson and his writings,
in which he is said to be a second Jonatluin
Edwards, and the first biblical critic of the
nineteenth century.
[Coleraine Chronicle, 24 and 31 Aug. 1844 ;
Baptist Magazine, 1844, pp. 185-91, 525 ; G. C.
Moore's Life of Alexander Carson, 1851 ; Dou-
glas's Biographical Sketch of Alexander Can-on,
1884.] J. H. T.
CARSON, JAMES, M.D. (1772-1843),.
physician, a Scotchman, was originally edu-
cated for the ministry, but his inclination
leading him to the study of physic, he at-
tended medical classes at Eoinburgh, and
graduated doctor of medicine there in the
autumn of 1799 (inaugural essay, ' De Viribus
quibus Sanguis circumvehitur '). He then
removed to Liverpool, where he remained for
the greater part of his professional career.
In 1808 his name came prominently before
the public in connection with the case of
Charles An^rus, a Liverpool merchant, who
was charged with the murder of Miss Marga-
ret Bums under what appeared to be circum-
stances of peculiar atrocity. At the trial held
at Lancaster assizes on 2 Sept. of that vear
Carson in Angus's behalf stoutly maintaine<l
his opinion as to the cause of death against
that of the four medical witnesses called for
the crown, among whom was Dr. John Bos-
tock the younger [q. v.] In the result a verdict
of ' not guilty ' was returned. Some angry
pamphleteering ensued, and Carson defended
himself in 'lUtmarks on a late Publication
entitled "A Vindication of the Opinions de-
livered in Evidence by the Medical Witnesses
for the Crown on a late Trial at Lancaster/ *
8vo, Liverpool, 1808. He continued at Liver-
pool, and subseouentl^ held several appoint-
ments there. He died at Sutton, Surrev,
12 Aug. 1843 {Annual Begister, 1843, p. 28d).
He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society
on 1 June 1837, liaviug manj yeiLta {irevioiialy
conununicaled a paper ' On the ElaHticity of
theLiing«H-PAiV./'™»i«.M.29-44). Carson's
other "RTitings (tre : 1. ' Reawns for oolouls-
ing the Island of Newfaimdlnnd,' 8va, 1313.
2. ' A Letter to the Members of Parliament
on the Address of the Inhnbit^iits of New- i
foundlaad to the Prince Itegent,' Bvo, tSlS. !
S. 'Ad Euquiry into the Oauseeoitbe Motion
of the Blood,' 8to, Liverpool, 1815 (second
and enlargpd edition under the title of ' An
Inquiry Into the Causes of Respiration,' &c., I
8vo, London. 1833). 4. ' A New Method of
BUuchi«rine Animals for Human Foodj'Syo,
JUndon, 1839. I
»JPi«. of
^Ki. Cat.]
^^BbottiBh 8t-
IAR8TABE8. WILLIAM (1649-1715),
lah stjitp.sman and divine, was the eldest
children of John CareCnrea, minister
of Oftthcart, new Glasgow, where William
w»s born ou 1 1 Feb, 1649, Btid Janet Mure of
OUinderston, a branch of the Mures of Cald-
well. His fntber, who had been at the battle
of Dunbar, where he was taken prisoner by
Cromwell, was exchanged soon after for a
prisoner in the hands of General LesUe, and
became conspicuoua for his zealous preaching
in Glasgow 'against the times,' whicn, in spite
of the preabyterian clergy, had declared them-
teWes in Scotland, as in Enj^lond, for Crom-
well. ' Let the Lord own him for His ' is the
dntt not iceof William Carstarea'sexiateneeis
m letter from his father to his sisier-in-law,
Katherine Wood, a few days after the birth
of hia fir?t-bom. He was sent when young
to board with Sinclair, the minister of Or-
miston in Kaat Lothian, a scholar of repute,
in whose family Latin was spoken. In 1663
he entered the college of Edinburgh, wh^re
he studied with credit luider 'V^'illiom Pater-
son, then regent, and afterwards clerk of the
privy eouncu, nnd grnduoted in 1667. Ilis
uther — an ardent Itemonslmnt, as the JMirty
was called which insisted on the acceptance
of the covenant and extirpation of prelacy as
well OS popery by Cbarles II against the
resolutioners, who were content with the re-
cognition of the presbylerian polity — took
part in the rising at Rullion Green forwhich
he was forfeited. He had to protect himself
hy keeping out of the way, hiding probably
Hte ^ tigEliULds, perhaps in nolland, but tbe
^KlMe oThia life are obscure. To Ilollnnd,
^^^wl events, the s&foat refuge from the per-
^^MBtlini wluch Soutlund suffered, he sent
^Thkhl '"William Carstares, Scoto-Britiin-
nu».' appears in lb" 'Students' Album' at
L'trwhl in 1669, nv<\ he was still there in
JifwebUj^^ UMWdiedilsbtvwuBdwl^ua* ,
den, and divinity under Witsius, and was pro-
bably ordained in the Dutch church, though
the record of his ordination has not been pre-
served. Id Holland he was introduced by
the pensionary Faa^l to William of Orange,
already on the look-outfor the ablest Instru-
ments to further his designs in Britain, In
1673 he went to London, and two vears later,
tobe so eipensive to his parents byhiestudy
there, expresses the hope that ' it may be
at least in proridence I may have some door
opened whereby I may be in a capacity to do
some little service in my generation, aJid not
always be inaignificant in my station; but,
alas, wliat service can I do, in what will God
accept from me who have lived for bo many
years in the world and yet for no end.' Ills
ambition was cut short bv his arrest and
examination before Lauderdale on no despe-
roie charge, probabiy on the suspicion that
he had a share in distributing a pamphlet
entitled ' An Aecompt of Scotland's Grie-
vances by reason of the D. of Lauderdale's
Ministrie,' and his connection with the exiles
in Holland. Though nothitig was proved, hia
answers were deemed unsatislactory, and he
WHS sent to .Scotland, where he was h^pt
prisoner in Edinburgh Castle without trial
tor five yeaie, There is a pretty anecdote
that a boy of twelve, aon of the governor,
whose good-will be gained by telling him
stories, supplied him with paper, pens, and
ink, and carried his letters. He la aaid to
have solaced his captivity by reading the
' History of De Thou.' At last, in August
1679, when Monmouth and James were tir-
ing to conciliate the Scotch by clemency, be
was released. During the next few years
he seems to have lived chiefly in England,
but made a visit to Ireland in 1680. Gn
6 June 1683 he married Elizabeth, daughter
of Peter Kekewich of Trehawk in Corn-
wail. In 1682 and, after a visit to England,
again in 1683 he returned to Utrecht, leav-
ing his wife in England. Hismovementsat
this time are difficult to trace with accitracy,
as was natural, for he was actively engaged
in the plots then rife, of which Holland waa
the centre. He went by the name of ' Mr.
Red' in the cipher correspondence of the
plotters, but though cognisant of the Rye
House plot it did not meet his approval.
It was the buldi.'r scheme for a general rising
in England and Scotland, of which Sbaftes-
bury, Rnssell, and Argyll were the leaders,
in wliich he acted as agent. At this time
be appears to have visited Scotland, where
his brother-in-law, Dunlop, was preparing
to ewapa btai IJig OeuUea «f tlie tines b/
Carstares
1 88
Carstares
emigrating to Carolina, and thence to have
gone to London, where, along with Baillie
of Jerviswood, Fletcher of Saltoun, and James
Stewart of Coltness, he endeayoured to raise
money for Argyll's contemplated expedition
to Scotland. The necessary money, which
Argyll had fixed at 30,000/., was not to be
got, and it was thought expedient that Car-
stares should return to Utrecht. He there
had many meetings with both the English
and Scotch exiles; but there was a want
of unanimity in their counsels, and Car-
stares advised delay. The discoyery of the
Hye House plot, wnich led to the execution
of Lord Kussell on 21 July, was followed
in a few days by the capture of Carstares,
who had again crossed the Channel, and was
seized at Tenterden in Kent, where he was
in hiding under his mother's name of Mure.
On his refusal to take the corporation oath
and abjure the covenant he was sent to prison,
and after a fortnight's imprisonment removed
to London, where he was twice examined
before a committee of the council He was
thence transmitted to Scotland, as he him-
self thought, and the event proved, 'because
it was judged that violent tortures which
the law of England, at least the custom,
does not admit of, would force to anything.'
On 14 Nov. he was committed to the Tol-
booth of Edinburgh. After lying there some
time in the hope of a voluntary confession,
Spence, one of nis associates, was, under tor-
ture, forced to name Carstares as participant
in Argyll's plot, and the same instrument,
the thumbkms, with the threat of the boot,
joined with Lord Melfort's assurance that his
depositions should not be used against any
person, induced him to make a deposition as
to his knowledpre of the plot. (Contrary to
the promise embodied in a minute somewhat
modified in form, declaring only that Car-
stares was not to be brought ' as a witness,'
the privy council published an abstract, and
used it at the trial of Baillie of Jerviswood,
who was found guilty and executed. Car-
stares expostulated, but without any effect,
against the breach of faith in using his de-
positions, and, declining payment of his ex-
penses during imprisonment, returned by way
of England to Holland. After a tour in the
Low Countries and the Rhine, he settled for
a short time at Cleve, and in the winter of
1686-7 at Ley den, where he was appointed
second minister of the Scottish congregation
and chaplain of William of Orange. He ac-
companied William in his voyage to Torbay,
and conducted the thanksgiving service on
the beach where the troops landed. From
this time Carstares was seldom long absent
from William. He had apartments at court.
and accompanied the king as chaplain in his
campaigns. When the jealousy of others
attacked him, 'Honest William Caistaies'
was the only answer the king deigned to
make to these detractors. He was nick-
named by the Jacobites ' the cardinal,' and,
especially in Scotch affiiirs, his advice was
constantly taken. He had the courage to
offer it jBven when not asked if he deemed it
useful to his country's interest. The revolu-
tion settlement, by which the Scottish pres-
byterian church was established, was pre-emi-
nently the result of his counsels. William
himself was disposed to favour the episcopal
form of church government, or at least some
compromise between it and presbyterianism,
but Carstares satisfied him that this was
impossible. His ' Hints to the Bang ' were
founded on the argument that 'the episcopal
party were geneially disaffected to the re-
volution . . . whereas the presbyterians had
almost to a man declared for it, and were.
moreover, the great body of the nation.
Carstares was sent to consult with Lord
Melville, the commissioner in Edinburgh,
and, having rejoined the king after the
victory of the Boyne at the siege of lime-
rick, returned with him to London. When
there the draft of the proposed Scottish Act
of Settlement of the church was forwarded
by Melville and considered clause by clause
by the king and Carstares, who suggested
modifications embodied in remarks, which
William dictated to him and which were
adopted. One of them is a sufficient example
of tneir tendency : * Whereas it is said their
majesties do ratify the presbyterian church
government to be " the only government of
Christ's church in this kingdom," his majesty
deems it may be expressea otherwise, tnus :
''To be the government of the chujrch in
the kingdom esta,blished by law." '
On the knotty point of patronage Car-
stares advised against its abolition, but Mel-
ville took the opposite view, and William
^ve a reluctant assent to the act for repeal-
mg patronage.
In 1691 Carstares accompanied William
to Flanders. It was at this time that the
measures which led to the massacre of Glen-
coe were determined on, but the only refe-
rence to them in Carstares's correspondence
is an apj^roval of Lord Breadalbane s scheme
to distribute money among the chiefs, so
that he appears to be free firom the stain
which rests on the memory of the Master of
Stair and W^illiam. The next two years he
was apdn with the king in the Flanders
campaigns, and received m>m him a gift of
the ward of Lord Kilmarnock. * I am apt
to think it will have much to do/ he writes
to his broliier-in-iaw Uunlop, the priacipal
of Glasgow, ' W da&ny two campftigna, But
I twve a Terv good muster.' In the spring
of IS94, having been Bb«ent from London
when William had agroed to instructions
bein^ sent to Si^olland for exacting the oaths
of alle^anct) and assurant^e &om all ministeiB
before admitting tbem to the church coufts,
■nd to depose those who refused, Caratares
amv«d bfSbre the messenger was despatched,
and is said to have hod the courage ta counter-
mand him. He immediately went, though
it was midnight, to Uio king's bedchamber
at Kensington, asked pardon for what he had
dont*. and allcir explaining his reasons, founded
on the abhorrence of the Scottish clergy to
any civil oath, not only obtwned it, but was
allowed to issue in the king's name an order
dispensing with the oaths. Such is the stale*
ment of his first bio^apher and relative,
M'Cormick, who derived bis information
from Mr. Charles McKie, afterwards pro- •
teeuor of history in Edinburgh, who lived in i
Carstares's house during his stadent years,
and though possibly somewhat coloured it
ia conaUleiil with the characters of both
Carstares and William. Carstareswaa again
with William on the continent in 1695-0,
and continued to be consulted by him, as his
-roluminous correspondence shows, on all
Scotch biisine£s, including the appointment
of the officers of state and judges down to
his death. He was especially lealous in the
interests of the ministers, but all he could
procnre was a pittance of 1,2001. a year, taken
from the Ihirdsof the benefices of the church,
to be divided among the poor ministers,
which it required renewed exertion in the
next reign to get paid. He tried to per-
suade his master, but without effect, to visit
Scotland ; but he dissuaded him more suc-
ceesfiilly from the appointment of a perma-
nent council for Scotland in London. Car-
stares was himself undoubtedly the best
coiincilloi a foreign king could have, for he
was inrimateiy acquainted with all classes
of his countrymen, and gave his advice with-
out fear, favour, or self-interest, regarding
onlv the interests of William and of Scot-
K, ' As for Mr. Carstares,' William said
long before his death, ' I have known
loDff, and I know liim thoroughly, and I
r him I« be a truly honest man.
vVith the accession of .'Lune the direct
political influence of Carstares ceased, but he
was appointed minoipal of the university of
Kdinburgh in 1703, and showed his sterling
tcter by devoting himself with equal
Lo the duties of the smaller as of the
T sphere. The large-minded spirit in
' ' ' -■---■ured the uaiyeraity waa
proved by bis exertions to obtain a chair for
Oalamy, his sclieme for the education of
Kngtiah noncouformists under the car^ of a
warden in the university of Edinburgh, and
his suggestion that Ola^w should get pro-
fessors of theology and philosophy from Hol-
land, ' for good men are to be found there.'
He revised the statutes of the universitT,
and by his courteous manner proved equally
acceptable lo the students, professors, and
town council, which was then the patron,
and regulated the government of the col-
lege. It appointed him minister of the Grey
Friars' Church, and as the principal's otHce
required him to give lectures on divinity
once iL week during session, his life must
have been a busy one. Hut though he was
respected as a professor and preacher, his
talents were those of an administrator and
statesman, nod he led; no works to vindicate
his fame as a man of learning. Aa might
be expected, he used bis great influence to
procure the passage of the Treaty of Union,
which had been a favourite project of Wil-
liam. It was chieSy due to turn that the
opposition of the preahyterian clergy was
overcome. An anonymous letter, supposed
to be from a member of the cabinet, declared
that 'the union could never have had the
consent of the Scotch parliament if you had
not acted the worthy part you did.'
Aa a member of the assembly of 1704 he
took part in the committee for preparing the
forms of process which still, with some modi-
fications, regulate the procedure in the courts
of the church. Next year he was elected
moderator, and for the first lime made a pre-
pared speech on taking the chair, a practice
which baa been eince followed. ' Lord Port-
land,' writes Ijord Seafield to him, 'asked
kindly about you. I told him you governed
the church, the ministry, and all your old
friends here. He said it was a satisiaction to
him to know that you and I, in whom KinK
William reposed so great a trust, were stiu
in such consideration in the present reign.'
In the Bimimerafter the Act of Union was
passed Carstares went to London, where he
had an audience with the queen, who thanked
him for his services and presented him with
oneof the silver medals cast in commemora-
tion of it.
Next year (1708) he was again chosen
tDoderatoT of the assembly, and in Ids open-
ing address prudently avoided reference to
the union, still dietssteitil to many of his
brethren, hut directed their attention to the
danger of a French Invasion in support of
' the pretences of St, Oermain.' Calamy, in
bis 'Autobiography,' gives some interesting
porticulara cu CaiataieB 4uxiog his Tiai£ m.
Carstares
190
Carstares
1709 to Edinburgh to receive the degree of
B.I)., mentioning the respect with which he
was listened to in the assembly, where he
was usually ' one of the last to speak and for
the most part drew the rest unto nis opinion/
his courtesy to opponents, and the * harmony
between the prmcipal and masters of the
college, they expressing a veneration for him
as a common father, and he a tenderness for
them as if they had all been children/ A
trifling anecdote indicates his kindly and con-
siderate charity. A poor ejected curate of
the episcopal church was persuaded to accept
a suit of new clothes Carstares had made for
himself, under the pious subterfuge that the
tailor had mistaken his measure. But Car-
stares was a stout presbyterian, and could not
show the same charity to the episcopal church,
of whose Jacobite leanings he was no doubt
honestly afraid. In the affair of Ghreen-
shields, the Irish curate who ventured to
read the liturgy in Edinburgh in public, for
which he was imprisoned by the magistrates,
whose decision was affirmed by the Scotch
court, though reversed on appeal to the House
of Lords, he drafted the address from the
assembly to the queen, which though more
moderate than some of his brethren desired,
asserted the exclusive rights of the presby-
terian establishment. In 1711 he was for
the third time moderator, an honour without
parallel, and in his address answered the
charge of persecution of the episcopalians by
the quotation, * Quis tulerit Graccnos de se-
ditione querentes ? ' This assembly, alarmed
by the conduct and character of the tory
ministry and the queen's supposed favour for
the Stuarts, passed an act recommending
prayers 'for the Princess Sophia and the
protcstant house * along with those for the
queen. It also passed another requiring a
stricter formula of subscription from the
clergy. The question of the restoration of
patronage having been mooted, Carstares was
sent on a deputation to London to protest
against it ; but in spite of their remon-
strances an act for that purpose and another
for the toleration of Scots episcopal minis-
ters and the use of the liturgy in Scotland,
to which they were equally hostile, were
carried in the parliament of 1712. On his
return home he counselled moderation to his
Ijrethren, whose feelings, heated by these
acts, had been brought to a climax by the
requirement of the abjuration oath. This
•oath, under cover of an engagement to sup-
-port the line of heirs in the English Act of
Settlement, by which the monarch must be a
member of the English church, was deemed
inconsistent with the presbyterian establish-
iment. Carstares set tne example of taking
the oath, with a declaration that * nothing
was intended by it inconsistent with the
doctrine, worship, discipline, or government
of the church established by law/ and he
induced the assembly in 1713 -to pass an
act charging ministers and people to abstain
< from aU diverse courses upon occasion of
different sentiments and practices about the
said oath.' The government appreciated so
much his conduct at this dangerous juncture
that they consulted him as to who should be
named commissioner, and by his advice ap-
pointed the Duke of Atholl. On the deaUi
of Queen Anne, Carstares was sent on a de-
putation from the assembly to congratulate
George I on his accession, when Carstares
made the usual complimentary speech* ' Some
allege,' Wodrow writes, when the printed
speech had come to Scotland, ' there is too
much of compliment and the courtier, and
too little of the minister in that to the king.'
Since the days of Knox the ideal of the pres-
byterian minister's address to the sovereign
was exhortation and rebuke, not courtesy
or ceremony. On his return Carstares was
for the last time elected moderator in the
assembly of 1715, and during its sittings
distinguished himself as usual by conduct
worthy of the title of his office. An attack
of apoplexy in August ended in his death,
which he awaited 'with great peace and
serenity,' on 28 Bee. 1715. He was buried
in the Grey Friars' churchyard, next to his
father's grave, and beside that of Alexander
Henderson. His wife was buried in the
same place in 1724. They had no children,
but Carstares usually had some young rela-
tion or friend in his house who was studying
at the university. He had a Scotchmian's
attachment to his kindred, and his letters,
especially to his sister, show an affectionate
heart not injured by worldly prosperity. A
benevolent scheme of his for the support of
the deprived nonjurors was ruined tnrough
the lukewarmness of the government, who
would not grant the necessary funds. In
the crowd at his funeral two ejected curates
were observed lamenting the loss of their
benefactor, who had supported their families
out of his own purse. More a statesman
than a divine, there has seldom been an eccle-
siastic of any church who has taken part in
politics with greater honour to himself and
advantage to his country than Carstares. A
portrait of Carstares bv Ackman has often
been engraved. Another portrait is in the
university of Edinburgh.
[Carstares' State Papers, to which M'Cormick's
Memoir is prefixed; Rev. B. H. Story's Life of
Oarstares ; Sir A Grant's Story of the Univenity
of Edinbmgh.] JR. K.
MAASWELL, Sre ROBERT 1 1793-
^»7),phTpieiannndpatholoBi9t, wasboni at
'■ fcy.ScotUnd,on8Feb.l793. Heatudied
IcjM at the univiTaityofOlusgow. While ;
Eltudpnt he waa diatii^^shed for Uin skill :
B^bnwing, and woe employed by Dr. John j
[fc ompgnp of Edinburgh to make a collection I
of dmiriiigs illustTflting morbid anatomy. In
puriuuicv of this scheme Carswelt irent to
the contineiil, nnd sptint two years (1822-3)
working at the hoapitale of Paris and Lyons.
He rotnmed to Scotland, and took his de-
gn^of M.D. at the Marischal College, Aboi^
Se«n, in 1826. Afler Ibia he went again
M Paris, and resumed hia studies in mor-
bid anatomy under the celebrated Louis.
About 18:J8 he waa nominat«d by the coun-
cil of University College, London, professor
vf pathological anatomy, but before entering
on liis teaching duties waa commisBioned to
prfpam a collection of )Hithological draw-
ings. He accordingly remained at Paris after
receiving this commiasion till 1831, when
be hod completed a series of two thousand
water-colour drawing of diseased structures.
This collection is still preserved at Univer-
Eily Collegv. Carswell then came to Loik-
doa and undertook the duties of his profes-
•orahip. lie wob in addition appointed at
thw aame time, or soon afterwards, physician
to the University College Hospital. He did
not, however.at once engage in practice, but
occupied liimaelf with the preparation of a
great book on pathological anatomy, the
plates for which were fumislied from his
large storv of pathological drawings, and put
tipon the stone by himself, This, the work
published in 1837 as 'mustrations of the
Elementorr Forms of Disease,' a fine folio,
with remarhablv well executed coloured
Slates, which still holds its place as a stan-
ird work. The illustrations have, for ar-
tistic merit and for fidelity, never been aur-
passed , w b i le the matter representathehighest
B<»nt which the science of morbid iinattimy
lad reached before the introduction of the
microscope. About 1836 Carswell entered
on private practice, but did not meet with
much succcsa, and oa, in additioD^ his beiUtb
was not elroug, he was in 1840 induced to
Tceign his profrasorsliip, and to accept the
>nl of physician to the king of the
The rest of his life was ajwnt
I, near Brussels, and wna occupii'd
|i-Offieial duties and clinritable medical at-
j the poor, but interrupted by
i jouroeys tu the south in search of
Jtb. Carswell made no further coniribu-
. ii to mMical science. He was knigbte<l
iiQueea Victoria in acknowledgment of lus
si^rvices to Louift-Philippe when un enile in
this country, ile married Mile. Marguerite
Ohardenot, wlio survived him, but left no
issue. He died on 15 June 1867, after a lin-
gering illness caused bv chronic lung disease.
Carswell was highly distinguished as a mor-
bid anatomist, andperhamnosuchanatiomist
was ever a better artist. Hisworkhosperma-
nent value, and be had considerable influence
as a teacher, though the abrupt termination
of his scientific career prevented him from
taking a leading place in the profession. He
wrol«, besides his great work : 1. ' On Me-
lanosis ' (with W. Cullen), ' Trans. Med.-Chir.
Stomach after Death,' ' Edinb. Med. and
Surg. Journal,' u^^iv. 282, 1830, previously
communicated in French to the Acud6mie do
M^decins, Paris. 3. In Forbes's' Cyclopedia
of Practical Medicine ' the articles : Indura-
tion, Melanosis, Mortification, Perforation,
Scirrhns, Softening, Tubercle.
[Dictionnaire Encfclnpjdiqiiv des Sciences SU-
dicales (Decbambre), lii. 701 {from commnniea-
tionu by the widow, Lndy CarewBll); ProceiJingi
Royal M«l.-Cliir. Soc. ii. 62. 1858.] J. F. P.
CARTE, SAMITEL (1653-1740J, divine
and antiquary, bom at Coventry m 1653,
was educated at the grammar school of that
town and at Magdalen College, Oxford. He
was vicar of Clifton-upon-Dunamoor in War-
wickshire, and afterwards of St. Martin's,
Leicester, and rector of Eastwell, Lincoln-
shire, and prebendary of Lichfield. He lived
to a great age (87), 'dying on 16 April 17-ia
He waa well known an an antiquary, and a
manuscript description by him of t he antiqui-
ties of Leicester ia preserved in the Bodleian,
which, however, is said to be but a slight com-
pnattion. He corresponded with the leading
antiquaries of the day, and his assistance ia
acknowle^ed by Browne Willis in the pre-
face to his 'Mitred Abbots,' and by J. Throsby
in bis ' History and Anliciuitiea of Leices-
ter.' He published (1) two sermons in 1694
and 1705. (i) ' Tabula Chronologica Atchi-
episcopatuum et Epiacopatuum in Anglia el
Wallia, ortuB, diviaiones, tranalationes, &c.,
brevitereihibens, una cum indice alpbabetica
nominum quibus apud autborea iusigniuntur,'
fol., without date.
INicliols'flllluatnitions, ii. 471 , 726 ; Lowades's
Bibl. Man.) E. S. S.
CARTE, THOM.\S (1688-1754), histo-
rian, son of Samuel Carte [q. v.], was
bor^ at Clifton-ujwn-Dunsmoof, Warwick-
fbire, where he was baptised bv immersion
:>3Aprill686. He was admitted at Univer-
Carte
192
Carte
sity College, Oxford, 8 July 1698, and took
his degree of B.A. in 1702. Afterwards he
was incorporated at Cambridge, and took
his M.A. degree from Kind's College in 1706.
Shortly afterwards he took holy orders, and
was appointed reader at the abbey church,
Bath, in 1707. In 1712 he is said to have
made the tour of Europe, as tutor to a noble-
man. He was a strong Jacobite, and his
opinions involved him in more than one con-
troversy, and on several occasions got him
into trouble with the government. The first
of these controversies arose from a sermon
preached by him at the abbey church, Bath
(when he was reader\ on 30 Jan. 1713-14 ; he
then defended Charles I frx^m the common
charge of having secretly instigated the Irish
rebeUion and massacre of 1641. For this
he was attacked by Henry Chandler (or
Chaundler), fieither 01 Samuel Chandler [q*v.],
who was a dissenting minister at Bath.
Carte's reply was published in May 1714,
with the title : ' The Irish Massacre set in a
Clear Light ; ' it is reprinted in the * Somers
Tracts,' iii. 369. Carte, refusing to take the
oaths to Qeorge I, adopted a lay habit. At
the Jacobite rising of 1716 he appears to have
been suspected by the government. He con-
cealed himself in the house of a Mr. Badger,
curate of Coleshill, and does not seem to have
been molested there, for he acted occasionally
at Coleshill as a cler^^man. His continued
connection with the Jacobite party is shown
by his intimacy with Atterbury, to whom he
is said to have acted as secretary. In his de-
fence before the House of Lords Atterbury
denied having seen him, * except very rarely,
for two or three years past.' But the bishop
had crossed out this passage in the draft of his
speech, and he acknowledges that he obtained
a living for his brother, John Carte, from
the chapter of Westminster (Nichols, Corre-
spondence of Atterbury y ii. 140). Atterbury
was committed to the Tower 24 Aug. 1722,
and in the gazette of the 15th of the same
month a proclamation appeared, offering a re-
ward of 1,000/. for Carte's apprehension, in
which he was described as * about thirty-two
years of age, of a middle stature, a raw-ooned
man, goes a little stooping, a sallow com-
plexion, with a full grey or blue eye, his eye-
lids fair, inclining to red, and commonly wears
a light^oloured peruke.' The description,
however, was declared by Dr. Hawlinson,who
knew him, to be quite opposite to the truth.
Meanwhile, Carte had escaped to France,
where he lived under the name of Phillips,
and gaining access to the best libraries, ne
devoted himself to collecting materials for
illustrating a translation of tne ' History of
Thuanus ' (de Thou). These materials were
purchased in 1724 at a considerable price by
Dr. Mead for the edition of ' Thuaniu ' pub-
lished at his expense in London, in seven
folio volumes, in 1733, under the editorship
of S. Buckley, and with a Latin address to
Mead signed hj Carte, who appears also to
have mi^e the index for the book. In 1728
Carte was allowed to return to England on
the intercession of Queen Caroline. He now
devoted himself to an expansion of his early
pamphlet, in vindication of Charles I, in
regard to the Irish rebellion. This he did
in his 'Life of James, Duke of Ormonde,'
in 2 vols, fol., 1736, preceded by a third
volume in the previous year, containing a
collection of original letters of Wentworth,
Ormonde, and others connected with Ireland.
He labours to prove that the pretended com-
mission given by Charles at Oxford (12 Jan.
1644-6) to Lord Qlamorpm (Lord Herbert)
for treating with the Irish catholics, was a
forgery of Glamorgan's. The book is still of
value from the mass of materials which his
diligence collected. Yet Dr. Johnson's critic
cism must be allowed to have some justifica-
tion : ' The matter is diffused in too many
words; there is no animation, no compres-
sion, no vigour. Two good volumes in duo-
decimo mi^t be made out of two in folio '
(Cbokeb, ^ostoell, v. 24, ed. 1859). In a
letter to Swift, dated 11 Aug. 1736, on send-
ing him his ' Ormonde,* Carte sketches his
plan for his other voluminous work, * The
History of England.' He complains that
Kapin had had no knowledge of the docu-
mentary sources of English nistory beyond
those published in Rymer's * Fcedera ; * that
the Cottonian MSS., the rolls of parliament,
and the contents of the Paper Office had been
quite neglected by him, and that therefore
tnere was room for a history foimded on the
study of these. In the midst of his work
at tlus history he had to take action against
some Dublin booksellers who were pirating
his ' Life of Ormonde.' He found that the
only way he had of defeating them was to
serve upon them an order of the House of
Lords, which had been passed in 1721 in re-
gard to Curll's printing the * Life and Works
of the Duke of Buckingham,' declaring it a
breach of the privileges of the house for any
one to print an account of the life, the let-
ters, or other works of a deceased peer with-
out the consent of his heirs or executors.
This served Carte's immediate purpose, but
he exerted himself to obtain a new act of
parliament securing an author a property in
his works, and in 1737 published ' Further
Beasons addressed to Paniiament for render-
ing more effectual an Act of Queen Anne
remting to Vesting in Authors the Rights
of CwpipB, for the Kncoumgement of Learn-
ing. By It. H,' The encoiin^ement that
CWie received in preparing £ja History
WM extraunlinar}-. In Octol>er 1738 he
aaye, ia a letter to Dr. Zachary Grey, that
lie oLrcacly hfui bOO/. n year promised for
seven years; that he hoped Slteen Oxford
that then he ahaU try Cambridge. He had,
in April of that year (1738), published ' A
General Account of the Necewary Material
for a History of England, the Society and
Subscriptions propi^ed for the Expenses
thereof, and the Metliod wherein Mr. Carte
intends to proceed in carrying on the said
Work,' 4to. Later in the sanie year he went
to Cambridge to seek for mat^alsand help.
Cambridge is not mentioned in liia dedication,
and therefore he probably got nothing there
of material aid. He was the gueat of Sir
John Hynde C!otton at Madingley, whose
great collection of pamphlets of the period
of the great rebellion he reduced to order,
■nd IiM bound in volumes. The next aix
jean (1738-H) were almost incessantly em-
BlOTcd ill pushing on his work.much of which
be oaniea on in Paris, where be diligently
anBohed the royal archives, then under the
can of the Abbe ^ullier. This work was
■varied aa usual with controversy. In 1741-2
lie mote a tbick pamphlet of :!l4 pages, 8vo,
in anawer to 'A Letter of a Itystander to a
Member of Parliament,' which he called ' A
Full Anawer to a Letter of a Bystander,
'Wheiein hts Folae (.'aleulations and Misrepre-
sentstiona of Facts in the Time of Charles IT '
areraRiIed. ByR.A.,Eaq,' Tliis was answered
ngoin by a ' Oentleman of Cambridge ' in a
* Letter to Mr. Thomas Carte,' London, 1744,
in which the writer says : ' You were so rash
ae to appear yourself publicly in the support
of it at an eminent coffee-boaae ; you there
declared you were Blr. Carte, the author of
the " Full Answer to the Bystander," and
that you came there on purpose to vindic-ate
it bmn any observations. You know what
followed. You were driven Ihence with a
birchen rod. and abandoned the place with
aliADie and confusion.' The ' birchen rod ' re-
fers to &rgiunenl£ of I)r. Thomas Birch, who,
among tui many books, bad written on
Cberle« I and IrelaniJ in opposition toCartf-
A Full and Clear Vin-
.o a Letter from a
o Carte. In March be bad
a lawsuit with his brother Samuel and eiater
Sarah about a clause in bis father's will
which removed bim from bis executorship and
mheritence in caae be were troubled by the
TOE. IX.
government. He, however, won
(Atkyss, RfporU. iii. 174). Shortly nfler-
wards, upon an alarm of a French invasion to
support a Jacobil« risiuKi the Habeas Corpus
Act was suspended, and Carte was arrested.
, He was not long retained in custody, being
1 released on 9 May, ' confined,' he aaid, ' for
' he knew not what, and released he knew not
j why.' His fiubeeriptiona, however, went on,
I la July the common council of London
,. voted liim oOi. for seven years, for which, ao-
! cording lo UoraceWalpole, who ridicules the
' proceeding, four aldermen and six common-
. councilmen were to inspect his materials and
the progress of his work {Letters to Sir S.
^fann, I. 381). In October the Goldsmiths',
Grocers', and Vintners' Companies gave 261.
each for seven years. In August (1744) he
printed ' A Oollectioa of the several Papers
Bibliabed by Thomas Carte, in relation to his
iatory of England,' 8vo. In 1746 be issucul
proposaJa for printing his History; and the
lirsC volume appeared in December 1747. It
was not prepossessing in point of style ; but it
was BO great an advance on previous histories,
in the extent of the original material used
and quoted, that it would have commanded
succeaa but for an unlucky note, inserted at
p. 291, on a passage concerning the unction
of our kings at their coronation. In this
note (which his friends vainly pleaded was
not by his hand), he asserted his belief in the
cure of the king's evil in the case of a man
named Cliristopher Lovel of lirialol, by the
touch of the Pretender, or, as he called him,
'the eldest lineal descendant of a race of
kiugs who had, indeed, for a long succession
of ages cured that disease by the royal touch.'
The cure was said to have been effected at
Avignon in November 1716. This raised a
storm among the ani i-Jacohite party. Carte
was attacked in several pamphlet.s, and a
writer in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' (1748,
p. 13) professed to have investigated the
case and found it, of course, entirely false.
The man hod been temporarily cured by the
change of air and regimen, but had suffered
a relapse on his return and died when on &
second voyaee. The practical result to Carte
was the withdrawal of the grant from the
commou council of London by a unanimous
vote on 7 April 1748 (Gent. Mag. 1748, p.
IBfi), and an munediate neglect of his work.
In spite of such discouragement he persisted
in his enterprise, and the next two volumes
appeared in 1750 and 175i, and a fourth in
1/56, after his death. Carte died of diabetes
on '2 April 1754, at Caldecott House, near
Abingdon, and was buried in the church of
Yattendon, near Newbury, on 11 April. He
was a man of mean appearance, but of cheer-
Carter
194
Carter
ful and social disposition. He worked with
indefatigable industry from early morning
until eveninjf . His historical collections were
left to his wife, a daughter of Colonel Arthur
Brett, who, in turn, left them to her second
husband, Nicholas Jemegan, for his life, and
afterwards to the Bodleian. Jemegan, after
receiving large sums for the use of them,
among others as much as 200/. from Lord
Hardwick, and 300/. from Macpherson, who
used them for his * History * and * State Papers '
(1775), finally disposed of them to the feod-
leian for a good price, during his lifetime, at
some period subsequent to 1776. Besides the
works mentioned above. Carte published :
1 . * Preface to a Translation , by Mrs. Thomson,
of the II istory of the Calamities of Margaret of
Anjou, Queen of England,* by Michael Bau-
dier, 1 736. 2. 'Advice of a Mother to her Son
and Daughter.* Translated from the French
of the Marchioness de Lambert. 3. *The His-
tory of the Revolutions of Portugal from the
foundation of that kingdom to the year 1567 ;
with letters of Sir Robert Southwell during
his embassy there to the Duke of Ormonde,*
1740. 4. * Preface to Catalogue des RoUes
Gascons, Normands et Francois, conserves
dans les Archives de la Tour de Londres,' fol.
1743. This preface, according to Lowndes,
was afterwards cancelled by order of the
French government. A new edition of his
History was published at Oxford in 1851,
6 vols. 8vo.
[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 471-618, and else-
where; Nichols's Illustrations of Lit. Hist. v.
152-66; Gent. Manr. 1748; Biographia Britan-
nica, ed. Kippis ; Hearne's Remains, ii. 154, ed.
1869.] E. S. S.
CARTER, EDMUND {fi, 1753), topo-
grapher, was a poor disabled writing-master,
who, while keeping school by St. IJotolph's
(^hurch in Cambridge, conceived the design of
compiling a historv of the university and
county, an undertaking for which he was by
no means qualified. Among others whom
he applied to for aid was William Cole, who
treated his humble labours with contempt;
but afterwards he was greatly assisted by the
Rev. Robert Smyth, rector of Woodstonel^near
Peterborough, and occasionally by Dr. New-
come, master of St. John's College, (?ambridge,
who communicated some of Baker's manu-
scripts, and by the Rev. Robt^rt Masters, to
whom Carter us(»d to send the whole budget
of his correspondence. Carter, * having a
small family and a bad wife,' was forced to
desert his school at Cambridge, and settled
for some time during the compilation of his
histories at AVare in Hertfordshire, whence
he removed to Chelsea, where he taught a
school as he had done at Ware. The date
and place of his death are not known ; his
widow died in Enfield workhouse on 15 Sept.
1788 i^Qent, Mag. Iviii. ii. 841).
Carter was the author of: 1. * The History
of the County of Cambridge from the Earlieict
Account to the Present Time/ 8vo, Cam-
bridge, 1753 (reprinted and brought down to
date by William Upcott, 8vo, London, 1819).
Although badly arranged and full of errors, the
book is not altogether destitute of interest.
Under each parish are the particulars of the
ravages committed in the churches by the
wretched fanatic William Dowsing and his
rabble soldiery, appointed, under a warrant
from the Earl of Manchester in 1643, to de-
stroy and abolish all the remains of popish
superstition in them, a task which they pei^
formed very eifectuallv. 2. * The Historv of
the University of Cambridge from its Original
to the year 1753,* 8vo, London, 1753. In the
British Museum is a copy filled with additions
and corre etions as for a second edition in the
author^s beautiful handwriting.
[Manuscript notes by Craven Ord and Br. R.
Farmer in copies of Carter's Hist. Univ. Camb. in
Brit. Mus. ; Rough's British Topography, i. 193,
218 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 694, v. 47, 48. Ti«
112,201.] G.G.
CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806),
S>et and miscellaneous writer, was bom at
eal in Kent on 16 Dec. 1717. She was
the eldest daughter of the Rev. Nicholas
Carter, D.D., perpetual curate of Deal Chapel,
and one of the six preachers at Canterbury
Cathedral, by his first wife, Margaret, only
daughter ana heiress of Richard Swavne of
Bere Regis, Dorsetshire. Her mother lost
her fortune, which had been invested in the
South Sea stocks, and died of a decline when
Elizabeth was about ten years old. Her edu-
cation was undertaken by her father, who ww
a good Latin, Greek, and Hebrew scholar.
So slow at first was she in learning the
dead languages that, weary of teaching her,
he frequently entreated her to give up the
attempt. By incessant application, however,
she overcame her natural incapacity for learn-
ing. She read both late at night and early
in the morning, taking snuff, chewing green
tea, and using other means to keep herself
awake. By this vigorous course of study
she injured her health, and as a conseouence
suffered from frequent and severe heaaaches
for the rest of her life. Beginning with
Latin and Qreek, she afterwaids learnt He-
brew, French, Italian, Spanish, and Qerman;
later in life she taught herself Portuguese
and Arabic. She took a great interest in
astronomy, ancient and modem history, and
ancient geography, played both the spinnet
anil Gemun fluti*, and woTked wllh her I
nenlle ta the last, (Ibts of her life. That she '
wiui agtxvl hotuevrife we hare the authority
of I>r. Johnsoii. It is related in Boswell
(v. 22U) thttt the Doctor, on hearing a lady
comuieiidtsl for her learalnf^, eaid, ' A man is
in (j^net&l b«tt«r pteased when he has a good
dinuer on hit) table than when his wife talks
Giwli,' ' My old friend, Mre. Cnrler,' he
•dded, 'conld moke a pudding as well as
tnuisUteEmctetiiB from the Greek, and work
« bandkerctiief at well as compose a poem,'
Bcforn ahu was ieventeen ahe commenced
irritiug veraas. and the riddle which appeared
in the'Qentleman'sMaKBzine'for November
1731 (p. 623) U probably her Erst published
{liece. She continued to contribute to the
* Gentleman's Magazine ' for some yearf, her
cMUributiotiB ^nerally appearing under the
name of 'Elua.' In ii38 'Poems upon
particular Occasions ' (London, 4to), a small
paraphkt of twenty-four pa;^ containing a
«ollectiotiof eightofheriKMinis.waspHbliflhed
b» Cave, the originalor of the ' Gentleman's
ttsgaxine,' and a friend of her father's. Tliis
iwmnhlet, which is now rare, bears the name
neither nf author norpublisher, but contains
• cut of St. John's Gate on the title-page.
It was thrnngh Cave that Mrs. Carter was
introdufed lo Dr. Johnson, who, being of
opinion thai ' she ought to be cclebrBt«d in
«• many diiTerent languages as Lewis le
Grand ' '(JivaWELL. \. 93), wrote a Greek epi-
gram (o Eliza, which appeared in the 'Gentle-
duw'b Magazine ' for April 1736 (p. 210).
The finendshiptfaus commenced last^ nearly
fifty years, until Johnson's death in 17fti.
Sbecontributedtwoariicleslo the 'Rambler,'
Ku. 44 l>t>ing on ' Religion and Supersti-
tion,' and No. 100 on 'Modish Pleasures.'
In 1739 »he published her anonymous trans-
lation of ' l^amen de Teaaav de Monsieur
Pop«" BUT I'homme.'by Jean tierre de Crou-
nji. This Imnelaliun, which had for its
titk 'An E»ftminalioli of Mr. Pope's Essay
on Man. translated from the French of M.
Crousaz' (A. Dodd, lyindon, ISmo), was er-
rouMUisly attributed to Dr. Johneon (Bos-
TTBLLii. 1()7). In the same year appeared her
anonymous translation of Francesco Alga-
Kittia ' Newtonianismo per le dame,' under
The title of ' Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy
Explain'd for tJu.- ost- of tUo Ladies. In Six
DiaJogiip.t on Light and Colour. From the
Italian of Sig. Algarotti ' ('2 vols. London,
Cave, lifaii)). Doth llieM translations have
becuuie viry scarce ; and though Mrs. Carter
never willingly referred fti them in after
life, they were undnnblodly useful ta her in
tnalung her known to her contemjiororiea.
jn I74I she becAmo acquainted with Miss
Catherine Talbot, granddaughter of Dr. Wil-
liam Talbot, bishop of Durham, whici led to
an introduction to Dr. Seeker, then bishop of
Oxford, and afterwards arcjibishop of Canter-
bury, with wlioa Miss Talbot resided. It
was at the request of these friends that Mrs.
Carter undertook the translation of Epicte-
tus. This was commenced in the summer of
1749, but was not finished until December
1762. The translation was not originally
intended forpublication.andwaa sent i n sheets
as it was written to Miss Talbot. At the
suggestion of the bishop, Mrs. Carter added
an introduction and notes to the manuscript,
and in April 1768, at the request of her friends,
it wospubllshedby guineasubscrtption. The
subscription was BO successful that 101 8 copies
were struck off at once, and 250 more were
printed afterwards, the result of the publi-
cation being a gain to Mrs. Carter of nearly
l,OO0i. The title of the first edition was
' All the Works of Epictetiis which are now
extant, kc' (London 4to), The fourth edi-
tion, whici was published after her death,
contains the lost idteratiansof the translator
taken from her manuscript notes, and has a
itlightly altered title. In 17t<2 she published
her ' Poems on several Occasions ' (London,
8vo), which ahe dedicated to WiUinm Pul-
teney, earl of Bath, and prefaced with soma
highly paneiryrioal veraesby I^ord Lyttelton.
In this collection only two of the poems
which appeared in the former volume, vi».
' In Diem Natolem ' and the ' Ode of Ana-
crenn,' are to be found. A second edition
was published in 1766, and a third in 1776,
the latter edition containing seven additional
Gioms. A fourth edition was published in
ublin in 1777. and in London in 1789. In
the secniid volume of Pennington's ' Me-
moirs ' the two collections of noems are
printed, together with eight otner pieces
which hadnotbeenpublishedbefore. During
'' " months of 1763 Mrs. Carter, ao-
I^ro , ,,
Holland, an interesting account of the trip
being given in her letters to Miss Talbot.
In the following year she lost her friend
l>ord Bath, in 1768 her old patron Arci-
bishop Seeker, and in 1770 her correspondent
Misa Talbot. On 23 Oct. 1774 her father
died. Mrs. Carter had passed the greater
part of her life with liim, and for the last
twelve years of his life had lived with him
in a house at Deal, which she had purchased.
In October 1782, at the request of Sir Wil-
liam Pulteney, who, out of regard for Lord
Bath's old fnend, hod settled an annuity of
Pulteney t
Paris. This was her last visit
Carter
196
Carter
to the continent, she heing then sixty-five
years of age, and no longer very active. For
several years afterwards, however, she tra-
velled through various parts of England with
her friend Imss Sharpe. In 1791 Mrs. Carter
was introduced to Queen Charlotte at Lord
Cremome's house at Chelsea. In 1796 a
certain Count de Bed6e, a stranger to Mrs.
Carter, published * Twelve Poems translated
into French ; Six in Prose and Six in Verse,
selected from the works of Miss Eliza Carter,
intitled Poems on several Occasions' (London,
8vo). About nine years before her death
she was attacked by an illness from which
she never entirely recovered. In the summer
of 1805, though her mental faculties remained
unimpaired, her bodily weakness increased
very much. In accordance with her annual
custom, she went up to London for the winter,
and on 19 Feb. 1806 died in her lodgings in
Clarges Street, Piccadilly, in the eighty-eighth
year of her age. She was buried in the burial-
groimd belonging to Grosvenor Chapel ; and
a monument was erected to her memory in
Deal Chapel She was never married. In
1807 her nephew and executor, Montagu Pen-
nington, published her memoirs, in which
were included the new edition of her poems
before alluded to, some miscellaneous essavs
in prose, together with her * Notes on the
Bible,' and * Answers to Objections concern-
ing the Christian Religion.' In 1809 *A
Series of Letters between Mrs. Elizabeth
Carter and Miss Catharine Talbot from the
year 1741 to 1770, to which are added Letters
from Mrs. Elizabeth Carter to Mrs. Vesey
between the years 1763 and 1787 ' (London,
8vo, 4 vols.), appeared, and in 1817 * Letters
from Mrs. Elizabeth Carter to Mrs. Montagu,
between the years 1765 and 1800, chiefly
upon Literary and Moral Subjects ' (London,
8vo, 3 vols.)
Mrs. Carter was more celebrated for the
solidity of her learning than for any brilliant
intellectual Qualities ; and it is as a Greek
scholar and tnc translator of Epictetus that
she is now best remembered. She used to
relate with pleasure that Dr. Johnson had
said, speaking of some celebrated scholar,
that 'he understood Greek better than any
one he had ever known, except Elizabeth
Carter.' Her poems have ceased to be read
and are not of very high order, the ' Dia^
logue between the Body and the Mind ' being
perhaps the most successful. Her letters
display considerable vigour of thoucrht, and
now and then a transient flash of humour.
Though by no means a woman of the world,
she possessed a large amount of good sense,
and, though more learned than her fellows,
was a thoroughlysociableandamiable woman.
Her acquaintance with Mrs. Montagu com-
menced at a very early period of their lives,
and on the death of ner husband in 1775
Mrs. Montagu settled an annuity of IQOL
upon her friend. Among Mrs. Carter's other
friends and correspondents were Burke, Rey-
nolds, Richardson (who introduced her 'Ode
to Wisdom' into his 'Clarissa'), Savage,
Horace Walpole, Bishops Butler and Por-
teus, Dr. Beattie, Hannah More, and most
of the other literary characters of the time.
Several portraits were taken of her by dif-
ferent artists ; an engraving from a cameo by
Joachim Smith will be found in the first
volume of the ' Memoirs ' (L 601 note), and
the National Portrait GhiUery possesses a
pleasing crayon drawing of her by Sir Thomas
Lawrence.
[Pennington's Memoirs of the Life of Mrs.
Elizabeth Carter (2nd ed. 1 808) ; Sir £. Biydges s
Censura Literaria (1815), vii. 176-201, viil
190-200 ; z. 277-95 ; Nichols's Literary Anec-
dotes of the Eighteenth Centuiy, vols. v. and
viii. ; BoBwell's Life of Johnson (Croker, 1831);
Chalmers's Biog. Diet (1818), viii. 301-5 ; Oent
SMag. 1806, vol. Izxvi.pt.i. pp. 190-1 ; Encrjrelo-
BDCua Britannica (9th ed.), v. 141 ; Brit. Mus.
at.] a. F. R. B.
CARTER, ELLEN (1762-1815), artist
and book illustrator, was the daughter of
Walter Vavasour of Weston in Yorkshire,
and Ellen his wife, daughter of Edward
Elmsall of ThomhiU in the same county.
She was bom in 1762, and baptised at St.
Olave's Church, York, on 16 May of that
year. At an early age, though a protestant,
she was placed in a convent at Rouen, with
which her family had been connected for
some generations. Though strongly affected
by the surroimding influence of the Roman
catholic religion, she never actually forsook
her own religion, and after her return to her
native country became well known for her
piety and devotion to her church. Li Novem-
ber 1787 she was married at Thomhill to the
Rev. John Carter, then curate of that place^
afterwards head-master of Lincoln grammar
school, and incumbent of St. Swithin's in
the same city. Mrs. Carter was devoted
to artistic pursuits, and particularly excelled
in drawing the human figure. She drew
illustrations for the ' Archssologia,' the ' Gen-
tleman's Magazine,' and other similar works.
A ^rint was published firom a design by her^
entitled ' The Ghirdener's GirL' intendled as
a companion to Thomas Barker's 'Wood-
boy.' Her drawings are frequently met with
in private collections. Her derotion to her
art told on a constitution that was never
strong, and the untimely death of her eldest
son in the Peninaula gaye her a shock from.
■which dhe never recovered. She died on
fi2 S«pt. ISlo, and was buried in the church-
j-srd of St. Peler'B in the East Gate, Lincoln.
[Gsnt. Moff. ISlfi, Ixxxv. 374; Red^avo'i
Diet, ot Engliah Artists ; Fosler"8 Torkabire
PedigT«u ; information from Kev. A. B. Mad-
<)eK>D.] L. C.
CARTER, FRANCIS (rf. 1:83), traveUer,
Biude a journey thtoiitth Moorish Spain in
1772. lnl777hepubhBhed,intwovolume8,
* A Journey from Uibraltar to Malnfra, with
a view of thnt Gnrriion and its Environs, a.
pnriicalar nceonat of the Towns in the Hoya
of Malaga, the antient and natural History
of these Cities, of the Coast between them,
and of the Mountaina of Bondu. Illus-
trat«d vdth medals uf each municipal town
and a chart; perspective and drawings taken
in the vear 1772. Richard Goueh, writing
under <Iate'B March 1776/ aaya that 'Arabia
Jones ' (i.e. Sir "William Jone«) corrected the
proof-eheeta of the book. The plates were
aold in a separate volume ; but the work was
tvissaed in 1778 in two volumes, with the
plates inserted. Carter was well known as a
collector of Spanish coins and Spanish books.
Miiny of the former he purchased from the
ooUecIion of Flores, the well-known medal-
list. He wns elected a fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries on 1 May 1777, and soon
afterwards began an elaborate ' hiEtorical and
critical account of early printed Spanish
boolo.' His plan embraced a full history of
Spanish lit«rature, nearly the whole of which
WM represented in hia own library. He com-
pleted the work in manuscript, and printed
the Bnt sheet, but died immediately after-
warda at Woodbridce, Suffolk, on 1 Aug.
1783. A friend, 'Eiigenio," contributed to
the ■ Gentleman's Magazine ' for October of
the same year (pp. 843-6) a specimen of this
undertaking, with the promise of a continua-
tion, which was not frilhlled. A letter from
Carter, ^ving anecdotes of Dr. "William
Baltie f ' ' ' " "
dot«s,' i
[Gent. Mag. 1783, pi. ii. 716, 843 ; Niphols's
lii. Aneixlotfs, iii. 237-8. iv, 607. viii. BIS.]
S. L, L
CARTER, GEORGE (1737 - 1794),
|Mi^It^r, wsa bom at Colchester, and baptised
on 10 April 1737 at St. James's Church in
that town. He is described in the register
U son of George and EliKabeth Carter. He
received his early education at the local free
•choalgund first came tti London as a servant.
Ub then bwame shopman to a mercer of the
name of KJiif;, and subsequently entered into
partaersliip la the «anie trade in Chandos
Street, Co vent Garden. This businesa proving
a failure, he devoted himself to painting,
and sent several pictures to the exhibitions.
Having sained the interest and assiatance of
other artists, he started on a course of foreign
travel, eventually settling down at Rome to
study and form his style. In 1778 lie re-
' turned to London and set up as an 'historical
I portrait painter.' He eihibited numerous
', pictureson various subjectKBt the exhibitions
I up to a few years before bis death. The^ do
I not seem to have found purchasers or suited
the taste of the public, for in 1786 Carter
opened an exhibition in Fall Mall of a col-
I lection of hia own pictures, thirty-five in
number; these he described In a Catalogue
in very extravagant terms, which eicit«d
great hostility from his critics and much
derision from the public. He stated that
I they were all painted without commission
and for the most exalted motives, and that
, either the whole or any part of the collection
I was at the disposal of any intending pur-
chaser. Though grandiose in conception, and
' of varying excellence of eieculion, his pi(>-
, tures do not seem to merit the lack of appro-
j bation which was their lot. Like many
others of the same date and school their
memory is preserved by the firat-clasa en-
I gravers of tnat period, moat of them being
engraved at the artist's own expense. Among
the best known of his works are ; ' The
Fisherman going out ' and ' The Fisherman's
Return,' both exhibited at the Society of
Artists in 1773, and engraved in mecsotjnt
by John Jones ; ' A Wounded Hussar on the
Field of Battle,' exhibited at the Royal Aca-
demy in 1775, and engraved in meuotint by
Valentine Green; 'Industry 'and 'Indolence,'
both engraved in mezzotint hy John Jones ;
' The Apotheosis of Garrick,' with portraits of
contemporary actors, exhibited at the Royal
Academy in 1790, and engraved in 1783 by
S. Smith and J. Caldwall ; 'The Death of
Sir Philip Sidnev,' engraved in meziotint by
John Jones ; ' "fhe Death of Captoin Cook,'
intended as a pendant to West's 'Death
of General Wolfe,' and engraved by Hall,
ITiomthwaite, and J. R. Smith ; ■ Two Chil-
dren begging,' exhibited at the Society of
Artists in 1774, and engraved in n)ei;totint
hy.LR. Smith; 'The Adoration of the Shep-
herds,' brought by the artist from Rome m
1776, exhibited at the Royal Academy, and
presented by the artist to his native church
of St. James at Colchester, where it atill
hangs. He also painted among many others
some scenes from Sterne's ' Sentimental Jour-
ney,' some views of ' Gibmltar," two scenes
frnm Shenstone's 'Schoolmistress,' and nu-
meroua portraits, ljit« in life he retired to
Carter 198 Carter
lieudon, and in 1791 published * ANurrative , continuance ended in a separation in 1800.
of the L088 of the Grosvvnor, Eustludiaman/ In his career as an artist he first entered the
with plates. Ho died at Hendon in 1794, establishment of the * Illustrated London
and was buried there on 19 Sept. in that News/ whose engraving department was en-
year, trusted to his charge, and liere he mastered
[Redgrave's Diet, of Enpli9hArti«t8;EawardB'B the details relating to an illustrated paper.
Anecdotes of Painters ; Heinekins Dictionnaire He emigrated to >ew lork m 1&48, and
des Artistes, vol. iii. ; Fiorillo's Geschichte der shortly after his arrival had his name, Henry
Mahlerey in Gross-BritAnnieii; Catalogues of the Carter, chanjged into 'Frank Leslie' by a
Royal Aciidcmy and other Kxbibitions; Momnt's special act ol the legisli^ure. His first con-
History and Antiquities of Colchester; Registers nection in America was with 'Gleason*s
of St. James's Church, Colchester, and of Hendon Pictorial,' but in 1864, having accumulated a
Church ; Brit. Mus. Cat. of Printed Books.] 1 small capital, he began publisninfl^ on his own
^- ^- i account. He commencm with t-ue * Gazette
of Fashion,' which was soon afterwards fol-
CARTER, HARRY WILLIAM (1787- lowed by the ' New York Journal.' He
1863), physician, was bom at Canterbury on purchased the 'Journal' for a low figure,
7 Sept. 17*87,boiiig the son of "William Carter, and then by skilful management made it a
M.D., formerly fellow of Oriel College, Ox- paying proj^rty. The w^, however, with
ford. After education at the King's School, which his name is more intimately associated
Canterbury, he went to Oriel College, Ox- in the public mind is * Frank Leslie's Hlus-
ford, where he graduated B.A. 1807, M.A. trated Newspaper,' the first number of which
1810, M.H. 1811. In 1812 he was elected a was issued on 14 Dec. 1855. In this periodical
Radclifl*e travelling fellow, and spent several ^e produced illustrations of current history,
years aftonv-ards on the continent. He be- together with pictures copied from European
came fellow of the London College of Phy- joiumals. He mvented for his establishment
sicians in 1825. He settled at Canterbury, a new system of engraving large pictuztfS.
was appointed physician to the Kent and finding that the constant work ot an en-
Canterbury Hospital in 1819, and retired graver was required for two weeks to pro-
fn>m practice in l83o,afU*r this date residing ^y^ce a double-page illustration, he had the
at Kennington Hall, near Asliford, where he wood block cut into thirty-two squares and
died on 16 July 186.*^. employed an engraver for each S4|uare. By
In 1821 Carter published * A Short Account this m'eans the work was done in twenty-four
of some of the Pnucipul Hospitals of France, hours, and the success of this method was at
been
illus-
.*«.^« newspapers. In 1865 he started the
to the * Cyclopedia of l^ractical Medicine. « Chimney Corner,' the editing of which he
plunk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, iii. 301.] entrusted to his second wife. He married
G. T. B. her after the separation from the first had
been legallv effected, she also ha^-iiig bt*en
CARTER, HENRY, otherwise Fkvxk divorced from her husband, Ephraim George
Leslie (1821-1880), son of Joseph Carter, , Squier, the archreologist. To her he assigned
glove manufacturer, was born at Ipwich in likewise the editing of the * Lady*s Magazine,'
1821. He pass^ed his boyhood in his father s a continuation and enlargement of the * Ga-
factor}' to learn the glove-making business, zette of Fashion.' To these he then added
andthuthemightiwrfect himself in it was sent in rapid succession the * Boys' and (iirls*
t o London at seventet»nyt'ars of a^re to die care "Weekly,' 'Pleasant Hours/ the 'I-ady's
of an uncle w' ' '
establishment,
don he induljred
ing, and engraving, partieularlv on wood, < Die illustrirteZeitung.' From these various
and to escape the reproaches of his father publications, which proved crenerally pro-
and uncle, who had destined him fortnide, fitable, he gathered a great deal of monev.
he concealed his identity by the use of the From the * Chimney Comer ' alone he is said
name 'Frank l»slie.' In his twentieth year to have cleared in one year 50,000 dollars,
he began to practise art as his only pursuit The war between the Xbrth and South was
in life. At this time also he married, the to him a field of most abundant harvest, the
issue of the marriage being three s<ms ; this . circulation of his papers, chiefly those that
union was, however, unfortunate from the , were illustrated, having during that period
commencement, and afternearly twenty years i vezy greatly increased. He spent the money
icUich poured iuto hia office with great I
liberality. He owned a inBgnificent resi- i
deuce About midway between Saratoga and
Looeljr Lake, surrounded by an estate of six [
hundred acres. Here Le extended his hospi-
nlitf to his numerous friends and fairly j
cqu&ndeied hia money, and l.lie result wns .
inavilable. In September 1677 be saw ruin
ataiing him intheface. Ilia property had to i
be mrrendered into the honda of a receiver, be
Umaolf beingretainedns f^nera] manager of^
the publishing business, with an allowance of
twenty percent, oftbe profits for his own use. j
One of his heaviest trade losees was on tbe '
C' lication of the ' Historical RegisI er of the j
t«nnial Exhibition, Philadcfpbia, 1870,'
a Tftluable work, but far from a commerci j.
success. In April 1879, by some judicial
proceedings, he was enabled to recover a
Mrge portion of his business. The American
iDHtitutioii of New York awarded him the
medal for wood-engraving in 1848 ; the state
of New York appointed him her commis-
sioner for the fine arts departmeot in the
Paris Exhibition of 1867, and again in 1876;
the state of New York named him commis-
eioner to (he Centennial Exhibition at Fhila-
dplpliia, where his brother commissioners
from the other states elected him thoir presi-
dent. His employes for some time numbered
upwards of three hundred, and the money
paid for their work exceeded 6,000 dollars
weokly. Ue was beloved by them all, as
the manner in whicii be treated them was
■Iwnya remarkably kind, and whenever oc-
casion oll'ered most discriminating and gene-
rous. He died of cancer at hia residence,
Fifth Avenue. New York, on 10 Jan. 1880.
Other works brouglit out by him and not
previously menlioned weru: ' 1". Leslie's Pic-
toria] History of the American Civil War,'
♦Mlited by E. G. Squier, 18fl2; 'F. Leslie's
lUustrated Almanack and Repository, I860;'
' The Paris Expoaition. Report on Fine Arts,
hy F. Leslie.' 1808 : and ' California : a Flea-
sant Trip from Gotham lo the Golden Gate,'
written by his wife, M. Florence Leslie, in
1877.
tion after he quilted Rlr. Tyrrel. From
1830 to 1840 he was employed largely on
engravings for the aniiuaV, especiallv Jen-
nings's 'Landscape Annual,' for which he
executed several ]ilatea after Samuel Prout,
David Roberts, and James HoUand. He was
also employed by Woale, the fine art pub>
lisher,innumeroiasarchitectural works. When
the engravings from the Vemou Gallery ap-
peared in the 'Art Journal,' Carter was en-
tnisled with the task of engraving ' The Vil-
lage Festival,' painted byGoodall. Thiswas
followed in the same series by engravinifa
, „nivmff3
from ' The Angler's Nook,' painted by Na-
smytb, and 'Hadrian's Villa,' painted bv
Richard Wilson ; these works gave so mucu
CARTER. JAMES (l79S-18r>5),engraver,
was bora in the pariah of Shoredilch in 1798,
vid in his youth gained ibe silver medal of
the Society of Ana for drawing. He was
Bnrt articled to Mr. Tyrrel, an architectural
engmver, but later on abandoned this class of
eogrAviDgforlandscnpesand figures. In this
•Cyl« ho atlnined great proficiimcy, although
Via iio p fl not uppac to have, lu*! uij inatruc-
salisfactjon, that Mr, E. M. Ward specialty
requested that he should be employed to en-
grave his picture of ' The South Sea Bubble,'
and subsequently employed him on his own
behalf to engrave his picture of 'Benjamin
West's First Essay in Art.' This plate ht>
completed but a ebort. time before his death,
which occurred at the eud of August 186G,
probably hastened by his devotion to hia work.
Like many workers in the same profession,
Carter found it very unremunerative, and
made no provision for a numerous family.
Beaides the engravings already mentioned, ho
engraved among others a plate from his own
design of ' Cromwell dictating to Milton the
Despatch on behalf of the W aldenses ' and
a portrait of Sir Marc Isambard Brunei, after
Samuel Drummond.
[Hedgrare's Diet, of Arlista of the Endish
School ; Le Blanc's Manuul da I'Amntaiir d'Ea-
toDipes^ Alt Joumsl, ISfiS.] L. C.
;q CABTEB, JOHN, the elder (1554-1635),
divine, bom at Wickham, Kent, in 1554, was
educated at Clare Ball, Cambridge, under
Dr. Thomas Byng [q. v.], through the geue-
rosity of a Mr. Rose of Cantflrbtiry. After
talcing his degree Dr. Byng ofiered Carter
rooms in his own house to enable him to con-
t inue his studies, and be thus became intimate
with Dr.Chadertonfq, v.], Lancelot Andrewes
[a. v.], and Nathaniel Culverwel [q. v.] In
1 o83 he became vicar of Bramfonl, Su fibllc, and
performed bis pastoral duties with great Keal.
His avowal of puritaiiisra raised up enemies
in his parish, and after many disputes with
his bishop be was removed to the reutorv of
Belstead, also in Suffolk, in ItilT. Ue Aied
on 21 Feb, 1634-5. Samuel Carter of Ipswich
preached the fiinerol sermon. Hisson, John
Carter the younger [q. v.], drew up an anec-
dotal life of his father, which attests Car-
' XUa Tombstone, or a Broken and. Imper&cl
Carter 200 Carter
Monument of that worthy Man, Mr. John to unfold itself in practising musick on the
Carter/ London, with dedications to ' the English flute, and making attempts at draw-
Lady Frances Hoharte/ and others. It was ing.' Carter had always a love for music, and
republished in Samuel Clarke's 'Collection of mention is made of two operas named 'The
the Lives of Ten Eminent Divines ' in 1662. ; White Rose ' and ' The Cell of St. Oswald,'
A fine portrait, engraved by Robert 'which he not only wrote [apparently for
Vaughan, is prefixed to each edition of the private theatricab], but set to musick, and
life. Carter was the author of ' A Plaine painted the scenery adapted to them/ exhi-
and Compendious Exposition of Christ's Ser^ \ oiting them ' upon a sniall stage.' Leaving
mon on tne Mount/ London, 1627, and of an school when only about twelve, he went
unpublished petition to James I for the re- home to his father, ' under whose roof he
moval of buroensome ceremonies. ' prosecuted the art of design, making work-
[Dayy'B Athen» Suffolc. i. 327. in Brit. Mus. ! ^ drawings for the meru' About 1764
Addit. MS. 19166; Nears Hist, of the Pari- (*^ father having died). Carter was taken
tans ; Clarke's Lives ; Carter's Tombstone, as ^^^ the office of a Mr. Joseph Dixon, sur-
above.] S. L. L. veyor and mason, with whom he remained
for some years. In 1774 he was employed to
CARTER, JOHN, the younger {d. 1655), execute dmwings for the ' Builders Maga-
divine, son of John Carter the elder [q. v.], zine,' a periodical edited by Newbeiy of
bom in his father's parish of Bramford, was St. Paul's Churchyard, and for this he con-
admitted to Corpus Christi College, Cam- tinned to draw until 1786. In one of its
bridge, in 1596, proceeded B.A. 1599, and numbers he published a design for a sessions
MA. 1603. He was chosen by the parishioners house, which was afteiwards copied by some
curate or assistant minister of St. Peter Man- | unscrupulous person, who sent it in as his
croft, Norwich, in 1631 ; was appointed one ' own original design, on the occasion of a
of the four lecturers in 1633 to preach the ' competition for the building of a sessions
Tuesday lectures at St. Peter's according to : house on Clerkenwell Green. This copied
the order of the assembly ; and in 1638 be- I drawing was successful, and the building was
came parish chaplain or head minister, which • erected in accordance with it, while a new
post he retained for nearly fifteen years. In design which Carter himself sent in for the
three sermons, preached before the Norwich competition was rejected by the judges. In
corporation, in celebration of the guild festi- 1780, on the recommendation of the Rev.
vals of 1644, 1647, and 1650 (see The Nail Dr. Lort, Carter was employed by the Society
and the Wheel, 1647 ; A rare eight, or the j of Antiquaries to do some drawing and etch-
Lyoriy 1650), he vehemently attacked the ing. BLe was elected a fellow of the society
magistrates for their weak-kneed devotion to in March 1795, and worked much for it as its
presbyterianism. The violence of his Ian- I draughtsman. In 1780 he had drawn for
guage and his fanatical denunciations of i Richard Gough, afterwards his great patron,
monarchy caused his removal from the mini- the west front of Croyland Abbey Church,
stry, and at the close of 1653 he calls him- and manyother subjects, which were inserted
in Gough's * Sepulchral Monuments ' and in
self * preacher of the Gospel, and as yet
sojourning in the city of Norwich.' He was
afterwards minister of St. Lawrence, Nor-
wich, and died in that city on 10 Dec. 1655.
John Collings, B.D., preached the funeral
sermon on 14 Dec. Carter wrote the memoir
of his father entitled *The Tombstone' in
his other works. Gough, in the preface to his
* History of Croyland Abbey ' (1783), and in
the prerace to his 'Sepulchral Monuments'
(1786), speaks highly of Carter's abilities. In
1781, and later. Carter also met with other
matrons and friends, among whom were John
1653. I Soane, the architect, the Rev. Dr. John Milner,
Sir Henry Charles Englefield, William Bray,
F.S.A., Sir Richard Oo\t Hoare, the Earl of
Exeter, and Horace Walpole. His first im-
[Davy's Athenae SufTolc. i. 393, in Brit. Mus.
Addit. MS. 19166; Masters's Hist, of C. C. C.
Camb. p. 264 ; Blomefield's Norfolk, iv. 188-9 ;
Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L.
CARTER, JOHN (1748-1817), draughts-
man and architect, the son oi Benjamin
Carter, a marble-carver established in Pic-
cadilly, was bom on 22 June 1748. At an
early age he was sent to a boarding-school
at Battersea, and afterwards to one in Ken-
nington Lane, and at this period, according
to one of his biographers, 'his genius began
portant published work was his ' Specimens of
graved title-page
of the Antient Sculpture and l^ainting
now remaining in this Kingdom, from the
earliest period to the reig[n of Henry ye Vm,
consisting of Statues, Bassorelievos • . .
Paintinjp on Glass and on Walls. ... A
description of each subject^ some of which
bv Oentlemcn of Letflmrj [gif] abilities, nnd
irell verted in the Antiquities of thie King-
<loiii, whose names are prefixed t-o their
Essays. . . . The DrtiwingB mode from the
original Subjects, and Migniv'd by John Cap-
tar, Nov. l*Ft, 1780.' The dedication of this
volume is to Horace Wnlpole, the patron of
the book, and is dated November 17S6.
Vol. U. is dedicated to the Earl of Eieter,
sad it« title-page is dated 1787 i a postscript
to the whole work is dated 'London, May
1794 ' (a new edition, with index, appeored
ia lt<3S, 2 vols, in one. fcdio). In his intro-
-dnetion to the 'Specimens' Carter states
that, ' having explored at different times
^B^ffious parts of England for the purpose of
^HBnng sketches and drawing of the lemsins
^^Bj^pncient sculpture and painting, liis aim is
^fn perpetuate such as he has been so fortunate
«a to meet with by enuring them.' While
tie ' &»ecimens ' wm m progress, Carter also
published ' Views of Ancient Buildings in
KngUud ' (drawn and engraved by himself),
C vols. London, 1786-93, 16nio (republished
as *Spedmens of Gothic Architecture, and
Ancient Buildings In England, comprised in
IMTiewa,'-! vols. London, 1924, IBmo). In
1785 he began another extenstTe work, ' The '
Anment Architecture of England' (1795- .
1814, folio). Part i. deals with ' The Orders !
of Aichitectnre during the British, Roman, '
Sason, and Norman aeras ;' its engraved title-
page is dated l>ondon, 1795, and its dedica-
tion (to H.R.H. the Duke of York) 1806.
Part ii., ' The Ordera of Architecture during
the reigns of Henry HI, Edward HI,
Richard H, Henry \l, Henry VII. and
Henry VHI,' was not completed. Its title-
page IB dated 1807, but the engravings bear
-dBf*s from 1807 to 1814. A new and en-
larged edition of this work was published in
1845 (two parts, folio) by John Britton, who
bse remarked that ■ Carter was the first to
point out to the public the right way of de-
lineating the component and detached parts
cf theold buildings of England. His national
work an Andent Arcbitooture occupied him
more than tvrenty years.' The arrangement
of the architectural specimens chronologi-
cally was also an important feature in Car-
ter's ho6kj and prepared the way for subse-
ouent writers on the sequence of styles.
Between 17i)5 and 1813 Clarter was further
trngoged in preparing 'planii, elevations, sec-
tions, and specimens of the architecture' of
various ecclesiastical buildings, which were
published at intervals by the Society of Anti-
qnarie»,vii., St. Stephen's Chapel, Westmin-
Bter, 179B,Se.i Eieter Cathedral, 1797, &c.;
the aliber church nf Bath, 1798; Durham Ca-
" 1, '1801 ; aloucester Cathedral, 1809;
I St. Albans Abbey, 1813. One otherwork of
Carter's, of considerable iroportance.'remains
to be noticed, namely, the aeries of papers pub-
lished in the 'Gentleman's MagaEine'&om
1798 to 1817, with the odd title of ' Pursuits
of Architectural Innovation.' These papers
partly consist of a series of attacks upon his
contemporaries, who had been, or were likely
to be, concerned in the ' restoration' or de-
struction of various ancient buildings and
monuments. They were simply sigoed ' An
Architect,' hut Carter's authorship could not
well be concealed. In the first article of the
series (Gent. Maff. vol. Ixviii. pt. ii. 1798,
pp. 764-5) he declares that it is necessaty
that the attention of antiquaries should be
directed to 'those remains of our country's
antient splendour which may, from time to
time, give way to the iron band of architec-
tural innovation.' It has been remarked by
Pugin that Carter's ' enthusiastic real ' was
' undoubtedlv eifectual in checking the muti-
lation of ancient monuments.'
Carter practised little as an architect; a
list of some minorworks which were carried
out from his designs may be found in the
' Gentleman's Magazine ' for 1817 (pt, ii,
p. 365 ; ct.Grnt. Mhg. 1816, vol. Ixxxvii. pt. i,
pp. 273-fl). Towards the nutumn of 1816 his
health began to decline. In the spring of the
following year dropsy made its appearance,
and he die3 in Upper Eaton Street, Pimlico,
on 8 Sept. 1817, aged 69. He was buried
at Hampstead, on inscribed stone to his
memory being placed on the south side of the
church. His collection of drawings, antiqui-
ties, &c., was sold bv auction at Sotheby's
on 23-6 Feb. 1818, and produced the sum of
1,527/, 3«. Gd. It included a series of sketches
'relating to the antiijnitiea of England and
South Wales, from the year 1764 to 1816, in
26 volumes,' the outcome of his summer ex-
cursions during more than fifty years.
Carter was a bachelor, and is described as
being 'reserved' in manner.and 'frugal, even
to parsimony.' He was rather irascible in
temper, and had the reputation of being a
quarrelsome man. He was dogmatic, and
obstinate in maintaining his own antiquarian
theories — habits of mind partly due perhaps
to his very imperfect education. He knew
no language but his own. and this want of
knowledge also much int«rfered with his
archieological inquiries, tbougli he bad the
advantage of being assisted in bis published
works by men more learned than himself,
such as liichard Gough and Dr, John Milner.
It is also recorded of )iim. however, that ' as
a companion he was blamelft^s ' and ' pleas-
ing,' and that ' his integrity was ineorrup-
tible.* The statements that Carter was an
Carter
202
Carter
Irishman and of the Roman catholic reli-
gion (Redobaye, Diet ; Mathiab, Pursuits
of Literature (7th ed.), Dial. iv. 1. 297 and
note) seem to be erroneous (seQ Gent Mag,
1818, vol. Ixxxviii. pt. i. pp. 273-6). It
has also been erroneously stated that there
is a memoir of him by the Rev. W. J. Dam-
pier. This refers to John Carter (1815-1850)
[q. v.]
[Obituary notices in Gent. Mag. for 1817
(pt. ii.), pp. 368-8, and an additional memoir,
chiefly extracted from the New Monthly Mag., in
Gent. Mag. for 1818, rol. Ixxxviii. (pt. i.) pp.
273-6. The G«nt. Mag. contains numerous other
references to Carter, for which see its General
Index (1787-1818), vol. iii., 8.v. 'Carter' and
'Architectural Innovation ;' Nichols slllustrations
of Lit. Hist, (several reff. in index to vol. viii.)
and his Literary Anecdotes (reff. in the Indices) ;
Redgrave's Diet, of Artists. For the biblio-
graphy compare Lowndes's Bibliog. Manual ;
Allibone's Diet. Eng. Lit. ; Univ. Cat. of Books
on Art (South Kensington Mus.), and the Brit.
Mus. Catalogue.] * W. W.
CARTER, JOHN (1815-1850), a silk-
weaver, who, having lost by accident the
power of using hands, learned the art of
drawing by holding the pencil or brush in
his mouth, was bom of humble parents at
Coggeshall, in the coimty of Essex, on 81 July
1815. After attending the dame's school
and the national school of the village, he
was sent in his thirteenth year to an endowed
school, where he remained two years. Here
he gave some evidence of his remarkable artis-
tic gifts by a tendency to scribble figures on his
desk or copybook instead of doing his lessons;
but, on account of untoward circumstances,
his gifts were not developed further. On
leaving school he was apprenticed to a silk-
weaver, and after his mamag^in 1835 pursued
the business on his own account. In May
1836, while climbing a tree in search of birds,
he fell forty feet to the ground, receiving
such serious injury to the spine as to deprive
him of nearly all power of muscular motion
below the neck. Ilaving accidentally learned
that a voung woman who had lost the use
of her ^nd^ had learned to draw with her
mouth, he resolved if possible to turn his
artistic gifts to account in a similar way.
By dogged perseverance he mastered all the
technicalities of drawing without personal
instruction, and acquired such proficiency as
would have done credit to him even had ho
possessed the use of his hands. He devoted
himself chiefly to line-drawing, and, by hold-
ing the pencil or brush between his teeth,
was able to produce the most accurate and
delicate stroKes. With the help of an at-
tendant to supply his materials, he produced
drawings of great beauty and of thorough
artistic finish in every detail. On 21 May
1850 the small carriage in which he was
drawn was accidentally overturned, and his
system received so severe a shock that he
never recovered, dying on 4 June following.
The Rev. VV. J. Dampier, vicar of CJogces-
hall, published a memoir in 1850 (reissued in
1875). A list of eighty-seven of Carter's
drawings is given, with the names of the
owners. They include drawings after Albert
Diirer, Raphael, Rembrandt, Vandyke, and
Landseer. They resemble line-engravings^
and, as Mr. Ricmnond teUs the author of the
book, the power of imitation is most extra-
ordinary.
[Dampiers Memoir; Life by F. W. Mills,
1868.1 T. F. H.
CARTER, LAWRENCE (1672-1745),
jud^, was bom at Leicester in 1672. His
family came originally from Hitchin in Hert-
fordshire. His father, Lawrence Carter, mar-
ried Mary, daughter of Thomas Wadland of
Newark, Leicester, the solicitor to whom he
was articled ; was M.P. for the town in several
parliaments of William III (see Luttreli*.
vi. 6, 11, 14), of whom he was a firm sup-
porter, and in 1685 projected and carried out
a system of water supply for Leicester. The
son became a member of Lincoln's Inn, and
on 1 Sept. 1697 was unanimously elected
! recorder of his native town in succession to
; Sir Nathan Wright, which oflice he held till
1729. He represented Leicester in parlia-
■ ment thrice, m 1698, 1701, and 1722, and
; Beeralston in 1710, 1714, and 1715 ; but no
speeches of his are extant. In 1715 he was
counsel for the crown against several of the
rebel prisoners, first at Liverpool with Sir
Francis Page, kin^^s serjeant, and then at
Carlisle on a special commission with Mr.
Baron Fortescue. Before leaving town For-
tescue was promised a fee of 500/., and as
Carter had had the same fee as Page at Liver-
pool he applied to the treasury for the like
treatment with Fortescue at Carlisle. In
1717 he became solicitor-general to the IVince
of Wales, afterwards Geor^ II, received the
degree of seijeant-at^law in 1724, and was
made king's seijeant 30 April, and knighted
4 May in the same year. On 16 Oct. 1726
i he was raised to the bench of the court of ex-
chequer in succession to Baron Price, and
continued in the office till his death. He
lived in Redcross Street, Newark, Leicester,
in a house built on the site of the coUegiate
church, which was destroyed at the Refor-
mation. He was highly esteemed in the town,
and with his half brother Thomas was a trus-
tee of the Holbech charity. He died 14 March
Carter at
1746, uid was buried in the church of St.
Haiiy de Castro. He was never married, and
hia eetates paased to his half brother Thomas.
There is a portrait of him in Thoreshy'e
' Town of Leicester,' p. 175.
[Foffi'iLiTeaaf the Jndget; LeieeaterBoroaeh
Kecords ; Pari. Histoij, 8, 219 ; Gent, M«g. xy.
IS4; Nicholls'eLeicesterabire.i. 40,11.318; Be-
dingCoD's Treaiury Papen, 17U, ccvii. No. 6.]
CABTEE, MATTHEW (/E.1660),loyal-
ist, WBB a gentleman of poeition end influence
in the county of Kent. When the loyal in-
habitants of that county rallied round the
king's standard in May 1^8 in tbe last deape-
rate attempt to defeat the parliamentarians,
Carter was chosen quartermnster-general of
all the forces, and in the memorable events
that followed bore a conspicuous part. At
the surrender of Colchester on the ensiling
27 Aug. , after a defence of seventy-six days,
he was thrown into prison by the parliament.
During ilia long confinement he wrote an ac-
count of the scenes of which he had been an
eye-witness, under the title of ' A Most True
and Exact Relationof That as Honourable as
unfortunate Expedition of Kent, Essex, and
Colchester. By M. C. A LoyaU Actor in
that Engagement, Anno Bom. 1648, Priuted
intheYeerel650,'12mo. This valuable tract
was seen through the press by the author's
friend, 'Sir C. K.,' possibly Sir Charles
Kemeys, hart., of Kevanmably in Glamor-
ganshire. It fearlessly exposes tlie cruel deeds
of Fairfax and bis subordinates. An edition
was issued at Colchester without a date, but
probably about 1770, by the Essex antiqua-
ries, the Revs. Philip Moront and Thomas
LutTkin, with cumbrous additions, which do
not add to the value of Carter's simple and
telling narrative. Uf this edition several re-
prints were publi»hed (GouoH, British To~
pography, i. 348-9). Carter was also the
author of a useful little compilation from the
best writers on heraldry, which be called
' Honor RedivivUB ; or an Analysis of Honor
and Armory,' 12mo, London, \^». It reached
a second edition in 1660 (reprinted in 1669),
and a third in 1673, and for many years
continued to be the most popular text-book
with all who studied beraldty . The pretty
plates by R. Gaywood are reduced copies
of the whole-length figures in Milles's ' Ca-
talogue of Honour ' (Moi;le, Bibliotheca
Seraldica, pp. 144, 153, 187). Carter died
between the appearance of the reprint of the
second edition in 1660 and the third edition
in 1673.
3 Carter
vii. 147 ; Gent. Mag. Ixii. i. 299 ; Smith's Bibl.
CaDtiana, pp. 72-3.] O. O.
CARTER, OLIVER (;i640P-1606), di-
vine, was probably a native of that j^rt of
Riclimondsnire which is in the county of
Lancaster. He was admitted a scholar of
St. John's CoUege, Cambrid^, on the Lady
Margaret's foundation, in I\ovember 1665;
he was B.A. 1559-60 ; fellow, 18 March
I662-S ; M. A., 1663 ; senior fellow, 28 April
1564 ; and college preacher, 25 April 1666,
William Fulke also serving in the same
capacity. He was B.D. in 1569. Later in
life the title S.T.F. is found attached to his
name. His first iinown promotion wsa to a
Sreacher's place in the collegiate church of
[anchester. This was after June 1571 : his
appointment as fellow there has been placed
too early by Churton and others. His name
first appears in the local records on the oc-
casion of the baptism of his child Sarah on
6 Oct. 1673, when he is called 'Mr. Olyi
complaining of the bitter antagonism of the
Roman catholic population ot the district,
described in a letter to Lord Burghley, dated
in April 1574, how 'our preacher, who is
a bachelor of divinity,' was riding out on
14 March to one of the neighbouring chapels,
when he was assaulted and wounded. Carter
seems at first to have connived with Herle
in making unfavourable grants of the col-
lege lands upon long leases and small rents,
though soon after he resisted the spoliation.
One of these questionable grants was that by
which the warden and the fellow-chaplains,
September 1676, bestowed the stewardship
of the lands and property of the college
I upon Edmund Trafforf, esq. and his heirs;
this document, signed by the warden. Carter,
I and two other fellows, is still prewrved
among the muniments of the De Traftbrd
family at Trafford Hall. Funds were not
always available for the payment of the
' stipends of the members oi the foundation ;
and it is BUggestive to find, with respect to
I Carter, that it was about this time that he
' was assisted out of the money provided by
the bounty of Robert Nowell. The executors
I of that benevolent man, one of them his
■ brother, the famous dean of St. Paul's, lent
I ' to one Mr. Carter, a preacher at Alan-
I Chester,' AOt., ' to be repayed again the 20th
March A" 1575,' i.e. 1675-6. Soon after he
' borrowed 40*. more, when his entire debt
was 4!. On 20 Nov. 1676 there was a
further loan of 5/. Carter's introduction to
. the college occurred at a critical point in its
I history, being then in so pitiful a condition
that it was near dissolution. The warden,
I said by some to hare been a papist, was non-
Carter 204 Carter
resident; the fabric of the church was in each deanery. In 1590 he instituted an action
decay ; there had been no election of church- in the Duchy Court concerning the tithes of
wardens from 1663 to 1571 ; painted pictures, ! his parish. In the same year he set his name
in spite of the regulations to the contrary, | to a remarkable paper drawn up by the Lan-
still adorned the walls ; and the only plate I cadiire ministers of his neighbourhood, de-
the church possessed was one broken chalice. ■ scribing what are called the ' enormities ' of
Carter bitterly complained to Burghley, with the ecclesiastical state, enumerating many
whom he seems to have been intimate, on matters that called for reform; andhesuniea
the condition of the college and parish; but | also a letter to the archbishop of xork
he was unable to bring about any measures ' urging action in the same direction. Both
of relief imtil he enlisted the sympathy of , letters, which give a curious picture of old
Dean Nowell, in whom he found a ready ' religious customs, are printed in the ' Chet^
' compassion for the college, the town, and ham Miscellanies,' vol. v. On 31 May 1505
country,' i.e. county. Carter was already it was charged against him, at an inquiry at
a fellow, and acting apparently as sub- warden, his church, that being Hhe preacher there'
when, in 1576, he was plaintiff in a suit in he made wills, and was a common solicitor in
the Duchy Court against Herle, concerning temporal causes. He was highly shocked that
his unpaid stipend. His great charges in year at the news of the coming of Dr. Dee to be
this *most necessary suit' are alluded to by warden ; in July Dee notes tnat he had had
Dean Nowell (28 Oct. 1576), who, with Carter, a letter from hun. On Dee's arrival a very
was named fellow of the collegiate body by bitter hostility arose between them ; Carter
the new charter of 1578. Carter is met with would not consent to the use of an organ in
in 1579 as befriending Thomas Sorocold, the church, which Dee &youred, nor would
* scholar of Manchester/ who aft^erwards he agree to the payment of money for Dee's
wrote the popular ' Supplications of Saints.' house-rent. Other scandalous quarrels oc-
The only book which came from Carter's curred in the chapter-house and the church,
pen was of a controversial character, being In January 1597 Carter was threatening Dee
a reply to a work by Dr. Richard Bristow, I with a prosecution in London. On Sunday,
call^ 'Motives to the Catholic Faith,' 1574, 25 Sept. that year Dee alludes to Carters
afterwards issued in 1576 and called ' De- < impudent and evident disobedience ' in the
maunds to be proposed of Catholikes to church (not * dissoluteness,' as printed in the
the Heretickes.' This double title explains Camden Society's edition of the * Diary').
Hollinworth's otherwise puzzling statement i The circumstances of Carter's death were
that Carter * writ a book in answer to , long remembered in Manchester. * Hee fell
Bristow's " Motives." ' The reply came out sicke in the pulpit as hee was preaching of
in 1579, and wns entitled 'An Answeare God's providing a succession of godly mi-
made by Oliver Carter, Bachelor of Divi- nisters, on Matt. ix. 38; and Mr. William
nitie, vnto Certaine Popishe Questions and Bume went up immediately into the pulpit,
Demawndes' (London, 8vo). It was printed and God assisting him, preached on the same
by Thomas Dawson for George Bishop, and ; text — a visible andpresent proofe of Mr.
was entered on the Stationers' Hall Re- , Carter's doctrine.' His health was probably
gisters 4 Feb. 1578-9, by Mr. Bishop the \ affected by the visit of a pestilence that year,
younger, warden of the company (ii. 346). \ of which there is a suggestive record in the
It is a very rare book, tlie only known copies ; register of burials. He made his will on
being those in the University Library, Cam- i 22 Feb. 1604-5. He was interred in the
bridge, and the Chethamljibrary, Manchester. ■ chancel of the church on 20 March 1604-5,
Dr. White refers to it in his * Way to the i being called * one off the foure ffellowes of
True Church,' 4to, 1624 (If 13). Fulke also I ye colledg ; ' and three days afterwards Mrs.
replied to Bristow's work. Carter dedicated
his * Answer ' to his very good lord, Henry,
earl of Derby, at whose houses in Lancashire
in subsequent years he, with other promi-
Jane Dee, ' wyffe to ye iRighte Wor. John
Dee,' was buried.
Carter's * Answer ' to Bristow shows him to
have been a man of leaminfif and familiar with
nent ministers, was a frequent guest or I books. His co-fellow, Jonn Buckley, near
preacher. In 1581, during the wardenship of
Bishop Chaderton [q. v.], Carter was confer-
ring with Lord Burgnley about the surrender
of the college leases granted in Herle's time.
The bishopon 1 Sept. 1585 nominated * Mr.
Carter, BJ)., and preacher of Manchester,'
one of the moderators of the monthly as-
semblies, called * Prophesyings,' to meet in
whom he was buried, in 1593 bequeathed him
a copy of Tremellius's Bible, and Carter ap-
praised Buckley's valuable library. Richard
HoUinworth, in the following century, who
had conversed with persons who knew Carter,
says that he preached solidly and succinctly.
Campion, reterring to the muusters of the
neighbourhood, singles out Carter aa one that
ImOHtnl much of bis leantiiig, and as one who
Inbouredto win converts. Canon Kaines says
thftt it is ' clear that Carter was a man of ei-
trasirereitdinp, and nTOte ably and strongly,
though apon ttte wholo temperately, against
hissobtleaQdhArnssingthfiologicalopponeulH.
He thoroughly understood thcpoints of differ-
ence between hioBelf and them, and was not
disposed tolessentheiriiniiortAncej but there
is no evidence that he was a vain man, or
that he boasted of his attainments, although
he bod lo thank Cambridge and hia own
industTT for poseessin^ no mean store of
learning'' He was twice married, his first
wife, ' Eme,' being buried in lG90i the second
wife true one Alice . . . . , one of his ex-
ecutors. There were at lea«t seven cliiidren
of the first marriace, of whom Dorothy,
Abraham, John, andlilary aurrived. Ilollin-
wurth Bays that the sons walked in the godly
ways of their father. Abraham had property
at Blackley, where the father frequently
preached; hcmarriedandhad a child baptised
there in 1603, and was buried there in 1621.
John, baptised at Manchester on 36 Feb.
1580-1, became in 1606 vicatwihoral of
Christ Church, Dublin, and in the following
ytMU' prelwndary of St. Michan's in the same
cathecral ; but of the latter he waa deprived
by Archbiahop Jones in 1613 (Cotton, Fasti,
ii. 73, 83), when all record of him is lost.
This apparently is the son HoUinworth re-
fers to when he Bays that he was preferred to
a bishopric iu Ireland, and that he was noted
for thenumber of persons whom he baptised.
The name Oliver Carter, it is curious to note,
occurs iu the Irish ' Fasti ' in the following
century.
[StMlej Papers (Chetham Soc), ii. 128-32;
Cooper's AiheoB Cantab, ii. 384. fiS* ; Mayor's
8l John's, vol. i. 1 Rainei'a HISS. xxii. £4. 133,
udv. 67. iKv. la*. ili. 103; Chethitm Miseol.
T. 18-17 (Chetham Soo. vol. icvi.); Slrype's
Anoals, 8va, ii. ii. 63, 6i$, SIS, 710-11 ; Stmie'a
Fuker. ii. 12; Chnrton'a Nowell, 2S3^; Uol-
UnwOTth'sMancuniensis, ed. 1830, pp. 87, 106-8 ;
Hibbert-Ware'a Foondations of MindioBiflr, i.
87, 106-8; J. E. Bailey's Dec's Diaiy, 4ta, pp. 24,
80; ORMaH'sAccountoflheEiecntersoritolKirt
SoweU, 160-70. S6S-7: Duchy Calendar, iii. 4,
937. sae ; Booker's Hist. Bladcley, pp. 47,
«*-«.] J. E. B.
OAS.TER, OWEN BROWNE (1806-
1869), architect and dmiightsman, Apent most
of bis life at Winchester, where he had a large
local practice as on architect. About 18:39-30
ho travelled to Egypt in company with Mr.
Hobert Hay of Linpliim, and resided for some
U-ngth of time at Cairo. There be executed
a larfcu number of architectural and topo-
Ipvptiiual drawings, several of which are pre-
served in the Print Iloum at the British Mu-
seum. A selection of these drawings was
lithographed under Carter's Buperinteiidence
by J. C. iloume and others, and pubUsbed in
1840 by Mr. Hay in a folio volume entttli^
'Illustrations of Cairo.' In 1845, when the
ArchoBological Instituta visited Winchester,
Carter acted as one of the secretaries to the
architectural section. He read a paper on
the church of East Meon, Bampsbire, and ai
the final meeting he received a special TOt«
of thanks for the drawings he had supplied.
In 1&47 and 1849 he exhibited architectural
drawings at the Royal Academy. He pub-
lished some works of local interest, such as
'Picturesque Memorials of Winchester ,'1830,
He also contributed to ' Weale's Quarterly
I'apersonArchitecture'urticles on the painted
glass windows of Winchester Cathedral, on
Beaulieu Abbey, and on the churches of
Penton Meausey, Ileadboume, Wonhey, and
Bisbopstone. All these articles were accom-
panied by illustrative drawings. Carter died
at Salisbury on 30 March 1859, aged 53.
[Redgrave's Diet., of English Artist^a ; Graves's
Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; Geot. Mag. 3rd
ear. vi. ii&O ; Hampshire Chronicle, 2 April
1850; Rojnl Academy Catnbgaes ; Weale's
Quarterly Papers on Arehiteclura ; Pmceedings
of the ArcbiEologicsl iDslitute, 1845 ; CalaloKue
of the Library of the Royal Institute of Archi-
toctfl.] L. C.
CABTER, PETER (1S30P-I59O), writer
on logic, was a native of Ijancashire, and took
tbedegreeof B.A.at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, in 15fi3-^. In the following year he
was elected a fellow of that college on Mr.
Ashton's foundation. He commenced M.A.
in ir)57, and aiterwarda became master of the
school at Preston in his native county, where
he waa buried on 8 Sept. 1690. Efe wrote
' Aunotationes in Dialectica Joan. Setoni,'
Loudon, 1663, 12mo, dedicated to Edward,
earl of Derby, K.G. ; printed with Seton's
book, London, 1570, 1572, 1574, 1577, 1584,
1687, 1599; Cambridge, 1631, 12mo: Lon-
don. 1639, 8vo.
[TanDsr's Bibl. Brit.; Cooper's Athenre Can-
tab. i.3B2; Ad(!it. MS. 24492, f. ISA; PaUtinc
Note Book, iii. 46.] T. C,
Cambridge in 167^, with Captain Herbert,
afterwards Earl of Torrington, and to have
been promoted from her by Prince Rupert
to coacoand the Success, from which, early
in 1673, he waa moved to the Crown of 4:^
guns. In April 1675 he was appointed to the
Swan, and in Januorr 1677-8 was moved into
the Centurion, whicu waa employed in the
Carter
206
Carter
Mediterranean, more especially against the
Barbary corsairs, till she was paid off 24 Oct.
1681 . In August 1688 he was appointed to
the Plymouth, a third-rate, continued in her
during and after the revolution, and com-
manded her in the unfortunate battle of
Beachy Head, 80 June 1690. During the
summer of 1691 he commanded tlie Vanguard,
a ship of the second rate, and early in the
following year was promoted to be rear-ad-
miral of the blue squadron. In April he was
sent with a few ships to scour the coast of
France, and returned to the fleet in time to
take part in the battle of Barfleur on 19 May.
At the beginning of the action the blue
squadron was some distance to leeward, and
hopelessly out of the fight ; but towards the
afternoon a shift of wind permitted it to lay
up to the enemy, and eventually to get to
Tnndward of them,thu8 placing them between
two fires. But in doing this there was for a
short time some sharp fighting, in which Car-
ter was killed. It was freely said by many,
both before and after the battle, that Carter
was in the interest of King James, that his
taking service under William was a base pre-
tence, and that he had received 10,000/. to
take his division over to the French. In sup-
port of this statement not one single piece of
evidence has ever been adduced. In the Mac-
pherson State Papers there is no mention of
It. In life Carter was a poor man, and he
died poor ; so far from attempting to hand
his division over to the enemy, he fell while
executing the manoeuvre wliich insured their
ruin, and as he died his last words were an
exhortation to his men to fight bravely, fight
to the last. The whole story may, with ab-
solute certainty, be pronounced an arrant
falsehood, a base libel on a brave and worthy
man. The body of the admiral was carried
to Portsmouth, where it was buried with
■everv mark of ceremonial honour.
[Charnock's Biog. Navalis, i. 389.] J. K. L.
CARTER, THOMAS (d. 1795), sculptor,
worked at Knightsbridge, and there attracted
the attention of the painter Jer\'as, who gave
him some money and a breakfast, procured
him patronage, and so helped him to fortune.
In 1755, when a committee was first formed
to consider the founding of a Royal Academy,
Carter was a member of it. He was Roubil-
liac's first employer in England. He ap|)ears
to have been a man of great industry, if of
inconspicuous merit. He worked chiefly upon
tombstones, memorial tablets, &c. The bas-
relief on Lord Townshend's monument in
Westminster Abbey is by him. His name
occurs once as the exhibitor of an architec-
.tural subject (presumably a drawing) at the
Roval Academy in 1787. He died 5 Jan.
17§5.
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Qraves's Diet,
of Artists.]
CARTER THOMAS (or C. T. Carteb,
as he is called on the title-paffe to 'The
Milesian*) (1736P-1804), musiciU composer,
was bom in Dublin about 1735. He was
the elder son of Timothy Carter, who became
a member of the choir of Christ Church
Cathedral in March 1740. According to
O'Keefe (BecollectioM, ii. 36-7), Thomas
Carter received his musical education as a
chorister in Christ Church Cathedral. In
December 1751 he was appointed organist ot
St. Werburgh's, a post he neld until Septem-
ber 1769, when he was sent by the l!«arl of
Inchiquin to study music in Italy. Soon
afterwards Carter went to India, where for
a short time he was musical director of the
Calcutta Theatre. On his return to Great
Britain he settled in I^ondon, where he set
music to Bate's ' Rival Candidates,' which was
Produced at Drury Lane on 1 Feb. 1775.
'his was followed on 20 March 1777 by * The
Milesian,' a two-act opera written by Isaac
Jackman. In 1782 Carter wrote music for
Pilon's * Fair American,' which was played
at Drury Lane on 18 May; for this work
Baker {Biographia Dramatical ii. 210) says
that Carter received no payment, and that
Pilon had to abscond to avoid the conse-
quences. For Palmer's Royalty Theatre, in
Goodman's Fields, Carter wrote an incidental
pastoral, * The Birth Day, or Arcadian Con-
test,' and 'The Constant Maid,' besides several
song^ and glees. His last operatic work was
* Just in Time,' the book of which was by
Thomas Hurlstone, Carter himself contribut-
ing some verses for a song in the laat act.
This work was produced at Covent Garden
for Mimden's benefit on 10 May 1792, with
Incledon in the principal character. Besides
these works Carter wrote a song, * When we're
married,' for Lord Barrymore's theatre at
Wargrave, which was introduced by Mrs.
Bland in ' The Surrender of Calais ' (1791) ;
in 1783 he contributed an epilogue song to
Mrs. Cowley's ' Bold Stroke for a Husband,'
and at various times published several collec-
tions of glees, catches, and songs, in one of
which his best-known composition,' O Nanny,
wilt thou gang wi' me,' appeared. Carter
died in London on Friday, 12 Oct. 1804. He
was undoubtedly a clever musician, but his
improvidence and carelessness were such that
he was in perpetual difficulties. An impro-
bable story of his havixig forged a Handel
manuscript and sold it for twenty g^uineas
appeared in the 'Gentleman's Magazine after
Carter
207
Carter
his death, and has been often repeated by his
biographers.
Most of the accounts of his life which have
appeared are full of extraordinary blunders,
principally caused by there having been
another lliomas Carter, also a musician, who
was his contemporary. This individual died
of liver complaint on 8 Nov. 1800, aged 82.
The * Dictionary of Musicians ' (1827) and
* Georgian Era ' (iv.526) have transferred the
younger Carter's age, liver, widow, and chil-
dren, to the elder musician, thus creating a
remarkable confusion. Another error is the
statement that in Italy Carter attracted the
attention of Sir William and Lady Hamilton.
Sir William Hamilton went as envoy to
Naples in 1764, but was not made a G.C.B.
until 1772, and was unmarried until long
after Carter had left Italy. To add to this
confusion, a third Thomas Carter, also a mu-
sician, was living in Dublin at the begin-
ning of the century. This individual can be
tra^d to 1809, but there can be no doubt
that the author of ' Nanny ' died in Lon-
don at the date given above. In 1847 a
claim was made by a grandson of Joseph
Baildon on behalf of his grandfather as tne
composer of * Nanny,' out this has been
completely disposed oi {Musical Times , 1878,
p. 502), as it has been proved that Baildon's
setting is totally different from Carter's.
Thomas Carter had a younger brother
mamed Sampson, who was a chorister in St.
Patrick's Cathedral until 1760. He subse-
quently settled in Dublin as a music-master,
took the degree of Mus. Doc. at the Dublin
University, and in 1797 was appointed a vicar
choral of St. Patrick's. He probably died
about 1814.
[Information from Major G-. A. Crawford and
Sir R. P. Stewart ; Genest's Hist, of the Stage ;
Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 317 ; Gent. Mag. 1800,
1117; 1804.986, 1166; 1847, 376. 481, 604;
Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. vii. 694 ; Cotton's Fasti
Eccles. Hib. ii. 210; Townsend's Calendar of
Knights; Quarterly Musical Mag. v. 127.1
W. B. S.
CARTER, THOMAS (<f. 1867), military
writer, entered in 1839 as a temporary clerk
at the Horse Guards, and subsequently rose
to the position of first clerk in the adjutant-
general's office. He assisted Mr. Cannon in
the preparation of the historical records of
the british army, and after that gentleman's
retirement edited the published records of
the 26th (Cameronians) and 44th regiments,
and a new edition of the records of the 13th
light infantry. These works, however, were
not treated as official publications. Carter
was author of * Cariosities of War,' London,
1860, and * Medals of the British Army,' Lon-
don, 1861-2, and was a constant contributor
to * Notes and Queries.' He died on 9 Aug.
1867.
[War Office Lists ; Brit, Mus. CatJ
H. M. C.
CARTER, WILLIAM (d. 1584), printer,
son of John Carter, a draper of London, was
put apprentice to John Cawood [q. v.] for
ten years from the feast of the Purification,
1662-3, as appears from the register of the
Stationers' Company, which, however, makes
no further mention of him. For some time he
acted as amanuensis to Dr. Nicholas Harps-
field, the catholic divine, and he was concerned
in printing and publishing several of their
books. His secret press was at last discovered
by the vigilance oiAylmer, bishop of London,
who wrote thus to Lord Burghley on 30 Dec.
1679 : * I have founde out a presse of prynt-
ynge with one Carter, a verye lowed feilowe,
who hath byne dyvers tymes before in prison
for printinge of lewde pamphelets. But
nowe in searche of his Howse amongest
other nawghtye papystycall Books, wee have
founde one wrytten in Frenche intyled tJie
innocencey of the Scotyshe Qtiene, a very
dangerous Book. Wherein he calleth her
the heire apparant of this Crowne. He en-
veyth agaynst the execucion of the Duck of
Norfolke, defendeth the rebellion in the
north, and dyscourseth against you and the
late L. keper' (Lansd. MS. 28, f. 177). On
this occasion Carter escaped prosecution, but
three years later he was apprehended on a
charge of printing a book entitled * A Trea-
tise of Schism,' which was alleged to contain
a passage inciting the women at court to as-
sassinate Queen Elizabeth. The obnoxious
work was seized in his house on Tower Hill,
and he confessed that 1,260 copies of it had
been struck off. Conflicting statement-s have
been made concerning the authorship of this
book. Camden says suspicion fell on Gregory
^lartin, but Wood assigns the authorship to
the Jesuit, Robert Parsons, and says the full
title of the treatise is, * A Brief Disco urs con-
tayning certayne Reasons why Catholiques
refuse to goe to Church,' 1680. Dodd (Church
History t ii. 122) indignantly denies that the
alleged treasonable passage is to be found in
any of Gregory Martin's writings, but in point
of fact it occurs in sheet D ii of tliat author's
* Treatise of Schisme. Shewing that al Ca-
tholikes ought in any wise to abstaine alto-
gether from heretical Conuenticles, to witt,
their prayers, sermons, etc.,' Douay, 1678,
8vo ; and it is in the following terms : —
'Judith foloweth, whose godlye and con-
stant wisedome if our Catholike gentlewomen
Carteret
208
Carteret
woulde folowe, they might destroye Holo-
femes, the master heretike, and amase al
his retinewy and neuer defile their religion
by communicating with them in anye smal
poynt/ Carter on being brought to trial at
the Old Bailey contended that this passage
in his reprint of Martin's book was not ap-
plicable to Queen Elizabeth, and that its
meaning was strained by the lawyers, but
he was foimd guilty of treason. The next
morning he was drawn from Newgate to
Tyburn and there hanged, bowelled, and
quartered, 11 Jan. 1583-4.
[AqnepontaDiis, Concertatio Eoclesise CathoL
in Angli&, ii. 127 a-133 a ; Wood's Athense Oxen.
(Bliss), ii. 68, 69 ; Camden's Annales of Eliza-
beth (1626-9), iii. 67; StoVs Annale8(1616),
698; Strype's Aylmer (1821), 30; Strype's
Annals (fol.), ii. 687, 688, iii. 281, append. 198;
Challoner's Missionary Priests (1741), i. 160;
Fuller's Church Hist. (1666), ix. 169 ; Dodd's
Church Hist. ii. 122, 167; Fulke's Defence of
the Transl. of the Scriptures (Parker Soc.), p.
xiii. ; Clay's Liturgies and Occasional Forms of
Prayer in reign of Eliz. (Parker Soc.), 696;
Ames'sTypogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 1204 ; Morris's
Troubles of our Catholic Fore&thers, 2nd series,
13, 33 ; Notes and Queries, 6th scr. xii. 346.1
T. C.
CARTERET, Sir GEORGE (d, 1680),
ffovemor of Jersey, was son of Helier de
Carteret of St. Guen, Jersey. Collins in his
* History of the Family of Carteret ' states that
Sir George was bom in 1599, but this seems
to be merely an inference from the statement
that he was about eighty at the time of his
death. On the other hand his mother, Eli-
zabeth Dumaresq, did not marry Helier de
Carteret until 1608 (Paywb, Armorial of Jer-
sey, p. 113), and one of the comi)laints of the
inhabitants of Jersey against Sir Philip de
Carteret in 1642 charges him with entrust-
ing the governorship 01 the island during his
own absence in 1640 to George Carteret, * a
nephew of his of about twenty-three years
of age' (Fallb, Jersey, ed. Durell, p. 311).
Georffe Carteret, therefore, was bom at some
date Detween 1609 and 1617. According to
Lady Fanshawe {Memoirs, p. 61) he was bred
a sea boy, and he appears in the state pa^rs
in 1632 as lieutenant of the ship Convertive.
On 18 March 1633 he was appomted captain
of the Eighth Lion's Whelp, and successively
commanoed the Mary, Rose, and other ships
of the king's navy. In 1637 he served as
second in command under Rainsborough in
the expedition to Sallee (Cal, State Papers,
Dom.) Two years later he attained the rank
of comptroller of the navy, and in 1642 was
desired by parliament for the post of vice-
admizal to the Earlof Warwick, butthe king's
commands prevented his accejDtance (CLi-
KENDON, HeoelHon, v. 44). When the wir
began, Carteret at first attemnted to raise a
troop for the king in Cornwall^ but was in-
duced instead to undertake the duty of sup-
plying the western royalists with arms and
ammunition (ib, vi. 253). He aooordingly
established himself at St. Malo, and made use
of his own credit and his great local influence
to supply both the western gentlemen and the
fortresses of the Channel Lslands (HoexDra^
p. 85). On the death (August 1G43) of his
uncle. Sir Philip de Carteret [q. v.J, whose
daughter Elizabeth G^rge Carteret had map-
ried, he succeeded to the office of bailiff of Jer-
sey, the reversion of which had been granted
to him by jpatent in lGSQ(Hist MSS. Comm.
1st Rep. o4). From the king he received
also his appointment as lieutenant-governor
of the island under Sir Thomas Jermyn,
and landing there in November 1643, recon-
quered it and expelled Major Lydcott, the
parliamentary governor, before the end of thp
month (H08KIK8, i. 155-75). From Jersey
Carteret carried on a vigorous privateering
war against English trade, by virtue of the
king's commission as vice-admiral, which he
received on 13 Dec. 1644 (t&. p. 230^. The
parliament termed this piracy, exduded him
trom amnesty in subsequent treaties with the
king, and passed a special ordinance making
void all commissions granted by him (16 Sept.
1645, Hu8BAin)8, folio Collection of Ordi-
nances, p. 734). Carteret governed with great
severity, imprisoning the persons and confis-
cating the estates of parliamentarians [see
BAif DiNEL, David], but developing with great
skill all the resources of the island. These
were strained to the utmost when in 1646 the
island became the refuge of royalist fugitives,
and the cessation of the war enabled the par-
liament to turn their forces against it. In
the spring of 1646 Prince Charles landed in
Jersey, and rewarded Carteret by creating
him knight and baronet (Hobkiks, 185, 285-
367). Collins, however, states that he was
knighted on 21 Jan. 1644, and created a baro-
net by warrant bearing date 9 May 1645
{History of Family of Carteret, p. 39). Hyde,
who remained two years in Jenej as Carte-
ret's guest, writes of Sir G^rge : ' lie was truly
a worthy and most excellent person, of ex-
traordinary merit towards the crown and na-
tion of England ; the most generous man in
kindness, and the most dexterous man in
business ever known; and a most prudent
and skilful lieutenant-governor, who reduced
Jersey not with great^ skill and discretion
than he kept it. And besides his other parts
of honesty and discretion, undoubtedly as
good| if not the best seaman of England'
(HoBKIXS, i, 1T9, collecting Clnrendon's re-
moika ; see also Cl4Ebkdo», Life, v. 4).
Carteret, joined Capi^l andllyde in tht^articles
of sssociatioD for the preservation of Jersey,
drawn up when Jermjn was Buapeoted of de-
BiKiiin)[ to sell the island to the French (Ci^
Oar. Stale Fapei-s, ii. 279). On the second
viiit ofC^oileall to Jersey (17 Sept. 1640 to
18 Feb. 1660) he wa,i further rewarded by the
grant of the seignettriMofNoLnnont,Meleche,
And Belle Ozanne. He woa aluo granted ' a
certain island and adjacent ialeta in America
in perpetasl inheritance, to be called New
Jefaey.andheldat aaannualrentof 6/. ayear
tolhecrown'(HoBKtNB,ii.385). Wiiitelocke
recordi in 1650 the capture of a ship sent by
Carteret to eAtnhlish the new colony (Menui-
riaU, 455). But the growing nnvnl strength
of the Commonwealth rendered liis positron
mors difficult month by month; an attack
threatened in May 1647 proved abortivt' (Ho»-
Knrs, ii. 138), but a second proved successful,
BudCarteretsuirenderedonl^Dec. 1661 (see
the articles of surrender, Mercantu Polilicta,
No. 82). He proceeded to join the exiles in
France, and obtained acnmmandinthe French
navy, apparently that of viee-adiniral, under
tbe DuKe of Vendome (Mereiintw Politico,
No. 126; Cal. Oar. State }^pfri,u. 275). In ,
Ausust 1667 he was arrested and imprisoned I
in the Baatilleon the complaint of Lockhart, I
in conseijueDce of some attempt to seduce
the English forces then actinj; as auxiliaries
of France in the Low Countries, or perhaps
for griving secret intelligence to the Spaniards
<;^TjtUELOE. vi. 421 ; ViUoHAir, PniUctorate,
ii. 241). IJe was released in December 1667,
but banished from France, and wen t to Venice,
intending to take service tinder the republic
(Thfbu)E, vi. 681),
At the rCeiitoration Carteret became a mem-
ber of ihe privy council and treasurer of the
OAvy. and also obtained the post of viee-
chambcrlaJn of tlu3 household, to which office
lie bad been appointed by Prince Charles as
early as 1647 (KBiraLT, Ri^U'ter, 167 : Hob-
KtKB,ii.ll3). In 1601 he was elected member
for Portsmouth, But itwasastreasurerofthe
naryfrom 1661 to 1667 that bis most impor-
tant work was done. He was not a pleasant
superior, for Peuys speaks of Lim as the most
pAAsionate man m the world, and Sir William
Coventry describes him as one whose humour
it wiualwaysto have tilings done bia own way.
This led to a long stru^le between Coventry
■nd Carteret, which lasted till the resignation
of the latter. Yet Coventry ' did not deny Sir
O. Carterel his due in saying- that he is a man
that do take the most pains, and gives him-
self the must to do business of any about the
foart, without any desire of pleasure or di-
VOL. IX.
vertisements ■ (pEPra, 30l)c[, 1662). During
the diiliculties of the Dutch war, Carteret's
personal credit with the bunkers was of the
greatest service. In 166.i, during the plaguts
Cart«ret states that be borrowed 380,000/.
on bis own credit, and thus kept the fleet
abroad when it otherwise must have come
home(ORnr, &fin(<M, p. 170; seealsoPBPis,
25 June 1667). The fiJl of his friend Sand-
wich and the miscarriage of tbe Dutch war
undermined his position, and he was only
maintained by liis great influence with iha
king when in June 166" he eichonwd his
office with Lord Anglesey for the place of
deputy-tTflasureroflrekndd'A. 28 June 1667).
' The king,' Carteret told Pepys, ' at his ear-
nest entreaty, did with much unwillingness,
but with owning of great obligations to him
for his faithfulness and lon^ service to bim
and his fiither, grant bis desire.' In spite of
this retirement Carteret could not escape the
censure of parliament. Tbe report of tbe
commissioners for the public accounts re-
vealed gross miamanagement in tbe navy dur
keeping the accounts (Jfiit. MSS. Conrnt.
8th Rep. 128-S:J). Tbe IIoubb of Lords ap-
pointed a committee to examine into these
charges, whose report, so far as it went, was
favourable to Carteret (iA. 133). In the
House of Commons, however, he was, on
several articles, voted guilty of a misdemea-
nor, and Anally, on 10 Dec. 1669, by 100
ia B7 votes, sosjiended from sitting in tbe
bouse (Grey, Debata, i. 214). Tbe pron>-
gation of parliament put an end both to the
prosecution in the commons and to tbe pro-
ceedings of the lords' committee, In spite of
this disgrace, when in 1673, on the resigna-
tion of tbe Duke of York, the admiralty was
put in commission, Carteret was appointed
one of the commissioners. He also acted aa
a member of tbe Tangiers committee, and aa
one of the committee of trade andplBntations.
Outside tbe admiralty colonial a&irs chiefly
occupied his attention. In 1063 he appears
as one of the originalpro^rietors of Carolina
(24 March 1663), To him , in conjunction
with Lord Berkeley, the Duke of York assigned
the land between the Hudson and the Dela-
ware, to be called, in honour of Carteret, New
Jersey (Bancboit. ii, 69; Cat. Cot. State
Pawn, 1661-8, 607, 337).
By tbe government of Jersey, by success-
ful privateering, and by the different offices
he had held since the Restoration, Carteret
had accumulated considerable wealth. Mat-
vell terms him ' Carteret the rich,' and the
' Flagolltim Parliamentariiim ' boldly accuses
bimofrobhingthekingof300,000/. He him-
self told Pepys in 16C7 ihot be was worth
Carteret
2IO
Carteret
50,000/. when the king came in, and was only
15,000/. better than he was then. * I do take
him for a most honest man,' adds the diarist
il2 April 1667). He was ako a bold man,
or he took the liberty of recommending to
the king the necessity of preserving at least a
show oireligion and sobnety (Pbpts, 27 July
1667). His education was very defective.
Marvell sneers at his * ill English,' and Pepys
was shocked by his ignorance of the meaninjg
of the device S.P.Q.K., ' which ignorance is
not to be borne in a privy counsellor, me-
thinks, what a schoolboy would be whipped
for not knowing' (Dkiry, 4 July 1668).
Carteret's death is announced in the ' London
Gazette ' of 14 Jan. 1680, where it is stated
that he was * near eighty years old, of which
he had spent fifty-five in the service of his
majesty and his royal father.' At the time
of kis aeath the king was about to raise him
to the peerage, and consequently granted to
his widow, by warrant dated 14 Feb. 1680,
the same precedence as if the promised crea-
tion had actually taken place (warrant quoted
by Chalmers).
His eldest son, Philip, whose marriage with
Jemima Montague is so amusingly described
by Pepys (31 July 1665), had been killed in
the battle of Solebay. But George, the son
of this marriage, was elevated to tnejpeerage
14 Oct. 1681 as Bnron Carteret of Mawnes
(Burke, Extinct Peerage),
[Calendar of Domestic State Papers ; Claren-
don's History of the Rebellion ; Clarendon State
Papers; Hoskins's Charles II in the Channel
Islands ; Falle's History of Jersey, ed. Durell ;
Coliins's History of the Family of Carteret;
Pepys's Diary.] ' "^ G. H. F.
CARTERET, JOHN, Earl Granville
(1690-1763), was the eldest surviving son of
George, first baron Carteret, by his wife.
Lady Grace Granville, the youngest daughter
of John, first earl of Bath. He was bom on
22 April 1690, and when only five years old
succeeded to the barony of Carteret on the
death of his father on 22 Sept. 1695. He was
educated at Westminster School, and Christ
Church, Oxford, and was created D.C.L. on
26 April 1706. He devoted himself with so
much ardour to the pursuit of learning, that
Swift humorously asserted that, 'with a
singularity scarce to be justified, he carried
away more Greek, Latin, and philosophy
than properly became a person of^his rank ;
indeed, much more of each than most of
those who are forced to live by their learn-
ing will be at the unnecessary pains to load
their heads with ' (Swift, Works, vii. 476).
In Mardi 1710 his younger brother Philip, >
who had obtained his election into college in I
1707, died at Westminster Schooli and was
buried in the north aisle of the abbey, where
there is a monument to his memory, the
epitaph for which was written by Dr. Freind
Carteret took his seat in the House of Lords
on 25 May 1711, and soon became known as
a staunch supporter of the protestant suoce^
sion. He was appointed by Gborge I one of
the gentlemen of nis bedchamber on 18 Oct.
1714 ; in July 1715 bailiff of the island of
Jersey ; and on 6 July 1716 lord-lieutenant
and custos rotulorum of the county of Devon.
This last office he held until August 1721,
when he resigned it in favour of ]migfa, four-
teenth baron Clinton. His mother, who had
succeeded as coheiress of the neat Bath es-
tates on the death of her nephew William^
third earl of Bath, without issue in May
1711, was on 1 Jan. 1715 created Viscountess
Carteret and Countess Granville, with re-
mainder to her son John and his heirs male,
and a special remainder of the viscounty in
default of his male issue to his unde Edwazd
Carteret and his heirs male. His first re-
corded speech in the House of Lords was
made on 14 April 1716, when he spoke in
&vour of the Duke of Devonshire's septen-
nial Bill {Pari. Hist, vii. 298-9). In the
following year, when the g^reat schism
among the whigs occurred upon the dis-
missal of Lord Townshend from office, Car-
teret joined the Sunderland section of the
whig party. On 25 Jan. 1719 he was a^
point^ ambassador extraordinary and mim-
ster nlenipotentiarv to the queen of Sweden,
but aid not leave England until 1 June. He
successfully accomplished the objects of his
embassy, obtaining both the promise of com-
pensation to all British subjects who had
sustained losses in the Baltic, and the liffht
of freedom of trade and navigation in wmX
sea for all British ships in future. His ofier,
on behalf of the king, to mediate between
Sweden and Denmark, and also between the
former country and the czar, was readily
accepted by tne queen. A peace between
Sweden, Prussia, and Hanoverwas concluded
through the instrumentality of Carteret, and
5roclaimed at Stockholm on 9 March 17^.
'his was a prelude to a reconciliation be-
tween Sweden and Denmark. A preliminaiy
treaty between these two countries having
been signed, Carteret was appointed, in con-
junction with Lord Polwarth, ambassador
extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the
congress of Brunswick for the purpose of
finally adjusting the differences in the north
of Europe. In June 1720 he left Gaiiberfr,
and set out for Denmark. Arriving at FMe-
ricksburgh, he had his first audience with the
Danish kix)^ on the 19tlL Altera oonftmnee
firer
^f two days between Carburet and the Datush
ministers, llie treaty which had alfeady been
signed on tbe port of Sweden was concluded
on -I JuIt by the king' of Denmark. Thia
tre»ty, which waa ratilled on 22 Oct., prac-
Ibr the czar afterwards concluded an agree-
ment with Denmark without the interrun- '
tion of a mediator. Carteret, having accom- |
pLiehe<l the objects of hia mission, returned ,
through Hanover on his way to England, i
where he arrived on 5 Dec.
(>n 19 Auff. 1720 he bad been appointed, i
togetlier with Ear! Stanhope and Sir Bobert
Sutton, aniba»iador extraordinary and mini-
at«r plenipotentiary at the cougreae of Cam-
bray. The meeting of the congress waa de-
layed, and Carteret does not appear to have
acted in this capacity. Soon after his arrival
in England he took part in the debates on
the state of the national credit occasioned by
the fivilure of the South Sea scheme, and sup-
ported Lord Stanhope's contention that the
eata(«s of the crlminalB, whether directors
or not, ought to be confiscated. During the
diBcnssioua on this subject Cart«ret waa ap-
p(nnt«d ambassador extraordinary to the
court of France. He was on the point of
aetting out, when the death of James Craggs,
jnn., o<rciUTed. He was thereupon appointed
secretary of state for afFoirs of the southern
province in Walpole's adnunistration, and,
being admitted lo office on 5 March 1721, was
s<vom a member of the privv council on the
■ameday. Itwae impoesibleiortwo such men
■a Walpole and Carteret, neither of whom
could brook any rivals, to act together in the
umecabinel foranylengthof time. Carteret
soon became jealous of Walpole's paramount
aatboritj. and endeavoured to ingrntinte him-
Bclf with the king. In this he quickly suc-
ceeded, as George could speak no Enelish, and
Carteret was the only minister t^io could
speak German. Emboldened by the influ-
ence which he had acquired over Georee,
Oart«ret endeavoured to form a party of Eis
own. Having secured the assistance of the
CounlosB of Darlington, and gained over to
hin side Lord Carleton, the lord pri\7 seal,
the Duke of Boxbuwhe, the secretaty for Scot-
land, and Lord Cadonan, the commander-in-
chief, he endeavoured to onst Wnlpole from
office. With this object in view he strongly
supported the Hanoverian policy of the
king, and professed to exercise a consider-
able influtnce over Cardinal Dubois, the
Frenth minister.
Till- Mrujrgle for supremncy between Cnr-
t«r<'i in the one hand, and Wnlpole supported
fej'i'owuhaad on tko oiher, was uprolonged '
Carteret
one. Though Carteret was appointed one of
tbe lords justices of the kingdom in the ah-
flence of the king on 26 May 1733, both ha
and Townshend, the other secretary of state,
followed George to HonoTer, and there a
^reat part of these intrigues and counter-
intrigues took place. The La VriUiSre inci-
dent brought matters to a head. Sir Luke
Schaub. a partisan of Carteret's, was recalled
from his post of English minister at Paris;
aud Cart«ret, being succeeded as secretary
of state by the Duke of Newcastle, waa on
3 April 1724 nominated lord-lieutenant of
Ireland. That country was then in a very
excited and discontented state. In 1723 a
patent had been granted to Wood for the
exclusive right of coining balance and
farthing to the value of 108,000^ This pa-
tent had been obtained through the influence
of the Duchess of Kendal, and without any
consultation with the Irish privy council.
Carteret, by caballing with the Brodericka
(one of whom was the lord-chancellor of Ire-
land), and furnishing, it is said, the private
history of the mode in which the patent hod
been obtained, had greatlv encouraged the
prevailing discontent. He had done this
with the object of harassing Walpole, who
now enjoyed the refined revenge of sendidg
him to quell the disturbance which he ho3
helped to raise. In 1724 Swift published the
famous ' Drapier's Letters,' whidi aroused tha
Irish to a pitch of fren*y. The new lord-
lieutennnt did not go over to Dublin until
October. Thefourth letter.addressed'tothe
whole people of Ireland,' was published in
this month, and one of Carteret's first acts
Swift, who had made the acquaintance of
Carteret some years before, had, on hearing
of his appointment to the lord-lieutenancy,
Sromptly written to him while still lu Lon-
on about the patent. When Harding,
the printer of the letters, was imprisoned,
Swift went to the levee, and demanded of
Carteret an explanation of this severity
against a poor mdustrious tradesman who
had published two or three papers designed
for the good of his country. Carteret, who
could have had little doubt of Swift being
the real author of the letters, though he was
probably not desirous that it should be di»-
covered, replied by an apt quotation from
Virgil:
Uta duni, et regni novitas, ms tolia cognnt
Moliri.
After fin unsuccessful attempt had been
made lo allay the popular ferment by means
of a compromise, Carteret procured the re-
Carteret
212
Carteret
vocation of the patenty and the excitement
speedily subsided. In accordance with the '
usual custom of lord-lieutenants in those
days, Carteret only remained in Ireland !
during the sitting of the Irish parliament, |
and in January 1 1 27 we find him speaking -
in the House of Ijords on the East Indian ,
trade, and giving expression to views which
in these days would be considered economi-
cally unsound.
On I June 1725, and again on 31 May ;
1727, he was appointed one of the lords jus- '
tices of the kingdom during the kinff*s ab- ;
sence from England. George I died sud- '
denly while on his way to Hanover at his .
brother*H palace at Osnaburgh on 11 June
1727. Carteret was one of the old pri\'y
councillors who met at l^eicester House on ,
the 14th for the purpose of proclaiming
George II, and on the same day was sworn '
of the new privy council. Having been reap- |
pointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland on 29 July, |
he returned to Dublin in November, when ho
opened the n(»w parliament. Wliile in Ire- i
land he lived on intimate terms with Swift, j
from whom he frecjuently received advice :
with n'gard to Irish affairs. The advice was
not always taken, for it is related that *when
Carteret had parried,with his usual dexterity,
W)mo complaint or request of Swift, ho ex-
claimed, " What in God's name do you do
heroP Get back to your own countr>', and
send us our lK)obi(».s again "' (Swii-t, tVork«,
i. ;J72-.*i). Though Carteret declined to ad- |
mil Swift to any otUce which would give
him a right to iuttirforo in the affairs of the
country, ho occasionally presented unimpor-
tant pieces of prelernient to Swift's friends.
On the appointment of Dr. Delany to some
{)laces of small prolit, an outcry was raised
)y t ho more vi(jU;nt whigs, who dwlared that
extravagant favour had been shown to a tory
divine. This gave rise to Swift's pamphlet
entitled * A Vindication of His Excellency,
John Lord Carteret, from the charge of
favouring none but Tories, High-churchmen,
and Jacobites,' which was published in 1730.
Taktm as a whoK>, Cart^^ret's administration
of Irish affairs during the six years he waa
lonl-lieuUmant was generally i)opular — in-
d(iod. Swift confossiHl in a letter to Gav,
dated 19 Nov. 17;K), that Carteret Miad'^a
gentooler manner of binding the chains of the
kingdom than most of his predecessors ' (ib,
xvii. 350). That Cartert»t appreciated Swift's
commendation is clear from a letter written
by him to Swift and dated March 1737, in
the postscript of which he says: 'When
peopk ask me how I governed Ireland, I
say that I pleased Dr. Swift ' (t6. xix. 135).
At the same time, as the seals were taken
away from his old enemy, Lord Townshend,
Carteret was dismissed from his post. He
left Ireland in April 1730, and though offered
the post of lord steward, left vacant bv the
appointment of the Duke of Dorset as lord-
lieutenant, he refused to take further office
under AValpole.
Upon his return from Ireland he joined
the opposition, and, becoming a close ally of
Pulteney, took a very prominent part in the
struggle against AValpole. During this period
he seixed every opportunity in the House of
Lords of harassing the administration. His
speeches, however, were not always consis-
tent with those which he had delivered when
in office. In a conversation with Lord Her-
vey about Carteret, Sir Robert Walpole is
reported to have said that ' I had some diffi-
culty to get him out, but he shall find much
more to get in again ' (Lord Hekyby, Me-
moirSf 1884, ii. 128). Walpole kept his
word, and the struggle was long and doubt-
ful. Towards the end of the opposition, Car-
teret was suspected by some of oeing desirous
to make his peace with the court. However
that may be, on 13 Feb. 1741 he moved his
famous resolution in the House of Lords that
an address should be presented to the king
requesting him to remove Walpole from his
* presence and counsels for ever {Pari. Hint,
XI. 1047-85). His speech on this occasion
was the longest, as well as the ablest, which
he appears to have made, and was charac-
terised l)y contemporary authorities as one of
the most splendid orations which had l>H*n
heard in the House of Lords. The debate
lasted two days, and Carteret was beaten by
108 to 59. A similar motion by Sandys in
the House of Commons was, owing to dis-
sensions among the heterogeneous opposi-
tion, defeated by a still larger majority. In
April parliament was dissolved, and Wal-
pole met the new House of Commons with
a diminished majority. Tlie opposition soon
showe<l its strength, and on 29 Jan. 1742 the
ministers were left in a minority of one in a
division on the Chippenham election peti-
tion. Upon the resignation of Walpole, the
Wilmington administration was formed, and
Carteret was appointed secretary of state
for the affairs oi the northern province on
12 Feb. 1742.
Once again we find him changing his par-
liamentary language, and supporting mea-
sures which he had formerly opposed ; and so
I far as the domestic policy of the government
was concerned, matters went on much the
same as under Walpole. Tlie foreign iK>licy,
however, gained considerably in energy under
Carteret s direction. He at once sent the as-
I surance of his full support to MarU Theresa,
«nd in September 1742 went. Iiinuelf to the
Btnles-G«iienil in order to concert, meiisurea
■witli them for the protection of the United
ProvincpB. Though appointed one of the
lords jtuticM of the kinffdom in the absence
of the kins, he attended George during- the
whole of the compftim of 1743, and wa« pre-
eenl nt tie battle of Dettingren. Byfurtner-
ine the king's Hanorerian policy, and other-
wise flattering his prejudicsd, Carteret had
now obtained complete influence over him.
This period of Cortiret's aecendencv wus
known by the name of 'The Drunken Ad-
minis trat] on,' and the expression, as Macau-
lay remarks in his ' Egsay on Walpole's Let-
terB.'wBanotaitogetherngTiralivc. Tbewar,
liowever, became very unpopiklar, as it was
allied that the interests of England were
eubordinnted to those of Hanover. The
ministers were incensed at Carteret's arro-
gance and his neglect in consulting them on
foreign affairs — in short, he speedily become
the most anpopulsr man in the country, In
December 1743 Pitt, in tlie Jebata on the
address, describiid him * as an eTecmble, a
«i>lo minister, who had renounced the British
nntiun, and seemed to have drunk of the po-
tion described in poetic fictions which made
men forget ibeir country' {Pari. Hut. xiii,
135 note).
On the death of Lord Wilmington in July
1743, IleiiTy Pelham had become the prime
xninistfr, and after a protracted struggle in
the cabinet, Cart«ret, who bad succeeaed to
the title of Earl Granville on the death of
his mother on 18 Oct. 1744, being unable to
■wttlistand the combined opposition against
Hm. resided the seals, whicn were accepted
by t he king with great reluctance on 24 Xov.
1744. Carteret, howerer, accepted hie defeat
with bis usual cheerftilneag, and, according
to Horace Walpole, retired ' from St. James^
Ikiighing.' Earlyin 1746, beingatillin favour
■with the king, he made another attempt to
Tegain power. Under hia advice the king re-
fiubd to admit Pilt I.o office. This advice
-was far from distasteful to the king, as Pitt
bad vigorously opposed the nanoverian
Klicy on the continent. The ministers, being
und by their promises to give office to l^tt,
thereupon resigned, and the two seals of the
AecmtAries of state were on 10 Feb. ir4fS de-
livered to Granville that he and Lord Bath
night fiinii an iidministrat ion as tbey pleased,
leavour to form a ministry, he
Tfniyiit'ii \ar- spoIs on the 14th, only four days
»l't<^r hit appointment. His high spirits ^d
Iforsako liim even on ihiii occasion, and he
Liuned to laugh and drink ns before, own-
thai the attempt was mad, but that he
.«)nil« ready lu do it again. One of the
Afi--r
many squibs which were published at this
lime, entitled 'A History of the Long Ad-
ministration,' concludes with the following
ironicml remarks; 'And thus endeth the
second and last part of this astonishing ad-
ministration, which lasted forty-eight hours,
three-quarters, seven minutes, and eleven
seconds ; which may truly be called the moat
honest of all administrations ; the minister,
to the astomshment of all wise men, never
transacted one rash thing; and, what is more
marvellous, left as much money in the If y
as he found in it.' From this time he severed
bis political connection with Lord Bath,
who, he declared, bad forced upon him the
short-lived administration, and by which he
considered that he paid all his debts to
He still continued in the kingVfavouJ, '
and having been elected on 22 June 1749"fc
knight of the Garter, was installed at Wind-
sor on 13 July 1750. On 17 June in the fol-
lowing year he was appointed president of
the council. When congratulated 'on his
conciliation with his former opponents, he
replied : ' I am the king's president ; I know
nothing of the Pelhams ; I have nothing to
dowiththem.' Notwithstanding the vanoua''
changes in the administration which occurred
from time to time, by keeping himself aloof
from the broils in which the other ifilnist^
engaged he continued to hold the post until
his death. In 1756 the Duke of Newcastle,
as a desperate effort to avert resignation,
ofTeretl Granville the first place in a ministry
of which be himself should be a subordinate
member. Gtan-ville had, however, by this
time lost his ambition, and refused the offer.
The last recorded speech which ho made in
the House of Lords was in the debateon the
second reading of the Habeas Corpus Bill on
9 May 1758 (Parl. Hut. sv. 900). During
the last four years of his life his health gra-
dually failed, though he still continued to
S reside over the meetings of the council. In
clober 1761, when Pitt proposed in council
en immediate declaration of war with Spain,
and tlirentencd to resign if his advice waa
not taken, Granville is said to have replied :
' I tind the M^ntleman is determined to leave
us, nor can I say I am sorry for it, since he
would otherwise have certainly compelled
us to leave him; but if he be resolved 10 as-
sume the right of advising his majesty, and
directing the operations of the war. to what
Jurpose are we called to tliiscouneilP When
e talks of being responsible to the people,
he talks the language of the House of Com-
mons, and forgets that at this board he is
only responsible to the king, However, tho'
lie may possibly have convinced himself pf
Carteret
214
Carteret
his infalHbmty, still it remains that we
shoidd be equiuly convinced before we can
resign our imderstandings to his direction,
or join with him in the measure he proposes'
{Ann. Reg. 1761, p. 44). To the last he
maintained his keen interest in foreign affairs.
Robert Wood, in his * Essay on the original
Genius of Homer * (1769, pp. i, ii), relates
that, < being directed to call upon his lord-
ship a few days before he died with the pre-
limmary articles of the Treaty of Paris, I
found him so languid, that I proposed post-
poning my business for another tmie; but he
msisted that I should stay, observing that it
could not prolong his life to neglect his duty,
and repeated the following passage out of
Sarpedon's speech, with particular emphasis
on the third line, by which he alluded to the
conspicuous part he had acted in public life
Co ninov, ic.r.A., II. xii. 322-8). His lordship
then recovered spirits enough to hear the
treaty read, and to declare the warm appro-
bation of a dying statesman (I use his own
words) on the most glorious war, and most
honourable peace, this nation ever saw.'
Lord GranviHe died at Bath on 2 Jan. 1763,
in the seventy-third year of his age, and was
buried in Westminster Abbey on the 11th of
the same month in General Monck's vault,
in Henry VII's chapel. He married twice.
His first wife, Frances, the only daughter of
Sir Robert Wor8ley,bart., of Appuldercombe,
Isle of Wight, to whom he was married at
Longleat on 17 Oct. 1710, died at Hanover
20 June 1743. On 14 April 1744 he
on
married Lady Sophia Fermor, the second
daughter of Thomas, first earl of Pontefract.
His second wife, who is described by Lady
M. W. Montagu as having * few equals in
beauty or graces ' ( Tfie Letters and Works of
Lady M. W. Montagu, 1837, ii. 376}, died of
fever on 7 Oct. 1745 in her twenty-fifth year,
a few weeks after the birth of her daughter
Sophia, who afterwards became the wife of
William, second earl of Shelbume. By his
first marriage Granville had three sons and
five daughters. He was succeeded by his
only surviving son Robert, who died without
issue in 1776, when the titles became ex-
tinct. The barony of Carteret was re-creat«d
in 1784 in the person of one of Lord Gran-
ville's grandsons, Henry Frederick, the
younger son of his daughter Louisa and
Thomas, second viscoimt Weymouth, who
had succeeded to the Carteret estates on the
death of his uncle Robert. This barony
again became extinct upon the death of John
Aynne, third lord Carteret, in 1849. The
correspondence and papers of the first earl
GranviUe were presented to the British Mu-
•eum by the late Lord John Thynne in 1858
{AdditMSS. 22611-^). Though his career
was, on the whole, unsucoessful/he poesemed
the very highest reputation for ability among
his contemporaries, and it ia £rom their repre-
sentations alone that we are able to judge of
his character, as we have no authentic re-
cord of his speeches, and, with the exception
of some despatches, he left no writingabdiind
him. According to Lord Ghesteifidd, * Lord
Granville had great parts, and a most uncom-
mon share of learning for a man of qualitv»
He was one of the best speakers in the House
of Lords, both in the dedianatoiy and the
arpimentative way. He had a wonderful
qiuckness and precision in seizing the stress
of a question, which no art, no sophistry,
could disguise to him. In business he was
bold, enterprising, and overbearing. He had
been bred up in high monarchical, that is^
tyrannical principles of government, which
his ardent and imperious temper made him
think were the only rational and practicable
ones. He would have been a great firet
minister of France--little inferior, perhaps,
to Richelieu ; in this ffoveminent^ which is
vet free, he would have been a dangerous one,
little less so, perhaps, than Lord Stafford.
He was neither ill-natured nor vindictive,
and had a great contempt for money: his
ideas were all above it. In social life he was
an agreeable, good-humoured, and instructive
comnanion, a ^at but entertaining talker.
He degraded himself by Uie vice of linking,
which, together with a great stock of Greek
and Latin, he brouflrht away with him from
Oxford, and retained and practised ever after-
wards. By his own industry he had made
himself master of all the modem languages^
and had acquired a grreat knowledge of the
law. His political knowledge of the interest
of princes and of commerce was extensive,
and his notions were just and great. His
character may be sunmied up in nice preci-
sion, ^uick decision, and unbounded pre-
sumption ' ( The Letters of the Earl of Chester*
fieldy 1846, ii. 456). The description which
the same writer drew of him m the first
number of * Old Enfland' is not, however, so
flattering, but it should be borne in mind
that this was written in the heat of political
strife {ib. V. 233). Of the five great men who^
in Horace Walpole's opinion, lived in his time,.
'Lord Granville was most a genius of the
five ; he conceived, knew, expressed what he
pleased ' ( Walpolb, Memoirs of the Reign of
George II, 1846, iii. 85). Chatham himself;
in the House of Lords, some seven years after
Granville's death, said that 'in the upper de-
partments of government he had not his
e^ual, and I feel a pride in declaring that to
his patronage, to his firiendshipi and instruo*
tion. I owe whatever 1 am " (Par/. Hisl. xvi.
1096). Swift, in hiB verge as weU as iu hia i
letters and conversation, and Smollett in |
' Rodenck Random,' have abo testified to hie
talente. Though possessed of & siogiiliu'ly |
TsrsatUe intellect, lie was quite unfitted for .
the position of a purliumentarj leader. Fond
of power as he was, he riewed with con-
tempt the ordinary means hy which men
were conciliated ; and, destitute of fixed poli-
tical prindples, he treated polities more as a
game than as a serious businees. His con-
tempt of public opinion, and his unceasin?
■dvococyoftheHanoverian policy, prevented
liim tram ever becoming a popular minister.
Though a great patron of literature, he has
left no literary work of hia own behind him,
and nothing is known of the history of his
own time which he is supposed to have com-
menced (Loan Hbrtjii, Memoirs, iii. 158).
Careless of money, he was often hard pressed
in his lifetime, and at his death his affairs
■were left in a very embarrasaed condition.
A portrait of Granville by Thomas Hudson
-was exhibited in the Nalionnl Portrait Loan
Collection of 1»67 {Cataloffue, No, 259).
[In addition to the books refvrrad tu in the
actiele, ths fullowing works araoag others have
bem confialted : Biug. Brit. ITS4, iii. 270-80 ;
CoUini's Poenige. 1768, iv. 400-10; The Mnrch-
inoDtI^p«ni(ed. ^ir G. Rose), 1S31, vols, i.snd
ii.; Walpole's Letters, ISoT ; Lord Mahon's
History ot Eoglaod, 1S34, vols. ii. iii. and iv.;
I.Bcky's History of Englaiu!, vols. i. aad ii. ;
Ewsld's Sir Robert Wnlpole ; Macaulay's Ebsbjb
wiWalpole'iiLettBra to Sir H.Mann and William
Pitt, Earl of ChaCfanm ; Chesteir's Wsstminster
Abber Boaters; The Georgian Em, 1832. i.
289-93 ; Lyndon Gazettes.] G. F. B. B.
CARTERET, Sir PlltUP be (15&1-
1&48), koight, seigneur of St. Ouen and of
Bark, Ueutenant-governor of Jersey, was de-
scended from one of the most ancient and in- ;
fluential families of the island, being the son i
of SirPhilip de Carteret, governor of Jersey, |
who was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, and of I
Rachel, daughter and coheireas of Oeorge |
Poulett, bajlly of Jersey, and niece of Sir i
Amias Poulett, governor of Jersey, ancestor '
of the noble funily of that name. He was
bom in February 16S3-1, and educated at |
Oiford University. On attaining his majority !
he was elected a jurat of the royal court.
In l(i26 he was appointed baillyof the island,
and soon afterwards lieutenonl-govemor to
Sir ITiomas Jermyu, which iilKce he held to
thp end of hia life. Having been deputed
by the slHtes to negotiate with tlie privy
conncil for the eetabli^hnient of a set of .
canons tobringbackthe island to conformity
with the church of England, he conducted |
the negotiation to a successful issue. William
Prynne, in hia ' Lyar Confounded,' states
that during his three years' close confine-
ment in Jersey he received ■ eitraordinary
favours and respect ' from De Carteret and
his lady, when hy a special order from the
lords all his friends and kindred were denied
access to him. On accomit of the kind treat-
ment he experienced Prynne inferred that
De Carteret would be ready to support the
parliamentary cause in the contest with the
king, and states that he ' found him a real
friend to the state and parliament of Eng-
land in all his discourses and actions.' He
also mentions that 'he was the only man
that procured scholarships and fellowships
in Oxford for tbe islanders of Jersey, with
sundiy immunities both from Engltuid and
France concerning trade.' At the period of
the civil war the island was a prey to inter-
nal dissensions among the principal inhabi-
tants, and Be Cacteri^t was far Irom being
generally popular. In X642, while he was
in London, twenty-two articles signed by
some of the principal inhabitants were pre-
sented agunst him, and he was summoned
to answer them before the House of Lords.
On the ground, however, that Jersey was
in danger from a French invasion, he was,
chiefly through the representations of Prynne,
permitted to return home. Prynne was thus
the means of securing the island for the
king; but for De Carteret's return the par-
liamentary party would have been trium-
phant. De Carteret's proclamation, which he
made soon after his return, of his adherence
to the royal cause, Prynne explains by as-
serting that he had no other alteniative on
account of the conduct of the parliamentary
party towards him. There is, however, every
reason to suppose that, though sympalhiaing
to a certain extent with the aims of the par-
liamentary party in England, he was opposed
to extreme courses. Be this as it may, he
held out for Charles with a resolution which
nothing could shake. While he retired to
the castle of Elizabeth, his wife and eldest
son, Philip, took charge of the defence of
that of Orgueil. All his efforts to treat
with those in authority for the parliament
were rejected, and when through the hard-
ships of the siege his health broke down, .
the last services of the church were denied '
htm in his dying hours. It was only a short
time before he expired that Lady deCarteret
could obtain access to the cascie to bid him
final farewelL He died on Ii Au^ 1843.
By hia wife Ann, daughter of Sir Francis
Dowse of Browton and Nether Wallop,
Hampshire, he left several children, of whom
the eldest, Philip, was knighted by Charles II
Carteret
216
Carthach
in honour both of his father*8 and his own
heroic defence of Jersey in 1643.
[Ch6Talier*s Chronicle ; Falle's Acooant of the
Island of Jersey; Payne's Armorial of Jersey;
Prynne's Lyar Confounded ; Cal. State Papers,
Dom. Series.] T. F. H.
CABTEBET, PHILIP {d. 1796), rear-
admiral, was lieutenant of the Dolphin in
Byron's voyage, 1764-6 [see Btron, Johh,
1723-1786]. He was appointed commander
on his return, May 1766. To complete the work
which Byron had begun, a second expedition
was soon after his return despatchea to the
southern hemisphere imder the direction of
Captain Samuel Wallis, consisting of the Dol-
Shm, commanded by Captain Wallis, and the
wallow, commanded by Carteret. Carteret
complained of the Swallow as entirely unfit
for tlie voyage. He was, however, ordered to
sail in her, but was separated from the Dol-
phin while clearing the Straits of Magellan
(11 April 1767). He resolved to proceed inhis
ill-found ship, and after watering at Spanish
Isle, Masafuero, discovered Pitcaim's Island
on 2 July 1767, which in 1790 was occupied
by the mutineers of his m^esty's ship Bounty
[see Adajis, John, 1760P-1829J. Thence
proceeding in a north-west direction, he dis-
covered Osnaburg (named after the Duke of
York), Duke of Gloucester, and Queen Char-
lotte Islands, distinguishing the prominent
features of each by names which they still con-
tinue to possess. In his passage towards New
Britain he discovered Gower's, Simpson's, Car-
teret's, Hardy's, Wallis's, and Leigh's Islands.
Arming at New Britain, he found that an
inlet, supposed to be only a bay, was a strait
dividing tne island into two, and to the second
island he gave the name of New Ireland, dis-
tinguishing the intersecting channel as St.
George's. After discovering and naming the
islands of Sandwich, Byron, New Hanover,
the Duke of Portland's, the Admiralty, Den-
ven's, Matty's, Stephen's, and Freewill, he
proceeded along the coast to Mindanao, where
Ins observations enabled him to check some
mistakes made by Dampier in the survey of
that island. He reached Macassar 12 Dec.
1767, with a worn-out crew and unsea worthy
ship. In June 17(J8 he reached Batavia,
whence heproceeded round the Cape of Good
Hope to England, arriving at Spithead on
20 jNIarch 1769. On account 01 the state
of his health and the condition of the ship he
had latterly to contend with great difficulties,
and found it impossible to carry his full pur-
pose into execution, but his actual achieve-
ments in his one voyage of two years and a
half entitle him to rank among the greatest
geographical discoverers of his time.
In 1771 he was appointed to post rank, in
1777 he oommandedt the Ihruid frigate in the
West Indi^ and in 1779 was ajrpointed to
the Endymion, 44 guns, with which he joined
Eodney. He was too late for the campaign
of that year, and finally returned with a con-
voy from Jamaica in 1781. His health was
broken. In 1794 he was retired from the ac-
' tive list with the nominal rank of rear-ad-
miral, and died at Southampton 21 July 1796,
' having long been afflicted with loss of speech '
{Gent, Mag, Ixvi. ii. 622). His 'Journal'
was published in Hawkeeworth's ' Voyages,'
; 1773, which also includes the 'Voyages' of
; Byron, Wallis, and Cook, and was published
I in German and French the followmg year.
Carteret contributed to ' PhilosophicalTrans-
actions ' a note ' on the Inhabitants of the
Coast of Patagonia,' whose height, he says,
' varied from six feet to six feet seven inches,
and an ' Account of Camelopardalis found at
the Cape of Good Hope ' {Phil. Trans, ix. 20,
27).
[Journal as above ; Georgian Era, vol. iii. Ap-
pendix, 460-1 ; Beatson's Naval and Mil. Me-
moirs, voL vi. ; Navy Lists ; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
T.F.H.
CARTHACH, Saint, the elder (d. 680?),
appears in the * Felire ' of CEngus the Culdee
I (10th cent.) with the epithets of royal and
Koman attached to his name (ed. Stokes,
p. Iv). This is generally interpreted to
mean that he was of roval ancestry, and had
travelled to Rome [cf. Cainnech, Saint].
From the ' Vita Kierani ' (Bollandist A. SS.,
March, v. 396) we gather that he was the
grandson of Angus, king of Munster, who
would seem to be the king whose death is
recorded in the 'Four Masters' under the
year 489. Colgan, however, noting that he
was the brother of St. Cuanna, quotes from
an old genealogy to show that he was the
great-grandson of Neill of the Nine Hostages
{A. SS.y 249-61), who died about the year
405 (but cf. the Lcabhar Breac notes to
Angus, p. Ix).
In the * Vita Kierani ' St. Carthach appears,
before the death of St. Patrick, as one of St.
Ciaran of Saighir's young disciples (p. 395) ;
but there are some difficulties m the wav of
accepting this statement in its entirety (Hict.
of Christ Biog. i. 410). We read that Car-
thach became engaged in an intrigue with a
certain nun, in jpunishment for which offence
St. Ciaran enjomed on him the penance of
foreign travel. On his return he seems to
have joined St. Ciaran once more, and is said to
have oecn appointed his successor at Saighir,
perhaps about the year 650 (ib. i. 644). It
may have been a few years later than this
Carthach
Carthach
thnt he found Lia namesake, Ihe younger Car-
tliiLcb, on ihe banks of the Maag (P Mainne)
tn Kerry, and ordained him prieat. From
the latrer saint's life (A. SS., U May, 379),
we learn thntit was tliehttbitof St.CaithBcn
to Iraverse hia diocese singing the Psalms,
in alteroation with his accompanying pcieats.
Dr. Lanigan would date the first friendship tween court
" '' " ' ' "he year 57/,
« date for the
s evident, how-
ever, that this is hardly con«ateut with the
admission that he was already one of St.
Ciaran's disciples before 490. St. Carthach's
principal church was at Saigbir in King's
County, where he succeeded St. Oinran. To
this tae authors of the ' Acta Sanctorum '
add (from the ' Martyrology of Tamlacht')
t, ctiurch at Druim Ferdhaindi, a place which,
according to the same authority, Uarianua
C)'Oonnan located at Cnrberyin Kildare. A
thinl church was at Inis Vaehtair on Lough
Siltim (LeabharBrfae, an. Stokes's' Angus,'
p. li), and tierhaps a fourth at Inis Carthach,
near Lismore {A. 88., 393). The 'Dictionary
of Christian Biography ' adds a fifth at Tir-
Boghaine (Banagh Barony) in Tyrconnell
(i. 411) ; and Mr. Shearman a eixtb dedica-
tion at Cill Carthach, now Kiltcnr in Donegal
^Xooi Patrieiana, p. 298 ; for other churches
m Ossorv possibly founded by this saint, Eil-
mocar, ^iunogar, and Stamcart y, see tlie same
wriler). St. Carthach is said to have been the
father of 8t. Motua (i;«iiAar.flrefle). There
aeoms to be an unvarying tradition that
mnkM him the tutor of St. Carthach the
yoiinger; but as regards the details of his
life liiRre can be no ahsolulc certainty. [See
rfmnrk« on St. Caixsboh.] His day is
6 March.
^Wsbii
BolUni). Aotn !^n<?iorum, fi March, 389-
' id 14 May; Colgnn'a A«Ta Sanctorum, ZSD,
Vita Kismni. 458-6fi; SUkee's CaUndar
igna the Caliira; IxnigHn's Ecclesiastical
try (if Irvland. ii. 98, li^. &c. ; SbpHTinan's
Locn Pstriciaoa : Dictionary of Christian Bio-
gr»pli7, i.l T. A. A.
CAETHA0H,S*iKT,tlieyounger(d.63e),
Bad alto MociJUDi, the founder of the fa-
B monastery at Hahen,nndbiBhopof Lis-
fl, was the son of Finnall (AnnaU Four
rtCT», sub an. 6.11 ). According to his le-
gendary Ufo, whicli, however. sRema to hnva
prt^wrved much that islii^toriunl, hewnsbom
in Kprry.of the rnci^ nl' Fergufi, ' iiui fuit for-
tiwimus horos I'llDniin.' but had been driven
fmm his native ploc" by Oid>^ll, king of Con-
naught. His falser*! naroe, according (o this
., was FiuBen of Kerry, his mother's,
de geate Oorcoduidne ' (? Corcaguiny
in Kerry). Fingen, swineherd on the Mainne,
a man of some position under the king or
'duke' of Kerrf, employed his ^oung son ;
and while serving in this capacity the boy
found favour with the king, Mooltule, and
his wife, who was grranddauf^iter to the king
of Munster. His time was now divided be-
and pasturage, till one
day, being ravished by the chant in([ of his
namesake, Carthach the elder, he insisted
; on foraokinff his worldly employment for
that of God. It was in vain tliat Moel-
tule called the young enthusiast into his
presence and mode him offer of sword and
shield and kjngly robes if he would only
undertake his father's duties and position.
After having received the priesthood, Car-
thach was once more brought before the king,
whom be blessed, and to whose descendants
he promised long rule in Kerry, ' all which
things,' says his biographer ( Vita, u. 379),
' are being fulfilled according to that pro-
phecy.' From hia cell in Kell-Tulaeh, ' be-
tween the Mainne and Mount Mysis,' Car-
thach set out for North Ireland, the home of
his race, and spent a year with Comgall at
his great monastejyof Bangor (in eo. Down),
on leaving which place be acted as bishop in
Kiirry. Lateran,passiiig through the sou them
Earts of Leinster, he came to Clonfert, where
e dismissed all his companions and pro-
ceeded on bis journey alone, having on his
shoulders two iet/ia full of books. By the
advice of St. Colman-Ela be constructed
himself a cell at Raithin — now Ilahen in
King's County — somewhere about *.b. 590.
This expanded into the great Irish monailery
over which he ruled for forty years, and
whither disciples — to the number of 867 —
flocked from all parts of Ireland aud Briton.
His rule appears to have been very strict, and
we are told in his life that he forbade his
monks to use cattleinlheiragricnlturul works
till, at tlie request of St. Fintan, he relaxed
the severityof tliisorder. Carthach appeara
to have retained the bishopric of Kerry ^Fifei,
11. c. iii. !24, with which cf. 14), relurnmg at
times to his home at Hflhen, where we read
that he was vjsited by St. Coluraha. Great
Sjssessions were heaped upon the saint by
athal, king of Munster (d. 620). Mean-
while, Kahen was growing in fame as an
ecclesiastical school, and among the opowd
of Cartbach's seholara twelve names stood
out with sjiecial prominence — ' the twelve
disciples of Mochuda.' Of these the most im-
portant tan Muchemog, .iltldan, and Mochua
or Croaan.
After forty vears of nuicl, Carthach was
driven from Kahen with his company of
monks about the year 631 {A. F. M., but cf.
Carthach
Carthew
Chr. Scot. &c. for a. Elighllj different date).
The causeB of this movement &ro hard to
fathom, but it Beems that the jeslousy of a
certain section of the clergy in Aleath urged
flaithmac and Diarmit, iht; sons of Ajdh
Slaue, to expel the whole community. Car-
thach now commenced a wandenno; life.
From Kahen he [mssed to Fircoll (in Kind's
County), and from Fircall to lloscreu in Tip-
jM^rary, where his former pupil, St. Cronan,
entertained him. Theitce he journeyed south'
-wards to King FaUbhe Flann at Casliel (633,
j4. F. M.), hora which plax^e he traversed rhe
district of Decies in Waterford as far as Li»-
more, where Fail bhe'sson-in-law,Meloehtrig,
gaye him a site for a new monastery (c. tS3:i).
Here Carthach seema to have dwelt for a few
years, till at last, as age drew on, he retired
to a neigbbouring retrent to <he east of bis
cbief foundation, uiid here lived for ti(;)iti-'eu
months. At lasl, I'eeliiig that ib-ulli was
upon him, and pitying the older members of
his fiock whose weaklimba could hardly bear
the toils of a journey to his secluded cell, he
gave orders to be carried from the valley to
a place of easier access. On the way he grew
weaker, and called to his bearers to set him
down in the valley. There he received the
communion, gave his last injunctions to his
brethren, and so died ' by the fountain where .
the cross of migration (crux migratirmU) has
been erected ' (14 May 636 ; but cf. Tioheb- .
KiC, 637, and Chr. Scot. 636). Of Carthach'a
writings none seem to be extant now, ex-
cepting perhaps the rule for bis monastery of
Sahen, which Ussher saw ' in codice auti-
quiore . . . Hibemico sermoneantiquissimo
ezarato ' (Anlig. p. 476). A long poem,
ascribed to this saint, is stillpreserved m the I
library of Trinity CoUege, Dublin {MS. If.
ii. 16; Keeveh, CWtfeM,p.8; with which cf. '
CCubkt'b Lectures on Mamucript Mate-
rials for Irish Ststory for an account of a .
verse'Rule'sscrihedto Carthach, pp. 37 4^-6),
Carthach is more generally known by the
name of Mochuda, bis real name having pro- i
bably been Chuda ( = Cuddy), to which the
endearing prefix 'mo'(~ my) has been added,
as in the case of so many other Irish saints
(Lamioas, pp. 350-1).
[Cartbaeb's Dame seema to occur first in the
so-caUed Catalogue of Tirechan, seventh and
eighth eeotury (Haddan and Stubbs, ii. part 2),
the Stove MissHl, of perhaps the ninth century
(Warren's Liturgy of the Celtic Church, p. 238),
and the Uaityrotogy of (Ecgua the Cnldee (ed.
Stokes), tenth ccuCqtt. fiia name is also to be
fonnd on ths same day (14 May), according to
the Sollandist editor, in the Tamlacht and other
early Irish Martyrologiea. Two ancient lives
ara printed in the Bollandist AetaBS., ons bon
a MS. Sulmiinti cense at Bmasels, tbp other from
an. ancieol Irish manuscript, which seems, if we
may judge from Dr. Reeves's description of ths
latter, to correspond with that contained in ff.
94-lUO at the ao-called Codex Ejlkenniensie (or
Codei ArmacbaDua) in Primate Manh'b library
at Dnblin. Of these two lives the second, which
is by for the longer, appears to contain the
latBer amount of bisloHcal detnila. though miied
wilTi much fable. It is noteworthy that tho name
ofSt. Carthach the younger does not seem to occur
in the lites of any of the contompoiary saints of
Ireland.] T. A. A.
CABTHEW, GEORGE AilTtEDClSO?-
1862), antiouary, was bom on 20 June 1807,
being the only son of George Carthew,Bolicitor,
of Harleston, Norfolk, by his wife Ellzabi'lh,
daughter of Peter Isaack, gent., of '\Vighlaa
in the same county. Owing to his father's
atraitened eircumstanci's, Curt hew had little
school education. While yJi a Ikij he wa»
articled to bis father, and &om him he in-
herited not onlv the remarkable &cultj for
genealogical and hiBtorical reBoarch which he
exhibited throughout a long life, but a rich
collection of ma teriaU. He had acceaa, while
still in his articles, to a collection of charters
once belonging; to Mendham Priory in Suffolk,
and with but little assistance he spent ycara in
deciphering, copying, and analysmgthe large
mass of ancient documentsBO as to completely
master the contents. Carthew was admilled
a solicitor in Hilary term 1830, and, after
practising for nine years at Framlingham in
Suffolk, though still in partnership with hia
father at Harleatou, accepted a partnerehip at
East Bcrebam, where he fixed himself for i he
rest of his life. At Dereham Carthew wTote
the history of the hundred of Launditch,
loss, was published with the title of ' The
Hundred of Launditcb and Deanery of Brisley
in the Countv of Norfolk. Evidences and
Topographical Notes,' &c., three parts, 4to,
Norwich, 1877-B. This admirable specimen
of a county history, skilfully arranged and
akilfally executed, illustrated by lithographs,
plans, and facsimiles, is imrivallad for the
completeness of the manorial descente.
Carthew was nominated one of the local se-
cretaries of the Norfolk and Norwich Archieo-
logical Society instituted under the presi-
dency of Bishop Stanley in December 184o,
and at the first general meeting (1846) read
apaper on the church of Great Dereham. His
contributions to the ' Norfolk Archnology '
were numerous and important, the most
valuable being perhaps the notice on ' North
Creake Abbey in the seventh volume, pp.
163-68, and that ' On the Right of Waidslup
;hew ai9 Cartier ^"
■nd the Ceremony of Homage and Fealty in ' 1683, and on 14 June 1688 wee culled to the
ike Feudal Times ' in the fourth volume, pp. bar, Hals adding that he gained bia ndvance-
S86-dl. In the second volume of the eame I inent 'by a mandamus from the lord keeper,
aerial be had published ' Extracts from a A[S. | North,' with whom he was undoubtedly coB-
Diajy of Peter Le Neve, Esq., Norroy King , iiected b^ marriage. lie was admitted to the
of Arms, entitled "Memorand'in Heraldry, ' EamepoBiCion at the Inner Temple on 23 Nov.
of such entries as relate to the County of i 1^8, and was created a Berjeant-at-law un
Norfolk,' accompanied by an elaborate pedi- 7 Nov. 1700,whenhe was raised to the bHneb
grei- of Le Neve and rsluabie genealogical of his inn. The same local hiatoriau pro-
__.__ T)[ig manuscript had come into his phesied hia growth' into such great fame and
pOBsession through his grandfather, the Rev.
Tfaomas Caithew, F.S.A., of Woodbridge
Abbey in Suffolk, to whom it was given by
' Honest Tom Martin,' the historian of Thet-
ford, who had married Le Neve'e widow.
Some extracta previously appeared in the
'Gentleman's Magazine.' Cartbewalao took
part in editing for the society ' The Visitation
of Norfolk in the year 1563,' of which only
the first volume, published
jet appeared.
Later Carthew, in ill-health and suffering
from severe domestic loss, prepared for pub-
lication his collections for the liistory of the
pariahea of West and East Bradenham, Nee-
tan, and Holme Hale. In the event of his
deatb Dr, Jessopp undertook to see the rest
of his material through the press, and preface
the work with an introduction. Carthew
was found dead in hia chair on the morning
of Saturday, 21 Oct. 1882, and was buried at
Harleaton,
Onrthew had been elected a fellow of the
Society of Anliquaries in February 1664 ; he
was n frequent contributor to the chief anti-
quarian nnd genealogical periodicals. After
hia death appeared : 1. 'A History of the
Parishes of Svest and East Bradenham, with
those of Necton and Holme Hale, in the
County of Norfolk. With an Introduction
by the Rev. Augnstus Jessopp, D.D.,' 4to,
Norwich, 1863. 2. 'The Origin of Family
or SuF-Nnmes, with apecial UeSrence to those
of the Inhabitants oT East Dereham ii
County of Norfolk,' 4to, Norwich, 1883.
[Bort*BLaniledGBiitrr(I882).i. 278; Aihe-
nsnm, i Not. IS82, p. 598.] Q. 0,
CARTHEW, THOMAS (m7-l70i),
seijeanl-at-law, eldest son of Thomas Car-
thew of CannaligCT-, St, Issey in Corn-
wall, who married Mary Baker of Bodmin,
woa bnm on 6 April 1657. If the autho-
rity of Hals, the Cornish historian, can be
trusted, he was for some time ' in the in-
ferior pactiec of the law under Mr. Tre-
genna, without beiuj^ a perfect Latin gram-
marian, always using the English words for
nutters and things in his declarations where
he undentooil not the Latin.' He became a
t •Ik.tlw AlidiUa XsMjIa on 31 May
_ , that he ia likely to make a
sidenible addition to his paternal estat«,' but
on 4 July 1704 Narcissus Luttrell records in
his diarj-, ' 'tis reported Serjeant Carthew is
dead,' and on 12 July he was buried in the
Temple Church. John Colby of Banham
in Norfolk married Ann, daughter and heiress
of John Arthur of Wiggenhall St. Man-. At
Colby's death his widow married Edward
North of Benacre, Suffolk. Ann, one of
Colby's two daughters and coheiresses, mar-
ried a second Edward North, and the other
daughter, Mary, married Setjeant Carthaw.
By her the eerjeant had two aons, Thomas
and John, both at the bar, and Thomas, the
elder, inherited CunniliB^y from his father,
and Benacre and Woodbridge from hia ma-
ternal uncle, Edward North. The Cornish
property he sold in 1720, and the Suliblk
efltatea have long passed from the family,
but a portrait of the eerjeant is said to be
preseri'ed at Woodbridge Abbey. Avoluma
of the Serjeant's, ' Reports of Cases adiudged
'-■ the Court of King's Bench from 3 Jac. II
12 W^ill. Ill,' was published by his son,
Thomas Carthew, in 1/28, and reprinted in
^nla^ged edition in 1741. A ' Reading on
the law of uses by Seijeant Carthew at New
Mlcbaelmas term, the third of Wil-
liam and Mary, when he was deputy reader
for the Middle Temple,' was included in a
volume entitled 'Collectanea Juridica '(1791).
The aerieunt's reports are praised by Kenjon
and Willes, but condemned by Thurlow.
[Beai^heiB of loner Temple (1SB3). p. fiS;
Woohych'a Seijeanta, ii. 459_B3 ; Suckling's Suf-
folk, ii. 123-4; Courtney and Boobp'b Bibl,
Comub. 64, lllfl ; Misceli GoneHl. et Herald, iiL
176; Parochial Hist, of Cornwall (1868), ii,
236-7,241.] W. P. C.
CARTIER, Sir GEORGE ETIENNE
(1814-1873), Canadian statesman, youngest
son of Jacques Cartier, lieutenant-colond in
the Canadian militia, who died in 1841, by
his wife Mai^ret, daughter of Joseph Paradis,
bom at St. Antobe, on the Chambly
, in the county of VerchSrea, Lower
Canada, on 6 S>'pt."l814. He received his
education at the college of St. Sulpice, Mont-
real, where he went through a coune of
Cartier
220
Cartwright
study during eight years. Haying left coUegei
he entered the office of E. E. Rodier, a lead-
ing member of the Montreal bar, and in
November 1835 became a member of the
bar in Lower Canada. The same year he
commenced practice, and soon succeeded in
establishing an extensive and lucrative busi-
ness. At. different times he had for his part-
ners in the law J. A. Bert helot and M. Dum-
merville. In March 1848, seven years after
responsible government had been established
in Canada, Cartier was elected a member of
the legislative assembly for the county of
VerchSres. He continued to represent that
constituency until the general election of
1861, when he contested Montreal, and after
a hard struggle defeated M. Dorion, the
leader of the rouge or Lower Canada party.
On 25 Jan. 1850 he first held office as
provincial secretary in the MacNab-Tach6
ministry, and on 24 May 1856 was appointed
attorney-general for Lower Canada on the
formation of the Tach6-Macdonald adminis-
tration. In November 1857 he was named
leader of the l^wer Canada section of the
government, the Hon. J. A. Macdonald be-
coming premier, and the ministiy under its
new phase being known as the 3lacdonald-
Cartier ministry. A slight change in the
wheel of fortune produced a trans]K)sition
of these names, and on 6 Aug. 1858 the
ministry became the Cartier-Macdonald ad-
ministration. Asa legislator Cartier assisted
to carry the bills for abolishing the seigniorial
tenures, that for moking the legislative council
elective, and that for secularising the clergy
reserves. It was also owing to his exertions
that several important measures were enacted
by the legislature. To say nothing of the
Victoria Bridge Bill, he in 1856 passed an
act for the establisliment of tliree normal
schools, and in 1857 carried a measure to
provide for the codification of the civil laws.
In the same session he framed an act to break
up the system of judicial centralisation in
Lower Canada. Two yeai-s later he introduced
the l^Vench civil law into the townships, its
operation having been previously confined to
the seigniories. In the sitting of 1860 he
passed the measures dividing the cities of
Montreal, (Quebec, and Toronto into electoral
divisions, and also introduced the admirable
municipal bill which the lower province now
enjoys. On 28 July 1858, being defeated in
an attempt to make Ottawa the seat of
government, he was obliged to resign. As
a leader and member of the government he
was one of the most honest and upright
ministers who ever held office; his enun-
ciation of French in parliament was the
most distinct of any member in the house,
and he had a perfect command of English.
Every year of his official life he submitted
to a sacrifice of professional emolument,
which had the effect of making him a com-
paratively poor man. The new ministry,
under the Hon. Oeorge Brown, were only
able to hold office two days, and Cartier
immediately returned to power as premier
in the month of August, and kept that
position imtil May 1862. In 1864 he was
again offered the premiership of the cabinet,
but declined it, though he accepted the posi-
tion of attorney-general. He was one of
the delegates to England on the question of
confederation and the intercolonial railway
in 1865 and 1866. On the formation of the
Dominion government in 1867 he was ap-
pointed minister of militia and defence m
the new cabinet, and retained this place until
the reconstruction of the cabinet under Lord
Dufferin in 1873. In 1854 he was made a
queen's counsel of Canada, create a C.B. on
29 June 1867, a member 01 the queen's privy
council for Canada in July 1867, and a l>aro-
net of the United Kingdom on 24 Aug. 1868.
He died at his lodgings, 47 Welbeck Street,
Cavendish Square, London, on 21 May 1873.
The requiem mass was celebrated at the
French Chapel, Portman Square, on 27 Mav,
and his remains were then snipped to Canada
for interment. He married, on 16 June
1846, Hortense, daughter of Edward Ray-
mond Fabre of Montreal, and had issue two
daughters. He was the author of the popular
French Canadian song * O Canada ! mon pays,
mes amours ! ' which was set to music and
published, and of other songs.
[Morgan's Sketches of Canadians, 1862, pp.
603-8 ; Appleton's American Annual Cyclopaedia,
1873, p. 697 ; Times, 23 May, p. 5. 28 May,
p. 10.] G. C. B.
OARTWRIGHT, CHRISTOPHER
(1W2-1(W)8), divine, was bom in the jmrish
of St. Michael-le-Belfry, York, in 1002. He
was admitted to Peterhouse, Cambridge,
on 13 Dec. 1617; graduated B.A. 1020,
M. A. 1624 ; was elected to a fellowship at
Peterhouse on 30 March 1625, and was after-
wards a clergyman in York. His writings
are: 1. 'The Magistrates* Authority in matters
of Religion ana the SouFs Immortality ^nn-
dicated in two sermons,* 1647. The first
sermon, published by a Colonel Leigh, is
directed against some soldiers in the army at
Y^ork, who had roused Cartwright*s indigna-
tion by denying the power of the magistrate
to restrain heretics. 2. 'The Doctrine of Faith
. . .' 1649 (thirty-six sermons). 3. ' Certa-
men Religiosum, or a Controversy between
the late King of England and the late Lord
Cartwright 221 Cartwright
Marqnease ofWorceetefr concerning Ri=rliaion, he wL^ihed rxt hfsrjnmfi a canfli'lafe tor a ft^IIow'-
witli a Vindication of the Protestanr: Caiue .^Kip ^ir }\ji^isL\*-n without havintr ffniduate*!.
from the pretences of the Marqiieme hU hbat oonTr>*arK/n iCARTWicrGHr, ytenwriaL n-ml
Papers, which the necessity of the Kimr'-t t^i rh^ T^tniht.y of Arrn, p. ^) pann^jfl an act
affairs denied him opportunity to an^wp^r,' •rnahii.n^ hira to take hi.t H..V. flK(fre<: U'l'mv
1651. JTie ' Certamen Religio^um,* pub^- 'hft r'rflr^iUr tim^. (tn nTCuivin^" it, in I7»U,
lished in 1049 by Thomas Baylie I- ^.", he wm *lf:«rr»?fl a f»?liow of Mjijf'liJ'rn. pr»r-
cated to Ussher. 6. ' Mellificium Hehraicum ttxa r^prinr^l in an anonymoiM volum*- of
seu observationes diversimod« ex Hebrapo- poemii lAA'it-A bv him in I77;J. fn th»- H-^-ay
rum, prsesertim antiquonim, monumrn^U on the im.'arton of the :inr:i*:nt riallAiN pn*-
desumptse, unde plurimi cum W.eri- rum fixer! ^o *c,-z T.luri part of ').»; * Minitr»:Ii> of
Novi Testamenti loci vel explicanrnr vri the .'•0'.tt:«i* iV/H^rr.'H rr W.-iIferS^-ort ^fit:iik««
illustrantur.' The last waA fir»r pi i bl i.-i> he^l of • A rrr. j n»: * nrl Kl '. » r;i ' a - a * fj»:a nU f n 1 \n*:t:*%'
in the ninth volume of the 'Critici .'?a^.* anrl 4jiim.T*zfi by I;.jy.il'l .rrfrwart. Haitnt^
1060, and the eighth volume of the *^ii*ion of taken '.rit-r^ \r.ti rr.am#^l ;i lari y w ho appirnr*
16d8. The 'Electa Thargumino- Rabbi nif:a' •ohav-ir.r.ent^:''! ppof*»-rt'. m i^m':a-'^r#;r,^'arr-
was first inserted in the *Cririci .Sarri ' of •wr.;rh?i%*4 pr«r<#!nt#:*i to rh»: [Mrpfieriiai '••irary
1698 (vol. i. pt. i.) Cartwriarhr ^h'-z-x-- ^ear of firaiar^fon, n^raf ^Aak'rri*'M, In \.77'.t h»-
learning in illustrating the Bi bin from anf .if^Ti " t^^xtu *• t*'.<^* , .• o f ^ /ov: by .\f ;ir-A '^A.l^-n i*-.^ u-. r -
rabbinical writings, and w reflpecrfu! It rri»rn- >h.r«:. an^: p'ibl:.fb<:'l ranonymouj^lv; *'Jhr
tioned by contemporane:^. V^Ti-n fi«i x • er i'ri r.t *: o f I '^juj'..' ar . vIm 'i .- f j » o r j n / t i i •: f r:ir n -
wrote his first woric, * Aphorirtra.'* of J.«.-f;!i- o-.'iai ry,r.*.:-.t ?h»:n ^/«:./;/ A-i^^.-fl by Lujinuti
cation, &c.,' he submitt^ it to Carr^r/h* ■»•.•>. tr.i^: .\m»:firan r:/,i',f,..*.. At '/'*ii'iliv
among others. Cart wrijrh t madi? vaho - i - r— .Nfa re vxi h e rna/le .i/'- ' ' ^ • * " •''*^' ' ■ * P* ■ ^"'^ ** ^' ' *
marks, to which Baxter replied. Cumrr.jr.': on r.i* y:*?'-*- i^./.'i. ^:/.rirr; ',j'':'i ro rl.r * M'li.rbly
then replied by some * exc»spr ion.-." Ba z v.* iie-s ..r -v.* *r. 'i fo.-rnr:f i -in . n t. :ua/: . - i r ii ' >;ibU-,
lost the manuiscript, which turrirfi -.r, -orr.- xho r. 177;;^ f/»rra..'- : ...- fj»;i/].fi«,jr a* 'lo-
years after Cart wrigh r % rlesit h . f n : ^i7»^; rr. -: - • >; ': r. *;, . ;t. n • o •...'■ I j , x •: ' j t K ■ i r i .in d Jit
baxter publl-fhed hi.^ * Treat i.-^ ,f J i- - . : r r. / i'^-.'r.'r.
Kighteousnes.^,' in two b"Kik.-. rhv -.•<'or. : ,:' fr. 17^1 Otr A.^i'^'. ;,'t.'i ^ I.o.j i.i -vi-jr r.,
which, ent it led ' A Fri^mdl r I>»:bHr- •*-. • :. * :»-: Wa". .-/-.k, r. *:«».• .\ .-x '- r . / . •. - -♦:i: . t a A * i: r < wn .
learned and wort hy M r. ^.'h .n'.-! • ' .p :. - r ^'t r- t : .^ f :.'.. f i .:;./> . *. r.o r. - ;. . .-i r. . .. / r.. . . I .-: ;i r ' ." r ■ , r n -
wright,' contains all the pre^re^i : r. / pti p*: • • . :\ .-; . i :. : •• : <^ .4 .-. y/ .-./.• \. t y^^u^A r , r .i v . r i
together with Baxtr/^ final reply. 'T:--r -• .i> o.r. ve.--ar.or. •..**. A 'icvr./..*. • '.-. .>! Ij.i'/i; •#,
stance of >Ir. Cartwri jh :.'* ^ibj ^* i o r..- r; . , r.- -e*. ;- . ', '. . '. • 'o -^ o .'/f v , . .-. ■.»::.•. t a i:^ ', i r. y -m . J . '
sidered/ It Uacuriou»ifi'i.i*rationof fi<ii-^-r- \rA >.r/ .^-a r.-.v /. ' ', .I'J no?. ^^: rnor«: 'J.rfi-
dialectical subtlety and canrio-.-. ff-^ 'v,..- '^,.r "o r.'..-.rf.; a /.'r.i..:./-r/i. :'..;./.'■ th;in jr iia/i
Cartwright a * very learned, peis/resi 'i .^. ir. 'i '^en ro ';o .v * .' . ':•. * .. - \ r... .;. >.• . r; '; b«- • ^pl;i v»t .
godly man.' Cartwri^fh' di-^i a" V ..-^ .n f .-',:.'. ':..-. ':o.'. -.*:.•. a* .r. f^Mf./ fr**: in'j'i»:m
1668, and left .v^mr bo^^k.- ro •:.-: .i^r^r. or' p^."A^.--.v.;.'.. Kft..r:.:./ ro r'.v rf'.Mi/.* v»:ar*
Peterhouse. arvr/Ji*:. f.rr.. -;.•:': ',-, ^;%r a - ./f.r r.o *}..*■
rSvkej-tor's Barter, i. 50. 107: O...^ i .Vr-r.
xlii. 'lOO, 136; K. I>t:gr.'^ T.-*A:.:*e '.f h^...j".'.
v,r.\'. ', .ror o: ar. .tr..^,- or. •-.': '//•on rn-in-j-
and Learning n6o6 . p. l.>>: W-<<^:'< A*..-.- .* .-'rr/.-r; .'.*:': ..'. \'^:.r. -'• - (l. ''•,.': • f •.'..- c/s*-
OxoD. ii. 527. iii. 201. 4.3.J. 5^^. yrJ7 ; i.r?5i*.:: *. '/,/ .'.f;^,, ^.';._^.. .,.. j,-. vj*. .^j,.
Eboracum, p. 37%; Ca:Ac:.rs Uax:*.-, . . ''^A., ri*/^,:. %.:*..• ;..: '-.•. ,-, j. .v... r>.r».-A-r: ;«•*.•
GARTWBIQHT, KDM rVJi, h.\), •e*-.r. v.*: %• ..•^.:.^- or v.- •:.'.;..-■. ..i.'.i-lv.a.'.
(1743-l>si;ij, the repired i.'i.TeT.V/T of 'r.e H.- '.; .:..=•-/ rr*A/.;..r.-: -/i-i- . r. >-■•:■ o ;.:V t- sn
'•^'^.v-:1,'>1^r-•.:^.^r^e•.:»^';-:'An.. V^;-r-
•^^r.j-- :.-: r^/.k vi* 4 p4'.r.'.- :,.-.:. ; Apr!
ham, Nott i ngfaam.* h : r*. irhe.-* • \^. fifc.r* . I v r jvi i 7 r-*/. .-•: a; % •. . n ;? .n r >. ■: - % r/. •: •.« >. .- r o Jj*/ :. -
power-loom, bom i^ Apr. I 17*-'i, -Khj". rr.e
fourth son of William Carfi!T:^r.t of Ma.t.-
went to UmTcnity Cdleg«y Oxford. Whan tirA of Lis yj^xt^ {uLrjtXiy commo^
Cartwright
222
Cartwright
he yisited Manchester to have a model of ; tonished hj its magnitude (Life of Crabbe^
his improved machine constructed and criti- , by his son, 1847, p. 38). Li 1791 a Man-
cised by skilful workmen, and to enlist the ; Chester firm contracted with Cartwright for
aid of local manufacturers. Disappointed in the use of four hundred of his power-looms,
this hope, and having taken out two more \ and built a mill in which some of them were
patents, 30 Oct. 1786 and 18 Aug. 1787, for j worked by a steam-engine, at a saving, it was
nirther improvements in his loom, he set up said, of half the wages paid to the hand-loom
at Doncaster a fELCtorv of his own for weav- weavers. The Manchester mill was burned
ing and spinning. The power-loom worked to the ground, probably by workmen, who
there was the parent of tnat now in use, and feared to be displaced. This catastrophe
in it an ingenious mechanism was substituted
for the hands and feet of the ordinary weaver
(see drawing of a portion of it, with the
improvements subsequently patented in 1790,
prevented manufacturers from repeating the
experiment. Cartwright's success at l)on-
caster was obstructed by opposition and by
the costly character of his processes in that
in appendix C to the Memoir of Cartwright^ early stage. By 1793, having spent some
by his daughter, and description of it there, 30,000/., he was deeply in debt. He relin-
pp. 64-6 ; also the drawings of it, with ex- quished his works at Doncaster, giving up
tracts from the specification of 1790, in Bab- his property to his creditors, transferring for
LOW, History of n caving , pp. 236-8). Cart- ' their benent also his pat-ent rights to his
Wright's was not the earliest power-loom, but brothers, John and Charles, and recording
it was the first by which wide cloth, such in a stoical sonnet his feelings at this de-
as calico, was woven for practical purposes struction of his hopes.
(Barlow, p. 229). In 1793 Cartwright removed to Liondon,
Yorkshire had for centuries been a princi- where, in a small house nearly on the site
pal seat of the woollen manufacture, and afterwards occupied by the Coliseum, he
at Doncaster Cartwright invented a wool- built a room with the ' geometrical bricks,'
combing machine whi<3i contributed greatly patented the year before, whose cost alone
to lessen the cost of that manufacture. It would have prevented their general use. He
was an invention more original than his constructed a new steam-engine, for which
power-loom. No method of combing wool he took out a patent in 1797, and in which
but by hand appears to have been so much alcohol was whoUy or in part to be substi-
as thought of when Cartwright took out, in tuted for water (see drawings in Tredgold,
1789, his first patent for a wool-combing Steam-engine^ i. 34-6). He now formed an
machine. Its structure was essentially mo- intimacy with Robert Fulton, co-operating
dified when he took out, in 1790, a second with him in experiments for the application
and third patent, followed by a fourth in of steam to navigation. Cartwright was one
1792. It substituted mechanical action for ' of the arbitrators appointed to settle the
manual. Even in the earlier stages of its terms of the compensation to be given by the
development one machine did the work of
twenty combers by hand, and by the use of
a single set of the machines a manufacturer
could save 1,100/. per annum (see drawings
and descriptions of it in Memoir y pp. 98-100,
and in James, History of the Worsted Manur
facture, where its initial value is spoken of
disparagingly). Petitions against its use
poured mto the House of Commons from the
wool-combers, some fifty thousand in number.
So formidable seemed their opposition that
Cartwright, in a counter-petition, expressed
his reamness to limit the number of his
machines to be used in any one year. The
House of Commons appointed a committee to
inquire into the matter, and nothing came of
the wool-combers' agitation {Journals of the
House of CommonSf xlix. 322 ; Cartwright,
Memorial^ read to the Society of Arts, p. 43).
Cartwnght's Doncaster factory is said to
have been on a limited scale, until the erec-
tion of a steam-en^e in 1788 or 1789,
though on visiting it Mrs. Crabbe was as-
British government to Fulton on his sup-
pression of a secret for blowing up ships by
submarine navigation. In 1799 Cartwright
was for a time candidate for the secretaryship
of the Society of Arts, and prepared a 'me-
morial,' afterwards published, which gives
some autobiographical details. He had been
appointed a prebendary of Lincoln in 1766
(jLe Neve, Fasti, ii. 207) by Thurlow, then
bishop of that see.
In 1800 Cartwrieht's patent for the wool-
combing machine nad only a few years to
run. It was coming into use slowly, but in-
fringements were frequent and costly to resist.
He petitioned parliament to prolong his pa-
tent for fourteen years, and circulated a
' case ' in which he told the story of his in-
ventions and his losses by them. After an
inquiry by a committee of the House of
Commons, a bill prolonging the patent for
fourteen years was passed m 1801. When
the prolonged patent expired, Cartwright
mained a loser by his invention.
C^nwiiglit hud berii »^in directing hii
nlWnticin to agricuIiuriJ imiirovemeiita. In
1793 had appeart>d a letter from him to Sir
John Sinclair on a new reaping machine of
hU invention, and in June 1801 he received
a prize from the board of agricultiu« fiir an
essay on fausbandrj. In 1800 iheninth diike
of Bedford gave hint the management of an
experimental farm at Wobum. The duke
died in the following spring, and Cartwrigbt
preached n funeral sermon which was severely
ceneun^i, as improper from a clergyman, in
apubliehed letter, signed ' Christian ub Laicus,'
addressed t« Charles James Fox. The tenth
dake of Bedford retained his services until
1807. In that year appeared a volume of
affectionately didactic ' Lettei^ and Sonnets'
addressed by Cartwright to I^nl John Rus-
sell, then a boy of fifteen. Diiritig his stay
at Wohum, Cartwriglit's lealous promotion
of Bgricultura] improvement procured him i
distinctions from the Society or Arts and the
board of agriculture. In 1806 the univeiv
uty of Oxford conferred on him his B.D. and
1>.D. degrees, and he olSciated as domeKtic
chaplain to the Duke of Bedford, lie re-
tnamed rector of Goadby Marwood until 1808
at least.
In 1804 Cartwright's patent for the power-
loom expired. For several years after his
sbandonmeDt of the DoncBSt«r factory his
power-loom wss little used, but, with im-
provements effected in it, it came gradually
jnto some favour. About 1806 Cartwright
found hiH invention to hare become a source
of cojuiiderttbte profit to Lancashire manu-
facturers. He wrote an indignant letter to
A Monehester friend. In August 1807 some
fif^ prominent Manchester firms signed a
memorial to the Duke of Portland, as prime
minister, asking the government to bestow
a substantial recc^nition on the services ren-
dered to the country by Cartwright's invention
s power-loom. Cartwrigbt petitioned \
louse of Commons, which on 10 June |
voted him 10.000/.
CCartwright now became independent. He
~'~ [ht a small farm at Hollander, between
■noaks and Tunbridge, and occupied him-
self during the rest of hia life in euttivating
it and in useful InventioTis, ^ricultural and
gene«l. In his eighty-third year he sent to
the Itoyol Society, which did not publish it,
a paper containinga new theory of the move-
ment of the planets round the sun. At Hol-
lander he was kind to the poor and active as
ft m^strale. Crabhe's son speaks of Cart-
Kt oa ' a portly dignified old gentleman,
and polite, but fidl of humour and
' Inventing to the last, he died at
ngs on 30 Oct. 1B23, and was buried in
th e Hon
^^09 vo
^^pwenoa
the church of Battle, where his family erected
a mural monument to his memory. Cart-
wright left several children, among them
Edmund, rector of Earnley : Elizabeth, wife
of the Rev. John Penrose, bett«r known as
the Mrs. Markliam of juvenile historical lite-
rature; Frances Dorothy [q. v.l, the biogra-
pher of her uncle, Major Cartwrigbt ; and
Mary, the wife of Henry Euatatius Strick-
land, nodoubt the authoress of the meritorious
biography of her father, which was published
anonymously, but to the preface of wluch its
writer aiSied the signature ' M.. S.'
[A Memoir of the Lifo, Wrilinga, and Mo-
chaniiMiIInvGiitionsof Edmund Cartwrigbt, D.D.,
&c (1843) i Bennett Waodcroft's Brisf Biogra-
phies of iDTeotors for tha Hannracture of Tex-
tile Fabrics (1863) ; Abridgmenta of SpeciSea-
tiona relating u> Weaving (ISflU; Report irom
thu Commillee on Dr. Cartwrigbt's Petition re-
ipectiog his weaving machtae, together with the
ninuIeB of ovidecee : House of Commons' Fapem
(IBflS); E-BaiBes'sHislOTy of Cotton Manufac-
ture in Great Britain (tS33)i Barlow'e History
and Principles of Weaving by Hand and l^
Power ( 1 878) : James's History ot the Worsted
Manufacture in England from the earliest times
(18S7); Tredgold's Steam-engine, its Invention
and PTogrcesive Improvemenl, (1838).] F. B.
CAKTWRiaHT, FRANCES DORO-
THY {1780-1863}, uoetess and biographer,
youngest child of tie Rev. Edmund Cart-
wrigbt, D.D. h-T.J. inventor of the power-
loom, &c., by his first wife, Alice, was bom
28 Oct. 1780. She was adopted by her uncle.
Major Cartwri^t [q. v.], the enersetic poli-
tician, on her mother's death, while she was
still an infant; and was sent to school at Rich-
mond. Inl803Eheb^^towritesma11poemB,
and In 1833, being much interested by the
Spanish patriots received by her uncle, she
learnt Spanish and translated a fewof lUego'a
poems intoEnglish. Onthe death of her uncle
in 1824Blie prepared berfirst published work,
' The Life and Correspondence of Major Oart>-
wright,' published in 1826. She retired with
Major Cartivright.'s widow to Worthing, and
published her poems there anonvmoiisly, in
a little volume, 'Poems, chiefly bevotionol,'
dated 13 Nov. 18.35. Her I'ranslatiouB of
Riego's poems appeared, with her initials,
in the poet's ' Obras Pdslumas Pofiticaa '
(1844). She died at Brighton 13 Jan. 1863,
DgedSS.
[I'mnMS Gaitwright'B Life of hor undo, i. I(i3,
*M. 408-13, IL 163, 243, 245, 279. 301: her
Poems. IB, 21-6. 41, 47, 48. 50; EI Itumancoro
and Obras PiSBtamna Po^tlcns of E. A. del Siega
y Nnfiei and R. del Riogo y Nniim, on colonred
teavea, not paged ; Brighton Examiner, 20 Jan.
1863.1 J. H.
Cartwright
Cartwright
CABrWKIQHT, GEORGE (^. 1861), | He devised
dramatiat, wma the author of a Bolttuy trafedj
entitled ' The Heroick Lover, or the In»iDta
of Spain,' London, 1661, 8vo, dedicated t«
Charlee II. It ■was presumably unacted.
The ftcene is Poland, and the author epeaka
of it as ' a poem consistinc' more of fatal
truth than flying fiutc;.' It ia in rttjmed
Tene, and ie in all respects a poor produc-
tion. CartwriRht is unmentioned by Laug^
btUne, Winstauey, and I^illipa. 'Die first
reference to him occurs in Gildon's addition
to Luiffbaine, 1609, vliere it is said that
the author 'has writ a play called " Heroick
Love," ' a mistake copied hj succeeding
writers, and that he ' lived at Fulham.'
[Baker, Re«d, aod Jonee's Biographiiii Drsma-
tica; Qenest's Account of the Stage ; The Lives
and Charactera of the English Dramatic Foots,
first begun by Mr. Len^baine, improved and
eoatinned down to this time by a careful hand,
1S99.] J. K.
OABTWRIGHT,JOHN(«.1763-1808),
painter, was a member of the Free Society of
Artists, and in 1763 signed the deed of enrol-
ment of that society. He went to Rome to
prosecute hie artistic studies, and there became
Jcquainted with Henry Faseli. On his return
to England he resided lor sevenl years at
100 St. Martin's Lane, and when Fuseli re-
turned to England mim Rome in 1T79, he
for some time shared part of Cartwright's
house. Cartn-right became a great personal
friend of Fuseli, who gave him many hints,
and occasionally assistance in his work. His
historical pictures show much of Fuseli's in-
fluence, wbich was, however, unsuited to an '
artist of Cartwright's calibre. He exhibited
attheRoyalAcademyfroml784tol808; his
pictures were not confined to any one class
of subject, but represented landscapes, his-
torical and domestic subjects, and pnncipaUy
portraits.
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the Enclish
School ; Hedgraves' Century of Pttintori, vol. i. ;
Qreves'sDict. of ArtisU, 1780-1880; Pye's Pa-
tronage of British Art ; Cstalc^nes of the Kihibi-
tiona of the Royal Academy and the Free Society
of Artists ; Esowles's Life of Faseli.] L. C.
CARTWRIGHT, JOHN (1740-1824),
political reformer, was descended from an
old Northamptonshire family, and was the
third son of William Cartwright of Uara-
hiun, and Anoe, daughter of George Cart-
wright of Ossington. He was bom 17 Sept.
17^, and educated at a grammar school at
Newark, and a private academy at Heath
in Yorkshire. At about the age of eighteen
he entered the navy, and saw soma active
•ervice under the command of Lord Hove.
improvements in gaa
exercise, afterwards incorporated in Fal->
coner'a ' Marine Dictionary.' Cartwright
rapidly rose in the service, and in 1766 was
appointed first lieutenant of the Ouemsey on
the Newfoundland station, and the following
year was made deputy commissary to the
vice-admiralty court in that island. Here he
took the lead in a short exploring expedition.
He returned from Newfoundla^ in 1770, ia
impaired health. His mind dwelt constantly
on the improvement of naval efficiency, uid
during several years he endeavoured to draw
the attention of the government to plans for
a perpetual supply of timber for the navy.
Ahwut 1775 Cartwright 'began publicly to
assert his opinions on political matters in
' A Letter to Edmund Burke, controvert-
ing the Principles of American Government
laid down in his lately published speech
on American Taxation, and in a tract od
American independence. Two years later
his sympathies hindered him &om joining
Lord Howe's command in North America,
' and a stop was thus put to his professional
advancement. In 1776 Cartwright had been
appointed major to the Nottinghamshire
militia. He now began a series of writings
on reform in parliament. From the first he
advocated annualparliementa, universal suf-
frage, and the baUat. His extreme notions
hindered his acceptance by the wliigs, but his
position as a country gentleman insured him
respect. He was »eq«ently in correspon-
dence with Mr. Burke and other leaders of
opinion. In 1780 Cartwright began the agi-
tation wliich earned for him the title of the
Father of Reform. A county meeting in
Nottingham was succeeded in March of that
year by the historic meeting at Westminster,
on which occasion the leaders of the whig op-
position met Cartwri^t and his friends, tad
passed resolutions on the inadequate repre-
sentation of the people of England. Shortly
after he promoted the estaUishment of the
Society lor Constitutional Information. He
had more than one requisition to stand for psp-
liament, hut his candidature was vain, with
the corrupt system of election then in vogue.
Meanwhile be was actively engaged in
agricultural pursuits and laying down prao
tical hints for the encouragement of the
farming interest. He was likewise in active
cooperation with Clarkson, Granville Sharp,
and the other anti-slavery leaders. During
the alannist period Cartwright began to run
some personal risk. Having attended a
C' lie meeting to oeleht«te the taking of the
tille, his promotion in the militia wis
withheld, and nis commiwion kt lengtli klto*
gethei cancelled.
About 1800 a pliin was slarteil for erscfrng
fk naval temple whieli should record ihe fear.s
of British seaman. Cartivright produced one
-wlilch -was considered to be tar ahe.id of
elabomtB qiiBTto volume remnins ilb a re-
cord of the scUeme, and, indeed, as t ba only
¥irt of it which was ever carried out <■ The
rident, or ihe National Policy of Xaval
CeIebr«tioii ; describing a Ilieronauticon, or
Naval Temple'). In 1803-i Cartwright re-
neirvd hia repreaenditions rulalive to the de-
fenc«leM atute of tbe country, particularlv in
the eastern counties, and produced one of his
more important works, under tlie title of
' England's ^gia; or, the Military Energies
of the Constitution.' He contributed many
papers to Oobbett'a 'R^gistcr'on Ibis aait
otber topics: He continued to publish nu-
merous writings, of which tbe more impor-
tant were; 'Tbe Comparison : in which Mock
Reform, Half Reform, and Constitutional Re-
form ore considered ; or, who are the States-
men to prpsprve our Laws and Liberties'
(1610); 'Sis Letters to tbe Marquis of Tavi-
stock, on a Reform of tbe Commons House
of Parliament' (1812); 'The Eoglisb Consti-
tution prodiicedand iUustroted'(1833). He
ttlso devotod himself during the later years
of bis life to tbe cause of Spanish patriotism :
nnd in 182L, at a time when the Greeks were
making their struf^le for independence, lie
nided t!ie public subscriptions both in money
nnd by Uis pen in 'ffints to tbe Greeks'
(a Kludv of pikes, ia default of bayonets).
In Ifili be was arrested in the course of
a political tour, but soon released ; nnd
in 1820 was tried for sedition and fined
loot
In ISOo Cartwright left his Lincolnshire
liome and came up vo the metropolis, resid-
ing for some time at Enfield. In 1810 he
removed to.Iamei! Street, Buckingham Gate,
and in 1819 to Burton Crescent, where be
noided tiU his d<N<th on 2H .Sept. 1824. A
moQonient has Ijeen erected to his memory
in the garden opposite. Cartwright was one
of the most generous-minded public men of
his time. He was tender to bis opponeul^,
forffiTing to detractors, and always ojjen-
handed. He saved persona from drowning,
at the risk of his own life, on four differeiit
occasions. His writings ore excessively dry
to the ordinary reader, and quite significant
of tbe enthusiast who could be earnest with-
out being inSammatorj. * He was cheerful,
agreeable, and full of curious anecdote. He
was, however, in political matters, exceed-
ingly troublesome, and sometimes exceed-
ingly absurd,' acourding to Mr. Place (Add.
JOZ. u.
^«. 37850, fo!, 103), Other te^itimiay of bis
contemporaries ae^mi to show tbe accuracy
of this opinion. Upwardaof eighty tracts or
other writings, besides the ab:>ve-m3ntioned,
were published by him, a list of which is
given to tbe hiognvphy by bis niece (ii, 399-
301). Those which expressed a full state-
ment of bis views are: 'Give us our RtghU:
or, a latter to the present elect oraof Sliodte-
eex and tbe Metropolis, showing what those
rights are,'&c. {1782); 'The Commonwealth
' in Danger: with an introduction, contoinitkg
remarks on some latfl writings of Arthur
, Young ' (1795). The rest of Ihem are mere
reiterations. Cartwrlght mirried iu 1780
Miss Anne Katharine Dashwood, of a Lin-
colnshire family, but had no issue.
[Alii. MSi 27850 tr. 1U8 st seq., 27fl3T ff 79,
80, 62, 62. 30108 S. 33S, 3^3, 30109 ff. 01. Ui.
I2d. 30 1 10 f. go. 3011! f. &-. Ths Liffe and Cor-
wrigbt, tbe Rsforcaer, with a Likoness of that
HooMt and Caawitent Patriot (1831); Tnit's
Magasine, na. ser. i. i?7 (1384)1 LifB of a Ru-
milly (3rd ed). ii. lOS, 218-21, SOS; Tiiaai.
25 Kept. 182*; MmthW Chrotiiole. a* Sept.
1821; Qent. Mag. xpiv, ii. 107-9 ; Uoathty Re-
view. Ixxiii. 2ST et seq,] B. S.
cARTWRiaar, Joseph (1789?-
1829), marine painter, wasappareutlyanative
of Dawlish in Devonshire, and was attached
to the navy iu n civil capacity. When the
Ionian Islands came into the possession of tbe
English, be was appointed paymasl«r-soneral
of the forces at Corfu, whiph post be held for
Bomeyears. Thenaiureofhisdntiesafforded
liim many opportunities for making sketches
of those islands and the neighbouring coast
ofGreece, OnhisreturntoEnglond hepub-
lishedn volume entitled' Views in the Ionian
Islands,' uud henceforth devoted himaelf to
art, and especially to painting marine subjecta
and naval engagements. He exhibited many
fictures at the Royal Academy, the Brititm
nstitution,audibe Society of British Artists,
and obtained a great reputation in his par-
ticular line. In 1825 be was elected a mem-
ber of the Society of British Artists, and in
1828 he was appointed marine pointer tn
H.RH. the Duke of Clarence, lord high ad-
miral of Eoglaud. He died, much esteemod
and regretted, at his apartments at Charing
Cross, on IU Jan. 1829, aged about forty.
Among bisprtncipal pictures were 'The Burn-
ing of L'Orient at the Battle of tbe Nile,'
'The Battle of Algiers' 'The Battle of
Trafalgar,' 'The Port of Venice at Carnival
Time,' ' H.M.S. Greyhound and H.M.8. Hai^
rier engaging a Dutch Squadron in tbe Java
Sana,' ' Frigates becalmed in tbe Ionian
Cartwright
226
Cartwright
Channel/ * A Water-spout off the Coast of
Albania/
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the Eoglish
School ; Graves's Diet, of Artists ; Gent. Mag.
xcix. (1829) 187; Annual Register, 16 Jan. 1829;
Times, 17 Jan. 1829; Catalogues of Exhibitions
at the Royal Acudeniy, the British Institution,
and the Society of British Artists.] L. C.
CARTWRIGHT, SAMUEL (1789-
1864), dentist, was bom at Northampton in
1789, and was originally an ivory turner.
lie came to London at an early age, wholly
dependent upon his own exertions for his
of dissenters then called puritans,' was a na-
tive of Hertfordshire, but his place of birth
is not recorded. He was sent very young to
Cambridge, where he was first entered as a
sizar at Clare Hall, matriculating in Novem-
ber 1647. On 5 Nov. 1660 he was elected to
a scholarship at St. John's College. The col-
lege was conspicuous for its attachment to
the new doctrines of the reformation, and on
the accession of Queen Mary, Cartwright, in
common with most of those who refused to
revert to Catholicism, was compelled to qnit
the university. He obtained employment as
a clerk to a counselloivat-law, an experience
daily support, and commenced life in the | which he is said to have subsequently turned
metropolis as a mechanical assistant to Mr. ' to account, owing to the skill in dialectical
Charles Dumergue of Piccadilly. During | fence which he acquired from his study of the
this senice he found time to ffive a regular ' common law. On the death of Queen Mary,
attendance on anatomical and surgical lee- 1 the reformers returned to Cambridge in tri-
tures. In 1811 he started in practice on his I umph. Among the most eminent of the Ma-
own account at 32 Old Burlington Street, and ; rian exiles was Dr. James Pilkington, who
soon acquired a reputation second to that of ; was now made master of St. John s, and to
none, eit ner before or since, who have pract ised whose influence the growth of those puritan
the same branch of the healing art. He was principles by which the university shortly
as remarkableforthe correctness and rapidity ! after oecame distinguished is largely attn-
of his jud^ent as he was for marvellous • butable. He is said to have alrwidy di»-
dexterity m all manipulatory nrocesses. ' cemed Cartwright's remarkable promise and
During a great part of his career he was in j abilities, and to have facilitated his readmis-
the habit of seeing from forty to fifty patients gion into the college. From St. John's Cart-
every day, and this for months together,
standing constantly from seven o'clock in the
morning until the same hour in the evening,
and yet in every case doing what he had to
wright removed in 1560 to Trinity College,
but immediately after (6 April) returned
to the former society on his election to a
fellowship on the Lady Margaret founda-
do without the slightest appearance of hurry ' tion. In the same year he commenced MA.,
or fatigue. He did mucii to improve ana ! and 16 Jan. 1562 was appointed junior
elevate his profession, and is said for some dean of the college. In April 1562 he re-
years to have been in the receipt of an in- | turned to Trinity CoUege as a major fellow,
come of upwards of 10,000/. lie became a and not long after was elected a member of
fellow of the Linnean Society on 19 Nov. I the seniority, or goveminj^ body. These suc-
1833, a F.R.S. on 11 Feb. 1841, and was cessive changes may be interpreted as evi-
/-«.._i__-._i ci_ _?_._- 1...^ dence of his reputation for ability and learn-
ing, both colleges apparently having been
desirous of securing his services. He was al-
ready known in the university as an eloquent
preacher, a rising theological scholar, and an
able disputant ; and, owing to his skill in this
last-named capacity, he was elected to take
part in a theological disputation held in the
presence of Queen Elizabeth on the occasion
of her visit to the university in 1564 (printed
in Nichols's Proffr. Eliz. iii. 66-8). It i*
asserted by Sir Geor^ Paule (Ltfe of Jf'hit-
gxft^ pp. 9-1 0) that Elizabeth showed a marked
S reference for Cartwright's antagonist in the
isputation (the eminent John Inreston), and
that the former from that time cherislied re-
sentful feelings, which ultimately led him ' to
kick against her ecclesiastical goyemment.'^
lliis statement would appear, howerer, to be
deserving of but little credit.
Nearly all the colleges, at that time, were*
also a fellow of the Geological Society, but
never found time to make any contributions
to the * Proceedings ' of these institutions.
His pleasinff manners, liberal hospitality, and
professional fame acquired for him the friend-
ship of nearly all the most distinguished in
science, literature, and art of his day. He
continued in practice at Old Burlington
Street until 1857, when he retired, and in
the following year had an apoplectic seizure
which resulted in palsy, under which he
laboured for the rest of his life. He died at
his residence, Nizell's House, near Tunbridge,
on 10 June 1864.
[Proceedings of the Linnean Soc. of London,
1865, p. Ixxxiv ; British Journal of Dental
Science. 1864, vii. 287.] G. C. B.
CARTWRIGHT, THOMAS (1636-
1608), described by Strype (Annahf 11. i. c. 1)
as 'the head and most learned of that sect
^^^^" Cartwrigh t
diMntcted by the disputes between the de-
fenders of the newty esCabliihed Anglican
discipline and theolo^ and the supporters
of ih« opposed conceptions derived from the
discipline and doctrine of Oeneva. In 16(S5
the tellows and scholars of St. John's, to the
number of nearly three hundred, nppeDreil in
the college chapel without their aurplices, imd
iheir example was shortly after followed at
Trinity. This latter breach of diftcipline is
attributed by one writ«r(pAtrLE, Zift^JfAiV-
ffift, p. 12) to the eflect produced by three
Beimons preached in the coUej^ chapel by
Cwtwri^ht. Hitherto, the puritanical ten-
dency had been restricted to such mntterB as
the use of vestments, (he posture to be oV
mrved at diiTerent parts of religious service*,
&C. ; but itnderCartwright's inBuence.ques- ,
tions now began to be raised wluch affected ^
tha whole clinrch orgaaisati
Cartwright
much to evoke that he retired in 1S65 to Ire-
land. Anotherfellow of Trinity, Adam Loftus,
had been nppotnted archbishop uf Armagh,
and Cartwright accompanied him as bis chap-
lain. They held the same theological views,
and when, in March 15tt7, Loftus was raised
to the see of Dublin, he took occasion strongly
to urge that Cartwright should be appointed
hia successor in the see of Armagh. In a let-
ter written 5 Dec. 1667 he declares tbatCart-
wright had ' used hym self so godly, during
his abode with mo in Ireland, bothe in lyie
and doctryne, that his absence from bence is
no small greef and sorowe to all the godly
and fkylhfuU beam ' (SniRLBr, Oni/inal
Letteri, &c., p. 322). It would appear from
thia letter that Cartwright had left Ireland
in the course of 1M7. On his return to
Cambrid^, we hear of him associating on
terms of mlimacv with Eud. Cevallerius, the
OTofessor of Hetrew, and the youthful Jo.
Draaius fCoEJiSDEB, i'ita Jo, Dnuii, p. 4).
The recommendation of I^oftus was not acted
upon, but in 1509 Cartwright was appointed
Lady Margaret professor w the university,
and both in the chair and in the university
pulpit he now began tocriticise and denounce
the constitution and hierarchy of the Eng-
lish cliurch, comparing them with those of
the primitive christian organisations. In bis
lectures, whan expounding the first two chap-
tors of the Acts otlha Apostlea, his comments
wore directed to similar conclusions. He was
answered froM thepulpithyWhitgift, butio
omtorical power Cartwright was generally
acknowledged to be the superior. St.MarVa
waa thronged with excited listeners, and the
party which sympathised with bis views was
^prubublyaltliistiinenumericallytLoflirougest
in the university. The authoriiJes foreboded,
not without reason, the development of a
controversy and fresh dissensions which
would prove fatal to the peace of the acade-
mic community. Among those who severely
censured Cartwrigbt's conduct were men of
known moderation and learning, such as Wil-
liam Chaderton, his predecessor in the pro-
fessorial chair, and Grindal, archbishop of
York. The remonstrances addressed to Ce-
cil, the chancellor of the univeraity, were so
strongthat he was roused to unwonted deci-
siveness of action, and aildressed to the
authorities a letter which was read in the
Regent House on 29 June 1570. It was the
same day that Cartwright was a candidate
for the degree of D.D., and his supporters,
fearing that the decision of the caput, or go-
verning iKKly, would be adverse to him, non-
placeted their election, which at that time
look place on the assembling of every con-
gjegtttion. The vice-chancellor, Dr. May, re-
taliated by taking upon himself to veto Cart-
wright's degree. Both Cartwright and his
opponents now appealed again to Cecil, tbe
fanner, in justification of his conduct, Pag-
ing that he was altogether adverse from any
disposition to sedition and contention, and
taught nothing which did not naturallv flow
from the text be treated, although he did not
deny that he had pointed out that the mini-
stry of tbo church had deviated in discipline
and practice from the ancient primitive model,
and that he would gladly see a return from
this departure (SiSTPEg^nnab, II. i. Append.
Xo. 1). His opponents, on the other hand,
maintained that tlie manner in which he had
inveighed against tha Anglican method of —
choosing the ministers of the church, and
against the dignities of archbishops, deans,
urcbdeacons, Jtc, as impious and unacriptu- ""
ral, was imperilling the English church itself,
and required to be summarily suppressed. At
nearly the same time, a memorial in Cart-
wright's favour, signed by eighteen influen-
tial members of the university (among thi>
names are those of Bob, Some, Bi. Oreen-
ham, Ri.Howland, Georee Joy, and Jo. Still),
was forwarded to Cecil, testifying to Cart-
wright's character as ' a pattern ofpiety and
uprightness,' and also to his attainments; al-
though, saya the document, as a Greek, Latin,
or Hebrew scholar, he is not withoutbisequaU
in the university, in his combined knowledge
of the three languages he is without a rival.
Moved by these representations, Cecil, early
in August, addressed to the academic buailB a
letter eoioining abstention, on thepart of boi b
parties, from all reference to the question*
which Cartwright had raised (ib. I. li, c. fi7).
It was at this juncture that the great
a 3
Cartwright
228
Cartwright
revolution was effected in the constitution of
the university which resulted from the in-
troduction of the Elizabethan statutes. The
powers thus ffiven to the caput were more
extensive, and less liable to be controlled by
the general body ; and by virtue of this in-
crease in their authority, the heads, led by
Whitgift (who had succeeded May as vice-
chancellor), deprived Cartwright of his pro-
fessorship (December 1670). Following up
this step, Whitgift (who had now succeeded
to the mastership of Trinity) deprived Cart^
Wright of his fellowship (September 1671),
his ostensible reason for the measure being
that Cartwright was not, as required by the
collefi^e statutes, in priest's orders, a pretext
which the latter denounced as 'a mere cavil.'
Cartwriffht now quitted England, and be-
took himself to Geneva, where Beza had suc-
ceeded Calvin as rector of the university.
Beza is said to have pronounced Cartwright
inferior in learning to no living scholar, but
that the latter filled a chair of divinity at
Geneva is a statement resting solely on the
authority of Martin Marprelate {An Epitome,
4*0., p. 62). His Cambridge finends, among
whom were men like Lever, Wybum, Fulke,
and Edward Bering, were extremely reluc-
tant that such a scholar should be lost to the
university, and at their pressing instance
he returned to England in November 1672.
Dering petitioned Lord Burghley that his
friend might be appointed professor of He-
brew in succession to Cevallerius, and had it
not been for his own impolitic conduct. Cart-
wright's return, both to the university and
to office, would probably have been efltected.
In 1572, however, the famous 'Admoni-
tion to the Parliament' (the work of two
London clergymen, John Field and Thomas
\^ Wilcox) appeared. It declared open war-
fare against all dignities, whether in the
church or in the universities, and, together
with the literature to which it gave rise, is
generally considered to mark the point of de-
parture of the puritan movement, its main
object being to induce the legislature to as-
similate the English church organisation to
the presbyterian standard. The authors were
both committed to prison ; but their views
and mode of enforcing them so closely coin-
cided with Cartwrignt's, that he did not
scruple to express his sympathy, to visit them
in prison, ana to support their arguments by
* "^ wri ting * A Secona Admonition to the Par-
liament.' To both these * Admonitions ' Whit-
gift published a reply, to which Cartwright
rejoined by writing *A Replye to an An-
swere made of M. DoctorWhitegifte, agaynst
the Admonition to the Parliament. By T.
C ' (n. d.) This controversy, in itself
sufficiently memorable, is rendered still more
noteworthy by the fact that it was the proxi-
mate cause of the composition of Hooker's
* Ecclesiastical Polity ' (see pref. to Eccl.
Polity f sect. 2).
On 11 June 1573 a royal proclamation en-
joined the suppression of both the ' Admoni-
tion' and its *I)efence,* and on 11 Dec. the
court of high commission issued a warrant
for Cartwright's arrest. He again left the
country, resorting in the first instance to Hei-
delberg, then officiating as minister to the Eng-
lish church at Antwerp, and finally settli^
down in a like capacity in connection with
the conformist church of ' English merchants
of the staple worshiping at the Gasthuis Kirk'
at Middelbuig. ETis cussent from the Angli-
can discipline was, however, still further de-
clared about this time in a letterprefixed to
the * Disciplina Ecclesiastica' of Walter Tra-
vers (which afterwards became the recog-
nised text-book of Puritanism), published at
Kochelle in 1674. In the same year he issued
a translation of Travers's book under the title,
' A full and plaine Declaration of Ecclesiasti-
call Discipline owt of the Word off God, and
off the declininge of the Churche off England
from the same (also published at Geneva,
1680; Cambridge, 1584 and 1617). In 1676,
in conjunction with Edward Snape, he visited
the Channel Islands, for the purpose of assist-
ing the Huguenot churches in those parts
in their endeavours to establish a uniform
discipline and organisation, and subsequently
returned to Antwerp. In 1677 he married the
sister of John Stuboe, the same who was con-
victed in 1579 of 'seditious writing,* and \i'ith
whom he had probably become acquainted as
a fellow-collegian. On the appearance of the
Khemish version of the New Testament in
1682, Cartwright was persuaded by the Earl
of Leicester, Sir Francis Walsingham, and
others (at the pressing instance, it is said, of
Beza and some of the leading scholars of Cam-
bridge), to prepare a criticism of the work.
Walsingham subsidised his efforts by a gift
of 100/., and he eventually carried his labours
as far as the fifteenth chapter of Revelation.
Whitgift, however, fearful of the controver-
sies to which the publication of the work
would probably give rise, persistently discou-
raged tne undertaking, and the manuscript
remained unprinted until after Cartwrighrs
death. It was published in 1618 under the
title of *A Confutation of the Rhemist's Trans-
lation.* The archbishop's apprehensions can-
not be looked upon as groundless, when we
consider that * to suffer Cartwriffht's " An-
swer to the Rhemish Testament to be pub-
lished is laid down by Marprelate as an in-
dispensable condition of a satisfacto^ under-
xEwight
lag
Cartwright
sUuid'uig W'tli th-iVmhomiAn Epitome, ^c.,
p. »S). Nares (Life of Bari/hUy, iii. 210)
cluracterieea ite book ub ' greatly fiivouring
the Gpnevan discipline.'
Oq hi« return to Aotwerp, Cftrtwright ac-
cept^ ihe pastorate of tlie English church
in tbat city, and his labouis were alleged by
, him ta t reason for not accepting un invitn-
tjini to a duLlr of theology in tha unirersity
of St. Andrewg, which, on the recommenda*
tion of King James, was sent to hiin in 1584
(EiHBt. d«l. 10 Homitia in Lib. Sal. l3}. The
cUuiateofl!ii)IjOwCountriesdidnot.,hoivever,
SKTee with htm, and he earnestly petitioned
tfiitt he might be permilted to return to Eng-
land. His request was supported both by j
Butghley ond bv the Earl ol Leicester, but '
Eliubetli refused her ai^ent. Early in 158.) he
ventured to return without having obtained
the royal permission, and was forthwith com-
mitted to the Fleet by Aylmer, bishop of
Londou. The bishop allied the royal war-
rant in justification, but this he bad not ac-
tually received,and, Elixabeih deeming it pru-
dent, Co disavow the proceeding, Cartwright
obtained hla release. His views at this tune
appear to have remained nnallered, and in a ,
letter (September 15bdJ addressed to Dudley I
Fttmer he begs bis friend to pray that he may ;
ie enabled to pursue ' the path of sincerity '
to the end (Epist. prefixed to FmsEs's Sac.
I Th»L)
Shortly after he was appointed by the Earl
of Lciccmer master of a nospital which the
enrlhnd founded in the town of Warwick for
tbcireccptionof twelveindigentmen,towhich
I ii,f,i-i:.ij..it Worcester wasapTiointed visitor.
t : . . I iiieLficeatersettleduponhiman
. ".ii/.forlife(Zan*rfoiM(;2lfSS.ljiiv.
ii:i ij. • ' I'Uvrightdidnol, however, restrict
himself alt Hitherto bis duties at the hospi-
tal, but frequently preached in the town and
netgfabourhood, and is said to have been the
fiiat among the clergy of the church of Eng-
land to Introduce extemporary prayer into
the services.
Ill the suspicions attaching to the publica-
tion of the Marprelaie tracts Cartwright did
not iseape, although it is alKrmed that ' he
was ablo to prove by sufficient witness tlmt
fWim the biiginning of Martin he had on every
occasion testified lus dislike and sorrow for j
such kind of disorderly doings' (i&. Ixiv. art. i
iO>fl). Tlie death of the Earl of Warwick j
(158ftl, and that of the Earl of Leicester
(lli89), also deprived him of his two most ,
powerful protectors, and at one time the re-
venues of the hnepital wore in danger of
alienation ; but through the influence of
Burghley ii s possession was confirmed by the I
^auae uf Oommons.
The position of Cartwright in relation to
religious parties was in some measure tbut of
an eclectic. By Martin he is taxed with
seeking the peace of our church no otherwise
and Greenwood with contemptuous indiffer-
ence, and in ViQO he saw fit to sever himself
distinctly from the Brownists { and in a let-
ter 10 his sister-in-law (ilrs. Stubbe) dis-
suaded her from the doctrines of the new sect,
arguing that admitted abuses in the church
did not iuslify separation from its cnmuiu-
nion. This conduct did not avail, however,
to prevent hb being in some measure in-
cluded in the persecution which was now di-
rected against ihe puritanically inclined mini-
sters of Northamptonshire and Warwickshire
bv W'bitgift, ana it seems that he occasiou-
ally afforded some justification for such sus-
picion by his participation in certain ' secret
conclaves ' of these ministers which aasem-
bled fixim lime to time at Cambridge. On
1 Sept. Io90 he was summoned belore the
court of high commission, and eventually
committed to the Fleet ; and In 1591, having
refused the oath ejr officio, was remanded.
Among his companions in prison wore Udal
and other eminent members of the puritan
party (Birch, Mfm. of Etiz. p. 61), but, ac-
cording to Sutcliffe(£t-ainiii(if ion, <!i-c., p. 4G),
Cartwright's confinement was mitigated by
unusual indulgences. PoweHuI influence,
including that of Ein^ James himself, was
employed to procure his release { Eplst. pref.
In Lib. Sat.), which he eventually obtained
through the efforts of Burghley, to whom
(21 May I.~i93) he addressed a letter of
thanks. lie shortly after visited Cambridge,
and preached there on a week-dny before a
crowded audience. In 1595 I,ord Zouch,
having been appointedgovemor of Guernsey,
invited Cartwright to accompany himlhlther,
and the latter remained in Ihe island until
1598. His last years appear to have been
spent in Warwick, where, according lo Hnr-
ington {Brirfe View, p. 8), ho ' grow rich
and had great maintenance to live u[)on,and
WU8 honoured as u patriarch by many of tbot
Sir Henry Yelverton (Eplst. prefixed lo
Bishop SIortos'b Ejiitmiiary Jiislijieil) af-
firms that Cartwri^ht's last words were ex-
pressive of coDtrilion at tbe unnecessary
troubles ho bud caused ihe church, and of a
wish tlut he could begin life again so as 'to
lesiify to the world the dislike be had of his
former ways ; ' and it would appear that he
and Whitgift werf on terms of amity before
his death. Thai he renounced the views he
had so long advocated is, however, rendered
Cartwright 230 Cartwright
improbable by the fiict that only six weeks fi«i eulogy. See also Strype's Annals and Life of
before his decease, in a letter to Sir Christo- Whitgift ; Dexter's Hist, of CoDgregatioDalism
pher Yelverton (the father of Sir Henry), he ^. ^^« ]*«{• Three Hundred Years ; MidliDger^s
Ippears to have done his best to support the ^}^' ?{ ^^? ^niv. of Camb vol ii.; ColTile.
ippears to have done his best to support
enorts of those who were petitioning for re-
form in the church. Among the abuses which
he enumerates are : ' The subscription, other
than the statute requires, the buitlen of cere-
Warwickshire Worthies, pp. 92-100, 878.]
J. KM.
CARTWRIGHT, THOMAS (1634-
1689), bishop of Chester, was bom at North-
monies, the abuse of the spiritual courts — ampton on 1 Sept. 1634. His father, Thomas,
€specially in the censures of suspension and had been a schoolmaster at Brentwood in
excommunication — ^and the oath ex officio^ Essex. His grandfather was Thomas Cart-
and such others of that kind your worship wright [q. v/j, the famous puritan of the
understandeth to be contrary to the law of days of Euxabeth. Having been educated at
the land ' (Letter of 12 Nov. 1603 ; Sloane the school at Northampton, Cartwright was
MS. 826). I sent to Oxford, then under the domination
Cartwright died at Warwick on 27 Dec. of the parliament, and entered at Magdalen
1603, aft^r a short illness, having preached Hall. As at that period all who refused to
on the preceding Sunday. The impression | take the covenant were summarily expeUed
produced by his \iTiting8 is that of a mind in favour of the puritans, Cartwright ob-
of considerable culture and power ; in learn- | tained one of the vacant places, and was made
ing and in originality he was undoubtedly | tabarder of Queen's College. Here he was
Whitgift's superior. His temperament was, placed under the tuition of Thomas Tully,
however, impulsive, and in argument he a well-known puritan divine. Nevertheless
was often carried away by his impetuosity.
"Whitaker, a singularly competent and im-
partial judge, spoke contempt uouslv of his
performahce in tbe controversy with AlNTiitgift
(Paule, Life of Whitgift, p. 21 ; Bancroft,
SurvaUf p. 380). His ideal in relation to
church oiscipline and organisation was es-
sentially presbyterian, and this in direct
conjunction with the civil power. That he
on reaching the age for orders it was from
an episcopal source that he sought them,
and was ordained priest hy Skinner, bishop of
Oxford, then living in retirement at Launton.
For a time he acted as chaplain to the college,
but before being admitted fellow he left
Oxford, having been presented to the vicarage
of Walt hamst ow. llere (accordi ng to Wood)
he was a ' very forward and confident preacher
would have been willing to recognise anv ; for the cause then in being.* In 1659 he was
other form of church government as lawful, chaplain to Alderman John Robinson, sheriff
or even entitled to toleration, we find no of London, and preacher at St. Mary Mag-
evidence. But although wanting in the | dalen. Milk Street. At the Restoration he
judgment and self-command essential in the ! professed an ardent loyaltv, and quickly ob-
leader of opinion and of party, he gave sys- tained the vicarage of I^arking (11 Aug.
tern and method to the puritanism of his day, ' 1660), and was made domestic chaplain to
and must be regarded as its most influential Henry, duke of Gloucester. He obtained
teacher during his lifetime. | the degree of D.D. from Oxford, though not
Besides the works mentioned, Cartwright i of full standing; he was made prebendary of
was the author of: 1. * A Christian Letter I St. Paul's (20 April 166.")), and vicar of 'St.
of certaine English Protestants . . . vnto ' Thomas's. His stream of preferment con-
that reverend and learned man, Mr. R[ichardl I tinued. He became prebendary of Wells,
Hoo[ker]* — a criticism of the 'Ecclesiastical chaplain-in-ordinarj-, prebendary of Durham
Polity.* 2. *In Librum Salomonis . . . Ho- (16/2), dean of Ripon (1675). ' During this
miliie,' Lond. 1604. 3. * Comment arii ... period Cartwright managed to secure the
in Proverbia Salomonis,* Ley den, 1617. firm friendship of James, duke of York, and
4. 'Harmonia Evangelica,' Amsterdam, 1627. is said by Macaulay to have been, of all the
<5. ' Commentarii Practica in totam llistoriam [ Anglican divines, the one who * had the largest
Evangelicam,* 1630. share of his good graces.* Consequently very
[A detailed account of Crtwrighfg life and !??f,f^*L*lK ''!!!T?'k"»'""^' '"' ''"*'"*■
Stings is given in Cooper'. Athens Cant. ii. • °"S?*f ^ *^„ "^ ^ of Chester, m succession
360-6. There is a life of him by Benj. Hanbury
prefixed to the author's edition of Hooker's Works
( 1 830), i. czxxiv-ccvi ; the writer, howeror, speaks
to Bishop Pearson. His appointment caused
much scandal. Burnet says that his moral
character was very bad, and his opinions
of this as only *a sketch/ in anticipation of the ; openly in favour of setting the king above
Memoirs by Benj. Brook which appeared in 1845,
a work of some research, bat evincing little dis-
€rimination« and conceived in a spirit of onquali- was consecrated by the archbiahop at Lam-
law. An attempt was made to prevent San-
croft from consecrating him ; but Cartwright
l»etli (_17 Oct, laS6), together witL Llojd and
Parker. At liia eonsecratina the arcLbishop
tripped and fell during the ml uuni strati on of
the tioly Rcimm union, which was held to be of
evil omen. Curtwriglil was allowed to hold
t he benefice of Wi^Tiii in mminendam with his
(*o. He also retuiued that of Barking. We
IruuTi from Cartwri^lit's 'Diary' (published
by the Camden Society lu 1813) that Le waa
in close and constant cotmnuui cation with the
Itomanist Biahop L^iboiime and with Futhers
Ellis nnd Petre, and that he waa deeply in- ,
volvediutbeplotforeatablUhingtbeKooiish
reli^on. In October 1686 Cartwright went
to hw dioCi'SB, where he eiercised great hospi-
tality, especiull J to the Romaniat families, and
••ntertained Lord TTrconnell on hia way to
Ireland. In April l687 he returned to Lon-
don, arriving four days afler the publication
of the faaouj < Dzjclaration for Liberty of
Uonscieitce ' in the ' Gazette.' He strongly
t^plwld the king's policy, and uaed every en-
deavour to obtain ^dresses thanking the king
for tW promiae contained in the declaration
«f protecting the chiurch of England. Ue
was sblu to influence a few of the bishops to
4a tliis. He also obtained s conjiratulatory
^^Ajjdws* from the mayor and council of Wigan.
^^^^uring the mmmsr Cartwright waa again
^^^Boa dioceae, and received and entertained
^HHi^ James at Chester daring his progress.
^^Kwpal wu fitted up for the royal devotiona
At the sbtre hall, and the kina toucbedgreat
tuambers of persona for the ting's evil. In
O,;tober Cartwrisht's servici» were called
into active employment in support of the
kiiu'e policy. Jame« by an illegal exercise
of big supremacy bad establiahecl the court
of high commlsaion for ecclesiastical causes
-wliich had been apecinlly forbidden by two
actsof parUamentnTCar. I,c. 11; 13Car.ir,
c. 12), Sancroft liud been named a com-
missioner, but had refused to act, and (on
17 Oct. IIRHD Cartwright was put in bis
place. Tiie famous iiuarrel between the king
ftiid Mnedalen College, Osford (the fellows
of wliicn had refused to elect as president
the king'6 nominee, but had elected one of
*■" '"ownbody,Dr. John Hough [q.v.]), waa
in full progress. Cartwright, together
C J. Wright and Ilaron Ji
M
^Et
% oa A special commlsaion to Oxford to
if llui fellows to order. The commia-
noners reached Oxford on 20 Oct., and next
day Cttrtwritfht summoned the fellows before
liitD and tniule them a set speech, telling them
thftt they had sinned against their own souls
B their disobedience to so beneficent a
laich, and bidding them at once submit
is will. Ur. Uough was then called and
that his election woa void, and orikracl
by proxy, and the fellows were ordered to
accept bim. As almost the whole of them
refused to do tliia, (be coramissionera were
obliged to visit O.iford a second time
( 15 Nov.) Cartwright again made a speech
asserting ibal the king was ' supreme ordi-
nary,' and that his power overrode all laws
and statutes. The fellows, however, were
Bt'Jl contumacious, and all, with the excep-
of three, were expelled. On 10 Dec.
they were pronounced by Ibe commissionera
sitting at Whiteliall to be incapable of oil
preferment. Cartwright was probably one
of those who advised King James to order
theclergy to read the declaration for liberty
of conscience in their churches, an order
which led to such momentous conseqiiences.
When the order was published ud the
bishops were eonaulting as to their line of
action, we find from Lord Clarendon's ' Diary'
that they suspected Cartwright, and would
not speak before him. He was ao ignorant
of their intentions that be appears to have
told King James, when the bishops came
with their remonstrance, tbit they only
wished to protest ai^inst baring duties
they were readily received bv llie king,
When the clergy generally refused to reiw
the declaration, the Bisliop of Chester by
vigorous exertions obtained an address from
about thirty cleriry in his diocese censuring
the conduct of the seven bishops, and ex-
pressing their loval acquiescence in the king's
policy. Cartwright and the ecclesiastical
commiasioners also made an attempt to cen-
sure the clergy who had refused to obey,
and (13 July) made an order calling for re-
turns of those who had read and those who
had refused to read the declaration. No
reluma being forthcoming, they repeated
their order ^16 Aug.), but the storm of popu-
lar indignation soon swept them away, one
of the king's first acts ot concession being
to abolish the illegal court. Cartwright was
present wlien the king summoned the bishops
to declare that they liad not invited the
Prince of Orange. After the flight of tlie
king the unpopularity of the Bishop of Chea-
ter was so great that be did not dare to re-
main in England. Some tim'j in December
(16S8) he followed his master to Sainl-Oei^
mains, where lie was allowed to read the
English liturgy to tbe few protvntaots who
had rallied round tbe deposed monarch. On
the death of Selh Ward, bishop oT Saliabury,
James nominated Cartwright to this see, a
Cartwright
232
Cartwright
promotion which, it need not be said, never •
took effect. Cartwright accompanied James
to Ireland, landing t%ere on 12 March 1689.
On Palm Sunday, 24 March, he went to
Dublin with James, and on Easter day was
present at the services in Christ Church
Cathedral. Soon after his arrival in Dublin
CartT^Tight was attacked by dysentery, of
which he died on 15 April 1689. The greatest
efforts were made on his deathbed to convert
him to the Romish faith, but without success.
Cartwright, though such a strong supporter '
of the Komanists, seems never to have been '
shaken in his ovm views. He was buried at .
Christ Church, Dublin, with great state and !
magnificence, his funeral being attended by '
nearly the whole city. Cartwright married
a lady of the name of "VN" ight, by whom he
had a numerous family. His eldest son,
John, was in holy orders, and obtained many
pieces of preferment by the influence of his
father, live other sons, Richard, Ger\'as,
Charles, Thomas, Henrj", and two daughters,
Alicia and Sarah, arc mentioned m his
* Diary.'
[Diary of Thomas Cartvrighf, Bishop of
Chester, ed. Hunter, Camden Soc. 1843; King's
Visitatorial Power ovf r the Universities asserted,
Nut. Johnfrtone, London, 1688, 4to ; An Impar-
tial Relation of the Illegal Proceedings against
St. Mary Mngd. Coll. in Oxon., London, 1689,
4to ; Henry Earl of Clarendon's Correi-pondence
with Diary, ed. Singer, Oxford, 1828; Wood's
Athense (Bliss), iv. 252, 874.] G. G. P.
CARTWRIGHT, Sik TIIOMAS (1795-
1850), diplomatist, eldest son of "William
Ralph Cartwright, M.P., of Aynhoe, North-
amptonshins by Emma Maude, daughter of
Comwallis, first viscount Ilawarden, iKis
bom on 18 Jan. 1795. He was educated at
Christ Church, Oxford, and, after holding
various diplomatic posts, was appointed mi-
nister plenipotentiary to the court of Sweden.
The foreign policy of Lord Palmers ton re-
ceived his unqualified support, and he was
warmly attached to him personally. He
received the honour of knighthood in 1834.
He succeeded to his father's property on 4 Jan.
1850, but died at Stockholm on V7 April of
the same year.
[Gent. Mag. new series, zxziv. 91 ; Burke's
Knightage.] T. F. H.
CARTWRIGHT, WILLIAM (1611-
1643), dramatist and divine, bom in Sep-
tember 1611 at Northway, near Tewkesbury,
was the son of a "William Cartwright who,
after souandering a fair inheritance, had been
reducea to keep an inn at Cirencester. This
AVood's account {Athena^ ed. Bliss, ill.
69), and is probably true ; but Lloyd
(Memoirs, ed. 1668, p. 428) states that he
was bom on 16 Aug. 1015, and that his
father was a Thomas Cartwright of Burford
in Oxfordshire. He was sent first to the
free school at Cirencester and afterwards, as
a kinff's scholar, to Westminster, whence he
was chosen in 1628 student of Christ Church,
Oxford. Having taken the degree of M.A.
in 1635, he entered into holy orders, and be-
came (in Wood's words) *the most florid
and seraphical preacher in the university.'
The lectures that he delivered as metaphy-
sical reader (in succession to Thomas Bar-
low [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Lincoln)
were greatly admired. On 1 Sept. 1642 he
was nominated one of the council of war,
and on 16 Sept. he was imprisoned by Lord
Say, but released on bail. In the following
October Bishop Duppa appointed him suc-
centor in the church of Salisburv ; and on
12 April 1643 he was chosen junior proctor
of the university. He died at Oxford on
29 Nov. 1643, of a malignant fever (called
the camp-disease), and was buried on 1 Dec.
at the upper end of the north aisle of Christ
Church Cathedral. The king, who was then
at Oxford, being asked why he wore black
on the day of Carfwright's funeral, replieil
that * since the muses had so much mourned
for the loss of such a son it would be a shame
for him not to appear in mourning for the
loss of such a subject.* Fell said of him,
* Cartwright was the utmost man could come
to ; ' and Ben Jonson declared * Mv son Cart-
wright writes all like a man.' "Langbaine
gives him this character : * He was extreamly
remarkable both for his outward and inward
endowments; his body being as handsome
as his soul. He was an expert linguist, un-
derstanding not only Greek and Latin, but
French and Italian, as perfectly as his mother-
tongue. He was an excellent orator, and yet
an admirable poet.' Lloyd is still more en-
thusiastic in his praise : * To have the same-
person cast his net and catch souls as well
in the pulpit as on the stage ! . . . A miracle
of industry and wit, sitting sixteen hours a
day at all manner of knowledge, an excellent
preacher in whom hallowed ^incies and rea-
son grew visions and holy passions, raptures^
and extasies, and all this at thirty years of
age!'
Cartwright's plavs and poems were col-
lected in 1651 by ifumphrey Moseley in one
vol. 8vo. No less than fifty-six copies of
commendatoiT verses are prefixed, among the
contributors being I)r. John Fell, Jasper
Maj-ne, Henry Vaughan the Silurist, Alex-
ander Brome, Izaak Walton, &c. There is
nothing in the volume to support the re-
■Uth.
piilnticm ihat Cartwrigbt gained among tits
pontemporiries for extrnordirnry ubilitv.
'I'hvK Me four pitiyi of whit^li iLa ' Onli-
noiy ' is I he beet ; and tile rpBt of tliu vil iiine
chielly conBisU nf compIJineutary epiello?,
loTe-verBcs, and Imnslnlions, The 'Royal
Slave, fi Tragi-C'omedy,' which had been
printed ei'niU'Btely in '1639 and 1640, was
pfTformpii Wore the kine and quetn bv ihe
Btudents of Cbritt Churtb on 30 Aug. 1630.
^enrj Layres -wrote the music lo the Bongs,
unong lh» uclors was Uichard Busby,
'approv'd himself a second Roeciiis.'
play was mfjunti-d at conaidemblu coat
aclors appearing in Persian coatume),
iad gnvn such sariafaction that the court
' unanimously acknowledfj'd that it did ex-
ceed all limigs of that nalurt! wliich ihcy
had cvpr seen.' The quc^eu wua so charmed
with the 'RotbI Slave' ih.it in llie fol-
lowing November the kinp's oompimv was
ordered ro represent it at IlaBiptnn Ciiiirt ;
but iho pernirmuice of the proft'^eioual
players was judged iar inferior to that
of the amateurs. The 'Ordinary,' which
has been included in all the cditiona of
Doddey's old ^lays, is a lively comedy of
■ ■ ' lie, conlHiniug some arousing eatiro
e puritans. The otlier plays aie;
Lady-Errant, a Tragi -Conie<ry,' and
Siegv, or Luve'a Convert, a Tragi-
ledy.' Among ibe poems are an elegy
on Ben Jonson, that had previously apjicared
in ' Jonsoniw VirhiiiB,' 1«38; two copies of
commendatory verses on Fletcher, which had
been pn-fixed to tbe 1&4T folio ol Benumont
and Fletclier, and coinmMidutorv verses on
two plays of Thomas KiUigrew. '' Clnricilln '
and 'Thi? Prisoners.' In one of the verse-
■ddressrs to Fletclier, Cartwright writes :—
I [Wood's AthfliK. ed. Bliai. iii. 09-72 ; I'astl. i.
' 468, 478. li. 66 ; XJoj-d'ti alvinuirs, od. lOeH, pp.
42:i-fi ; Langtiaiiie'it Ilramaliak Poets, with
Oliiys's Mbi. anaotationit: Welsh's Alumoi Wcet-
monnelerieusr!!, ed, I8fi2, pp. 100-1 ; Evelyn's.
Diuiy, ed, ISfiO, i. 421 ; Cumur's ColleclaQea.]
A. H. B.
CARTWMGHT, WUXIAM id. 1687),
actor and bookseller, was prcBumably the sou
of "SVilliam Cartwrigbt, also an actor, who
flourished at the end of the aixleeutb cen-
tury and the beginning of the geventeentb,
is mentioned under lue date 169H in the
diary of Philip Uenslowe, and hod a close
intimncv with Edward Alleyn, from whom,
31 Oct.'l618, together with Edward Jubye,
"William Bird, and others, he leased tlie Foe-
tune Theatre. Cartwright the younger was
B member of Prince Charles's company act-
ing at the private house in Salisbitiy Court,
otherwise known astheWliilefriars Theatre,
the second of that name. Of his early per-
formances no record exists. During the civil
-war and the Commonwealth he become a
bookseller at tbe end of Turnstile Alley, and
published, under ibe title of 'The Actor's
Vindication,' London, 4to (_? 1(15^1, b re-
print of Thomaa Heywood's ' Apology for
Actors.' After the Restoration bo resiuned
bis old profession, joining the company of
took
ThomaaKilliffrew, known as tbe king's
"' &8t recorded perfoi
I dull. wh'iSL' bea
kU' ladies' qaostions and ibo fouls'
K moat copies there are blanks at pp. 301,
"^ 306, whem the lines are too royalist in
itiment for the times. Carlwrighl's other
1. 'An Offspring of Mercy iasu-
g out of the Womb of Cruelty, or a Pas-
.Ui Swmon preached in Christ Church,'
96S, 8to. 2. 'November, or Signal Dayes
served in that MoniU in relation to ibe
own utd Rovol Family,' 4lo, written in
_Pfl4S, bnt not published until 1671. At the
end of Dr. Jolin C^lop's 'Poesis Redivlva,'
I6fi6, Humphrey ftloseley anuonncei) for
nm-dy publication n volume of ' Foemata
Oneca et X«UnB' by Cartwrigbt, hut the
Inise waa not fulfilled. A |)ortrait of
Inright by Lomburt is prefixed lo tbe
Ce in the Theatre Royal built i.
ry Lane. He played about 1063 Oorbac-
cio in the 'Fox' of Ben Jonson, and aub-
sequeutly Morose in the ' Silent Woman,'
and Sir Epicure Mammon in the 'Alche-
mist' of the same author. Lygones in 'A
King and No King,' Brabantio in the ' Moor
of ^"enice ' (' Ot beUo '), and Fabtotf in ' King
Henry IV ' followed. (Jther characters in.
which he waa seen were the Priest in Dryden'a
'Indian Emperor,' Major Oldfox in the ' Plain
Dealer,' ApoUonius in ' Tyrannick Love,*
Mario in the ' Aasi gnat ion," and Ilurmogenas
in 'Marriage i\ la Mode.' W'ith Mohun he-
heads, in the 'Koscius Anglicanus,' the list
of the members of the king's company wbi>
joined the duke's company in tlie famous
union brought about by Betterton [q. v.] in
1082. Bis name only once appears m stage
records afl«r this date, though, according to
Oenest, it stands onpoaite the character of
Baldwin in an edition of ' Hollo,' a^ the
' Bloody Brother ' of Fletcher was re-named,
Brintedinieae. In I he 'Rehearsal' (Theatre
oyal,7 Dpc, lori) Cartwright, who played
Thunder, is addressed by name by Dayes,
' Mr. Cartivrighl, pr'yibee speak that a Uttle
louder, and with a hoarse voice.' It is pro-
bable that Cartwrigbt, who waa a man of
Carus 234 Carve
isubstance, retired soon after the union of the j office till his death, the date of which is un-
twu companies. He died in or near Lincoln's certain, but is probabbr 1572, a succestjor
Inn Fields about the middle of December | being appointed on 14 Miy of that year. IE*
1687, leaving to Dulwich College his books, ' name, nowever, is not given in Dver s or
ictures, &c. This bequest became the sub- Plowden's reports after Easter term lo70. lu
pictures
ject of a curious lawsuit between the master,
warden, fellows, &c., of the college, and
Francis Johnson and Jane his wife, the lat-
ter a servant to Cartwright, who after his
•death had seized upon his property, includ-
1569 (10 Feb.) he, with Sir James Dyer, chief
justice of the common pleas, Mr. Justice
Weston, and Mr. Justice Harper, heard and
determined a controversy between the presi-
dent and council in Wales and the chamber-
ing clothing, books of prints and plays, with < lain of Chester as to the jurisdiction of the
other goods and 490 broad-pieces of gold. A I county palatine of Chester, the question
portion only of the property was recovered, , arising in Radford's case. He left a daughter,
the portion lost including * two Shakspare's , Elizabeth, who was second wife to Sir ^icho-
playes, 1647 ; three Ben Jonson's works, ye , las Curwen of Workington, M.P. for Cum-
1st vellum; one Ben Jonson's works, 2nd berland.
vellum' (Warner, Dulwich College MSS,
p. 154). Among the portraits bequeathed by
[Foss's Lives of the Judges; Qreen's Sut*
Papors, Addenda; Hutchison's Camberhmd. ii.
Cartwright, and still m the college, are : 168, 145.] j^ j^ H
■Old Mr. Cartwright, actor ; 234, * My picture '
in a black dress, with a great dog;' 78, * My ■ CARVE, THOMAS (1590-1672 .5), tra-
first wife's picture like a shepherdess ; ' 116, ^ veller and historian, was bom at MobemoD,
•* My last wife's picture with a black veil on co. Tipperary, in 1590. His correct name is
her head ; ' 169, Young Mr. Cartwright, actor,
is lost. The identity of its subject with the
<lonor cannot accordinglv be established. The
Came or Carew, and the Irish call him
O'Corrain (Eesponsio veridica, 145). He
himself states that Sir Ross Carew, his bro-
catalogue, one leaf of which, containing 186- 1 ther, was married to the great Clarendon »
^09, is wanting, is believed to be in the hand- sister. Lady Hyde, and he also boasts of his
writing of Cartwright. It is illiterate in ancestor Sir Thomas Carew, who in the fif-
epelling. Cartwright's collection of plays ' teenth century had held high authority in
alter quitting Dulwich became the nucleus of ; Munster. In many respects his 8ympatlii»
the famous Garrick collect ion. Downes speaks j were anti-Irish, and though he was skilled in
of Cartwright as a good actor ; Davies {^Dra- , the Irish language he expresses his preference
Tnatic Miscellanies) mentions his Morose and | for English. Ills early years appear to have
!iis Falstaft*, and says * little is heard of him ; * | been passed among the Butlers, to whom be
[Downos's Roscius Auglicanus; Wright's Tlis- his edition of Ware's 'Writers of Ireland,*
toria llistrionica ; Gent»t's Account of the Eng- : asserts that Carve was educated at Oxford,
lish Stige; Duvies's Dramatic Miscellanios ; In- ^ but there does not seem to be anv confirma-
troduction to Hoy wood's Apology for Actors, ; tion of this statement. He took priest's
reprinte<l for the Shakesptvire Society. 1841 ; orders and appears to have been stationed
C<.llicr'8 Memoirs of Alloyn, 1841 ; Collier's jn the diocese of Leighlin. He left Ireland
'^ ' * I then serving as colonel of an Irish regiment
CARUS, THOMAS (d, 1572 ?), judge, \ in the army of Ferdinand II of Austria, he
was of a Lancashire family, long settled at j returned to his native country. In 1630 he
Ilorton and elsewhere in that county ( (rran- | again set out on his travels, and at this date
^eur of the Law, 253 ; Cal. State Papers^ , his curious and valuable * Itinerary * was be-
Dom., 1 July 1(KH)). He joined the Middle gun. He remained with W^alter 'Butler for
Temj)le, and was ai)pointed reader in Lent two years, and returned at the period of the
1 4 Tin 1556. Towards the end of Mary's reign battle of Liitzen ; but afler a short visit to
he was summoned to the degrt^e of Serjeant- his friends in Ireland he started again for
<it-law, and actually received it after Eliza- Germany in 1633. On arriving at St uttj^
beth's accession, 19 April 1559. He was about September 1634 he heard of the death
appointed a judge of the queen's bench pro- of his patron Walter Butler, and he tran»*
foably in Trinity term 1566, in succession to , ferred Lis services as chaplain to Walter
3Ir. Justice Corbet, and continued in that : Devereux, formerly the chief officer and now
ttwBucceesorofBuiler. Ht^ accompanied tLe
armj- of CliarlM III, diiki- of Ixirrame, in its
inceseaiit moveuienlB, and af^rwards joined
the main forces under Gsllag. In AjirU lti-t9
he tioished the first port of liis ' Itineracy,' '
and had it printed ftt Mniox, with a dedica-
tion to the Marquis of Ormonde, in which he
says: ' Not in the quiet ebamberofitudy has
it be«a compostid, but beneath the tenta of
war, where mv busy pen found no peaf^e from
ih^ ominous clangour of the hoarse trumpet
and the loud roll of the battle-drum ; whure
tny ear was stunned by the dreadful thundt-r
of tlie CAnnon, nnd tiie futal leaden hail hissed
round the onper on which I was writing.'
In imOhe was appointed chnplain-gejierBl
<tt all the Englisli, bcoteh, and Irish forces,
And in that capacity continued to sorvewith
the army after the death of Devereui. It is ,
probable that about 1043 he went to reside
at Vienna inhlscboracterof notary apostolic
and vicB]>choriil of St. Stephen's Cathedral in
that city. Hp brought out the third part of ^
hia ' Itinerary ' at Sp-res in 1646, The scar-
city of this work it not ite ont^' value. It |
^ives important detaiU concetnina- Wollen-
«tein, the civil war in England, and the gene- ,
ral history of Chrislendom at the period ; and
all writers upon the thirty years' war who ,
could procure a sight of it have used it,
though seldom with acknowledKmenl. Tlie ;
work contains an interesting description of
Ireland and a curious ac^^ount of London and
its buildings. Carre's latest publication ap- I
peared at SuUboch in 1872, when he wan
-flighty-two years old. The date of his death i
All hia works are extremely rare. Their
titledate: 1. 'ItinerariumRD.ThomfeCarve
'Ilpperorienflis, Sacellani majoris in fortissima
juxta ut nobilissima legione strenuissimi Do-
mini Colonelli D. Wolteri Deveronx sub Sac. '
CtBSHT. MajuHtate stipendia merentis cum ,
historii facti Butleri, Gordon, Lesly, et alio- |
nnn. Opera, studio, et impensis authoria,' i
part« i. and ii., Mainx, ltl39-~ll, 18moi part i
iii., Spirea, ]&4<1, 16mri ; third edition, in one i
vol.. Main*, 1610-1, ISrao. The third edition |
of tne first part is the same as the first, page |
for page, excepting ihiil the tliird edition has
AD aduJIJonal dedication, and at pp. 113, II J, |
two additional epilAphi> to Wallenetein, and
«1m an additional »i)th chaptar at the end.
The rarity of I he book, particularly the third
volume, IS whU known to bibhographers ; it
is quoted with great praise bv llarte in his
•Qustavui! AdoJphus,' ii. 39 n. The three
part« wiTe reprinted at London in lCtt!)9 in
one quartet volume, under the editorial super- ,
VLsionofMioliaelKeruev.tlieimpressionbeine '
, '3tlBtl«i to one hundred copies on paper and ^
peared under the title of ' Heyshiichloin dess
ehrwiirdigcnllerrnThomeD Carve. Aussdem
Latein: ins Teulech vbersetKt durch P. R.,
continuirt imd fortgesetK studio W. S, a
\'orburg,' Mayence, l&tO, 8vo. U'hia trans-
lation contains a preface with some account
of the work, and nine additional chapters not
to be found in any of the three original Lotin
parts. -. ' ILerum Germanicarum nb anno
1617 ad annum 1641 geatamm Epitome'
[«»e/.«o], 1641, 12mo. 3. 'Lyra, sen Ana-
ce|)lialieosie llibemica, in qua de exordio, scu
ongiue, nomine, mortbiis, ritibusque Gentis
Ilibemicffl succmcte tractatur; cui quoque
Bcccssere Annaleeejusdem Hibemiwnec non
lierum gestarum per Kuropam ab anno IHS,
ueque ad annum 16>'>0,' \ lenna (1661), 4to;
' eaitio aecunda multis additomeiitis locuple-
tata et k mendis repurgatu, cum brevi rerum
colamitosS coulingentiiun priecipuAque Tur-
cicarum Relatione A 50 ustjue ail 66 annum,
fflneis etiam tessellis insignit-a,' Sulzbach,
1666, 4to. The first edition is rarer than the
second, and differs much from it. 4. * Gala-
teue, seu de Morum elegantii,' Nonlhausen,
1669. 5. "Enchiridion Apologeticum,' No-
ribeipc, 1670, 12mo. 6. ' Responsio veridica
ad iliotum libellum,cui nomen Anatomicum
eiamen F. Autonii Bniodioi Hibemi Urd.
Jlin. Strict. Observantin;, sub ementito no-
mine P. C:omelii 6 Mollonii editum,' Suli-
bach, 1673, 8vo. This is a violent reply lo
Bruodine [u. v.], who had attacked him in
a work entitled 'Propugoaculum Catholicn
Fidei.' A flue portrait of Carve, engraved
by M. Vliemayr, is prefixed to the "" Lyra.'
[Memoir by Hicbaol Komfy profiled lo the
ItiDumrium (1839); Ciemeot, Bibl. Curieuae;
Dibdin's Lii>mry Companion, i. 2M ; Gran^nr's
Biog, Hist, of England (182*). v. 97; Bibl.
GrearillUna. i. tIB. 110, ii, 92; Cat. of the
Huth Ltliniry, i. aS8, 269 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Uan.
141, 161.]
T. C.
CAE.VELL, NICHOLAS (d. 15(1<1), poet,
was elbcted from Eton to King's College 1646,
was B.A, 151U, if.A. 155a, He was at Zu-
rich during the reign of Queen Mary, but
returned after Elizabeth's acoesaion atul died
in the Bummerof 1560, The following poems
in the ' Mirror for Magistrates,' signed *Ca-
vyl,' have been attributed to him : 1, ' How
the two Mortimers for their sundry vicei
ended their days unfortunately.' 2, 'The
WilfuU fall of the blacke Smith and the
foolishe ende of the Lord Awdeley in June,
anno 1496.' He also conlributv<l to the col-
lection on the death of Bucet in 16ol. In
Carver
236
Carver
Harwood*s 'Alumni Etoneuses/ p. 161, he
is confounded with James Calf hill [q. v.]
[Strype's Memorials, vol. iii. pt. i. p. 233 ;
Zurich Letters (Rirker Society), i. 194; Trou-
bles of Frankfort, pp. 16, 66, 169; Mirror for
Magistrates (Hasluwood), ii. 23, 396 ; Warton's
English Poetry, iii. 185, 186, 225; Cooper's
Athens Cant. i. 232.]
CARVER, JOHN (1575 ?-16l>1), leader
of the * pilgrim fathers,' was an Englishman
and agent of the English congregational
church at Ley den in IloUand. When he
sailed in the Mayflower (1620) he was * of
good age,' father of several children, one
daughter being aged 14. In his time the name
of Carver, alias Calver, was common in the
midland coimties, and the best conjecture is
that he came from Nottinghamshire. He
was one of the chief exiles who took refuge
in Holland in 1607-8. Carver became a
deacon of Robinson's church at Leyden, and
was agent for the expedition to New Eng-
land. In 1619, through Sir Edward Sandys,
the exiles obtained a patent for South Vir-
ginia. Carver made agreements with Lon-
don merchants to assist the expedition with j
shipping and money, the emigrants mort-
^ging their labour and trade for seven years.
Carver's estate and others were thrown into
one common fund. The Speedwell, of Hol-
land, 60 tons, and the Mayflower, of Lon-
don, 180 tons, were provided. The pastor,
Robinson, addressed his parting letters to
Carver. The Speedwell proving unfit for
the voyage, the Mayflower after various de-
lays left Plymouth on 6 Sept. 1(J20, with
Car^-er and a hundred other emigrants. After
a difficult passage they reached Cape Cod har-
bour in Massachusetts, where a new compact
was drawn up and signed by 42 persons, who,
with 18 wives, 4 spinsters, 7 serv'ing-men,
23 boys, and 7 girls, constituted the colony
of 101 persons.
Carver was chosen governor for the first
year, and was in the three boat expeditions
to discover a site for a settlement. On
11 Dec. a fine bay was found with a good '
site for buildings. Carver, Ilowland (his .
future son-in-law), Standish, Bradford (se- |
cond governor), and fourteen others stepped !
from the shallop on to a rock at the foot of ,
a cliff in the district called Patukset. The '
upper portion of that rock now stands as a 1
memorial in the public square of New Ply-
mouth, built on the spot, and is known as
the 'Forefathers' Rock.' Having brought
the ship round, in five days they commenced
building the town of Plymouth. On 31 Dec.
divine seryice was hela ashore for the first
time, and the first American independent
church was established, in accord with the
church of Scrooby in England and Leyden
in Holland. The winter was mild, liut a
heavy mortality followed. Carver suffered
much from January to March. On 22 March
1621 Carver made a treaty with the Indian
chiefs. The next day he was confirmed go-
vernor for the ensuing year ; but on 5 April,
the dajr the Mayflower returned to En^l&nd^
he received a sunstroke while toiling in the
field, and died soon after.
By every writer Carver is described as
grave, pious, prudent, self-denying, and ju-
dicious. His wife survived him six weeks
only. The records of Leyden church show
that her christian name was Catharine. Car^
ver's family in the Mayflower consisted of
eight persons — himself, his wife, his daugh-
ter Elizabeth, John Howland, Jasper (called
* Carver's boy '), who died in 1020, and three
others who died before 1027. At the latter
date there was not a person named Carver
in the colony. Many pedigrees have been
constructed asserting lineal descent from
Carver. The William Carver who died in
1700, aged 102, leaving many descendants,
could not have been Carver's grandson, as
reputed, though probably a relation. John
Howland, grandson of a brother of Bishop
Howland, married Carver's daughter Eliia-
beth, and shared with his children in the
earlv
last
died in 1(587. Their four sons and four
daughters have left numerous descendants.
Carver's chair is preserved in the Pilgrims'
Hall, Plymouth, and his broadsword is in
the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical
Society, Boston. In 1790 a to^\^lship of
Plympton, county Plymouth, was incorpo-
rated as * Car\'er's Town.'
[Belknap's American Biog., ed. Hubbard, ii.
29o ; Hunter's . . . Founders of New Plymouth ;
Prince's Annals («1. 1736), p. 160; New Engl.
Hist, and Oeueal. lleg. i. 60, 63. ii. 187, 262, iv.
106, 192, 259, 367, v. 47, 81 ; Historical Maga-
zine, 2nd series, i. 261, vi. 226; Stone's Life of
John Howland (a descendant, &c.), 1 857 ; Young's
Chronicle {2nd ed. 1844), pp. 22, 468 ; Hutchin-
son's Massachusetts, ii. 456 ; tkldison's "Worksop ;
Farmer's Genojd. Register, p. 64; Scott's Hist.
Lecture on Pilgrim Fathers ; Everett's Cape Cod
Centen. Celebr. p. 7 ; Rolxirtson's America, a.d.
1620-1 ; Notes and Queries, 6th series, ix. 167;
Hubbard's . . . New England (2nd ed.), p. 41 ;
Massach. Hist. Soc. Collections, v. 42, viii. 203-
237, ix. 43, 74; Westm. Rev. No. cxc; Har-
per's Mag. liv. 180 ; Congreg. Quarterly (Boston,
U.S.), iv. 58; Palfrey's New England, i. 184;
Holmes's Annals, i. 162 ; Summer's . . . Pilffrims
at Leyden ; Smith's Virginia, pp. 230-8 ; Mor-
ton's New Eng. Mem. pp. 1-25 ; Cotton Mather's
I, aiXVA OIlUiUVA l^lllX Julio VUIA\AX^It KXl. IJLAV
y divisions of property. He died, the
of the pilgrim fathers, m 1672 ; his wife
MngiMlU. ii. 40 : Joeaplyo'i Vo.vnses, p. !1S ;
Uden. Gocliichte iler CungreKAlioiuiJiKten, Hm.,
Leipzig, 1846; Tlmteher'* Piymouth, p, ['29:
Purchaa, His Pil(triiUHge, bit, i. ch. iT. 1625;
Miulitai's Bridgwat«T, pp. 129, 362.}
J. W.-G.
CARVER, JONATHAN (1732-1780),
trareller, bom at Stillwater, Coiineeticut,
In 1732, was the son of WiUidm Joseph \
Carver af Wigac, Lancashire, captain la '
AV'klliain m's nnnf, who was rewarded for
senices in Ireland with the government of
Connecticut. Ue studied under a phyaieian
in Elitabetli'B Town, hut nflerwarda pup-
cbaaed an enBiKTicyi was in commana of
ti company iu the expedition against the
French in Canada, and had ft naiTOw escape
in the massacre at I'ort William Henry. He
served in five campaigua frnm 1757 to 1763,
and retired from the army on the conclusion
of peace. Carver then dettiratined to explore
the territory beyond the Mississippi, and to ^
find B north-west land passage between the |
Attantio and Facitlo Oceans. Starting irom
Boston in June 1706, ha trarelled thirteen
buodred miles to the most remote British post,
«ad surveyed the bays and rivers of Lake Su-
perior. Then with goods for Indian trading
M stmek into the north-west of the Missis-
mppi further than uny traveller had been ex- ,
««pt Hennepin in 1 680, and afterwards pro- .
«eeded westward to the sources nf the river '
St, Pierre, dwelling among the Indians and ;
le«nung their languages. l£e relumed to j
BoflVOnm October 1708,having visited twelve
Indian nations and travelled seven thousand
miltH. While proceeding in 1737 with (he I
Indiana to their great council, he reached a
point within the present sit« of St. Paul s,
Minnesota, on 1 May, and there, stepping
ashore opposite the xreat cave, Wakan-teete
(Dwelling of the Great Spirit), now called
' Cari-er's Cave,' he was dected a dakotah
(allied) chief, and made his almost prophetic
apeoch to the three hundred 'braves. Carver
haring mediated a peace between the Nado-
msaies (Siouxland Chippeways(0;jibewiiyB),
the formertribe is said to have made him an
extensive grant of land near the Mississippi;
but this is not mentioned in the account of
his travels. The great wilderness which
Owrer traversed is now called, from its
beauty and fertility, in Indian phrase, 5Iin-
nesota, He liud down a scheme by which
thi> St. Paul's district might become the
e«ntre of a great internal intercouiBe between
the eaxt and the west, and his plan of a
water eommuniealion by canals between
New York, St. PaiiVs, and Canada is now
of ihu Great Ene Canal.
In 17(19 he came to England lo publish
his journal and charl.H, und hoped thai the
British guvemmeuC would recognise his ser-
vices, lie underwent a long examination
by the lords conunissioners of trade and
plantations, and received permission to puh-
liah his papers, but, being afterwards ordered
lo delivur them up to tbe board, he hod to
repurchase them irom his bookseller, with-
out receiving compensation forloss. Fortu-
nately he had sav^ copies of his manuscripts
and maps, which enabled bim to publish his
work ten years after, About 1774, in con-
junelinn with Uiehard Whitworth, M.P. for
Stafford, he had arranged his scheme for the
overland route. Ilimselii Whitworth, and
Colonel liogers, with fifty or sixty artificers
and mariners, were to make the party. Grants
and other requisites were nearly completed
when the troubles in America put a atop to
the enterpriaa. la 177S appeared the first
edition of 'Travels Wi the Interior Parts of
North America,' Jtc. illustrated with copper-
plates and maps, London, 6vo. The second
part of the worK is ' The Origin, Manners and
Customs, Religion and Langnages of the In-
dians,' and there is an appendix describing
the uncultivated parts of^America. It is
dedicated to Sir Joseph Bonks, F.R.S. In
1779Baecond edition appeared, London, 8 vo.
A Dublin edition was published in the same
year, 8to. Edilions appeared in 1784 (with
an account of his life by Dr. Lettsom) and
in 1796. A French translation appealed in
1764, 8vo. The ' Travels ' also appeared in
' Moore's .... Collection of Voyages and
Travels,' vol. ii., London, 1785, folio, and in
Campe's ' Kinder- und Jugendechriften,' Bd.
20, 1831, 8vo. In 1779 Carver published
' A Treatise on the Cultivation of the To-
lin. 8vo: and under bis name was puUished
' The New Universal Traveller,' London,
1779, folio, of which fifty-five weekly num-
bers came out with fifty-six engravings and
maps. In the winter of this year Carver,
■with awife and two children, had to subsist
on his wages OS a lottery clerk. His original
fortune had been long exhausted. Ue died on
31 Jon. 1780. He was buried at llolj^ell
Mount, Dr. Lettsom found an unnegotiated
Cnt of ten thousand square miles among
papers. Lettsom interested himself for
Carvers family, supported them, collected
subscriptions, and paid all expenses of the
third edition of the • Travels ' in 1T81. His
letters to the ' Gentleman's Magaiine ' —
' Hints for establishing a Society for Pro-
moting Useful Literature* — were suggeste<l
by this unfortunate author's cose, and helped
Cancer
238
Carver
to suggest the establisliment of the Literary
Fund.
A mezzotint portrait of Carver, from a
picture in Dr. Ijettsom^s possession, is the
frontispiece of the * Travels,' 3rd edit. He
was somewhat above the middle stature,
with a muscular frame. He was a very
aflpreeable and picturesque writer, as the story
01 his adventures shows. But there is one
stain on his character; at the time of his
marriage in England he had a wife and five
children living m America.
The deed found by Dr. Lettsom (now
lost) was dated 1 May 1767, the day of the
* long talk ' in the cave. It bore the totems
— beaver and serpent — of two great chiefs,
and the Indians are made to speak, in Eng-
lish, of the grantee as * our good brother
Jonathan,' whence possibly came the name
of the Americans collectively. The heirs
by his first wife transferred part of their
rights in 1794 to Edward Houghton of Ver-
mont for 60,000/. After careful inquiry the
land commissioners dismissed the claim in
1825. Dr. Hartwell Caner's claim in 1848
for * a hundred miles square ' met with the
same fate, as did also that of Carver's grand-
sons, Groom and King. Martha, one of the
daughters by the English wife, was brought
up by Sir Richard and Lady Pearson. She
eloped with a sailor, and a few days after
their marriage conveyed her rights to a
London firm for a sum of money and a
tenth of the profits. The agent sent out to
get a confirmatory grant from the Indians
was murdered in New York, and the scheme
collapsed. George III is said to have ap-
proved the grant, and Dr. Samuel Peters, an
episcopal minister, who had purchased some
rights in 1806, testified to the committee
in 1825 that the king had given Carter
1,371/. 13*. 8rf., and ordered a frigate and
transport-ship with a hundred and fifty men
to proceed with him to take possession, but
the battle of Bunker's Hill had prevented it.
In 1839 Lord Palmerst on stated in parliament
that no trace of a ratification of the Carver
grant was to be found in the Record Office.
There is a Carver town and Carver county
in South-eastern Minnesota; and Carver
river is the name of a branch of the St.
Peter's. The Can-er centenary was cele-
brated by the Minnesota Historical Society
on 1 May 1867, the hundredth anniversary
of the council and treaty of Carver with the
Indians at * Carver's Cave,' which is now
within the suburbs of the important city of
St. Paul. The proceedings were published
at the expense of George W. Fehnestock of
Philadelphia.
Carver's description of the funeral of a
' brave '- sujroested Schiller's ' Son^ of a Na-
dowessie Cnief/ of which both Sir Edward
L3rtton Bulwer and Sir John Heischel have
given translations.
[Carver's works; Nichols's lUustrations, ii.
680 ; Neill's English Colonies in America, 1871 ;
Neill*8 Hist, of Minnesota, 1882; MiDnesoU
Historical Society (Carver Centenary), 1867;
Bishop's Floral Home ... in Minnesota, 1867 ;
Niles's Register, 25 Feb.. 1825 ; Harper's Maga-
zine, 1875, p. 630; Gent. Mag. 1780, p. 183;
family papers.] J. W.-G,
CARVER, ROBERT (d, 1791), landscape
and scene painter, was a native of Ireland and
the son of Richard Carver, an historical and
landscape painter of some merit, who painted
an altar-piece at Waterford. Robert Carver
received instruction from his father, and ex-
hibited several small pictures in water-colourp
in Dublin with some success. He also painted
scenes for the Dublin Theatre, which attracted
so much attention that Gkirrick commissioned
him to paint one for Drury Lane Theatre,
and eventually invited him to take up hi?
residence in London as scene-painter to that
theatre. Carver was a firiend of his com-
patriot, Spranger Barry, and when that actor
quarrelled with GarricK, and transferred him-
self with a rival company to Covent Gar-
den Theatre, Carver followed in his train, and
continued to paint scenes for that theatre in
coiy unction with John Inigo Richards, RA.,
and other artists. One of his scenes w&i
known bls the * Dublin Drop,' and is described
as follows by the painter Edward Daves:
* The scene was a representation of a storm
on a coast, with a fine piece of water dashing
against some rocks, and forming a sheet of
foam truly terrific ; this, with the barren ap-
pearance of the surrounding country, and an
old leafless tree or two, were the material?
that composed a picture which would have
done honour to the first artist, and will be
remembered as the finest painting that ever
decorated a theatre.' Besides scene-painting.
Carver obtained great success as a landscape-
painter, and from 1765 to 1790 exhibited
numerous landscapes in oil and water-colours
at the exhibitions of the Incorporated Society
of Artiste. He was a fellow of this society,
and in 1772 was appointed director. He also
exhibited at the Free Society of Artists, and
later on at the Royal Academy. His pict ures
always excited attention and favourable cri-
ticism, and in the newspapers of the time he
is spoken of as the ' ingenious and celebrateil
Mr. Carver.' He particularly excelled in
atmospheric effects, such as those of the early
dawn. Generally the same (qualities which
brought him so much success m scene-paint-
ing were apparent in his smaller pictures.
Oarver w»8 of a Renerous and eonTivial
lein|wraineut, a free liver, and fond of society.
— ivyeara hewns a martj-r tolbegoiit,
fanionkl Sketches of Uodera Artists ; SuntiM j
TbjW* Orion, Proerrsa, &o,, of tin Fine Aril |
ia Great Bntun sod Irolimd; Somerset House
Gazetta; GratcH's Diet, of Arcials, IZIO-lSSOi
Gdvaidi's Ar(>c<lotes of tUntera; CBtalo^eaof
the Socictj of Artists, Royal AcnJemy, &c. ; tan- ,
DDScript iofumiatioa in l&e Print liooia. BrUish
Utueum.] L. C.
CARVOSSO, BEKJAMIN(ir89-lS54\
Wesley on minister, was eon of William
Cart o«so, bom near MouBehoIe, in Mount's
Bay, on 11 March 1750, first a ftehennan,
then a tanner, and afterwards for siily years
a most aclJTe class leader and local preacher
in the Wealeyan methodist connection, who
died at Dowstal, in the parish of Mvlor, on
13 Oct, 1834. The son was bom in 'Gliiviaa
pariBh, Cornwall, on 29 Sept. 1789, and,
although brought up by v^ry pious parents,
«ras not converted unlil hia twenty-second
]Fe«r. Ue viia admitted as a probationer by
th« Wesleyan conference in 1814, and, after
labouring for five years aa a minister in
England, offered himself as a missionary.
Un arrived in Van Diemen's Land in 1820,
being the second minister of the Wesltyan
denomination sent to the Australian colonies,
utd on 18 Aug. introduced methodism into
that island by a public service in Hobort
Town, It was not long before he proceeded
to New South Walea, where, in the towns
of Windsor, Sydney, and ParnmBtla, he
C;d the next five years of his mlnietrBtion.
bad n high sense of the importance of
the press as a means of promoting religion,
and in conjunction with his brethren com-
menced in 1820 the publication of the ■ Aus-
tralian Klagaibe,' the first of its class seen j
in the colony. In 1825 he removed to Hobart
Town: here hia labours were arduous; in
the pulpit, the prison, the prayer meeting,
the class meeting, and the family, he was
constantly engaged. Retumlngtobisnative
land in 18S0 he continued in the full dls-
cbarge of his ministerial duties in various
parta of England throughout (he remainder
of his life, He died at Tuckingmlll, Corn-
wall, on 2 Oct. 1864.
Tlie titles of the works written by him
are; I. 'TliBGreat Effieaeyof SimpleFaith,
a Memoir of William Can-oaao,' 1835, which
piuwd through many editions. 2. 'Drunken-
ness thi- Em-my of Hrtinin arrested by the
.Oisnd of God/ 1H40. S. 'An Account of.
Miss Deborah B. Crtrvosan," 1840. 4. ' At-
traclh'e Pii'iy. or Memorinls of William 11.
Carvosso,' 1S44, several editions.
[W»le>-ttn Muibodi»t Mag. iSfiS, April, p. 382,
Peplember. p. SM; Blencowe's Memoir of llev.
B, CnrroBBo, ISflT ; Bo*»e and Courtney's BibL
Conini), i. as, ui. 1118.] G. C. B.
CARWARDINE, PENELOPE (1730?-
1800 ?), aftenvards Mes, Bdtlbk, minialun*
painter, born about 1730, was the eldest
daughter of John Cflrwardine of Thinghills
Court, Wltbington, Herefordshire, by his
wife Anne Bullock of Preston Wync, m the
same parish (^Bekri, -Ewer Pedigreet). Her
father having ruined the family estates, ahit
took to miniature painting, instructed by
Oiias Humphrey, and had acquired her art
by 1754. She exhibited at the Society of
Artists in 1761, 1762, 1771, 1772 (Graves.
ih"c(. of ArtuU, p. 42). She was a closv
friend of Sir Joshua and Miss Keynolds;
and among Sir Joshua's works is a portrait
of one of her sisters, painted by him as a
present for her. Many of her miniatures
remain in the possession of her family, to-
gether with three portraits of herself; one-
by Bardweli, 1750 ; one by a Chinese artist,
about 1756; the third by Romney, about
1790. She married Mr. Butler, organist of
Bane1a^(BFBNKT, £iVr^ of Mvsie, iv, 669),
andSt, Murgnret'e, andSt. Anne's, Westmin-
ster (^EnwiRDS, Atifcd. of Painting, p. 13) ;
after ibis marriage she relinqiiisUed her pro-
, fession. She di»l a widow, without issue,
about 1800.
I [Berry's EsBax pBiligrooa; Gravaa's Diet, of
Arlistfl, p. 42 : Buriiey's History of Uasic, ir.
66B ; Eii*ard»'s Anecd. of Paiuling, p. 13 ; pri-
vate information.] J. H.
CAKWELL, THOM-iS (1600-1064),
Jesuit, whose real nnme was Thokold, be-
longed to an ancient Lincolnshire family now
eitinct. He was bom of protestont parent?
in 1600, and became a catholic in 1 632. Aher
studying in the Jesuit college at St. Omer, he
entered the English college at Kome in I(tii9,
and in 1633 he was ordained priest. In tlie
latter year he entered the Society of Jesus nt
St. Andrew's, Rome, and in 1643 be became
a profe-*sed father. For several years he was
employed as professor of pbllosopby and tliei>-
logy at LiJge, In 1017 he was sent to the
English mission, and during many years he
was missioner in the London district, of which
in 1655 he was rector. He was nlsti at one
period vice-pro vinciBl of his order. His death
occurred in London on 9 Aug. 1664. He
wrot« a bulky controversial work, entitled
'LoliyTlntbrsCuntvnriensia:orDociorL8wd'»
Lub)'rtnth. Bci'Ing un Answer to tho lute
Gary
240
Gary
Archbishop of Canterbvries Relation of a
•Conference between himselfe and Mr. Fisher,
etc. Wherein the true grounds of the Roman
Catholique Religion are asserted, the princi-
pall Controuersies betwixt Catholiques and
Protestants throughly examined, and the
Bishops meandrick windings throughout his
whole worke lavd open to publique view. By
T.C Taris, 1658, fol.
[Foley's Records, t. 609, vi. 324, vii. 774;
Southwell's Bibl. Script. Soc. Jesu, 761 ; Oliver's
Jesuit 0)llectioDs, 67 ; Backer's Bibl. des Ecri-
Tains dela Society de J^os (1869), 1100.]
T. C.
CARY. [See also Cakbw and Caret.]
GARY, EDWARD (d. 1711), catholic
'divine, son of John and Lucy Cary, was
bom at Meldon, Suffolk. He left England
in 1646 with the intention of joining some
foreign army, but afterwards changed his
mind and entered the English college at
Rome, where he was ordained priest in I60I.
He was then sent back to England on the
mission. On the accession of James II he
^became chaplain-general to his majesty's ,
•catholic forces, and after the revolution he ;
was employed in confidential communications
with the friends of legitimate monarchy. His
death occurred in 1711. He was the author
•of * The Catechist catechized concerning the
Oath of Allegiance,' 1681, 12mo.
[Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 481 ; Oliver's Cji-
tholic R(tligion in Cornwall, 261 ; Foley's Re-
cords, vi. 368.] T. C.
CARY, ELIZABETH, Viscountess
Falkland. [See under Cakt, Sib Henry.]
CARY, FRANCIS STEPHEN (1808-
1880), artist and art-teacher, was a younger
•son of the Rev. Henry Francis Cary fq. v.]
He was bom at Kingsbury in WarwicKshire
on 10 May 1808, his father being then vicar
of that place. He was educated at home,
•chiefly by his father, and at the age of eighteen
became a pupil of Mr. Sass at the Art School
in Streatham Street, Bloomsbury. He after-
wards became a student at the Royal Aca-
demy, and for a short time painted in the
studio of Sir Thomas Lawrence, with a view
of becoming his pupil; this intention was
frustrated bv the death of that artist. In
1829 he studied in Paris, and afterwards in
Italy and in the Art School at Munich. In
1833, 1834, 1836 he accompanied his father,
to whom he was much devoted, in a course
, of foreign travel each year. In the following
years he exhibited several pictures at the ex-
hibitions of the Society of British Artists
^ others. In 1841 he married Louisa,
daughter of Charles Allen Philipps of St.
Briae's Hill, Pembrokeshire, and in 1842 he
undertook the management of the Art School
in Bloomsbury, in which he had formerly
studied under Mr. Sass. He continued to
exhibit pictures for some years at the Royal
Academy and elsewhere, and was a candi-
date in the Westminstor Hall competitions
for the decoration of the houses of paniament,
held in 1 844 and 1 847. Cary was oest known
as the head of the Bloomsbury Art School.
This school was founded by Mr. Sass on the
model of the school of the Carracci, Bologna,
and under his care, and subsequently under
Cary*s, many of the most prominent painters
and sculptors of the day, such as Cope, Millais,
Dante Ilossetti, Armstead, &c., received their
early art education. In 1874 Gary retired to
Abinger in Surrey, where he died on 6 Jan.
1880. He left no family. In the early part of his
life his continual devotion to his father was
the cause of his enjoying much of the lite-
rary society of that day. He painted an
interesting portrait of Charles Lamb and his
sister Mary, now in the possession of Mr.
Edward Hughest
[Times, 9 Jan. 1880; Athenseum, 17 Jan. 1880;
Art Journal, 1880, p. 108; Builder, xxxriii.
81 ; Catalogues of the Exhibitions of the Bojal
Academy, &c. ; Life of the Rer. Henry Francis
Gary; information from Mrs. Cary, and frqm
Mr. Eyre Crowe, A.R.A] L. C.
CARY, Sir HENRY, first VrscorNT
Falkland (d, 1633), lord deputy of Ireland,
descended from a family long seated in Somer-
setshire and Devonshire, was the son of Sir
Edward Cary, knight, of Berkhamstead and
Aldenham, Hertfordshire, by his wife, Cathe-
rine, daughter of Sir Henry Knevet, knight,
master of the jewel office to Queen Elixabsth
' and King James, and widow of Henry, lord
Paget. At the age of sixtoen he entered
1 Exeter College, Oxford, where, according to
I Wood, by the aid of a good tutor he became
highly accomplished. Subsequently he served
in France and the Low Countries, and was
taken prisoner by Don Louis de Velasco,
probably at the siege of Ostend, a fact referred
to in the epigram on Sir Henry Cary by Ben
Jonson :
When no foe, that day.
Could conquer thee but chance who did betray.
In the following lines Ben Jonson draws a
very flattering portrait of him :
That neither fame nor love might wanting be
To greatness, Cary, I sing that and thee.
Whose house, if it no other had.
In only thee, might be both great and glad ;
Who, to upbraid the sloth of this our twie,
Dost valoar make almoat if not a crime.
On liw return to England be wa
duce<l to court, and becume on^ of tlie gentle-
men of the bedchamber. At the creation
of Hem7 prince of Wales in 1008 he wm
created a knight of the Bath. In 1617 he
became comptroller of the household and a
member oF tlie privy council, and on 10 Nov.
1020 he was created in the Scottish peersge
Viscount Falkland in thu county of Fife,
which title, with hia naturalisBtioii, wa^ oon-
fkmed br Charles I by diploma in 1027.
Chiefly through the favour of Buddngham
he wasttppointed to succeed Viscoimt Grandi-
eon aa lord deputy of Ireland, being awom
18 Sept. 1622. In office he ahowed himself
both bigotiid in his opinions and timid in\
canjringoutapoUcy which continually dalhedl
with extremes; though conscientious, he was
easily offended, and he lamentably failed to
conduct himself with credit when confronted
with any uniisual difficulties. Ur^d on by a
sermon of Uasher on the text 'He beareth
not the sword in vain,' Falkland, greatly dis-
tre«eed at the number of priests in Ireland
and their influence over the people, issued a
proclamation, 21 Jan. 1623, ordering their
baniahment from the country. Such a pro-
received an ordtjr from tho Eu^Uah privy
conncil to refi^in from mor« eKtreme mea-
aure9thanpreventingtLi.>eri'ction of religious
houses and the congregation of unlawful as-
semblies. On account of the difficulties of
maintaining the English army in Ireland, an
assembly of the nobihty of Ireland was con-
vened by Falkland, 22 Sept. 16^6, before
whom he laid a draft of concasalonB promised
by ChortKH, which were subsequently known
KB the ' Graces." They promiwd the removal
at certain religious (usabilities and the re-
cognition of sixty years' possession as a bar
to all claims of lae crown based on irregula-
rities of title, The negotiation was not con-
ducted by Falkland with much skill, and for
a long lime there seemed no hone of a Mti»-
foctoty Bi!ttlement, but at last, ui May 1628,
a deputation from the nobility agreed, before
the king and privy coimcil at Whitehall, on
certain additional concessions in the 'Qraces,'
then confirmed . that Ireland should providei
a sum of 4,000', for the army for three years.l
Falkland behdvod that his difficulties with
the nobility hod bei-^n largely due to the in-
trigues of the lord clianceiloT, Lord Loflusof
Ely,aiid, afUr the dissolution nf the assembly
of the nobility in 1027, brought a charge
against him of malversation, and of giving
encouTftffvmenl lu the nubility to refuse suji-
pUm. AfVer ihe case had been heard in
pUM. After I he
London. Lord Loft us was allowed ton
hisduliespendingfurtherinquicy. Meantime
Falkland Lad for some years been engagedin
tracking out what he supposed was a dan-
gerous conspiracy of the Byrnes of Wicklow,
and in August 1628 was able to announce lu
the king that the result of his protracted in-
vestigations had been successful, a true i)iU
having been found against them at the Wick'
low assizes. The aim of Falkland was to
set up a plantation in Wicklow on the con-
fiscated estates of the Byrnes, but as his de-
signs were disapproved of by the commis-
sioners of Irisli causes, the king appointed a
(committee of the Irish privv council to in-
vestigate the matter more ftillv, one of the
members of committee beine tue lord chan-
cellor, Loftus. At this Falkland took deep
offiince, refusing to atTord any assistance in
the investigation on account of the ' high
indigiuty ' ofiered to himself (see ' A Oopie of
tbeApollogieoftbe Lord V iscount Faulkland ,
Ijord Deputie of Ireland, to the Lords of his
Majesties Privie Counsell, the 8th December,
1628,' printed from the Harlolan MS. 2306, in
GlLOEET'e Hilton/ of the Irish Coiifederation,
i. 210-17). When, as the result of the in-
quiry, it was discovered that the Byrnes had
been the victims of false witnesses, Falkland
was, on 10 Aug. 1629, directed to hand over
his authority to the lords just ices on the iire>
text that his services were required in Eng-
land. The king, recognising Ilia good inten-
tions, continued him in favour. From having
accidentally broken his leg in Theobaldi
Park, he died in September 1033, and on the
25th of that month was buried at AJdenham.
Falkland continued throughout his life to
cultivate his literary tastes. An epitaph by
him on EUtabeth, countess of Huntingdon,
is given in Wilford's 'Memorials.' Among
his papers was found 'The History of the
most unfortunate Prince, King Edward H,
with choice poUtical observations on him and
his unhappy favourites, Oavest«n and Spen-
cer,' which was published with a preface at-
tributed to Sir -lames Harrington in 108O,
Falkland was in the habit of ingeniously con-
cealinglhpyearof hisa^in a knot flourished
beneaui his name, a device by which he is said
to have detected a forger who hod failed to
recognise its significance.
ElIZABBI'H CaBY, I.ADT PiLKlANB (1585-
1639), famous for her learning and her devo-
tion to the catholic religion, was the sole
dniwhter and heiress of Sir Lawrence Ton-
field, lord chief baron, of the exchequer, and
Elizabeth, daughter of Oiles Symondes of
CUye, Norfolk, and was bom at Burford
Priory, Oxfordshire, in 1685, In very early
years she manifested a strong inelinotion for
Gary
242
Gary
the study of lanffua^, mastering French,
Spanish, Italian, Latin, Hebrew, and Tran-
sylvanian. At the age of fifteen she was mar-
ried to Sir Henry Gary. As the result of her
Btudy of the fathers, she, when about nineteen
years of age, became a conyert to the catholic
^aith, but she did not acknowledge the change
in her opinions till twenty years afterwards.
She accompanied her husband to Dublin,
where she took a great interest in the esta-
blishment of industrial schools. On her hus-
band learning her change of faith they quar-
relled, and sne left Dublin in 1025. She was
allowed by the priyy council a separate main-
tenance of 600/. a year. After her husband's
return to England they became reconciled, but
continued to liye separately. On account of
her change of faith her father probably passed
her oyer in his will [for the circumstances
see under Cabt, Lucius]. When her hus-
band died she had only tne annuity of 200/.
a year giyen her by her parents. She died in
October 1639. One of the most intimate
friends of Lady Falkland was Chillin^orth,
but after his conyersion to protestantism she
blamed him for endeayouring to peryert her
children. She published a translation of
(cardinal Perron's reply to the attack on his
works by King James, but the book was
ordered to be burned. Afterwards she trans-
lated the whole of Perron's works for the
benefit of scholars at Oxford and Cambridge ;
the translation, howeyer, not beinff printed.
She also wrote in yerse the lives 01 St. Mary
Magdalene, St. Agnes the Martyr, and St.
Elizabeth of Portugal, as well as numerous
hymns in honour of the Virgin. The collected
edition of the works of John Marston (1633)
is dedicated to her.
Of the eleven children of Lord and I^ady
Falkland there are records of eight, four sons
and four daughters. His son Lucius, second
viscount, is the subject of a separate article.
The father's petition to the king praying for
the release 01 his son, who had been confined
in the Fleet prison, is preser>-ed in the Harleian
MS. 1681, where there are also four letters
to Falkland from the Duke of Buckingham,
has been printed in the * Cabala.' The second
son. Sir Lawrence, was killed fighting under
Sir Charles Coote at Swords in 1642. The
other two sons, Patrick [o- v.], who was the
author of some poems, and Placid, took orders
in the catholic church. The four daughters,
Anne, who had been maid of honour to the
<]ueen, Lucy, Elizabeth, and Mary, ultimately
became nuns in the convent of Cambray.
[Wood's Athens (Bliss), ii. 565-6 ; FulWs
Worthies (ed. 1811). pp. 43U2; Lloyd's State
Worthies; DongWs Peerage of Scotland (Wood),
i. 567-8 ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), iii. 290 ; Chal-
mers's Biog. Diet. yiii. 835-6 ; Walpole's Bojal
and Noble Authors, v. 65-8; ThelAdj Falk-
land, her Life, from a Manuscript in the Imperial
Archives at Lille ; lafe, by Lady OeorgianaFol-
lerton, 1873 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. Serin,
containing many letters both of Lord and Ladj
Falkland; Oal. Irish State Papers. 1615-25;
Cal. Carew MSS. ; Harleian MSa 1581. 2305;
Add. MS. 3827 ; Oilbert's History of the Irish
Confederation, i. xi, 24, 170-6, 210-17; Gardi-
ner's History of England, yiii. 9-28.1
T. F. H.
GARY, HENRY FRANCIS (1772-1844),
translator of Dante, was bom at Gibraltar
6 Dec. 1772. His father, an officer in the
army, and grandson of Mordecai Cary, bishop
of Killala, shortly afterwards settled as t
country gentleman at Cannock in Stafford-
shire. Young Cary received his education at
local grammar schools, Rugby, Sutton Cold-
field, and Birmingham. While at the latter,
being only fifteen, he published an ode to
Lord Heathfield on his defence of Gibraltar,
the youthful writer's native place. The ode
was greatly admired, and 1m to Cary*s be-
coming a regular contributor to the * Gentle-
man's Magazine,' and publishing a small vo-
lume of odes and sonnets in the following
year. It also procured him the notice of Miss
Seward and her literary coterie at Lichfield.
He corresponded assiduously with Miss Se-
ward, ana one of his letters (ii/*, i. 42-4)
is especially interesting as disclosing the germ
of his attachment to Dante. It is written from
Christ Church, Oxford, where he had entered
in April 1790. In 1796 he took orders, was
presented to the vicarage of Abbot's Bromley,
Staffordshire, and married the daughter of
James Ormsby of Sandymount, near Dublin.
His time was* chiefly employed in study, of
which his diary, publishcKi bj his son, givrt
a detailed account. His pnncipal publica-
tions during his residence at Abbot's Bromley
were an ' Ode to Kosciusko * and three ser-
mons, contributed to the publication of a
clerical friend who * was driven by his neces-
sities to publish a volume of sermons by sub-
scription, but had not energy to write them
himself.' In 1800 he removed to the living
of Kingsbury in Warwickshire, to which
he had been presented in addition to Abbot *8
Bromley, ana in May of that year commenced
his translation of the * Inferno,' which was
published in 1805. It attracted little atten-
tion, partly owing to the neglect into which
his author had fallen (* his fame,' said Napo-
leon of Dante about this time, ' is incieasuig
and will continue to increase, because noooe
ever rMids him '), partly firom being weighted
by a reprint of the original text, but eyenmora
from Car/s own independence of the corrupt
poetic&l ta«te of the day. He bud DotBhrimk
from Teproducing Danle's homeir eipresaions,
and in go dotDf: exposed himself to difti^ of
tkmiliarity, uid even vulgarity, from tiia old
«s, Misa Seward, whom he anawered
daughter occasioned a state of mental pmvtm-
tion scarcely dintinguiahable from insanity,
tlie precuTKor of suwequent aim-ilar afflictions.
He removed to London, became reader at
Berkeley Chapel, ret^ninghis country bene-
fices, and after a lime was able to continue
bis translation of Dante. It waa completed
on 8 May 1613; but the ill success of the
* Inferno ' had discouraged the booksellers,
and Gary, whose fiimily was large and whose
means were moderate, was obliged to publish
the sequel, along with e. reprint of its prede-
ceseor, at his own expense. It at first excited
no more attention than the 'Inferno,' hut ere
long the whole translation came into notice,
in great measure jrom the warm applause of
Co&ridffe, whose acquaintance Gary made as
he paced the beach at Littlehampton, reciting
Homer to his son. ■ 8ir,' aaid Coleridge, at-
tnu^ted by the sound of the Greek, ' jours is
« fikce I Mould know. 1 am Samuel Taylor
Ooleri'lge.' During the rest of the day the
-wondrous stranger discoursed on Homer, i
UMtldnK young Caiy ' feel as one from whose
«yest£escales were just removed,' and in the
evening carried home the translation of Dante,
of which he had nevereven heard. The next
day he waa able to repeat whole pages, and
his winter course of lectures gave it celebrity.
A new edition was published in 1819, and
over since, notwithstanding thecomjietition
of more exact versions of no mean poetical
power, it has remained the translation which,
on Dante's name being mentioned, occurs first
to the miitd.
- During this interval Cary had resigned his
readership, and become afternoon lecturer at
Chiswick and curate of the Savoy. His ac^
SuUDtOQce with Colerid([e bad introduced
im 10 Ohnrles Lnmb, with whom be con-
tmct'Cd an intimate friendship. He became
» member of the circle that gathered around
the publishers Taylor and Hesaey, and con-
tributed ballada and critical essays to their
' London Magazine.' Several of his ctmtri-
hutions were on the eartv French poets, the
taaterials for which ha collectod in a visit to
Fnnce in 1821. These were republished
titer hi* death, as also were a series of lives
of English poete, snnplementory to Johnson,
likewise contribut«d to the ' Liondon )Iaga-
linc.' In 1824 npupared his traiulation of
•the Birds.' on elegant performance, but
g tlui roJlickiiig fuu of 'Vristophuuee.
E.
In the stiDi^ year be begun Ids translnlion of
Ptudar. In 1836, after on unsuccessful appli-
cation for a vacancy in the antiquities depart-
ment of the British Museum, be wns ap-
pointed assistant-keeper of printed books. A
claused catalogue of the library was at that
time in preparation, and Cary was appropri-
ately entrusted with the poetry. After some
time it was given up, and be waa mainly
employed in cataloguing new purcbases and
--itiona by copyright. The numerous
extent in bis handwriting show that
s both an industrious and an accurate
workman. Nothing occurred to vary the
even tenor of his life until the completion
of bis translation of Pindar in the autumn
of 1632, almost immediately followed by the
sudden death of his wife. The etiiwt upon
him waa ' an amazement of all the faculties
of mind and body,' followed by attaoks of
delirium. Having partially rallied, he under-
took a long tour on the continent, and re-
turned restored to comparative health ; yet,
in the opinion of all but his family and
himself, disqualified for promotion to the
headship of the library of printed books, to
which, mdeed,the shy recluse echolarwould
hardly have been equal at any time. The
post became vacant in 1837, and the prefer-
I ence over Cary given to Antonio Panizzi, a
foreigner who had not yet overcome preju-
dice by the demonstration of bis extraordi-
nary capacity, and whose promotion was re-
garded by many as a piece of party patronage,
occasioned much criticism at the time. It
was, however, moat ful^ vindicated before
the royal commission of 1848, and, entirely
apart from the question of Panixzi's merits
and Gary's infirmities, the latter placed him-
self out of court by the ground on which be
reBt«d bis claim. ' My age,' he said, ' it waa
filain, might ask for me that alleviation of
sboiir which is gained by promotion to a
superior place.' A curious ideal of dutv must
have prevailed in the public service when, as
baa b«en remarked, ' on honourable and re-
spected oHicer could, without conscious ab-
surdity, urge as n plea for promotion that he
would tliereby have less to do,' X'pon the
failure of his application Cary resigned, and
owing to another serious blot in the admini-
strative system of the time, his eleven years
of fkithfiil service were unrecorapensed by
any retiring pension. The death of his aged
father, however, had recently placed him in
easier drcumstances, aud though consenting
to work for the booksellers, he does not seem
to have suiFered from pecuniary embarrass-
ment, fie edited several standard English
poi'ts with much judgment, and prepantd a
series of critical observationa on the Italian
Gary
244
Gary
poets, which were published in the ' Gentle-
man's Magazine * aner his death. A crown
pension of 200/. a year was conferred upon
him in 1841, principally through the influence
of Bogers. He died, after a short illness,
on 14 Aug. 1844, and was buried in West-
minster Abbey by the side of SamuelJohnson.
Gary's literary fame is almost wholly iden-
tified with one work. There will probably
always be two schools of Dante translation
in England, the blank verse and the terza
rima, and untU some great genius shall have
arisen capable of thoroughly naturalising
the latter metre, Johnson^ terse remark on
the translators of Virgil will continue to
be applicable. * Pitt,' ne says, * is quoted,
and Pryden read.' Gary's standard is lower,
and his achievement less remarkable, than
that of many of his successors, but he, at
least, has made Dante an Englishman, and
they have left him half an Italian. He has,
nevertheless, shown remarkable tact in avoid-
ing the almost inevitable imitation of the
Mutonic style, and, renouncing the attempt
to clothe Dante with a stateliness which does
not belong to him, has in a great measure
preserved liis transparent simplicity and in-
tense vividness. In many other reacts
Gary's taste was much in advance 01 the
standard of his day ; his criticisms on other
poets are judicious, but not penetrating. His
original poems and his translation of Pindar
scarcely deserve a higher praise than that of
elegance. A translation of Valerius Flaccus
was never completed, and nothing more
seems to have been heard of the ' Romeo and ^
other Poems ' which his son announced his
intention of publishing. The extreme ten- '
demess and affectionateness of Gary's cha-
racter appears sufficiently from his history. ;
It woula nardly have been inferred from ms ]
correspondence, which is in general rather 1
commonplace, and tinctured with a reserve |
which can only have arisen from extreme
sensitiveness.
[Memoir of the Rev. H. F. Gary, by his son,
Henry Gary, 2 vols. 1847; Gent. Mag. April
1847; Edwards's Lives of the Foimders of the '
British Museum, pp. 547-52.] R. G-.
GARY, JOHN (d. 1395 ?), judge, son of
Sir John Gary, kniglit, bailiff of the forest of
Selwood in Wiltshire, knight of the shire for
Devon in 1362 and 1368, who died in 1371,
by Jane, daughter of Sir Guy de Brien, knight,
was put into commission as warden of the
ports for Devonshire in 1373, and was made
commissioner of array tliree years later. He
was commanded by the king in 1383 to take
the rank of 8erjeant-at>-law, but refused.
Three years later (6 Nov. 1386) he was
created chief baron of the exchequer. In
1387-8 he underwent impeachment ror having
answered, in a sense favourable to the king,
the interrogatories addressed to the judges
at Nottingham in the preceding August, re-
lative to tne action of the parliament in dis-
missing Michael de la Pole, and vesting the
supreme power in a council of nobles [see
Bealknap, Sib Robert]. He was condenmed
to death, but the sentence having been com-
muted for one of banishment, he was trans-
ported to Waterford and confined within a
circuit of two miles round the city, but was
otherwise permitted to live at his own will,
being allowed a pension of 20/. per annum
for maintenance. He died about 13d5 or
1396. His estates at Torrington and Cock-
ington, which had been confiscated, were re-
stored to his son, probably in 1402. Bv his
wife, Margaret, daughter of Robert Holway
of Holway in Devonshire, he had two sons,
Robert (now represented by Robert Shedden
Sulyarde Gary of Torr Abbey, Torquay) and
Jolm, sometime bishop of Exeter, llie fa-
mily has given origin to three peerages, of
which one, held by Viscount Falkland, oaron
Hunsdon (b, 1803), is still extant.
[Cal. Inq. P.M. iii. 196, 308 ; Abbrer. Bot
Ong. ii. 281, 317, 323; Devon's lasnes of ths
Exch. (Hen. IH-Hen. VI), p. 236 ; WillisV Not
Farl.ii. 251 ; Foss'sLivesof the Judges; Rymer's
Feed. (ed. Clarke), iii. pt. ii. 976, 1046 ; Du^dale*s
Chron. Ser. 53 ; Hist Angl. Script. Decern Col,
2727; Cobbott*8 State Trials, i. 119-20; Rot,
Pari. iii. 484.] J. M. R.
GARY, JOHN (d. 1720 ?), merchant and
writer on trade, was the son of Thomas Gary,
vicar of St. Philip and St. Jacob, Bristol. He
was engaged in tiie West Indian sugar trade,
the rising importance of which in the latter
part of tne seventeenth century led him to
take a political interest in commercial matt erti.
In 1687, when the mayor and council were re-
moved on account of their opposition to the
abolition of the penal laws, he was placed on
the substituted council (see Seteb, BrisMf
ii. 534). At the request of some members of
parliament he pubbshed in 1696 an essay on
trade, which attracted a good deal of atten-
tion, and brought him into correspondence
with Locke. It * is the best discourse,' Locke
wrote to him, * I ever read on that subject.'
It is * written with so disinterested an aim,'
wrote another correspondent, ' that no man
can possibly tell where your trade lyes bv it/
Gary was evidently esteemed by his feflow-
citizens as a man of sound practical jud^ent,
for he acted as an arbitrator in commercial dis-
putes, and was chosen by the Bristol commit-
tee of trade as their representatiye in Ixmdon
to advise the city members in m&ttexs aflfoctiog
Cary
Cary
e was app
of the tru«t«e5 for tie sale of fortui
in Ireluul (M. C. JoumaU, xiii. 307 ; Kabris,
WmiamZn, f.i7S). In 1704, being known
to liKTB given much attention to the subject,
he was inTit«d by the ministry to Uy before
them his views on the question of encourag-
ing the linen manufsctureH of Ireland. The
only later references to luin itre in connection
■with two chancery auitfl m Ireland, Carey v.
White, and Boyle-Moor v. Mattocks, in both
of which, on appeal to the House of Lords,
bie was unsuccessful (Index to JourTialt, vols.
iL and iiL ; and 5 Bro. P. C. 325). In each
case be was atlached for non-payment of
GOits, being imprisoned for a few days in 1717
(Maoqbben, Practice in the Souse of Lords,
p. 271), though he seems to have evaded a
similar order in 1719 (if. X. JoumaU, ssi.
130). He died soon after (advertisement to
174fi edition of the Essay on Trade). Cary
advocated a national policy in trade. It is
possible, he said, for the public to grow poor,
while private persons increase their fortuuea;
therefore it is important to discover what
tmdes are protitable to the nation and should
be enooumgud, and what are not profitable
And should be discouraeed. Ue haa been
lidicuted for putting such a question, but to
nearly all bis contemporaries it seemed a ,
most, reaaonable one. In the instructions to
the eommiwioners of trade in 1696 it is set
Jown, almost in Gary's words, as the first ,
flubject of inquiry (Miophebson, Commerce, '
ii, 6S2). The policy which he advocated was
the stimulating of home manufactures. To
this end he was in favour of discouraging
the importation of manufactured commodi-
ties, and of encouraging, by freeing (rom
customs and otherwise, that of raw material.
For the same reason he proposed that the
laws against the exportation of wool should
be strengthened, and that some check should
be put upon the woollen manufactures of
Ireland. The Irish trade, he said in a letter
of 1696, threatens to eat up ours. ' Lauds in
IreUnd will advance to twentv yeers' pur- I
chase, and lands in England fall to twelve.'
Among bis other proposals whs a plan for |
providiufr workhouses for the poor, whicli 1
through his efforts was brought into opera- !
tion in Bristol by an act of lt>97. In one at
his pamphlets Gory described the success of .
the experiment, and the exaniple of Bristol
vrB« followed by a number of other towns
(see Edbk, Stale of the Poor, i. ^63, 275 ;
NlCirOLLfl, JJhv/lish Poor Law. i. ^73). A ;
growing belief in the system led (o the pass-
ing of a general act iu 172.1, oiiabliufr sepu- |
Srishus to combine for the purnoae of |
hing a common workhouae. 'Though |
the idea of such a combination lind bei'n
already suggested by Hale and other writers
I on the poor, Cary has been justly credited
with showing how it could be carried out.
The following is a list of Cary'a works :
1. *An E^ssay ou the State of England in
relation ro its Trade, its Poor, and its Taxes,
for carrying on the present War against
France," 1895; 2nd ed. 1719, 'An Essay to-
wards regulating the Trade and employing
the Poor of this Kingdom ; ' 3rd ed. 1745, 'A
Discourse on Trade, and other matters rela-
tive to it,' &c. The later editions differ con-
siderably from the first one. The edition of
1745 was translated, with additions, into
French in 1755, and from the French into
Italian in 17tt4. In Gary's lifetime parts of
the essay were extracted and published as
separate pamphlets : the 'Irish and Scotch
Trade' (Bristol, 1(196; London, 1696), the
' East India Trade ' (Bristol, 1695 ; Loudon,
1690 and 1699), the 'African Trade' (n. d.)
and the proposals relating to the poor. A
pamphlet having appeared entitled 'The Lin-
nen Drapers' Answer to that part of Mr.
Cary his Essay on Trade, that concerns the
East India Trade ' — a plea for free trade — he
published a short reply. 3. ' An Essay on
the Co3Ti andCredit of England as they aland
with respect to Trade' i^ Bristol, 1696), 'to
show the necessityufsetllinga well-founded
credit in this nation, for supjiort oT the go-
vernment and carrying on its trade ' (see
MiCLEOD on Banking, i. 403). In ' An Es-
say towards settling a National Credit' (1696,
reprinted alongwilb 2nd and 3rd editions of
the ' Essay on Trade 'Y and in ' A Proposal
for pa;ying off the I'ublick Debts by erecting
a National Credit' (London, 1719), he ad-
vocated a national bank, ' the profit or loss
thereof to redound to the nation.' In the
'EsflayonTrade'(2nded.)he said that 'the
famous Mr. Laws ' drew his scheme from this
proposal. 3. 'An Account of the Proceed-
ings of the Corporation of Bristol, in Execu-
tion of the Act of Parliament for the better
employing and maintaining the Poor of that
City,' London, 1700 (anonymous), reprinted
along with 2nd and 3rd editions of the ' Es-
say on Trade.' 'A Proposal to raise 150.000/.
per annum, and to give Employment to the
Poor' (n.d.); a leaflel^ su^eatbg an addi-
tional duty on tobacco. 4. ' Some Conside-
miions relating to the Carrying on iheLinnen
Manufactures of Ireland,' liOi; rt^nted
along with 2nd and 3rd editions of the ' Es-
say on Trade.' The effect of absenteeism on
' the balance of trade' is discussed. 6. 'A
Vindication of the Parliament of England, in
answer to a book written by WiUiam Moly-
netUE of Dublin, Esq., intituled '*The Case
^r rr-..<r..: • ^.r.c * :r. i " •-.."• : ?-."..t- -iri^r- " liar -::- vi» TSae^i ix-^r Voaiiat-.thoiiih
n.-r.r :: /..-.^l.ir. '. -r.t:— i. ' ^ r..L z. ."*.'^ -Ejs- .iiiii i- " --^-r ^mnijiily let^'mie & Iw.^azAii
■**»• .' I r^c^iV. _'■">.'» -^-«*" l^:'""ZT'i. -1- .! \ Ar:ii>ilj. -iie "«Ts imiirinFr.:-*!** ~: "•>» TULS^etried
•} "»: . A.-, -.-.f-r i.-i.-'v^-r -. X. .— 1.T-.Z kr— Ji •"•il^-.n lur .r aiiia^ >* T^membercd tlut
>>iArT^. r* .»- -:ii::r-^-n.r. "«■■... r... 1 .:r- -'"r'-'urii "Us- ~ -inj I..:iriUA i/bi >— n 'rutc to live
-.f .'.•^:.iri.'. . :^". -1. . -• i.r-T:' :"•-: '■ Zj'Vi Ftik:a:t*i. t- 11 . inii -arii. ther^s-foiv-,
■l-ir" ' Tir- ."-l^T.r- : .:- =jii ti? ^ ii.- ii 'in- l ?n*-'!iu di-' iir^-r* w->ix the old
Ptriifcaxrri- ».-:— m:.-.i-:i fcw^r*.-:. tn :-j.-l— r.«^- Tirtn '^litrn. .n I'-li!!*. -ar? -liier F&lkia&d
-»t>:» ^?" -;;»- >-T3.- ^n:;.\T.: -:. 1. n : t. ^-'•. -i^^ims-t * ^ng*;tn«i, ir- jia*i b<Ka efiffae**d
ti-r.-rni; Mr- r^vr i ".if -£-. l— -i — rii "■■ n i "• tirnr i'iiir:«ri ■vr^i maav o^ tb* mem-
.mrj^.-* n ir-- pr'r''6'Lr:. v.. 7i»- li-r i >-r« i ■:!»- IrLri - i r . - .y .^ aacil. ind ihe lord»
.*"■"» in ' vr" /-JH^ t*.. L. Tiiii 71- ir. *. la. in- 'liru***. 'xi*^ -v-rv jf -ji»r parry opposed to
pAsi. -.■ ■.-.r r-f-iL-^r i ^mmi n> :rr ---i-r n i i*ni- 3iiui»* la^ -f-iifiratr^ i:i"iioriry totak*
'*jif^ o^r.iiin;; n -.ir- I-.-:i v ur* ■: "iiaiii.-rrj— I'v-i'- i .- mnaa-. -je ■^■ rnTT.in .-' of which
''.ivr— a r.Ji:i L-i"Tn".- :i " ir- ^r'.-Li ^l l=— im luii 3»— a x^aar— i ay lit Lire lori-depuiT to
:ni''. nil* — '• -m. yiTj*-—- rL-rv,:?- i-i-: virr^-r. ».•--. £1.' «• u. Liieri^. lad : ^ .^ af-r it up>n'Sir
h'j* 'r-.rr=-tTJ»"''.*i»-ni- "t -.i L. i::i- m.: -.iTrr^ .: nncij "^'.Hiriuninjr. Lp^TiiTbia Locius. in-
«r,ni'»*n.na- -.:►• 2--=;i-' i r.i'>. uM rur-^^ i'-rmn- ■!! il* zt^ is-r-ti^ is -n bi5 fkthrr'^
'■>n Trtnivr.-i" inii r.:f.r 2i.ir--rs. Z- . — -^ i l^':^ Tin-. :iijLles:i*^i "VVlll.-ji^hbjr in Janiiarv
.i»»?irr:o»'.i n. :'. V.l :i "J.:-— vcir-''' ^ 1 -< 1- ':.■*.. a -exx-'ii .le -sr-ii o* mmitt^d to the
Kiii ".->-. v.r>. I ii.*'- rii c -.iir? E -j.enL Flt^r ':t i Tima.- rr m '.z.-^ ctMinciL dst«^l
'.-- \r ,i I •,• V- -.- ) r.'T---. - r "=- T-^ '.rTm., iJiiiL>nr-j«: c.!ii*iiT:h«*r*writiont>ii
^^ Li-''"* •-•'^-. . --- - - ^ - - -^ -vni- ■ rr- '^** -• "^ ?• ETv?i3i aiie!i*>* Li Lu>T Theresa
;n^.!-::M;:-.n •o^^--: r m iLr ■^""l:.iai .-*rx»? i-Z^l= * Zi-*« -r -?i- F^tr^U •/ Clarendon^ L
ry?;rsr.,L.^ -. :- iL' -^■* ^"zra y:*:^^ Catv lefr Ireland he
'ir.>iz"' ^-.rh. iii^i \ Thor.'izii knowledge" of
tA^Ti ".•i- J '-'[i^^ - •• rr. '.r rttiL- ir. Eiir- f i.Lir^c.i. c.* Lire* ire t.-» betaken as accu-
fi'i**! ^r.ir^T .r. .ri. . r " -viri- :ir -r^-: ■: nr-r. .* ■:*■ l? it •b.»? a;r^ tniiiTreen — that is to
*h'r pr^»<.:v* j-Ar. -vl? -.ii" ■?..& : Slt Hrzjrr ^^^ i::i:j;- Iri-^j — cV^.: he rnTersd into p»s«»»s-
Carr '•. ^\-'^'-;* "^.l-- "" -''i:'-' ' ■-^A*'^- ^"^- "-^- t: ti : .li- .^L-r-.raiio*. no doubt by his Kiand-
Fi.itUr.i .r. -r> soi."':.-!} ;i-*:ri^r. ir..: 's---: =:— i-T* iearb. : ±iL-i it vas at's4.>mt- time
wi.^ ;-,ri--ir-p-.-:7 :: Irr..i=.-: fr-.m IriLl : ■ i ;r.zr -'--r nrxr -tto vear? that he marriHl
U;/>. Hi-! L-.-.^:.rr. rr^-ni ■"■b— . Le -.-rrr.T-^i I^-i.-. ii—i::-^? rt SL> KLohar»i Monistm of
hi- lirrnrr t.i.-*-- ani ::-■• r*r..z".- li •^■vurh':- T>-lry Pirk. Lr-ice^-rrsliirv. It was a love-
f i.r.^*. T^^- K'.:zAV.»r-ii >^ ir.irr ^aET. :S:a sli-o'::. ani a* "he lady was p^^r his fatht-r
nRyKT".''ir.lv':Aii-h:rr .: .'*LrL-iwT»r:i>:Ti::- tti* v-ry an^ry w::h him. iinbably on ae-
fifj'.d.chief '''4?'^- ■'.:' th-i: rii:L-iniirr. Ie. i'.--- ci'in- if his own exclusion from the Tan-
h*^ a/v^/'/rr.p-.r.:-:'i hi- fath-r ar.'i m :iir7 "o fi-li prp-^r-yas wr-U as on account of the
Itijbliri. wh*r- K* wa> .frduca*r«i a: Tnnity marriage. With tht- impiilsiveness of naiurv
p-i^idftrir/r, an'l it ha-j \j^.*-n BUfirir<^7t'*d That pained by tht* quarrel thus forced upon him,
hin inflii^tnc*; may have had g'im»:-thing to that hv wont over to Holland with the in-
iiiirt. 1, N'»- '*^ compHn* proljale of will at was more fitted than for that of a soldier
Hrim*^rrt«'t. n^»'if^'jl»'''l*''*^'^*'^*'**^ *^®™*"^^ ^'** *• '^^ ' 'NVooD, Athena Oxon, ed. Bliss,
of nn-at/IVwaiid Hiirford,tog«;tli»-r with the ii. 570). On his return to England Can*
riftory of <ln!Ht T^w, should Iw convevedto retired to a country life at Great Tew, de-
t rimti-eH and lMih*;ld by th«?m, first to the use daring that *he would not see London in
i.r hiH daughter, Lady Falkland. It is pos-
By his father^s accidental death in 1633 he
•f Visconni l''alklanU, (uid was obliged,
much sgalnsl. his will, to go to London on
bosineas connecled with hie father's property,
which waa so heuril; mortgaged that, aa Cla-
rendon Bays (16. i. 40), lie was compelled to
»eU n liner eeat of his own in order to release ,
it, Wood(.4(Ant«(Xcun.ii.603)throwBdoubt
oil the Blatemeut given in the 'MTSteryof
the tJood Old Cause' (1660), that Lenthall
had Burford given to him hj the Long |)ar-
llament, on the ground (hat he had purchased .
it ^m Falkland in 1634 for about 7,000/.
Thiastatement tallies wilb-Clarendon'saBBer- !
tion, and oa Lenthall was one of Falkland's
trustees under his grandfalher's deed, be was I
a likelj person to make the purchase. As
under that deed Falkland had only a life
interest, the Long parliament no doubt con-
tinued to Lenthall the proprietorship after 1
FaUtland's death, which otherwise would .1
have gone to bis eldest son. Falkland spent '■
with his mother the winter aftur his father's
tith. She was now a declared catholic,
J was naturally anxious to convince her
children of the truth of her own creed. If
■we may trust her recollections of this period
embodied in her biography, written proba-
bly by one of her younger sons, Falkland
was very nearly giving way. lie was. it
ai-ema, ' so whoUy catholic in opinion then
that he would amrra he knew nothing but
what the chnrch told him; pretending, for
his being none, that though ttiia seemed to
him to he thus — and that he always disputed
in the defence of it — yet he wotud not take
upon him to resolve anything so determi-
luitedly HS to change his profesvon upon it
till he was forty years old' (Zi/t of Lady
falklaad, p. 55). It is hardly likely that.
this is a complete account of the state of ,
Falkland's mind. He may very well have '
been sulliciently diaaatiafied with popular 1
protestantism to listen with sympathising
attention to his mother's arguments, while
the light answer about his youth might
wmily nave concealed a feeling of repi^rnance
whicn he was too courteous to express. '
Lady Falkland accounted for her son's sub- '
sequent defection (>A. y. G6) by his ' meet- '
ing with a book of Socinus.' This charge of
Sociuionism here brought against Falkland |
was also brought against Chillingworth, 1
whom Falkland met at his mother's house,
Dud with whom he contracted a lasting
friimdahip. There is probably a misconcep-
^""D attheroot of theaenunciationatowhich
g has been subjected. The term
.in is at [iresent applied to a certain
in the second person of the Trinity.
nfs time, na appears from Cbey-
n, Growth, and Danger of Socinian-
ism ' (ISiS), it was rather a habit of apply- i
ins reason to questions of revelation wuieb |
led up to that special doctrine as its most
i^tartliog result. There can be no doubt that
in this IiLrger sense both Falkland and Chil-
lingworth had, as Cheynell sulwequentlyj
asserted of Chillingworth, the Socinian way]
of regarding religious questions, and Ladyl
Falkhnd's assertion that they were led in
that direction by reading a book of Socinusl
may very possibly be true. After this Folk-
land's relations with his mother were for
some time strained, especially as she sent
over two of her sons to De educated as catho-
lics abroad, and used her motherly influence
to procure the conversion of her daughters.
There were also some monetary difficulties
between them, but the first meeting was
enough to put an end to all estrangement
between mother and sou, especially as Falk-
land made over to her and to some of her
chddren a port of his father's estate which
he had iiimself redeemed and which had
originally been set apart by her husband ftir
her jointure. In later vears Lady Falkland
was once mure in diihculties, but as tliei^
had been agum some ill-feeling between the
mother and son, she did not apply ~ '
for help. When at last Falkland
formed of his mother's condition, he a
hurried to her assiijtance. He found h^
her deathbed, and did all that wasjl
power to soothe her in her last boiji
o/Laau Falkland, 108, 111).
Fal^and's own life had been an^Kyahle
one. ' As soon,' writes Clarenda^mLife, i.
41),'as he had Qnisbed all those tighxctioaa,
which the death of his father hS made it
necessary to be done, he retired again to his i
country life and to his severe course of studyj
which was very delightful to him as soon aa
he was engaged^k it, but he was wont to
say that he nev^Bound reluctancy in any-
thinK he resolveSto do but in his quilting
London, and depafing from the convereatibn
of those he enJD Ja there, which was in soma
degree preser^^nnd conRnued by Sequent
letters, and jFen visits, which were made
by his frienijffrom hence, whilst he conlinuGid
wedded to the country; and which were so
Kuteful to him, that during their stay with
m he looked upon no book, and truly his
whole conversation was one continued convi-
viuTu philotophmim or eonvivitim IheQlogicum,!
enlivened and relreshed with all the facetious-
ness of wit and good humour and pleasant-
ness of discourse, which made the gravity
of the argument itself (whatever it whs)
very delectable. His house where he usiiatly
resided (Tew or Burford in Oxfordshire),
being within ten or twelve miles of the uiu-
Gary
248
Gary
versity, looked like the university itself, by
the company that was always found there.
There was Dr. Sheldon, Dr. Morley, Dr.
Hammond, Dr. Earles/ i.e. Earle, * Mr. Chal-
lingworth, and indeed all men of eminent
parts and faculties in Oxford, besides those
who resorted thither from London, who all
found their lodgings there, as ready as in
the colleges ; nor did the lord of the house
know of their coming or goinff, nor who was
in his house, till he came to dinner, or sup-
per, where all still met; otherwise, there
was no troublesome ceremony or constraint
to forbid men to come to the house, or to
make them weary of staying there, so that
many came thither to study in a better air,
finding all the books they could desire in his
library, and all the persons together, whose
company they could wish, and not find in
any other society.*
That the persons who resorted from Lon-
don — the poets and thewit& — took up a larger
part' in Falkland's mind than Clarendon ac-
knowledges is evident from Suckling's * Ses-
sion of the Poet«.' Yet the lines which Suck-
ling devotes to Falkland draw, in the main,
the same picture as that of the historian : —
Hales set by himself most gravely did smile
To see them about nothiDg keep such a coil ;
Apollo had spied him, but, knowing his mind,
Past by, and called Falkland that sat just behind.
But he was of late so gone with divinity,
That he had almost forgot his poetry,
Though to say the truth, and Apollo did know it.
He might have been both his priest and his poet.
We here get Falkland's modesty combined
with intellectual activity, which no doubt
constituted the main charm of his character
as a host. We get too the impression which
he made of being a man who could do much
more than he actually did, an impression
which has kept its hold upon subsequent
generations, and which is at the bottom of
most of the misconceptions of Falkland's
life which have since prevailed.
Fortunately we are able to bring this con-
ception of Falkland to the test. During
this period of his life he wrote some poetry,
and lie also wrote something, if not mucli,
on a theological subject. In his poetry
(ed. Grosart in Fuller Worthies Miscellany,
vol. iii.) there is much that is pleasing, but
there is no trace of imaginative power. The
same is true of his religious writingrs. In the
* Discourse of Infallibility ' (published in 1651
by Dr. Triplet), which was not printed till
after his death, and in the answer to the let-
ter in which Walter Montague announced
his conversion to his father, written in the
end of 1086 or the beginning of 1636, there
is ability without originality. His thought
on the subject bears the distinct impress of
Chillingworth's mind, in a way which the
writings of Hales do not. Yet it would be
a grave mistake to speak of Falkland's per-
sonality as unimportant in the historical de-
velopment of religious thought. Because he
was not himself a cutter of new paths, he
was all the more a representative man, and
he stands forth as the central figure of a
special phase of progress. In his uurge wis-
dom, his gentle tolerance, his sweet reason*
ableness, even in his very impetuosity, there
was more of 'human nature's daily find'
than was to be found in men intellectually so
superior to him as Chillingworth and Haks.
Durine: the years of retirement at Gnat
Tew, FaUcland gave but little attention to
questions of state. In 1637, in some lines
written by him on Ben Jonson's death, he
went out of the way to compliment the king
on his claim to the sovereignty of the seas,
though in the same year his name appears on
the list of defaulters in respect of ship-monev'
for one of his estates (' Ajrears for Hertford-
shire,' State Papers f Dom. ccclxxv. 106). As,
however, we hear nothing of his omission to
pay ship-money in Oxfordshire, it may perhaps
be concluded that he had no deliberate in-
tention to oppose the court. The same con-
clusion must be drawn from the fact that he
applied for the command of a troop of horse
in the expedition a^inst the Scots in 1639,
and that, upon receiving a refusal, he 'went
as a volunteer with the Earl of Essex'
(Clare>T)0N, Hist. vii. 230).
Cowley, in the lines which he addressed
to Falkland on this occasion, felt that there
was something incongruous in the appear-
ance as a solaicr of 'this great prince of
knowledge,' while paying tribute to that
utter fearlessness which Clarendon ascribes
to him. No one, however, suggested that
there was anything out of place in Falk-
land, who was one of the least puritanical
of human bein^, taking part in a campaign
against the puritan Scots.
In the year after his return he sat in the
Short parliament for Newport in the Isle
of Wight. ' From the debates,' Clarendon
says (Jlist, vii. 222), 'he contracted such a \
reverence to parliaments, that he thought it
really impossible that they could ever pro-
duce mischief or inconvenience to the king-
dom, or that the kingdom could be toleraUv
happy in the intermission of them; ancl
from the unhappy and unseasonable inter-
mission of that convention, he harboared, it
may be, some jealousy and prejudice of the
court, towards which he wfis not before im-
moderately inclined.' The statement is pco*
babl^ tinged by Clarendoii'B later feding,
fcut it is extremelj? probable that from the
coDTBrMtion of hia feHow-Boldiere in the
camp in the north, hb well as from thnt of
his fellow-members of Westminster, Falk-
land realised what the Laudian eyatem really
'I'was, and that he generously threw himseu
V into the elmg^le shiest it for the sake of the
' conaciences of others, though it ie unlikely
th»t it e*er pressed very heavily on Lis own.
Such, at least, is a fair explanation of the '
jmrt laken by him when, at the opening of 1
ith» Long paHiameDt, he again found himself |
member for Newport. The self-wiiled bo- |
I ■vernnient of Strafford was as little to his
tnsir aa the self-willed government of Lnud,
nnd he, with all the warmth of bis nature, j
flung himselfheortily into the opposition. If, [
KB has been suggested, Falkland was predis-
1 pcised to take part against Strnfibrd on ac-
; count of the earl's conduct to the first Lord '
Falkland, it is all the more creditable to him '
that on 11 Nov., when the question of the
unpcnctunent of Strafford was under con- '
ridemtion, he asked thnt the accusation
etiould b« held back tu give time for a fiill ,
inquiry into its truth (iA. iii. 8). At a later '
Bt»(fe of thn proceedings, on 18 Feb. 1641, '
wfaeD the conunons was much excited by the '
concuesion made by the lords to Stmllbrd of
fbrlhertimeforthe preparation of his defeuee,
Falkland calmed Ihem by reminding ihem
that the lords had ' done no more than they
Winceived to te necess^ injustice,' and thnt
it would only eerve Straffordiftheyq uarrelled
withtbenpperhotine(D'Ewes'8'Diary,'-ffar/. '
Jlf5.oliii.fol. 237). \Vhen, on 21 April, the I
final issue was raised on the third reading
nf the bill of attainder, Falkland not only
voted but spoke in favour of the s
(ciphered entry in D'Ewea's 'Diary,
^fk 164, foL 188 fl).
On another great political question, that
of Bhip-monoy. Falkland took an equally de-
cided part. His speech about ship-money
(RirsinroMTn. iv. 86) was in reality on attack
1 the judges who had perverted the law,
idmoro eapecioUyuponLord-keeiierFin '
lu the division on the rdigioiis questi
which ultimately split up the Long parlia-
ment into two hostile sectionsi Falkland
took from the beginning the side which gra- |
jnaUydevt-laped into an episcopnlian-royaJist '
pnrtT. In the great d^>b«te of 8 Feb, 1641
(a. 'iv. 184, whem the date of 9 Feb. h
wrongly ^lon) he mode a vehement attack
upon the tiishopH on account uf their cldim
(o divine right and that of oppression of the
people both in religion and liberty. He
urged thnt the cinrgv should be subjected to
1 the control of the cuvil uagislrute, and that
episcopacy, thinking that triennial parlia-
ments would be suffltiently powerful to keep
the bishops in check. It was not desirable
to remove bishops merely for the sake of
change. Later on, if Ularendon's authority
is to be accepted, Ilampden assured Falk-
land that if a bill for depriving bishopa of
their seats in the House of Lords and of
other civil offices became law, ' there would
be nothing more attempted to the prejudice
of the church.' The pconoaed measiire was
wrecked in the House of Lords, and Falk-
land foimd himself compelled to give a vote
on the so-called root-and-branch bill for the
total eitinetion of episcopacy^ In a speech'
delivered eitlier on 27 May on the second
reading, or on some subsequent day when
the bill was in committee, Falkland, in ad-
dition to the argument that the change was
undeistrahle oncl not sought for by the ma-
jority, spoke of the abolilion as injurious to
learning. Evidently, however, bis strongest
feeling woe that of dread of the establiBh-
ment of presbyt^rianiam, which he believed
to be the Inevitable consequence of the bill
before the house. Tlint svatem claimed as
strongly as the bishops ha<l done to exist by
divine right. Presbyterianism would, if once
admitted, lay claim to an unlimited and in-
dependent authority. ' If it bo said,' Falk-
land continued, 'that this unlimitedness aud
independence is onlj' in spirilaal things, I
an3wer,first, that arbitrary government being
the worst of governments, and our bodies
being worse than our souls, it will be strange
to set up that over the second of which we
were so impatient over the first. Secondly,
that Mr. Solicitor, speaking about the power
of the cler^ to make canons to bind, did
excellently inform us what a mighty inSu-
enee spiritual power hath upon temporal
affairs. 1^0 thai if our clergy had the one,
they had inclusivelv almost all the other;
and to this I may add the vast temporal power
of the jKine, allowed him by men who allow
it him only in ordine ad rpiritvalia, for the
fable will tell you, if you make the lion
iudce (and the clergy assisted by the people
IB linn enough), it was a wise fear of the fox's
lest he might call a knub [i.e. a knob] a horn.
And more, sir, they will in this cose be judges
not only of that which is spiritual, but of
what it isthatiaso; and the people receiving
instruction from oo other, will take the most
temporal mutter to be epirtlual, if thev tell
them it is so' (a speech printed in Tnplet'a
second edition of /hVourae qf It\fallibihtj/).
Gary
250
Gary
Falkland's political course was thus traced
out. The desire to secure intellectual liberty
from spiritual tyranny was the ruling prin-
ciple of his mind. His claim to our reve-
rence lies in the fact that his mind was as
thoroughly saturated as Milton's was with |
the love of freedom as the nurse of high >
thought and high morality, while his gentle 1
nature made him incapable of the harsh ;
austerities of Milton's combative career. As 1
an efficient statesman Falkland has little {
claim to notice. He knew what he did not :
want, but he had no clear conception of <
what he did want ; no constructive imagi- '
nation to become a founder of institutions in 1
which his noble conceptions should be em-
bodied. It was this deficiency which made |
him during his future life a rollower rather
than a leader, to choose the royalist side '
not because he counted it worthy of his
attachment, but because the parliamentary
side seemed to be less worthy, and to accept
a political system from his friend Hyde as
he had accepted a system of thought from
his friend Chillingworth. Falkland's mind
in its beautiful stren^h as well as in its
weakness was essentiaiLly of a feminine cast.
If the moral tendency towards a great
achievement were not as meritorious as the
intellectual discovery of the means by which
that achievement may be rendered possible,
one might easily grow impatient over the
remainder of Falkland's career. While he
remained in the Long parliament his advice
was purely negative. He was, as might
have been expected, hostile to the Scotch,
and wished that the English parliament
should take no interest in the incident at
Edinburgh, and should refuse to allow Scot-
tish troops to take part in the Irish war
(D'Ewes's * Diary,' llarl. MS. 16l>, fols.
l'2b, 60 b). He resisted tlie second Bishops'
Exclusion Bill (ib. fol. 31 6), and in the de-
bate on the Grand Remonstrance complained
of the hard measure dealt out to the bishops
and the Arminians (Vernet/ Notes, 121).
Not a hint is to be found that during these
fateful months he suggested any practical
remedy for the evils 01 whicli he was pro-
foundly conscious.
It is probable that no one was more sur-
prised than Falkland himself wlien, on or
about 1 Jan. 1642, the king offered him the
vacant secretaryship of state. It required
all the persuasive powers of his friend Hyde
to induce him to accept it, and he seems to
have given way rather because he thought
the party which he had joined to be on the
whole better than the one which was opposed
to it, than because he had great conndence
in Charles's character. Whatever his motive
may have been, his resolution was not affec-
ted by the incident of the attempt upon the
five members. Yet if Falkland ke^t his
place, there are no si^pis of his ac^uinng or
attempting to acquire political influence.
His name is, as might be expected, to be
found among those appended to the deck-
ration of 15 June 1642, in which the peers
and others assembled at York protest that
they abhor all designs of making war (Cia-
BENBON, V. 842) ; and on 5 Sept. he was the
bearer of the second message sent by Charles
to the parliament after the standaxd bad
been raised at Nottingham. We learn from
D'Ewes that, in addition to the public decla-
ration (Lord£ Joumah, v. 388) with which
he was changed, Falkland was directed pri-
vately to iniorm the parliamentary leaders
that Charles was prepared to ' consent to a
thorough reformation of religion,' as well as
to anything else that they ' could reasonably
desire ' (D*Ewes*s * Diary,' HarL MS. 16^
fol. 814 b). The rejection of this overture no
doubt determined Falkland to throw himself
on the royalist side more heartily than he
had done before.
Of Falkland's career as secretary we know
little. A well-merited reproof given to Ru-
pert — ' in neglecting me, you neglect the
king ' ( Wabburtox's Mem. of Rupert, i. 368)
— is evidence of the spirit in which he mag-
nified his office, while a letter written on
27 Sept., soon after the fight at Powick
Bridge, in which he predicts a speedy end
to the rebellion, because Essex's army was
filled w^ith * tailors or embroiderers or the
like,' shows, as does his remark to Cromwell
before the debate on the Grand Remonstrance
— that the subject would not need a long
discussion — that he had little conception of
the forces opposed to him {^Civil War Tracts
in the British Museum, press mark £, 9 March^
121, 22). Later on we have the fact that he
conducted the secret correspondence with the
London partakers in W^ alter s plot, but it is
impossible now to say whether he did so as
a mere matter of duty, or because he con-
sidered that all was fair against enemies who
were also rebels. At all events, by the sum-
mer of 1643 Falkland was weary of the war.
At the siege of Gloucester, when among his
friends, after a deep silence and frequent
sighs, he ' would with a shrill and sad ac-
cent ingeminate the word Peace! Peace I
and would passionately profess that the very
ag^ny of the war, and tne view of the cala-
mities and desolation which the kingdom
did and must endure, took his sleep from
him, and would shortly break his heart'
(Cla^rendon, Hut. vii. ^38).
• The misery of the spectacle around him.
•buttered Falkland's ex UtencL', all the
1>ecaLUi:) there was no capacity in liis own
mind to formulate a policy which might
tend in the ilirecticrn of peace. As \m could
not heal his country's disease, he longed for
death, that he might cea«e lo be a witness
of her sgonieK. At GlnuceBler he exposed
himself in vain lo danger. Oa the morning
of the battle of Newbury, 20 Sept. 1(143, he
knew that the desired hour hud come. Dress-
ing himself in clean linen, as one going to a
banquet, he explained to the bystanders the
grounds of the joy which was rooted in
sorrow. He was weary of the times, he
said, but be noidd ' be out of it ere night '
(Whitihocsb, 73). Hacing himself as a
volunteer luider Sir John Byron, he chose
bis opportunity. Riding ut a gap in a
hedge through which the enemy s Dullets
were pouring, and from which all his cora-
ladee stood aloof, he was itriick down in
an instant (Byron's 'Narrative,' printed in
Monet's Tico Battles of Keirhury).
By a death which is scarcely distinguish-
able from suicide Falkland closed hia eyes to
the horrors which he loathed. If his me-
mory is never forgotten in England, it is not
for what he did, but for what he was. Throw-
ing hinueli' ftom side to side itt party strife,
bis mind was at least too large permanently
to accept mere party watchwords, and his
heart was eren greater tlian bis mind.
Falkland's published works are: 1. 'A
I>i8C0urseoriQfDl]ibilitv,with Mr. T.White's
atuvrer to it, and a reply txi him. . . . Also
Mr. W, Montague ... hia Letter against
Protastanlism, and his lordship's luiswer
tl)er«imto ... to which are now added two
IS of Epiz^copac;? by Viscount Folk-
1 and William ChiUingworth, edited by
tTMplet,' London, 1660. The lost men-
^"^d disctiurses are not included in the
IT ediriun of 1661. '1. 'A speech made
in the House uf Commons concerning Epi-
•covacy/ Undon, 1641. a. 'The speech of,
the Lord Falkland . . , upon the delivery of ,
the anicle« . . . against the Lord Fincb,'
Ijondou, 1611. 4. 'A letter sent from the
Lord Falkland . . . 30 Sept. 1642, concern-
ing the lute conflict before Worcester,' Lon-
don, 1 642. 6. ' The poems of L. Carey,' col-
lected and edited by A. B. Grosart, 1970.
[The Rlifhorttira oitrd ia text; FalkUnd'a
bJogmpliy in Tulloch'a Bittional Beltgion.]
S. E. G.
iOABY, PATRICK {Jl. \mi), poet, wasa
r Bon of 8ir Henry tary [q. v.j, first
It Falkland, by Eliiabelh, only daugh-
UdheirvM of Sir Lawrence Tnnfield, chief
IB of the exchequer. Ataneatlyagehewos
i, that he might be brought iq^
in the catholic religion, to which bis mother
wasaconverti ondafterstaying there three
years was removed to Italy, where he resided
for twelve years. For some time he received
a small but suHicieDt pension from Queen
Henrietta Maria, and Hubseqiiently he was
better provided for by I'ope Urban VIII,
who he says, 'upon her m^esty's recom-
mendalioii, conferred upon me an abbey and
a priot^ in cummeadam; and besides, some
pensions on other benefices, wherewith I
subsisted well.' Evelyn, being at Rome in
16^, notes that lie was especially recom'
mended to ' Mr. Patrick Cary, an abbot,
brother to our learned lA)rd Falkland, a
wdlty young priest, who afterwards came
over to our church.' The diarist was mis-
taken, however, in supposing that Ibe abbi
was in holy orders. On 18 March 1650
Carv wrote from Brussels to Sir Edward
Hy^e, afterwards Earl of Clarendon, stating
that he was in great distress, and that he
was unwilling to take orders because of the
death of bis nephew, Lucius, third lord Falk-
land, but that if Sir Edward could not help
him soon he must enter a convent. In his
reply Hyde asked Gary to wait a little time.
Afterwards Cary assumed the Benedictine
habit at Douay, but threw it off' within a year,
his constitution not being able to bear the
kind of diet which the rules enjoined. He
then come to England, in the hope of obtain-
ing a pension from hia relations here. Being
disappointed of this also, he desired Sir Ed-
ward Hyde's interest to procure for him
some military post in the Spanish service.
His Iriend endeavoured, by very good argu-
ments, to dissuade him frmn this course, and
advised him to lie by a little while, in
the expectation of some favourable change.
After this it does not appear what became
Mr. (afterwards Sir) Walter Scott edii,^!,
from a manuscript in the author's autograph,
'Trivia! Poems and Triolets. Written in
obedience to Mrs. Tomkin's commands. By
Patrick Carey, 20th Aug. 1061,' London,
1820,410. Theflrstpartconsiatsof 'TriviaU
Ballads,' and the second part, dated from
Wamefurd. 1661, of ' Triolets,' hymns ori-
ginal and translated, and other relicious
poem«. The author was clearly a catholic
and a cavalier, and there is no reason to
doubt that he was the son of the first Lord
Falkland. Scolt was not aware of this when
he edited the poems, though he made the
identification subsequently, as appears from
a note in 'Woodstock;' neither was he
aware that some of the poems had been ptie-
viously published under the title of * Poems
Gary
252
Gary
from a manascript written in the time of
Oliver Cromwell* London, 1771, 4to. This
maniLscript waa in the poaseasion of the Rev.
Pierrepoint Cromp, and in the 'advertiae-
ment ' to the poema it is said that * they ap-
pear to have been written about the middle
of the last century by one Carey, a man
whom we now know nothing of, and whose
T<*putation possibljr in his own time never
went beyond the circle of private friendship.'
This first edition contains nine, and the
second thirty-seven poems, some of which
possess considerable merit.
[Addit. HS. 24487t f. 19; Clarendon*8 State
Papers, ii. 535-9 ; Lady Lewis's Lives of the
Fnfnds and Contemporaries of Lord-cfaancellor
Cbirendon, i. 239, 246 ; Life of Lady Falkland
(1861). 185, 187-9; Evelyn's Diary, i. 101;
Lowndes's BiM. Man. (Bohn), 372; Gent. Mag.
xli. 325; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. viii. 406,
X. 172, 2nd ser. vi. 114; Chappell's PopuLir !
Music of the Olden Time, 183, 257, 290, 291,
359, 368.] T. C.
GARY, ROBERT (1616P-1088), chrono-
log»;r, bom at Cockington or Berry-Pome-
roy, Devonshire, was the second son of
Georjre Gary of Cockington by Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir Edward Seymour. He was
admitted a commoner of Exeter College
4 C)ct. 1(J31 ; became scholar of Corpus Christi
College in October 1(J34, and graduated B.A. I
1 OiiT), M. A. 1 638-9. He was probably fellow
of his college. His kinsman, William Sey-
mour, marquis of Hertford, chancellor of the
university, procured for him the degree of '
D.C.L. in >»ovember 1644, and afterwards 1
proscmted him to tlio rectory of Portlemouth ,
near Kingsbridge. He became intimate with >
tli(» pn'sbyterians and was made moderator of
his division of tlie county. On the restora-
tion, however, he was one of the first to con- ■
gratulate the king, and was installed arch- i
deacon of Exeter 18 Aug. 1602. He was ,
* frightened ' out of his preferment by ' some .
great men then in power' in 10(>4, and re- '
tired to his rectorv, where he lived quietly '
till his death, 19 Sept. 1(J88. His chief work
was *Paljeologia Chronica; a chronological
account of ancient time, in three parts, (1) l)i- j
dactical ; (2) Apodeictical ; (3) Canonical,* ,
1677 — an attempt to settle ancient chrono-
logy. John Milner, B.D.,of Cambridge, pub- '
lished, in 1094, a * Defence of Archbishop '
TJssher against Dr. Robert Gary and jVE. Is.
Vossius.* Gary also translated some of the 1
hymns from the church services into Latin
verse, and printed them on folio sheets. 1
[Wood's AthensBOxon. (Bliss), iv. 243; Prince's 1
Worthies of Devon, p. 1 98 ; Kennet's Register ,
(1728), p. 744 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 396.] |
CABT, VALENTINE (dL 1636>, buhop
of Exeter, was bom st Berwick-on-Twee^
and either himself believed, or found h eoo-
venient to encoorage the belief in others,
that he was connected with t he C«zey8y barons
of Hnnadon. His college life was pinnrd in
the two foundationaof St. Jolui'a mnd Christ's
at Cambridge. He was first Admitted at
St. John's, but migrated to the latter oollm
in 1585, and took the degree of "BJL, i^e
there in 1589. In March 1591 he was elected
to a Xorthumbrian fellowahip at St. Jchn%
but four years later a fellowahip at Chriit's
College was bestowed upon him. His old
friends at St. John's were not inclined to
lose his services, and in March 1599 they
elected him to an open fellowahip in their
college. On a vacancy in the mastership of
Christ's College in 1609, Gary waa chosen,
chiefly, it is said, through the influence of
the Archbishop of Canterbury, aa its head.
The coUeg^ waa at that time one of the chief
seed-plota of Calvinism, and as CSaxy waa op-
l^osed to its principles, the majority of the
allows were out of sympathy with their
new master. He soon set mmaelf to the task
of purging the college from these doctrines,
with the result that several of ita fellows,
William Ames being the moat conspicuous
of the number, were either deprived ol^ or
withdrew from, their fellowships. When
Richard Clayton, the seventeenth master of
his old college of St. John's, died in 1612,
Cary preached the funeral sermon in his
honour, and expected to have been chosen as
his successor, but he was disappointed, and
rumour assigned to Williams, afterwards the
bishop of Lincoln, the chief part in the defeat
of Cary. If this rumour were correct, their
differences must afterwards have been com-
posed, for Cary waa at a later period the
medium of the bishop in his benefactions to
St. John's College, and it is equally clear that
Cary could not nave felt any lasting resent-
ment to the colle^, as he himself gave seve-
ral law works to its library. His ecclesiasti-
cal prefermenta were as numerous as the
changes in his academical career. Among
the livings which he held were Tilbury East,
1603, Gh^at Pamdon, 1606, Epping, 1607,
Orsett and Toft in Cambridge, 1610. In
1601 the prebendal stall of Chiswick in St.
Paul's Cathedral was conferred upon him,
and from 1607 until 1621 he retained the
prebend of Stow Longa at Lincoln. The
archdeaconry of Salop was bestowed upon
him in 1606, but he resigned this preferment
in 1613 on the ground that the official of the
archdeaconrv swallowed so much of the few
profita that it was not worth his keeping. On
o April 1614 he was elected into the deanexy
of St. Paul's, and he remained in tliat poai- i
tion until Lis elevation to the episcopal bench
■Q 16*21. Far the greater part of this tiae
he retained the masterahip of Christ's Col-
lege, bnt in 16S0 he resigned this post into
the hanila of its fellows. Cory's promotion
to the sec of Exel«r nas obtained through
the influence of Lord Hunsdon and the
then M&rquie of Buckingham. He was pre-
sented to the bishopric on 14 Sept. Ifi21,but
s difficulty hod arisen which delayed his con-
secration. Archbishop Abbot [q. v.] had acci-
dentally killed a gamekeeper, and Gary, with
several other divmes who had been nomi-
nated to Tacant bishoprics, hesitated to re-
ceiTe consecration at the archbishop's hands,
A commission was appointed to inquire into
Abbot's alleged disability, and the new
bishop of Exeter was one of its members.
Owino; to this cause Carr's consecration was
retarded until 18 Nov. Even when the cere-
mony noa completed, his personal troubles
were not finished. The king insisted that
he should be mode a justice of the peace for
the city of Exeter, but the mayor and alder-
men refused their consent as involving a
breach of their charter, and when Gary ob-
tained the honour, it nas at the cost of much
ill-feeling. A second difference with the cor-
poration arose through his desireito obtain a
private door through the city wall, so that ha
might pass in private from the palace into
the open fields around the city. The muni-
cipal body refused its consent. The ro^al
authority was again invoked, and the pnvy
his liti> of Lord-keeper Williams, calls
Cary ' a prudent courtly man.' Hia wife,
Dorothy, was sister of Mr. Secretary Ciwke.
An abstract of the bishop's will and some par-
titulars about him are in 'Notes and Queries,'
8rd ser. vi. 174, 217, 312-13, vii, 117, 205.
[Boker'a Hut. of St. John's (Mayor), i. 197-8,
208-9, 261-2. 291-2,339.11. 616, 67S;Le Neve's
Fnsti (HHrdy).i. 380. 119, 675, ii. 21JJ, 316,378 ;
Yougo's Diary(Camd. Soc).44, 51; OUvHr's Bi-
shops of Exoler, 144, 267-8, *83 ; FoIlar'sWoc-
Lhiea (1810). ii. 546 ; Mullinger's UnJT. of Camb.
153&-lfi3fi, pp. 475-6, 608- U ; KurtuBCua Pnpers
(Camd. Sop.), 160-4, 1B4.] W. P. C.
CASY, ■\VT1.LIAJI (1759-1825), philo-
sophical instrument maker, was a pupil of
Ramsden, and set up before 1790 a separate
business, which he pursued energetically
until his death at the age of sutty-six on
16 Nov. 1825. He constructed for Dr. Wol-
laston in 1791 a transit circle— tlie first
made in Enjflond — two feet in diameter and
provided with microscopes for reading off.
In 180G he seut to Moscow a transit-instru-
ment described and figured in Pearson's
' Practical Astronomy ' (ii. 362-5), for the
safety of which Bonaparte provided in 1312
by a special order. A circle of 41 centi-
metres, ordered from Gary by Fear about
1790, is still preserved at the Ziirich obsap-
valory. He was, besides, the maker of the
24-foot altitude and azimuth instrument
with which Bessi^l began his observations at
Kiinigsberg, and of numerous excellent sei-
.,-,„", , , - ■ I- ■ tants, microscopes, reflectinir and refracting
conned finaUy closed the controvwsy by | telescopes, kc. A catalogue of the instru-
orderuig that, object Wcertam restrictions, I ^p^jgi;^! J |j i^ at 182 Strand, London,
the bishops wishes should be carried mto -^ j„ ,^^^ possession of the Naturforschende
effect TKelraceaof th^ struggles were g^,gU3^1,5t of Zurich. His name occurs on
effaced by time, and when the oty was , (j^gg^tij^j ^fj^g^bers of the Astronomical
vmted by the plague a few years later ■ g^i^^ „^ i,^ ^„„„ii,uted for several years
Gary s bounty to the sufferers was noted with ^■^^^ Meteorolopcal Diary to the 'Gentle-
praise. From 1622 to 1624 he held m com- m^^-g Magazine '
mrudamtiit chancellorship of the cathedral, ■ G««;h.'d. Aiitr. p. 562 (1877); Gent,
ai^ in the latter year he was appomte.1 to j^l "^^^ ,5^ , ^jg Mem. H. A. 800. ii! 632.]
the vicarage of Exminster. Cory died at his ^ \ / ■ A M C
bouse in Drury Lane, London, on 10 June I
1626, and was buried under a plain stone in CARYL, JOSEPH (1002-1073), noncon-
the south aisle of old St. Paul s, a cenotaph ' formist leader and commentator, bom in Lon-
beingerectedtohis memory in Exeter Cathe- don in 1602, was educated at Exeter College,
draL He was a high churchman, and when Oxford, where he soon became eminent as a
he attended King James into Scotland in I speaker and debater. Entering into holy
1617, imprudently commended the soul of a ' orders, he held for some time the office of
" peroon to the mercies of God, ' which he j preacher to Lincoln's Inn, and was frequently
d to retract.' Fuller praises Cary | called to preach to the Long parliament at
implete gentleman and excellent : their solemn feasts and thanksgivings and
«,' and gratefully adds: ' He once im- I on other occasions. HJs eminence and «e&l
•ctedly owned my nearest relation in the in his profession procured his api>ointment
' commission court when in some dis- | in 1043 as a member of the assembly of
_,'8kindly8Ctlowardsatheologic*loppo- I divines at Westminster. In eoclesiastical
it'which should not be forgotten. Hacket, connection he was a moderate independent,
Caryl
254
Caryll
and at the same time zealous for the cove-
nant. In 1645 he was appointed minister of
the church of St.Magnus, near London Brid^.
For a considerable number of years he dis-
CABTLL, JOHN, titular Lord Cabtll
(1626-1711), diplomatist and poet, came of
an ancient Roman catholic family, which
had been settled, from the cloae of the six-
charged the duties of this sphere with great teenCh century, at West Harting in Sussex.
zeal and success, beinjg especially esteemed His father, John Caryll, was a royalist, who
as an expositor of Scripture. Among other i suffered fine for his opinions; his mother was
work committed to him at this time, he was i Catharine, daughter of Lord Petre. He was
appointed by the parliament, along with partly educated at St. Omer. Succeeding to
•Stephen Marshall, ctiaplain to the commis- a fair estate, and endowed with a literaiy
sioners who were sent to the king at Holmby taste, he figures among the minor poets oi
House in order to arrange terms of peace. Charles n*s reign as the author of a few pkja
The chaplains never had a chance of inifluen- and other pieces. He is briefly noticed by
•cing the king, not being even invited to say Macaulay {Htsfory, ch. vi.) as * known to
grace at m€^, which the king always did his contemporaries as a man of fortune and
himself. Caryl and John Owen were aft«r- fashion, and as the author of two successful
wards nominated to attend Oliver Cromwell ' plays/ The first of these plays was * The
in his journey to Scotland. Caiyl was also Engli8hPrincess,or the Death oi Richard HI,
•one of the triers for judging of the quail- a tragedy^, written in the year 1666, and acted
fications of ministers of the gospel. After at his Highness the Duke of York's Theatre.'
the restoration of Charles II, Caryl was Pepys saw it acted on 7 March 1667, ' a most
ejected from the church of St. Magnus by the sad, melancholy play, and pretty grood, but
Act of Uniformity in 16C2. He continued, nothing eminent in it, as some tragedys are.'
however, to live in London, and he does The other was a comedy, in imitation of
not seem to have been interfered with in Moliere's ' Ecole des Femmes,' which was
fathering a congregation in the neighbour- | published in 1671, with the title, ' Sir Salo-
ood of his former charge. In this he was mon, or the Cautious Coxcomb ; a comedy,
so successful that when he died the number as it is acted at his Royal Highness the Duke
of communicants was 1 36. He died 10 March of York's Theatre.' In '^ Ovid's Epistles, trans-
1672-3 at his house in Bury Street. On his lated byseveral hands,' first published in 1680^
death his congregation chose Dr. John Owen Caryll appears as the author of the * Epistle
as his successor, uniting with a previous flock ; of Briseis to Achilles ;' and in the collection
of Dr. Owen's. Another of his successors was of * Miscellanjr Poems,' put forth by Drvden
Dr. Isaac Watts, for whom the congregation in 1683, he is the translator of the First
built a new meeting-house in Bury Street, j Eclogue of Virgil, and the writer of a short
near St. Mary Axe. | copjr of verses on the Earl of Shaftesbury,
About a dozen of Caryrs sermons were entitled * The H3rpocrite,' and dated 16f 8
published separately, preached on public oc- i (see Nichols, Select Collection of Poemit,
casions before the commons, the lords, or ! 1780, ii. 1, iii. 205). The earlier editors
both houses, or before the lord mayor. But of Pope identified Caryll with his nephew,
the great work of Caryl was his ' Commen- John Caryll [q. v.]. Pope's friend — an error
tary on the Book of Job.' The first edition ' in which they have been followed by Mao-
was in 12 vols. 4to (1661-66) ; the second < aulay.
in 2 vols, folio (1076-7); and the work I As a Roman catholic, and probably also on
has always commanded a high character for j account of his connection with the Duke of
sound judgment, extensive learning, and fer-
vent piety. It ranks with other great puritan
commentaries — Greenhill on Ezekiel, Bur-
roughs on Hosea, or Owen on the Hebrews.
After his death a volume of posthumous ser-
mons was published with preface by Dr.
Owen. He was one of the authors of an
English Greek lexicon for the New Testa-
ment (1661), and of * Saints' Memorials, or
words fitly spoken, like Apples of Gold in
Pictures of Silver.'
[Beid's Memoirs of the Westminster Divines ;
Neal's History of the Puritans, iv. 53 ; Calamy*s
Nonconformist's Memorial, i. 146-8 ; Wood's
AthensB (Bliss), iii. 979 ; Granger, iii. 312.1
W. G. B.
York, he fell under suspicion in the panic of
the popish plot, and was committed to the
Tower in 1679, but was soon released on bail
When James ascended the throne in 1685,
Caryll was selected as the English agent at
the court of Home, where, says Macaiday, he
' acquitted himself of his delicate errand with
good sense and good feeling. Hie business
confided to him was well done ; but he as-
sumed no public character, and carefully
avoided all display. His mission therefore
put the government to scarcely any charge,
and excited scarcely any murmurs.' He was
recalled in 1686, to make room for Lord
Castlemaine. On his Tetum, Caryll was
appointed secretaiy to the queen, Maiy of
IModena, and tlios b^an bis Id timate relations
-wi t.h J onKa'e family wbicb remained unbroken
till bis death. Early in 1687 bo wa«, witli
other Roman catholica, put into the commis-
sion of the peace tLuTTRBLL, Jirlalian of
StaUAfain,i. 392). At the Revolution be
followed James to St. IJermninH ; but he suf-
fered no iuunediate loss, as his estate at West
HartioK was, at James's special requesl, ex-
empted by William from confiscfttion. In
1696, however, on the discovery of the as-
iaseination plot, it was found that he hftd
provided Sir George Barclay with a sum of
money to purchase norsoa and arms. Caryll
wM atteiated, and his estate was seized by
the crown. Hislife interest in it was granted
to Lord Cutts, but was redeemed by bis
nephew by payment of 6,000/. Cnryll con-
tinued Ills services lo Mary of Modenu, and
is mtid to have been appointed secretary
of state to James in 1695 or 1696. After
James's death in 1701, be was created by
tJie Pretender Baron Caryll of DunforJ,
and became one of his secretaries of state,
but apparently without salary (I^erton MS.
2ol7j,
In 1700 he published anonymously an
Knglisb version of the psalms ; ' The Psalmes
of David, translated from the Vutgat," which
was prohnlily designed more particularly for
the use of tne Pretender's household. As a
Inst glimpse of literary occupation, we have,
iaalett«Tofthequeen, 19 May 1701 (Add.
MS. 28:224), a r«>fe[«nce to his being busy
with James's memoirs.
Cai7lldied on 4Sept. 1711, and was buried
in the church of the English Dominicans at
Paris. A tablet wna erected to his memory
in the Seolch College (SbuAr Arch. Soc. Coi-
Uctiotm, xix. 191), of which he was a bene-
factor. An epitaph on him was written by
Pope, and sent to his heir and nephew, be-
ginning with the lines :
A manly form ; a bold, yet mod^t fnind ;
Siawre, though prndent; conetAnt, jsl re^ign'd;
Honour unchanffsd, a princtplo prufest ;
Fixed to one si^, but mod'rate to the rest ;
Aa honest courtier, and a pntriat too ;
Just to his prima, and to his country true.
These six lines Pope afterwards took for an
epitaph to Sir William Trumbull, and re-
modelled the rest to suit the Countess of
Bridgewater. Caryll mnrried, early in life,
Margaret, danghter and eoheiress of Sir
Maurice Drtimmond , who died in 16B6. He
left no issue.
{DolUway's Sqsbpx ; Gordon's History of
~ rtine(l877); Elwin's edition of Pope, vola.i,
Ti.; DiiltesPup«niofa Critic (1876), i.iaS;
■sBeeotdsofS. J.,iii,S34; Cairll M8.S. iu
Museum.] E. M. T.
CAEYLL, JOHN (l(M16P-1736), the
friend of Pope, wna tbii nojibew and heir of
l*rd CaryiUu. v.], being the son of RJcliard
Caryll of West Grinst«ad, Lord Caryll's
younger brother. He was bom. about 11)66,
and, after composition with Lord Cutl*. the
RTontee of Lord Caryll's forfeited estate at
West Harting, he succeeded in 1(197 to that
property, which he had managed since bia
uncle's retirement abroad, and in 1701, on
bis father's dealt), to another estate at West
Gcinstead. He seems to have resembled hia
uncle in an amiable disposition and literary
taste, and was intimate with the literary
men of his day, and especially with Pope.
' Half a line in the " Rape of the Lock " bus
made his name inunortal ' were true words
wbtn Macanlay wrote them, and since tbeu
tlia recovery^ of Pope's correspondence with
Caryll has inseparably associated the two
Pope may have first made Caryll's acquain-
tance at the Enfflefields of Whitelcnigbts, to
whom he was related (Elwin, ftye, vi. 136).
At Lady Holt, his bouse at West Harting,
built in his uncle's time, and at West Grin-
stead Caryll received frequent visits from
Pope and some from Gay. It appears too that
Pope owed hia first acquaintance with Steele
to Caryll's introduction. Steele was acting
as Lord Cutta's secretary when the oeso-
tiations for the redemption of the Harting
Eroperty were in progress, and probably then
rst come in contact with Caryll (lA. 144 «.)
Caryll's suggestion of the ' Rape of the Lock'
is acknowledged in the opening of the poem :
This verse to Caryll, Muse, is duu.
The hero of the piece was his cousin and
neighbour, Lord Petre.
The CDrrespondence between Pope and
Carvll, lately published, covers the period
from 1710 to 1736. Some of Pope's letters
are addressed to Caryll's son, another John,
who married Lady Mary Mackeniic, daugh-
ter of Lord Seaforth, and died young in
1718. Pope asked Catrll more than once
during 1726 and 1727 for the return of hia
letters, but bia correspondent was loth to
comply, and the delay appeais to have caused
a coolness between the friends in correspon-
dence. It was not till 1729 that Pope at
length regained poaaeasion of the letters, and
published garbled versions of them in his
' Correspondence with bia Friends' [see PoPE,
Axekashbr]. Caryll's reluctance to give
them up is marked strongly enough by his
delay. The value that he set upon them,
and doubtless the feeling that he might never
see them a^ii, induced him to take copies
of tiiem before they parsed out of his hands.
Car/^fcrt zts Casanova
3iii)^rq whifM *ani»- .nr.» -:i** y »«r-^g>i:in >f u'v.iv^ lesfTibj-i-iiiiaeaiieiitLv ja*<ZTie^»L«'
.Vfr '". 'V^ IJ»iliv \na ▼»-n=» ^^Pi»*-flr^-i ". ■ "iir- .j*aiL Fmni -his 7»»ar m.'vir^ at* w^i* a
f/fiki*. n !<'Oinrt l.ir~. -lip - iiiim*- 'r-nriiiii- Aj*]iir ir^W ie -<ema "o juve recica*i to
.ng ? i»>r < .p?*i*r> A iiirxii>fnr-?i AiLLir.i nau iLr. BA^imr. iiir ^oniiiiiie*! "o ^fxhibir In Lozid}!!
•jf^V.^. . Tift -^iwsstrs -»uurf-'i v.nir:« T'-'T^r Tiii>- umi 17*3. u^er Trimiii T^ar w» navB no fmr-
CArril piwjvrt .iKai*:"^ "Iik •v'iin»- ^f !i:a luiur acai. ^uQJtiCta i& TftiL 'rievariyp«mced ftud
life iiy.n .iw -«r.ir»-:«. .liinn'* .11 -Ur* suizriiuf*^ nr^iil^ -secured. :iiev ire "^5 dnxHifzical in
^f mnrf 'haii 3r>r --fir* -rrii 'tian^^rg. romwiwrion. imtietiaairiT'-airiririaailoar,
'tuiiffhr^'r 'if .r'tiin 7T.ipr:mr..n jf '.r** ?'.a«."*, .\_nuntr ^ prinidDai. ^r'jr JE, btssiiioi uiuee tl»
r*ii««»«^. He iiwi .n Aor". IT-^H. EUs IzintLa rvaiiv aamed. "r»ir»*: 'Lucr^riik be^rmOiniT her
pujwiHft '.'. Aifl 2?vifL<i.n ;t ~ii** ruunK i.imt*. Fice.' -rnjimvad '15 Sav^nei: and oy hiauelf:
who •ir,'T-r^r -**-». n ^'-.r ;nr.-. iifiiiTiirir^ imi 'j ipirflr"miiJL3riope."-*iurraT«dby<^bamliftr»:
viiri -^iK Wiflr. '>7:a«rr»aii -7-rarr: ih' 'ir ir-ti
aiul "liar, ir ^'-wt Har^irur j:i IT'^r. L-uij
HrAz Ffiiij*** "VM piil'-rfi ii,w3. ■>:ii.rr 177'}. if "in* Miig' aiirnriomiii ihuv:* ». en;?raTed by
':-ra«I»^%V4 »n«.**s. ■"r-.rl-.n, Elrf/.r^ if 2. L-iurie. He iiii sev-iral -irohiaiCsfrcKnhis
rUr,.rur 'Jrr : iL-r-.Qi =r<Lir...a if ? ic^r.'-.iii ^'▼Ti pictnr»s. imi^iiai? jn«* of 'Tbi \ irxintnd
i. mil V:.: li'.lkrti PicftTs -.f I -t::.;!;' HTj", '^^'^ ii^er iLipiiiUjL
vol. ..; Oi?7*.l X.-^..". i :ii: Br- ail 3r:xs^'im/ 7^^^?=*^"* ^t»^ -f Emriijjii AztHC*: Heine-
^ M^ T. k^n ■) I'ietioiniuirs ia Atiuaa*. roi. iiL : (izazidel-
•♦liiiidrwn. IT Pliiv." "TTo picmrss -iniriTed in
3iMczotinc ov J. • >. ITui? ; • The Adon;ion
•ii |i^ *-'— - i^ i. -^ sen 3 HAadlnicn nr a.3pier»r^cs.-;?iiai.-aler. ¥oL u;
.--^^ iTWVBT.^ S.iTnrds» A3tN3di:te» ''f ? mincers : (ixeiit. Mftg.
CAS AH, A5TlREA - IT-JU'j r - IT<1 ? . ^'iO. p. Ii8 ; Ainna: Baratdr, 1741 ; Nailer's
puinr^r, wm a ruiriv-^ of Cividi V«ciii;i. a Kinstler-I^fkcB. r^sL iL : maaoacriFt informa-
Ssav/r. in Ta«»nT. imi titw bora ihont I7l1j "-«P-. f^ddrion CoJeccon. m the Print Room,
at H/tme ar.rii*r"hr puinrrr SrhaarLir.- G.iiiia- CASAXOVA, FR-VXC^ 1 1 727-1 f?4>5),
battle pain -rr. waj? 'ieaceadcd Of^m an ancient
and painr>id ^»:v-*rai pio^iKs f:r oh.rf^hes in battle pain .rr. wu 'iescende^
that ft\*j. He appear- ro Latt: o'.zzl'^ "o Spanidii iamilj. f.-r 5*3me
Knyland abrjat 174^. for ir -h-i rnd :f :riat =p-i«:U':ri* in the annali of i
f^nenitions c«^n-
£-dIIantrT and in-
v<wir he wa.1 <;mplrjy«>d to painr the trmapn- th^ie. He wis the second son ot Gactano
r^nrif^s xhirrh formed part of :Le iec«.rti-i:ns GiLii^ppeGLac?ni-?Ca5anoTa,whohadqiiittod
.vrt up in St. Jamea^ Park to cel^rin^e the his faaiilv for love of an actress, adopted the
pear^of Aix-U-Criapelle /'sianr*! 7 JJor. 17-1^ 1. stare a.* a profession, and esp<5used Zanetta,
Tliefte w<:Te aff*^rwardA engraved by Gri^rnii'n. daiurhter of Jen>ninio FanisL a cobbler. The
Hr/>*in, and others. .Vfter the great fire at eldi-st ^n was GiacomoGiiolamo. the famous
le church of St. Margaret, Weotminster, artist, was a pupil of Raphael Meni^, and
hH rf^ired, he painted two figures of St. afterwards professor and director of the aca-
th<
i'et^?r and Ht. Paul for the altar. He al-io demy at Dresden. Franceeco Casanova was
paints a picture of the 'Adoration of the bom in London in 1727, where his parents
Maf(i ' aa an altar-piece for the chapel of the were then fulfilling a theatrical engagement.
Fou nd 11 ng I loApital ; this, however, was after- He ret umed wit h his family when quite young
wards removed to make way for an altar-piece to Venice, and, his father dving prematurely,
by l^jnjamin Went. In ITOf) the Society of he was placed with his brothers in the care of
A rt^ awardird Ut him the second premium of the Grimani family, under whom he received
prfimiiim l>fjing adjudged
In 1701, however, he gained from the same Simonini, the battle painter, taking his chief
arycietythe firrtt premium of a hundred guineas instruction from the works of Jacques Cour*
frir liifi picture ot * l'>lward the Martyr stabbed tois, ' Bouiguignon,* whose sUrle he adopted
by the directions of his mother Elfrida.' j throughout. In the spring of 1751 he went
About this year ho received the distinction J at his elder brother's suggestion to Paris,
Casaubon
Casaubon
and studied under Cbarlos I'arrocel. Al-
though he deToI«d himself with industry to
ias work, be did not meet n-ith the success
hia ttmbition required. In 1762, therefore,
be left Paris for Dresden, where he wurked
for fuur yeai?, giving special studj to the
worki of painters of the Dutch and Flemish
Bchoot. in 1767 he returned to Paris, and
in a very short time gained himself a reputa-
tion as H 1)Sttle painter of the first rank. Id
1763 a Ijattle-piece he exhibited was pur-
choaed for a luge sum for the Louvre, aud
he was elected with acclamation a member
of the Academy. In spite, however, of his
RTL'st success, Che high prices he obtained for
Lis pictures, and tie patronage of royalty
and the nohilify, hie extravagnnC fanbits and
luxurious mode of hfe, in addition to two
nnfortiuate tuatrimonial adventures, kept
him contiauaUy in debt and trouble. One of
his own etchings, entitled 'l>e tKucr du
Peintre Casanova,' represents him as just
slighted from his coach and bartering his
pictures for food to an old woman selUng
sausages and similar food by the wayside.
He received a commission trom the Empress
Catherine of Russia to paint the victories of
the Russians over the Turks for the royal
palace at St. Petersburg, but was compelled
aboiit the same time to quit Paris on account .
of lits debts. He estiibliiibed himself at I
Vienna, and continued to paint there until
bis death, which occurred in the Briihl, near '
Vienna, in 1806. In 1767 he eichibited in I
London, at the Exhibition of the i'xae Society
of Artists, a picture of ' Hannibal crossing |
the Alps,' in which his clever disposition of ,
oaflscH »f people and ingenious ccmtrasts of I
ight and gbade caused a sensation, which I
llycarriedoutthe high estimation in which |
his picture* were held at Paris and elsewhere.
Besides his numerous battle-pieces he exe-
cuted several etchtnge, in addition to the one
meDtioued above. Id the Print Room of the
British Museum there is a spirited drawing
by him representing horsemen crossing afor£
Among bis iiupiisat Vienna wasJaaies Philip
de Louth erbourg, R.A.
pi^oirm de Caaauova de Seiogalt; Heiae-
ken's Uictiuanaire den Arti9t«9. vol, iii. ; fiuber
•t Bmsl'i Manuel des Corieui et des AmaMurs
do I' Art J Smbert'a Allgmneines Kunstler-Leii-
kon, vol. i. i NagUr'* Kiinstler-LMikiai, vol ii. ;
AnilreHu'ii Randbuch fur Kupferstidi-i^niailer ;
PrMpewdoBnudiTOur's LePemtroGraveur Fran-
ks, vol. i. ; Kouvetle Biogcaphiu ju^rale.l
L. 0.
CASAUBON, ISAAC (liW^-ieil), clas-
sical scholnr, was bom in 1<>59 at Geneva,
whithM lu> parents, Arnold and Jebanne
CiwMiWi.^burs ^touaeeuiij^ both of Gaaom,
light
fifllyi
origin, were driven by religio
In 1561 Arnold Casaubon accepted a call to
be pastor of the Huguenot church at Crest, a
small town in DauphiiiS, and there Isaac's
childhood wHd spent. He was to a great ex-
tent self-taught, for his father, who under-
took bis education, was frequently absent
fwta home, and when at home almost en-
tirely engrossed with liis pastoral work. At
the age of nineteen Isaac was sent to Geneva
as a student; here he learned Greek under
Francis PortuSj a Cretan, who formed so high
an opinion of his pupil, tbat he suggested him
OS his successor lUst before his death in 15S1-
After a year's delay, Casaubon was appointed
lege. In 1583 he married Mary Prolyot, a
native of Geneva, who died in the second year
of their married life, leaving one daughter,
who died young. In 1563 he lost his mtber,
nud married a second wife, Florence Eatienne,
daughter of the famous printer, Henri Esti-
enne (Henricus Stephanus II), by whom he
had a large family. He was very poor, and
unable to purchase the books which were ah-
eolutetynecessarv for his literary work, while
the moroseness of his father-in-law prevented
him from having access to the books of the
great printer. In 1593 he made the acquaint'
ance of Sir Henry Wotton, then a young man
making the grand tour. Wotton lodged in
Casa ubon's house at Gener a,where he charmed
his host, but unfortunately also involved him
infresh pecuniary diSiculties, Another thing
of which Casaubon complains was want of
leisure. Hie lectures, and the preparation
for them, necessorilj- occupied a considerable
amount of time; visitors and family duties
(though the latter were as much as posuble
taken off his hand» by his faithful wife) took
up more. All this left an ample margin for
an ordinary student, but not for a student
like Casaubon. But avaricious as he was of
his time, there waa one claim upon it which
he nevergrudged, Casaubon was an intensely
religious man, and the hours spent inprivate
and public devotion were always sacred. He
is now known simply, or cliiefly, as a great
classical scholar, but in reality he tot^ at
least OS deep au interest in thedo^cal studies.
At this early period he seems to have been
quite content with the popular Calvinism of
the Geneva school. Beza, the reformer, was
his spiritual director. ' From him,' he says,
' I learnt to think humbly of myself, and, iJ I
have been able to do aught in letters, to as-
cribe all the glory to Gm.' His brother pro-
fessor, Jacques Lect, who was nearer his own
age,w*a his dearest friend at Qitneva, 'With-
DiiC yoUf' lis w^itea to Lwt, ' iiiti to «t9 i« aa
Casaubon
258
Casaubon
life.' Three eminent Frenchmen, De Thou,
Bonffars, a learned Calvinist, and De Freane,
also became his friends, and ' made it their
common object to secure him for France.' It '
was mainly owing to the last-named that
he moved from Geneva to Montpellier. But |
before this event took place he commenced
a close friendship with a far greater man,
Joseph Scaliger, then a professor at the uni-
versity of Leyden. A young F.nglishman,
Richard Thomson, had the honour of bring-
ing these two great minds together. Travel-
ling from Geneva to England, Thomson took
Leyden on his way, charged with a message
from the Genevan to the Leyden scholar.
This message was followed by a letter from
Casaubon to Scaliger, couched in the most
humble and even abject terms. Scaliger,
eighteen years the elder, showed some reserve
in accepting the overtures of the humble suitor
for his friendship ; but, being much impressed
with the merits of Casaubon^ ' Theophrastus,'
he at last replied favourably, though in a con-
descending tone : ' Casaubon was not to sup-
pose that his merits were now for the first
time revealed to Scaliger. Scaliger's eye had
been on him long, and his voice had never
been wanting to proclaim them.' Casaubon
soon won Scaliger over to a closer relation-
8hip,and henceforth a constant correspondence
waskept up between the two greatest scholars
in Europe, which was only interrupted by
death. Scaliger learned to appreciate Casau-
bon better, and called him ' the most learned
man in Europe,' and owned that he was a
better Greek scholar than himself.
Casaubon yearned to leave Geneva; his
salary was miserable, the cost of living was
high,* he had little access to books, and his
precious time was intruded upon by injudi-
cious friends. He was French by descent,
and always regarded himself as a Frenchman
until he "became a naturalised Englishman.
"When, therefore, a proposal — not a very
tempting one — came to him from Montpel-
lier, he, aft^r some delay, accepted it, al-
though the Geneva Council offered to double
his pay if he would stay among them. In
1&6 he was settled at Montpellier with the
titles of * conseiller du roi,' and * professeur
8tipendi6 aux langues et bonnes lettres.' His
stipend was 100/. a year, and he calls God to
witness that he is not influenced by avaricious
motives in leaving Geneva. His entry into
Montpellier was a sort of triumphal proces-
sion. In 1597 he began his * Ephemendes,' a
curious diary, in which he scrupulously re-
cords, not the events, but the studies of every
day up to a few days before his death. The
' Ephemerides ' are full of expressions of de-
votion, pious ejaculations, and earnest prayers,
which remind one of the methodist diaries of
the eighteenth century. They are the artless
outpourings of an intensely religious 8onL A
specimen may be given : — ' To-day I got six
hours for study. W hen shall I get my whole
day P Whenever, O my Father, it shall be
thy will ! ' ' This morning not to my books
till 7 o'clock or after ; aks me I and after
that the whole morning lost — nay, the whole
day. O God of my salvation, aid my studies,
without which lite is to me not life!' ' De-
liver me, my heavenly Father, frt)m these
miseries which the aboence of my wife and
the management of my household create for
me.' At Montpellier he had only one sit-
ting-room, where his work had to be done
in the midst of his family. His stay in his
new home scarcely last^ three years, his
friends De Thou and Meric de Vic being
mainly instrumental in transferring him to
Paris. They introduced him to B^nry IV,
who had heard what Casaubon calls ' exag-
gerated praise' of him from Scaliger. De
Vic was the adviser by whom all Casaubon's
plans were now directed ; and De Vic and
Madame de Vic were Roman catholics. It
was in the hope that Casaubon would be ad«
mitted into the true church that they and
his other friends had schemed to bring him
tO'Paris. To Paris he removed in 1600 after
some delay at Lyons, where his ' Athemeus'
was being printe^ ; but he did not find more
comfort in the inetropolis than he had found
at Montpellier. He was appointed * lectureur
du roi,' and had a pension assigned to him,
while his friends hinted at an appointment
in the university 'under certain circum-
stances.' Those circumstances were, of course,
his conversion to Romanism, for no heretic
was allowed to teach in the university. He
was trapped into becoming one of the um-
pires in a dispute between Du Plessis-Momay
(one of Henry IV's most &ithful friends
in his Hugfuenot days) on the protestant
side and the Cardinal du Perron on the
Romanist. There was only one other protes-
tant among the six commissioners or um-
pires, Casaubon's friend De Fresne, who was
Known to be seeking a decent pretext for
coming over to the side in power. A confer^
ence was held at Fontainebleau, the subject
being whether De Momay had or had not
quoted falsely in a book * De I'Eucharistie.'
Casaubon's critical acumen forced him to ad-
mit, with the other judges, that a fSalse cita-
tion had been made, and it was thought that
he would become a Romanist. His son Meric
[q. v.] thinks that he wavered, but there
does not seem to be any positive proof that
he went even so far as that. At any rate, he
was certainly not to be brought over. In vain
Casaubon
did FbiJu-T Color, the kinp's fuvourite con-
fessor, aud the BlBhop of Evreiii (Du Pei^
ron). Hwnil him. ]tiU vasaiiboii had alienul^
)u8 prot«staiit friends, who thought that be
ought U> have stood by tbe pcuCestnnl cbmn-
pion whether right or wrong, while be did
not in theleiwt conciiiate his Romaniat ene-
mies. In 1601 ajiatent was JMiied uppoiiit-
iug him tu tbe office of lihrarifin to the king,
but with the proviso tli»t tL» then holder of
the office (one Gouelin) ebmild not be dis-
turbed. The Jesuits did tbeir utmost to pre-
vent bis appointment ; biit through the in-
fluence of bis constant Mend, De Thou, be
succeeded Gosselin, who died in 1604, na
' garde de la librairio du roi,' But he w«8
still perpetually worried about bis religion.
It is highly probable that Du Perron did pro-
duce a considerable effect upon bim. lu their
dispates Casaubon gave up much ground
■which theCalviniats held. Pierre du Moulin,
minister of the church at Charentan where
he worshipped, looked coldly upon him. In ■
1607 he tost hia mother, whom, in spite of
his stmitcni'd circumstances, be had lielf«d
with true fibol piely ; in 1608 his favourite
daughter Philippa, and in 1609 Joseph Sca-
liot^r, died. This last loss afi'ected him most
«f ail. Madame Casaubon was perpetually
ailing, and Isaac, who grudged every moment
of his time diverted from bis studies and de-
Totions, did not griidee hours spent in atten-
dnnceuponber. His cliildren were constantly
laid by with sickness. His cup of misery
overflowed when the ' con vert isaeurs,' who
had been unsuccessful with bim, succeeded
a worthless convert of bis eldest
[t 1610.
SBubon desired to leave Paris, and he
/ invitations to do so, His old
friend liBct was bdxioub to have him bock at
Geneva, but with bis present religious views
('ulvinistic Geneva was no place for Casau-
bon. Overtures were made to bim from
Heidelberg and Nimes; be thought of retir-
ing to Bedan ; of visiting Venice, where be
had an illustrious correspondent, Fra Pooloj
and he seemed to be the natural
Scsligi^r at Irffvden. England
selected. He had already held .
tiuiu with the king wbile yet only James VI
of Scotland, wbo could appreciate him as
Henry IV certainly nmld not. Rut the sove-
reign wm not bis chinf attraction. He could
not submit to the pnjiacy, but he had learned
to respect the authority of tbe fathers. The
liugunnot miuistors Jicouted antiquity, but
with Ibo An^o-cat holies be was thoroughly
.^u aocord. TUe church of l^nglaiid realisifl
259 Casaubon
1- in a great measure the ideal be had formed
from tbe study of catholic antiquity ; but be
couid not leave bis post without the consent
of the king. After Henry's death, however
(14 May 1610),hewas no longer bound either
by gratitude or interest to remain in France
—in fact, be would not liave been safe there.
Before he left Du Perron made one more
etTort i be pressed him upon the sulgect of tba
eucharisi, iin which his Huguenot friends
considered him unsoimd. Casaubon agrwd
neither with Du Perron nor with Du Moulin,
j but, if he could once cross tbe Channel, be
would tind numbers with whom he would
agree thoroughly. On 20 July IfllO an offi-
cial invitation came to bim from the Arcli-
bislit^ of Canterbury (Bancroft). A prebeud
of Canterbury was reserved for him, and aa
the income of the stall might not be sufficient
for his maintenance, a promise was added
that it might be Increased from other sources;
or, if he preferred it, he might throw himself
upon the generosity of King James. After
two months' delay, Casaubon set off in the
Huite of Lord Wottonof Marley. Archbishop
Bancroft lived just long enough to see the
eminent stranger, who wan hospitably re-
ceived by the Dean of St, Paul's (Overall),
and spent the first year of hia residence in
England at the deanery. AH the bishops re-
ceived bim with enthusiasm, but his apecial
friend was Lancelot Andrewes, then bishop
of Ely. .\ndrewes, more than any other man,
had been instrumental in bringing bim to
England. 'The only two men, he writes,
'with whom Hived on intimate terms in Lon-
don were tbe Bishop of Ely and the Dean of
St. Paul's.' Perhaps the happiest days he
ever spent were in the bishop's company.
'We spendj'he writes,' whole days In talk of
letters, sacred especially, and no words cAn
exureas what true piety, what uprightnesa of
judgment, I find in bmi.' .Tames I took to
him at once, was perpetually sending for
him, and kept bim talkmg for hours, ahvays
on theology. He ^Tant«d bim a pension of
300f. B year from his own purse, in addlticoi
to tbe prebend at Canterbury, and invariably
treated him with the utmost kindness. But
Casaubon had a penaltv to pay ; he had to
foUow the court to 'Theobalds, Royston.
Greenwich, Hampton (^urt, Holdenby, and
Newmarket. King Jamea was worth talking
to, and a good talker bimself. Casaubon
ought also to have been relieved from the
pressure of jioverty, for besides his English
income be stdl retained hie French pension :
but he was one of those men who would
always be in money difficulties. He de-
termined to moke f.ngloud bis permanent
home, took out letters of naturalisation,
Casaubon
260
Casaubon
called England * the isle of the blessed/ and
80 far identified himself with us as to speak
to an Englishman of 'our ancestors.' He
made the personal acquaintance of Grotius,
who was then in England, and the acquaint-
ance ripened into an enthusiastic friendship;
and he found great delight in the society of
Thomas Morton, afterwards the famous bishop
of Durham. The chief drawback to his hap-
piness was the strong distaste which Madame
Casaubon felt for England. She made long
absences, and when his wife was away Ca-
saubon was helpless. And he had other
troubles. He was regfarded with an evil eye
by the puritans as a traitor to their cause.
More than once his windows were broken by
the mob. He declares that Hhe streets were
not safe to him ; he was pursued with abuse,
or with stones; his children were beaten.'
On one occasion he actually appeared at
Theobalds with a black eye, given him by
a ruffian as he was travelling through the
city ; and during the whole of his four years
in England he was a failing man. Intense
study had worn him out prematurely, and
his constant moving about was perhaps too
much for him. i&sides his frequent re-
movals in the train of the court, we hear of
him now at Oxford, now at Cambridge, now
at Ely. He died at last of an injudicious
trip to Greenwich on 12 July 1614. He was
buried in Westminster Abbey, one friend,
Bishop Overall, preaching the funeral sermon,
another. Bishop Morton, writing his epitaph.
His wife survived him for twenty-one years,
and was most kindly treated by King James.
To the very last he was annoyed by his old
persecutors. The French ambassador sent a
nobleman to ask him in what religion he
professed to die. 'Then you think, my
lord,' he replied with horror, ' that I have
been all along a dissembler in a matter of
the greatest moment I '
In the life of a student the account of his
works is generally more important and in-
teresting than the account of his personal
career. Casaubon left behind him no less
than twenty-five separate publications, most
of them on classical subjects. But editions
of classical authors necessarily become super-
seded. Again, Latin translations of Greek
authors were useful when Latin was so
much more generally spoken and written,
but not in later times ; and, finally, it may
be doubted whether the authors themselves
whom Casaubon edited, commented on, or
translated — Strabo, Theophrastus, Athcnjeus,
Suetonius, and Polybius — are much read ex-
cept by specialists. Those, however, who
take the trouble to study the huge folios in
which Casaubon's learned labours are pre-
served will assuredly find the character he
bore was not undeserved. CaBaubon'a prin-
cipal works, in chronological order, are aft
follows: 1. 'Isaaci Hortiboni Notn ad
Dio^nis Laertii libros,' &c, 1688. 2. 'Stra-
bonis Eerum Geographicarum libri xrii., Is.
Casaubonus recensuit/ &c, 1687. 8. ' Novi
Testamenti libri omnes recens nunc editi
cum not is Is. Casauboni,' &c., 1687. 4. ^ Is.
Casauboni Animadversiones in Dionysii Hali-
camassei Antiquitatum Romanarum libros,'
1688. 6. ' Polyseni Strategematum libri octa
Is. Casaubonus Grsecd nunc ^rimtun edidit,
emendavit, et notis illustravit,' &c, 1589.
6. * Operum Aristotelis . . . nova editio,' &C.,
1690. 7. * Theophrasti CharactereB Ethici,
&c. Is. Casaubonus recensuit, in Latinum
sermonem vertit, et libro commentario illus-
travit,' 1692. 8. 'Suetonii de xii Ciesari-
bus libri viii. Is. Casaubonus recensuit^
&c., 1596. 9. ' Athenaeus : Isaaci Casau-
boni animadversionum in Athensei Deipnoso-
Ehistas libri xv.,' 1600. 10. * Persii Satirarum
her. Is. Casaubonus recensuit et commen-
tario libro illustravit,' 1606. 11. ' Gr^rii
Nysseni ad Eustathiam, Ambroaiam, et nasi-
lissam epistola. Is. Casaubonus nunc pri-
mum publicavit, Latind vertit, et illustravit
notis,*^ 1606. 12. * Polybii Historianim libri
^ui supersunt. Is. Casaubonus ex antiqui^
libris emendavit, Latind vertit, et commen-
tariis illustravit,' 1609. 13. ' Is. Casauboni
ad Frontonem Ducseum Epistola,' 1611.
14. 'Is. Casauboni ad Epistolam Cardinalis
Perronii responsio,' 1611. 16. * De rebus
sacris et ecciesiasticis Exercitationes xvi ad
Baronii Annales,' 1614. 16. * Is. Casauboni ad
Polybii Historianim librum primum com-
mentarii,' 1617.
Of these works the most important are the
* Athenaeus,' which took up full four years of
his life, and g^ve him an immense amount
of ungrateful labour, which he yearned to
spend upon christian antiquity; the 'Theo-
pnrastus,' the first in date 01 those of his
works of which he was not himself ashamed ;
the * Polybius,' which also cost him more
than four years* labour, though he lived only
to finish the translation, the fragment of
the commentary being published after his
death ; the * Suetonius,' which first led Sca-
liger duly to appreciate his neatness. The
* Persius ' and * otrabo ' also long continued
standard works. It is not necessary to sav
much of his theological works. His criti-
cism on the Annals of Baronius, thou^ it
is but a small fragment of what he intended,
took up the last four years of his life, and
Srobably hastened his death. It was un-
ertaken at the request of Kinff James ; and
though we may well regret t£at the gnat
scholar wasted his time in stowing up a book |
which must havebecome discredited without
his help, it is moat uniair to blame the king',
aa has been done, for bringing' about this pei^
n of industry. Casaubun had int«ilded
. . Jcise Baroaius lona before he came to
England. He alwavs looked upon ecGlesias-
tieal history aa the proper fieldfor his labours.
and though, during the wearisome task of
tracking out the Romanist church historian's
bad BCholaiahJp and mistakes, he may now and
then lament over hia unfinished 'Polybius,'
there is no doubt that his theological work
'was a labour of love ; for though to ua Ca-
saubon is the great classical scholar, be
wished to be, firat, the theological, and only
in a secondary degree the classical, student.
A book was published by Christopher Wolf
in 1610 with the attractive title of ' Cnsau-
boniana.' It contains only some desultory
lemarks on books. To Meric Caaaubon [q.v.J
ire ere indebted for the six Tolumes of the
' Bphemcrides,' by far the most iateresting
volume of all that Isaac baa left us. Meric
CasBiibon also corresponded with John Eve-
lyn ubout some of the elder Cosaubon's notes
Xn trees and plants (see EVELYN, Diary,
Wheatley, ill. 37Iet8eq.)
CasBubon has, in our own day, found a
biographer whose lore of learning 'was like
his own. and whose monograph of the ^eat
ecbolar is one of the gems of English litem-
on 30 July 1884
[PaWison'e Life of Isaju; Ciis»uboQi Alme-
loreon't Is. Caaaaboui Vila (1709); Ciisiinboii'B
Ephemeridea (ed, X>T. Russell, 1850); Cnsan-
bou's Works, pasam,] J. H. O.
OAaAUBOK, MERIC (1699-1671), clas-
^cal scholar, was the aon of Isaac [q. v.Tjii
Florence Cssaubon. Bewasborn m 1599
Geneva, and received hischristinnnnme from
his godfather, Meric de Vic, He was edu-
cated in his early years at Sedan, which, being
on the contiues of a protestant district, offered
facilities for escape in case of a reli^ous per-
secution. He was the only one of Isaac Ca-
s&ubon'a sons in whom the father could find
any comfort. He remained at Sedan until
mil, when he joined his father, who was by
this time settled in England. He was then
sent to Eton, on the foundation, and in 1614
pro(»oded to Christ Church, Oxford. In the
April of that year King James had sent a
joiuion to the dean and chapter of Christ
Church, reqmrinjr them ' to aamitt a gonne
of isMk CasHiibon into the romo of a schoUer
of ibe foundation of that house, that should
Ufct becftMiB Toide.' Isaac had intended to
send his son toLeyden, to study under Heln-
aiuB, but as Meric was the only eon who
could avail himself of the king's kindness, be
arranged that Meric should apend some lune
at Christ Church and then travel abroad, In
1614 the father died, and Mericwas admitted
to a studentship at Christ Church, which he
held for thirteen years. He took his It.A.
degree in 1618. and hisM.A. in 16^1, and inthe
same year published a book in defence of his
father agamat the calumnies of the Uoman
catholics. This juvenile work pleased the
king, and also found approbation among his
fiither's admirers in France, especially Meric
de Vic, through whose instrumentality he
was invited to settle in France with offers of
promotion. He determined, however, to re-
main in England. Attheearlyage of twenty-
five he was collated, by his father's friend,
liishop Andrewes, to the rectory of Bleadon
in Somersetshire ; Archbishop Laud gave
him, in 1638, a prebend at Canterbury ; in
1634, the vicarage of Minster in the Isle of
Thanet, and in the same year the vicarage
of MoDckton, also in the Isle of Thanet.
He had, in 16^4, published another I'in-
dication of his father, which he 'wrote by
the express command of the king, and he
formed a design of continuing his father's
[infinished ' exercitationa ' agamst Barontus.
In 1636 he was created D.D. at Oxford by
order of Charles I, who was then residing ut
the university. About 1 644 he was deprived
by the parliament of all his preferments, and,
accordingto Walker (Su^^nnyjo/fAe Clergy),
' 'was abused, fined, and imprisoned.' But in
1649 he received, through a Mr. Greaves, a
lawyer of Gray's Inn, a message from Ohver
Cromwell to come to Whitehall 'to confer
about matters of moment;' as his wife lay
dead in the house he could not come; but
the messoge whs twice repeated. Cromwell's
business with him was to request him,
royalist as he 'wos, ' to write a history of
tlte late war, desiring withal that nothing
but matters of fact should be impartially set
down,' Meric declined, on the very natural
ground 'that he would be forced to make
such reflections aa would be ungrateful, if
not injurious, to his lordship.' Cromwell
waa not offended, (!ln the contrary, he
ordered 'that upon the first demand three
or four hundred pounds should be delivered
l-o liim by a London bookseller without ac-
knowledging the benefactor ; ' but !Meric did
not avail himself of the offer. Mr. Greaves
was then commissioned to tell him that, * if
lie would do as requested, the lieutenant-
Kneral would restore him all his father's
oks, which were then in the royal library
having been purchased by King James, atid
Casaubon 262 Case
would give him a patent for 300/. a year, to Spirits, Witches, &c.,' 1068. 24. * Not» in.
be paia so long as the youngest son of Dr.
Casaubon should live.' Casaubon next re-
ceived a proposal from Christina, queen of
Sweden, through the Swedish ammissador,
that he should accept Hhe government of one
or the inspection ot all the universities, with
Polybium,' 1070. 25. A single sermon,,
preached before the l^nff, 1660.
But far more than for any or all of hii>
numerous works, the literary world is in-
debted to Meric Casaubon for having pre-
ser^'ed from destruction many of his father «
a good salary, and 300/. a year settled on | papers. The * Ephemerides * tnemselves were
his eldest son during life.' This offer he also , all but lost. They fell into the hands of
declined. He hud married a second wife in Isaac's eldest son, John, the Romanist, who
1651, who brought him a fortune ; and upon i was so careless about tnem, that one volume
the Restoration he recovered all his prefer- 1 out of the seven actually icas lost. 'SVheD.
ments. In 1662 he exchanged Minster for John became a Capuchin they fell into the
the rectory of Ickham, near Canterbury. He hands of the widow, Florence Caaaubon, and
died in 1671, and was buried in Canterbury her third son, Paul. These wisely sent them
Cathedral. He left several children, one of , to Meric, the only member of the family who
whom, John, was a surgeon at Canterbury. ' was competent to appreciate them. Meric
He intended to write an account of liis own not only took care of^the ' Ephemerides,' but
life, chiefly because he had so many provi- , also took great pains to collect all the papers
dential escapes to recount. left by his father in the hands of .finends.
Meric Casaubon was pious, charitable, : The six volumes of the * Ephemerides ' he
and courteous ; he was also a good scholar, deposited in manuscript in the chapter h-
and a most indefatigable writer. The list braryofCanterbury Cathedral, whence it was
of his works is as follows: 1. * Pietas contra disentombed by a prebendarj-. Dr. Russell,
maledicos patris nominis et religionis hostes,' and given to the public through the Claren-
1621. 2. * Vindicatio patris ad versus Im- don Press in 1850 ; the rest of the papers he
postores, qui librum ineptum et impium de depositedin the Bodleian. It was from these
Idolatria nuper sub Is. Casauboni nomine latter papers that Wolfs 'Casauboniana' was
Sublicarunt,' 1624. 3. *Optati Milevitani , drawn up. Meric Casaubon*s ' EpistoUc, de-
bri vii. cum notis etemendationibus,' 1031. dicationes, praefationes, prolegomena,' &c.
4. ^Treatise of Use and Custom,' 1638. were incorporated with those of his father in
5. * M. Antonini Imp. de seipso et ad seip- Almeloveen's*Isaaci Casauboni Vita,' in 1709.
sum
6.
Pes
E^
His Incarnation and Exinanition,' 9. < De CASE, JOHN (d. 1000), writer on Ari-
verborum usu,' 1647. 10. A more complete stotle, was bom at Woodstock, and was a
edition of his father's notes on Persius, chorister at New College and Christ Church,
1647. 11. *De quatuor lingnis commenta- Oxford. He was elected to a scholarship at
tionis pars prior,' 1650 (the second part was St. John's in 15(U. HewasBiAjLnJ568,>l.A
never published). 12. * Terentius, with Notes ' , 1572, and became a fellow of his college. He
(continuation of Famaby's), 1651. 13. * An- i hadTa high reputation as a disputant. Being
notations on tlie Psalms and Proverbs.' * popishly affected,' says Wood, he * left hi*
14. * In Hieroclis Commentarium de Provi- , fellowship and married.' His wife was the
dentia et Fato not® et emendationes,' 1655. | widow of * one Dobson, the keeper of Bocardo
16. * Treatise concerning Enthusiasm,' 1 655. prison.' He obtained leave from the imiver-
16. *Epicteti Encheiridion,' with notes, 1659. sity to read logic and philosophy to young
17. * Translation of Lucius Florus's Ilistory | men, chiefly Roman catholics, in his own
of the Romans,' 1659. 18. * A A'eritable and house, lie wrote various handbooks for their
Faithful Relation of what passed between use, which were published and for a time
John Dee and certain Spirits,' 1659. 19. * A popular, though they had falleninto disrepute
Vindication of the Lord's Prayer as a Formal m Wood's day. He also practised medicine,
Prayer,' 1660. 20. * Notae et Emendationes becoming M.D. in 1589, made money, and
in Diogenem Laertium de Vitis &c. Philoso- left various sums to St. John's College, Nfw
phorum,' 1664. 21. * Of the Necessity of a i College, and the poor of Woodstock. Tn 1589
Reformation in and before Luther's time.' , he was collated to a canonry in Salisbuiy. He
22. * Letter to Peter du Moulin concerning died 23 Jan. 1599-1000, and was boned in
Natural Experimental Philosophy,' 1669. | the chapel of St. John's Colleffe. His portrait
23. 'Of Creaulity and Incredulity against is in the Bodleian. His works are: 1. 'Sum-
the Sadducism of the Times in denying ma yeterum interpretum in uniyonnin Dia-
It'Clicam Aiislutetis,' 15&1. 2. 'Speculum
uioruliiuu auiestioQum lo uaivf^rsam t^tlli<.'ell
Aristotelie, 1385. Tliis wm the first book
printad at ibe press presented t« Oxford by their
chancellor, iheEarlofLeiceBter, 3. 'Sphera
Civitatia,' 1588. Tliis book, tike others by
Case, Wis repriateJ abioad, and Barnes, the
printer, obtained nn order Irom the iiniveiTity
ID 1690 that every badieloT shoidd lake one
copy on ' determiniiiit.' 4. ' HeHexus Speculi
Moralis,' 1696. B. 'Thesniirus tEconomiw,'
1597, e.'LapisPUUosophicus.' 1690. 7. 'An-
oilla Philosophia!,' 16W. These »r« com-
inenlc on dlflerent writing of Aristotle. He
ftlso wrote tta ' Apologia Musicee, tarn vocalis
quam iostruitieutnliB et miitie,' 158S, of
which there is u copy in the Lam belli Library.
'The Pmiseof MuBicke; wherein . . . iB de-
scribed the sober and lawful use of the aame
in the Congregation and Church of God,'
IfitW, is also attributed to him. This in dedi-
cated to Sir SVallec Raleigh by the printwr
Barnes, who calls it ' an orphan of one of
Lady Musicke's cbildcen.' A eontemporaiy,
Thomas Watson, wrote some verses, now in
the Hawlinson MSS., ID Cuse on the publica-
tion called ' A Gratificntiuii unto Mr. John
C«s« for his learned book lately made on the
FmixtM of Miuick.'
There aru three letTeis from Case in the
Hnrleina MS. fiOSo. He profiled a letter to
Kii^holas Breton's ' Pilgrimnge to Fanulisu.'
ii. 2SS, 2flB, 954 ; Wood's Colleges and Hnlls
(Gutch). pp. G40. fiSl. aei : Unalc«ood'» Britiuli
ffililiogmpW, ii. fill ; Strypa'e Annals, voL iii.
pC i. pp. i»9, SIS, pt. ii. p. 396; House's Rb-
fi'sIrr, ). 267 ; Le Neve'sFaati. ii. liai ; Nichols's
lurtratioDB. iv. 189.] [
CASE, JOHN (J. leeO-lTW), astrol^er, |
wu bom about 1600 at Lyme Itegis in Dor- :
Betahire. We first hearofhimas IheHuthor |
of'The Wards of the Key to Helmont proved i
unfit for tlie Lock, or the Principles of Mr. !
Wtn. Bacon examined and reftiteu' (London, I
leH'i). In this he telle ila that be has just I
attained his mDJarity. The work is a protest .
■gainst tlie theory iu WiUiam Bacon's ' Key i
to Hdmont'thttt water is the principle of f
all bodies, and prefixed thereto is a reeom- 1
metuJiitory tjpistle by John Partridge, the I
astrologer. At this time V-Hne livpd in Lam-
beth, and had not as yet adopted the style of i
U.D. Tlis friendship with Partridge is noted
by Swift ( Worku, iv. 1 20) in his account of the
death of that astrologer, n possnge on which
John Nichols bos made an interesting com-
mentary, (''ase's liest work (which in noticed
by HalUi) yne his ' Compendium Anatomi- I
Ik nova methodo institutum,' which, ap- j
pi^aring iu 1896, first made him a well-known
chaructei. It op|M!ared again the following
year in Amsterdeni, and consists of a masterly
defence of theopinion of Han-ey and De Gnitti'
upon the generation of animala ab ovo, in the
samemonner as birds. Indeed, it is so superior
to his other works that Chalmers expresses
some doubt as to whether he really wrote it.
He followed this immediately witn his ' Ars
Anatomica breviter elucidata ' rLondon,
1696), and in the following year with 'Flos
jEvi, or Celestial Observations' (I^ndon,
1690). By this time he had placed the letters
M.D. after bis name, and was living close to
Ludgate, having succeeded to the business of
Salford, whohad succeeded to that of William
Lilly ; by this mpans he was in possession of
all the magical apparatus of these two noted
astrolc^ers. EsjHxiially he rejoiced in the
darkened room and mystic apparatus by which
Lilly had been wont to show people visions
of their departed friends, which apparatus
Case used to exhibit and ridicule to his friends
in ' melting moments.' Over his door hH hod
erased the signs of Lilly and Salford, and had
inscribed the verse —
gj» HOT.
and Addison tells us in the 'Tatler' (No.
LMO) that Cose made more money by this di-
stich than Dryden made by all bis poetical
works put together; round his pill-boxes also
he used to inscribe^
Here's foartoen pills for thirtesu pence ;
Enough ID any man's ova coascieace.
He was ridiculed again by Addison in the
216tb ' Tatler,' and it is ' Doctor Case ' who,
in Pope's poem, is summoned to attend John
Dennis in his ' phren^y,'
In 1097 Case published 'The Angelical
Guide, shewing men and women their lott or
chance in this elementary life in IV hooks.'
This work, which was dedicated lo bis fiiend,
John Tyson, the author of ' The Way to I^ng
Life, Ueallh, and Happiness,' Granger con-
aidered to have been 'one of the most profound
astrolopcal pieces that the world ever saw.'
The only other serious work which we have
of John Case's is ' 'EfijyTT^t 'lariioio's; or the
Medical Expositor in an Alphnlietical Order
in Latine, Greek, and English ' (London,
11)98). John Case is the original of tbestory
which is thus told bv Granger (who beard it
from the Rev. Mr. Gosling): 'Dr. Maundy,
formerly of Canterbury, told me that in his
travels abroad some fminent jihysicinn who
bod been in Euglimd gave bim a token lo
spend on bis return with Dr, Itudcliffe und
Dr. Cose. Thev fixed on an evening and wore
very merry, w^en Dr. liadcliiTe thus began a
Case
264
Case
health : " Here's to all the fools, your patients,
brother Case ; " " I thank you, good brother,**
replied Case ; '' let me have alfthe fools, and
you are heartily welcome to the rest of the
practice.** *
[Grangers Biog. History, iv. 327; Tatler,
edited by John Nichols and others (1786) ;
Case's Works.] E. H.-A.
CASE, THOMAS (1598-1682), divine,
son of George Case, vicar of Boxley, Kent,
was bom in that county in 1598. His first
education was received at Canterbunr, and
he next entered Merchant Taylors* School in
1616, where the registrar set down his name
only (HeoisterSf i. 84). In 1616 he obtained a
studentship at Christ Church, Oxford, partly
in recognition of his industry and proficiency,
and partly by the favour of Archbishop Tobie
Matthew, wno had been of that foundation.
Case's connection with Christ Church is re-
corded upon the title-pages of many of his
books. His degree in arts was taken on
15 June 1620, and his master's degree on
26 June 1623. He is said to have remained
a year or two longer at the university,
preaching aft-er ordination * for some time m
those parts, and afterwards in Kent, at or
near the place of his nativity.' His career
was most intimately associated with that of
Richard Ileyrick (of the family of the poet
Herrick), who was his associate at Oxwrd.
When Heyrick obtained firom Charles I his
first preferment at North Repps, Norfolk,
Case oecame his curate. Soon after Case
obtained the pastoral charge of Erpingham
in tlie same neighbourhood, remaining there
eight or ten years. The latter part of his
stav at this parish was marked by tne severity
of bishop Wren towards him, and proceed-
ings in the high commission court are said
to have been still pending against him when
that court was abolished. Meanwhile Hey-
rick, who some years before had received
from the king a grant of the reversion of the
wardenship of the collegiate church of Man-
chester, came into possession of that dignity
in 1635, and thither Case accompanied or
followed him. By the influence of the Booth
family, of the adjoining town of Salford,
Case frequently preached with much ac-
ceptance at their newly erected chapel in
that place, and he also preached in the other
Manchester chapelries, whither he was fol-
lowed by numbers of admirers. On 8 Aug.
1637 he was married at Stockport, Cheshire,
to Anne, daughter of Oswald Mosley of
Ancoats, Manchester, the widow of Robert
Booth of Salford (brother of Humphrey
Booth, the founder of the chapel). By this
union he became brother-in-law to the Rev.
John Angier [q. v.] His populAiity brought
him into trouble, and he experienced, in a
less degree, the same trials in the diocese of
Chester as in that of Norwich. Li 16S8
articles were exhibited against him in Bishop
Bridgeman's court for uttering opinions
against the discipline of the church and far
other irregidarities, notwithstanding that he
had signea the articles and was still * a bene-
ficed man within the diocese of NorwidL*
One of the charges was that he had givoi
the sacrament to those who did not Imeel;
and his reply was that the congregations
I were so vast that there was no room to kneel
I Falling in with the spirit of the Manchester
I burghers he supported the parliamentary party
I by his money and zeal (November 1642). His
marriage introduced him to persons of in-
fluence. Jacomb disturbs a little the chrono-
logical sequence when he says that in a short
while after coming to Manchester Case was
presented to a n&ce in the neighbouring
county — i.e. StocKport — ^where he may have
been acting first as curate. He became actus!
rector of that rich benefice on 31 July 1645,
when the committee of plundered ministers
presented him, with the usual injunction to
preach diligently. The presentation wis
confirmed by votes of the nouses. The ap-
pointment of a man who at that time wis
an active minister in London was not a wise
one. Nine months afterwards he resigned
and a new rector was appointed, Case having
* another place with cure of souls.* These
dates and circumstances seem to lend point
to Wood's insinuation that Case was anxious
to get preferment and wealth, which he
wanted before he went up to London. ^
the meanwhile, before the end of 1641, the
* urgency of some persons of (juality ' in
Lancashire — probably Sir William ferere-
ton, a Cheshire baronet, and his associates
— induced Case to accompany them to the
capital. There his style 01 preaching amidst
a multitude of preachers attracted notice,
and he soon acquired fame. The first of his
Sublished discourses, two in number, were
elivered at Westminster ' before sundry of
the House of Commons,* and issued by
authority in 1641. A very severe and bitter
spirit characterised them. The city churches
were readily opened to him. First he was
lecturer and then rector (in place of Mr.
Jones, sequestrated) of St. Mary Magdalen^
Milk Street, where, following a custom
already established in Manchester, he began
that seven o'clock ' morning exercise ' long
afterwards kept up ' to the benefit of multi-
tudes.* Sir John Bramston refers in a cha-
racteristic passage (Autob, p. 92) to his
appointment there. His sermons * at Milk
Street in London,' cnlled ' Ood's Waiting to
be GvadouB,' were by the committee for
printinff ordered ^27 June 1642) to be issued.
This Tolume, which whs dedicated to Major-
Sneral Skippon and Richard Aldworth, esq.,
i parishionen, abounds in that kind of
otatory which had become popular. His re-
eentmenl agvinst the late episcoW govern-
ment is shown to be very deep. He asserte
that the Anglican church was the Babylon
of Rev. xviii. 4 ; and he enumerates ' her
idolatrous bowings, cringinss, altara, crosseB,
and ciiraed ceremonies, false worehip, false
doctrine' (p. 68). Walker {Suff-nng*, ii.
4S| justly takes exception to some of his
sentiments, which Calamy {(hnlinuation,
pp. 14-15) In part exciiaes. A work entitled
* Evangelium Armatum,' 4to, 1663 (Ken-
HBT, Rrgittfr, pp, 743, 855), quotes some
repreheoEthle pass^^es fttjm Case's sermons;
otners are g-iven in Zachary Grey's 'Century
of Presbyterian Preachers,' 1723, 8vo (App.
pp. v-vi ! and c£ Wood, Atkena, iv. 46-7).
It. is said to have been usual with Case at
St, Maudlin's to invite his hearerc to the
Lord's table with the words, ' You that have
fret'ly and liberally contributed to the par-
liament for the defence of Qod's cause and
the pospel, draw near.' On 16 Oct, 1641-2
the House of Commons recommended him
to the parishioners to be lecturer of St.
Martin's-iii-the-Fielda, to preach there every
Sunday alVemoon and every Thursday, and
Dr. William Bray, the vicar, was enjoined
to give him libertj' of the pulpit. Caae wa«
connected with this church for twenty years,
Se wasalso appointed lecturer at St, Mary Al-
dentianbury, where theRev. Edmund Calamy
the elder [q. v.] waa rector. In these positions
Case was a lealous advocate for the solemn
league and covenant. He became one of the
• confessors 'of the Long parliament, and often
preached before them. Wood, after closely
perusing certain of these discourses, termed
him ' a ffreat boutifieu and fire-brand in the
church, and Butler in ' Hudibras' introduced
him BE a typical pulpit-character of the ''
There was a well-known peculiarity in Case's
■voice or manner, which Pepys, who used to
bear him, has noticed (Ihaiy, ed. Bright,
i. 208). Cu 26 Oct. 1642 Case preached a
fast-sermon before the commons, dedicated
on publication to Sir William Brereton. This
irenernl was again prominently introduced
jiito Case's sermon tefore the commons on
10 Feb. 1(M6, concerning his CBptiire of
Chwt^ff. In this discourse the senators, the
■ <d tha league and covenant, are
told what some had affirmed, tliat there were
no less than one hundred and eighty several
heresiiflpropnealed in London, insomuch that
tlie errors and innovations under which they
hadlately groaned were hut fo^era^'/«fni7>'irx
compared with those damnable doctrines
(pi>. 24-fi ; cf. SouTHET, (hmmonpUKe Booh,
ill. fi4 i Patrich'i Works, ed. Taylor, t. 444).
Case bad meanwhile become a member of
the assembly of divines, and he took a
prominent part in their discussions. On
8 Jan. 1644-5 he waa one of those who
petitioned for arrears of pay as members of
the assembly. He favoured the establish-
ment of presbyterianism (Grbt, Seal Ex-
amined, vol. ii, App, p. 89). His occasional
abode in Lancashire, or at any rate his con-
tinued interest in Ihst county, is shown by
the fact that to his hands and to those of
the Rev. Charles Herle of Winwick were
entrusted the charitable collections for those
distressed by famine and war in the district,
September 1644. That a change in the
course of years came over the political views
of Cjase is shown by suggestive feets. In
1648 he begged to be excused from preaching
before the commons when asked at their
July fast. In the game year he subscribed
the paper declaring against the proceedings
of the parliament and the brinpne of the
king to trial. Through refusing in 1649 the
'engagement' 'to be true ana faithful to
the government established without a klnp
or house of peers,' he lost his place at Milk
Street, and Anthony Faringdon succeeded
him. In 1661, when the prince and tho
Scots were preparing to amrcn through Lan-
cashire, to the gratification of Case's friends
there. Case was preaching against the pro-
ceedings of the parliament, and deeply im-
plicating himself with the presbyterians in
1 the London conspiracy for the restoration of
' the prince, known as Love's plot. On 10 May
the privy council committed him close pri-
soner to the Tower under a charge of high
treason, and his property was sequestrated.
He was imprisoned for over six months, and
\ his wife obtained permission to lodge with
' him. On 30 Sept. lie and Hejrick ^who had
I also been concerned in the plot with other
Lancashire ministers) were ordered to be
brought to trial; but in the following month
<he^ addressed a petition to the parliament
which was deemed sufficiently submissive,
and they were pardoned under the great seal,
thespeaker'swarrant fortheir discharge being
dated 16 Oct. During his imprisonment Case
penned some appropriate thoughts which he
preached at first in the course of his minis-
try at Aldermanbury, and afterwards pub-
lished in 1653 under the title of ' Correction
(j>j^
TV.
fM-y.ry. is ..v-'n- i.:, : jl -;^ '^-sfi. :'' W- i^-i-.r^ic 1^* -_3irr v tL* ?t t .grry md To the
I.'. .'aV; ;.«: V. t* fcii^v-* *.. >:t:v.:iiT .ct :f k» I rv=*r=>'i»rr "ir -ts-eii :■- j'>:«ch. and did
^..'v.v.w*..'t v/:/ v^ "rj'T*. L-v :.-• Tiii ;*! i jrer-T r:«rr ol fc ?t-lir::':i* Imdjr. qaren
w r*r iTkvr.--; J/-..-:jLi' -z-t ^.T.rzi.ir- :•: NkiLrrr* Hr tli^:. zari •"ns^ on ? May
-»*-*.•.;- •>: j,--,.-';.«r- ii-tiT intr-rr;*'.!!.* ->:c i.-llT-i^ l: L»:ri CrrTTr"* dixiinr-?«ble, and
yr...*: w*-: ;/r.*4.r^ yy.it-. .:>. -z-r ••*-«• !-*f* :f clII* Lj=. -a i-11 f-Iliwir Li* TAiiuaud all in
-w * ';:. .• '^.'»*f:. .\ '^'yyi. .i .-••v«*-r.r.Ti -rl .^. ^ iLr j-r^e^^T-rrlar znarser.* V^f Li* nuzorr^us
*.»'f^ j'tf<*'* ' v.. r.^ . dt--*-: Wr--ii.i.?*r-r. -irr:: .::*•» jlI* • M:.::2:t Pis^ali/ 4io. 1»»70.
^ Ji.'j. j»;.V;-7. '-v, ;,: b •-;'J-;'' '-^ ::..;-»i*r* d-*i::-a:ni- LI* •!ri-:.:^Lbr»n->ur«J s-n-in-law.
t/y J .•«:,*/.*:, .'sr/*-: >f • o r t-*: : * A » ..-.ly j^rsvi, rr.r H rer: Ii>;;ii-' llc t<- I>r. William Hawcs,
of ;'.-'.'%•» .*^4''.m;./. *:. : tr. *:Zf>\.ri.\ pr^-i-Lrr. -^ j^erLhjri ".L-: niCifT j jr*5:m:. An abridgnl
\ih'*.fr^ T^A:.\*^i *^.'\*:T' fr'jUi a hjif.Zi'lk-vr of «.*: '.n wa* publi»b**2 bribe Reli^.'»u« Tract
hi* llz/f^r iif^Ah, •rVj.. Js p-i-Er ; -ii:*' ir. foiit'T :n !■<.>:. li*ai.i. Case contribuTrd
In- int.*: ill i»»j. and af^rwardi j'.-rd cLi-rf v^y*rTf.'. c- 3.21-11 da i'»ry T.T>efao«!r5 to the bOi"»k>
jfj*V'v: '>f th*: o'y;i.r/j'#ri pi*ra.^ ;ii iLa: >laii:". of Li* friend*. Up^n xn*r death of Warden
wij'/ ha* r«-iati',;i to I>L . . . 'h. *L ri- Hevri-ik, in Auirm 1077. Ta^ wp^e the
i:\ihn*'.*:i\'fr .*»«---]•:.' , l/j come tiii*LT:r: to ep:*apiL::i Li* memory. *t ill pres«>r\'ed upon
wljj'.h lij* Wife pr*--*ri! }iim: li»r La- aiivi**^! a bra»s in :LeC'.tlle;inater'burch, Manchester.
«"iMj Mr. ^'alaruy a^y^iit i?.' Th*: wri:er •rx- iL«r ci'*ini' p^ntion of which commemi»rat«s
pr<'»<»"-. )iOj/<: of oUaiiiJnff him. ^'&*e in K^j^ in wann lantruai^e and with some detail a
wa* ofj" of the coifirnitt'rfr for th«r appoim- friend*hi}» ^if fifty year*.
ifj«rnt of mifji-t«-r- in tlj«- pretbyterian way. With one exception I'ast- outlived all the
In \*'M'4) h'T ontribuNyl the intrf>«iuction memb»-r* nf the a&*fmbly of divines. He
ari'i fintt M-rrnori to the * .Momin;: Exercis*- died on Su May ldS2, aged 84, and wa*
iiM'»ho'Ji7.«-d/ ifMi'tT H volmij*' of diacour-?*-* buru-d on .'5 .Tune at Chrirt Church, Newgate
pr«-;Kh«rd lit St, OiJ*-*-. Al^mt ihi- time h»r .Stivf-t. l^mdon. which must liave been thtrn
MtiM f-lf/9><-]y wiiK'hiri;; <rv<'nt<* with leaninir- still in ruin*. W<x>d indicates the sp<tt. viz.
iTAiinJii \U»: re-!or«tion of njonun-hy. In at th»- up]K*r end of the church just before
I'l'hnifirv \*'fi'^> ii<; wuh comf^pfjndincr with the steps ^ing to the altar: and he s'wes^
his- Miiii<h«--t«r !ri<n<J». «l><>iit Moiick, the «.- the inscription, which df)es not err on the
rjiid«"l iii<'1mUt><, mid other curn.-nt ev«,'nts'. sid».* of eulogy. The funeral sermon wa*
||<- wii^ oiif of th<; deputation of jiresby- preaclu'd by Dr. Thomas Jacombon 14 June,
tiTifiii I'lt-r^y Ht'iii to the Ilafrue in May and it was dedicated on publication to Mr^.
|<WJ() to roiijzriitiihite the kinjr u]>on hi^ ru- Anne ( n.<e, the widow. It contains matter
ntor.it i'»n. I'epy^ deHrrilx,'H an amu.'^in^'' in- which has }>een of service in compilincr tin*
ridi-iii iil><Hit the landing ofru.se, 15 May. memoir. Dr. Calamy, grandson of his friend.
Hho-e Ixiiit. wfiK ii|i-et mid he 'nudly dipjK'd.' describeri Case as *one of a quick and warm
A iumi/mi' ill the * Secret History of the spirit, an n^i^n plain-hearted man, a hearty
|{eij;ii ol" rharlen II,' lt)lX) (rf. the note in lover of Gi.k1, goodness, and all good men.
\Vii.HoN, niMMfiititii/ (JhiirrhfM of Jjimdon^ iv. He was a Scripture preacher, a great man in
TilM), hIiowh hffw ( 'iih4' whh taken in by the prayer.andonetlmt brought home many ftiuls
kiii^''H hyiHicrlHy. In the following month to God.' Daxter, who was buried near him.
lie, with Ihixiermifl «»lher prominent preshy- called him * an old faithful servant of G«.h1.'
terimiH, wuM iidiiiit led royal chaplain, though There is an oifensive sketch of him, based on
(iiH Hiixteri'omnientM) ihey wen* never asked Wood's account, in*TheKinjr Killers,' 1711*.
tn preiich. lie wiiH one of the members of 8 vo, terming him an Mmpenit en t covenant ini:
theSiivoy eon lereiice,imd attended the mei»t- saint' (pt. ii. p. 31). His head is on the
ingH (April July U'M\). In the autumn he plate prefixed to the volume of farewell
Wits viNJting liiM n'liiti\eH at Munehester and sermons, 1(M52, 8vo.
preiiehiiig in the neighlM)urhcHHl. Karly in (Jaromh's Abraham's Death, 4to, 1682;
the r.)lIowiiig year he was writing letters Culamy's Account, p. 12, and Continmition, p.
fnnn l*ondon to the Kev. Henry Newconie 13; WikxI's Athenie, iv. 46^, ami Fasti, i. 892,
Munch(>Hter, giving him * the sense of | 411; Reliq. Bazteriaine, ii. 229 seq.; WiUoo's
Mcticbiuit Tftjlora' School, p. 7S9; CommonB'
Jonmftla, ii. 432, it. 247, 160, vii, 28, 87, Tiii, 20 ;
lonls' JontnaU, rii. fii2_3. 648-0 ; IBbL MSS.
Conim. 7Ih Rep. pp. 71. iSS (whsre Tor CaaUa
read Coae) i IJniin'a Ueio. of SeTsatj-Five
Dirine*. 184*. pp. BO-2. 207; NowconiPS Dinry.
(Chelhnni Sor.Beriw), pp. 12»efl.,aDdAutobi(ig.
pp. 1 s«q. ; E^rwakcr's East Cheuhtrn, i. 388,
pp. IBS. 183: HeyTTood'sWorfci (Life of Angiorj,
1. 664-0, 669; Hibbert, Ware's FoomiiitiotiB of
(Sth «L). V
CASILLIS, Earls or. [See Kenhbdt,]
CASLOK, WILLIAM, the elder ( 1692-
1706), type-founder, was born in l692slCrad-
ley, Wiwce««Tshire, near Halesowen, Shrop-
ihire. He Reri'ed his apprentit^eship to an omn-
mental engraver of (fim locks and barrels. In
1716lu!»etupin that business in Vine Street,
HiDorioa.Lundon, and added tonl-makin^ for
bookbinders and Kilver-chasers. In the same
year «ii eminent printer, John Wnlts, recog-
nised Caslon'B ski D in cuttiag binding-punches
and employed Lim for that purpose as wpll
fts to cut type-punche«. lie also gave him the
meaud to bt up a small foundry, and intro-
duced him to other printers. Urover in Al-
dersgate Street, James in Aldermanbury, and
the Clarendon House at (_lxford were then the
-onlrgoodtype-founders. Caslon now married,
and in 17^0 biitir«t child, named William, was
bom. Xn Ihesome year he was chosen by (he
Society for Promoting Christian Enowledgt^
to cut the fount of ' English Arabic ' fortbe
New Teslam^Dt and Psalter required for the
cbristianB o( the East. He aftern-nrda cut
in ' pica romnn ' the letters of his own name
and printed ihem at foot of his Arabic speci-
mens. By the odvicf of .Siimuel Palmer j
(reputed author of tliut 'Ilislory of I'rinting'
really writ ten bj-GeorpL'i'saliniinzBr) he then [
cut tne whole fount ol pica romnn and ilalic, !
and this he did in verj- superior style. I'al- I
inor withdrew his support of Caslon, which i
gave offence to certain printers, lint Caslon
obtained employment from the elder Bowyer.
In 1732 he executed for Bon-yer the bcauti-
fiil English fount of roman, italic, and He- '
brew used for printing Sclden's ' Works ' in
folio, also the Coptic typMs of Dr. Wilkins's ,
edition of the ' Pentateuch,' and various sited
chara«Ien for other important works. Watts
had lent him 100/. ■ Bowyer and hie aon-in-
Ittw Bnlleiiham now lent him 2001. each.
The three printers gave him their custom. I
Cnslnn »el lioldlv to work t« complete hia I
bctoty in every Wiicli. Hreulually his pro-
ductions Rurpaespd those of all continental
m w yntjhiiBi Iff fcnigfc
printers, wbi. t-ulled him and Jackson hia
pupil • the English EUevirs.' His first foun-
dry was a garret in Helmet Row; the second
in Ironmonger Row ; the third, in I7S5, in
CUiswell Street. At the latter place the
business, increasing year by year, was car~
ried ou in conjiuiction with his eldest son, Wil-
liam Caslon the younger [q. v.], whose name
first appears on specimen sheets in 1742, in
the style ' William Caslon & Son.' Caslon
retired to a house in the Hackney lUmd in
1750, about which time be was put in the
commissionofthepeacefor Middlesex. Soon
after he removed to his ' country house ' on
Bcthnul Green, and died there 23 Jan. 1766.
He was buried in St. Luke's churchyard,
where a monument records his memory with
that of hia son William.
Sir John Hawkins and I^ichols describe
pleasantly noticed ill Dilu-
Decameron (ith day).
Caslon waa three times married. Faber's
meizotinto print of Caslon is from a painting
by F. Kyte, now in possession of the present
firm, which has also a large three-quarter
len^h portrait. The earliest dated specimen
of Cadlon's printing types in hook form is in
the library of the AmeKcan Antiquarian So-
ciety, Worcester, Mass. It is called ' A
Specimen of Printing Types by William
Caslon k Son,' 1763, 8vo, 36 pp. printed on
one side. This is probably an ' adTance-copy '
of the exactly similar work in t.be British
Museum Librarv. dated 171M. The 'Uni-
versal Magazine,' June, 1750, contains a fold-
ing-plnte headed " A True and Exact repre-
sentation of the Art of Cutting and PrejMir-
ing Letters for Printing,' which is a picture
of Caslou's foundry.
[For authorities see ondpr William Casloh
the yonngfir,] J. W.-G.
J3A8LON, WILLIAM, the younger (1720-
1778), type-founder, oldest son of the preced-
ing, by bis first wife, became a partner with hia
father about 1742, and succeeded him at his
death in 1766. lie had not the remarkable
ability of the elder Caslon, but be waa able to
maintain the reputation of the house against
Boskerville, Jackson, Cotterell, and others.
The universities and the London trade still
gavethepreference to the Caslon founts, which
combined the clearness of EUevir with all the
elegance of Plantin, and Baskerville's suc-
cessors were less regarded. Caslon married
Eliiabutb, only daughter of Dr. CartUcb of
Basinghall Stivel, with a fortune of 10,000^
His wife assisted in the management of the
great letter-foundry up to the death of her
bubaad, ■wtvA twk place in 1778. Tbe
Cassan 268 Cassell
property was equally divided between his | scription, and by seeking for promotion,
widow and histwo sons, William and Henry, He was elected a fellow of the Society of
who eventually became the heads of distinct ' Antiquaries in 1829. After suffering from
families and chiefs of two separate firms of . insamty for two years, he died on 19 JuIt
type-founders. William Caslon (third of the 1841. Besides the pamphlet mentioned
name) sold his share to his mother {d, 24 Oct. I above, he published : 1. ' The Sin of Schism
1795) and sister-in-law, the widow of Henry demonstrated, and the Protestant Episcopal
Caslon. He set up a separate business, which Church proved to be the only safe means (A
in 1819 was moved to Sheffield, where the firm Salvation, a Sermon preached in the Puidi
still exists as Stephenson, Blake, & Co. The ' Church of Frome,' 1819; 2nd ed., with an-
other firm was represented by Henry William nendix, 1820. This was answered by 'A
Caslon, last of the name, who died 14 July Word of Advice to the Curate of Frome,'
1874, and the business is still carried on as 1820. 2. ' Lives and Memoirs of the Bishops
A. W. Caslon & Co. of Sherborne and Salisbuiy,' 1824. 3. A
[The Caslon Specimen Books ; Rowe Mores*» ^}^^ of sermons, 1827.^ 4. ' Liv^ of the
English Letter-founders, pp. 63, 97 ; Hansard's Bishops of Bath and V\ ells,' 1830. 6. A
Typogmpbia, Ist edit. p. 368; Nichols's Lit. pamphlet against the repeal of the Test and
Anecd. ii. 355 ; Nichols's Illustrations, ii. 337, Corporation Acts. Neither set of his lives
iv. 173, 231, viii. 447, 474, 521; Hawkins's of tbe bishops is of any real value, the me-
History of Music, v. 127; Dibdin's Decameron, moirs being almost wholly composed of ex-
ii. 379; West's Views of Shropshire, p. 121; tracts from well-lmown pnnted books. Sudi
Bigelow's Bibliog. of Printing, i. 103-^; Uni- original remarks as they contain are extra-
versal Magazine, November 1760; Gent. Mag. ordinarily childish and whimsical, and in
xxi. 284, xxxvi. 47, xlix. 271, Iv. 329, Ivii. nj^^y cases exhibit a degree of intolerance
1129, Ixx. 796 Ixxix. 579, 589, Ixxxvi. i. 377. ^ych was probably caused by the latent
Ixxxviii. 1. 58/. XXXI V. new ser. 96; Ann. Reg. ^^^^^^^ ^c mental disordpr BMidM thPM
1850, p. 232; Works and Lifeof Franklin, 1812, P'^^ce ^^ mental clisomer. Jiesides these
i. 72 Lemoine's Typographical Antiquities p. 79 ^?!^«' Cassan compiled genealogi«* of him-
Timperley's HistorVof Printing, pp. 683. 714, ^^^ ?^^ of other members of his fiunily,
744, 749, 806, 834. 942; Printing Times and ^J^^'^ ?® Circulated widely for the pnrpoM
Lithographer, October 1874; documents of the o^ proving that his descent was noble, and
Chiswell Street firm and family papers.] that he therefore had a stronjf claim to pre-
J. W.-G. ferment. He contributed various genealon-
cal notices to the * Centleman's Magazine.
CASSAN, STEPHEN HYDE (1789- [Gent. Mag. 1841, pt. ii. 650 ; information
1841), ecclesiastical biographer, son of from E. Green, esq., hon. secretary of the Somer-
Stephen Cassan, barrister, by his wife Sarah, set Archaeological Society.] W. H.
took liisB.A.degree on U Jan. 1815. Here- CASSELL, JOHN (1817-1865), pub-
ceived deacon's orders on 26 March following, lisher, son of Mark Cassell, the landlora of
andwas ordained priest the next year. While the Ring o* Bells, in the Old Churchyard,
curate of Frome, Somerset, in 1820, he made Manchester, who died in 1830, was bom in
a runaway match with Fannv, daughter of his father's inn at Manchester on 23 Jan.
Rev. William Ireland, then dead, formerly 1817. His education was of a very slight
vicar of that parish. This marriage occasioned nature, and at an early age he was bound
considerable scandal, and led to legal pro- apprentice to a joiner at Salford. Li 1833
ceedings, of which an account is given in two his attention was especially called to the
pamphlets published at Bath in 1821 — one, temperance movement by hearing Mr. Joseph
* A Report of the Trial, Cassan v. Ireland, for Livesey speaking on the subject in Oak Street
Defamation;* and the other by Cassan, entitled Chapel, Manchester, and on the completion
* Who wrote the Letters, or a Statement of of liis indentures he commenced his intro-
Facts.' Removing from Frome, he held the duction to public life by setting out on a
curacy of Mere,Wilt8hire, until 1831, when he temperance lecturing tour. He had already
was presented by Sir Richard C. Hoare to the by careful self-culture obtained an extensive
living of Bruton with Wvke Champliower. acquaintance with English literature, great
He was also chaplain to iiie Earl of Caledon , general information, and a fair m&sterv of
and to the Duke of Cambridge. His family the French language. In quest of empW-
was large, and he was constantly involved in ment as a carpenter he reached London in
pecuniary difficulties. From these he sought October 1836, and shortly afterwards spoke
to free himself by publishing books by sub- j at a temperance meeting in the New Jeru-
eakm Bchoolroom
Koad, when it wua noticed tlisr he had a
very broad pruvincial dialect. He was fhen
recommended 1o Mr. Meredith, who enrolled '
btinBmonghia temperance agents. In 1847 he
was at 14 Budre Row, oil j of London, where :
he had efltDblisned himneli' as a tea and cofTee I
dealer and patent medicine agent, but two |
Tears afterwards removed to 80 Fcncliurch i
Street-, where he always continued to have a
share in the business. His teas and coffeea
■wereveryextoneively advertised, and the Ben- .
tence ' 'Baj Oassell's Shilling Cotfee ' became
Juite a household word. In the mennttme he ,
ad become a writer and his own pubhsher ;
Iiie first production was the ' Working Man's
Friend,' ■which appeared in 1860, The Great
Exhibition Id the following jear gave scope
to his energies in the ' Iifustrat« Eihibi-
tioner,' a comprehensive and well-executed
scheme. On lit and :20 May 1851 he gave
valuable evidence before the select comuit-
tee on newspaper stAmps, ahowinfr the injus-
tice of the prosecution of many periodicals
for giTing their readers a minimum amount
of actual news. He also nt the same time
Mated that he bad entered into the publish-
ing biMiness for the purpose of issuing pub-
lications calculated to advance the moral
ftnd «ociat well-being of the working classes
ISeport from Select Commitlre, iSol, pp.
206-41). Cassell's 'Ptraular Educator' and
Cassell's ' Magazine of Art ' followed in 1 852,
and duriuE- the succeeding twelve months
OasBell's 'Family Paper ' was brought out;
this was a combination of the pictonal puper
-with the popular periodical, containing a
serial story and a chronicle of current his-
tory ; many of the illustrations were printed
&om electrotypes procured from the I'aris
office of ' L'lllustTation,' and they were equal
to those which embellished the illustrated
Spers published at sii times the price, The
St number appeared on 31 Dec. 16o3, and
in a very short time this paper attained a
targe circulation, owing partly to the illus-
trations which were given in connection
'with the war in the Crimea. He took ad-
Tanlage of its circulation to benefit himself
also in another waj, to advertise his
teas and coffees. Nu
c<«ded in quick
either in the form of
books or in weekly numbers of illustrated
standard authors, such an ' Ilobinson Crusoe,'
•Don Quixote,' the 'Pilgrim's Progress,'
' GuUiTer's Travels,' and many others of
m similar nature, besides more substantial
fan" in the shape of the ' History of Eng-
lan'l,' the ' Natural History,' the ' Bible
UictioDuy,' the ' Book of Martyrs,' &c.
works now pro-
boai his press,
of educational
Towards the close of 18S4 he became involved
in pecuniary difficulties, which obliged him
to decrease his establishment, ana U) dii^-
continue the least remunerative of his pub-
lications. Other periodicals which he pro-
duced were 'Casselrs Hagaiine,' 'The free-
holder,' the monthly organ of the free land
movement, ' The Pathwav,' a religious maga-
zine, and ' The Quiver.' ' In 1859 he joined
with Thomas Dixon Balpin andGeorge Wil-
liam Petter, and founded the well-knowTl
firm ofCassell, PetteTf&Galpin. From that
date a constant series of popular illustrated
and other books have been issued by these
publishers. Cassell lived to see many of the
works brought to a successful termination,
or reaching n circulation such as never en-
tered into nis mind when he commenced his
publishing career, and to preside over an es-
tablishment in full working order employ-
ing nearly five hundred hands. He died at,
25 Avenue Koad, Regent's Park, London, on
•2 April 186.1.
As a publisher he is no doubt entitled to
rank with William and Robert Chambers
and with Charles Knight, and it must not
be forgotten that sometimes more praise was
due to him for a work on which he made a
loss than for a work which in more recent
times was a splendid success. What were
his merits as a writer cannot be stated, as
no reliable information has been found on
this point. Although a strict abstainer, he
was an inveterate smoker, and, whether en-
gaged in business or in the company of his
friends, was seldom seen without a cigar
between his lips. His widow, Mary Cassell,
died at 47 Wilbury Road, Brighton, July
1885.
[Cassell's ItluBtnited Family Paper, with por-
trait, 20 May 1886, pp. 262^ ; Thomas Frost's
Forty Years' Recollectioas (18801, pp. 226-38 ;
BookstUer, April IBGS, p. 32S, and Uny, p. 291,]
O, C. B.
CAS8IE, JAMES (1819-1879), painter,
was bom at Keith Hall, Aberdeenshire, in
1819, In his boyhood he met with an acci-
dent which left him lame for life, and deter-
mined him to devote himself to painting. He
was a pupil of James Ctiles, R.S, A., a painter
of highland scenery and animals, Cassie set-
tled in Aberdeen, where the sea with its sur-
lundinga and the flsherfolk that resided on
j shores were a most powerful source of at-
action to him, and formed the most popular
ibjects for his brush. Elaborate detail not
being suited to hie style, the broad harmonious
effects of m
le scenery v
re those which he
most excelled in depicting. He did not, how-
ever, confino himself to one class of sut^ect^
Cassillis 270 Cassivellaunus
but painted numerous portraits and domestic able to stand before their attack, but the
subjects, and showed fair skill as a painter of progfress of the Romans was much impeded
animals. He exhibited several pictures at the by the skilful use m^de by CassiTellaunafl of
Eoyal Scottish Academy and at the Royal his charioteers, four thousand of whom were
Aciidemy and other London exhibitions. In employed in harassing Ceesar's line of march.
1869 he was elected associate of the Royal In the meantime the Trinoyantea, another
Scottish Academy, and remoyedtoEdinburgh, powerful people, occupying what is now Essex,
wliere he resided till his death. In February j and part of Middlesex, sent enyoys toCaesarto
1879 he was elected an academician, but he announce their submission. Mandubratiiu,
had been for some time in failing health, and ^ the son of their former king Imanuentias,
died on 1 1 May of the same year. Personally had fled for refuge to Cfesar, in order to es-
Cassie was of a genial and warm-hearted dis- cape the fate of his father, who had been
position,and was very popular in society. His . killed by Cassivellaimus in the course of his
art was unambitious and limited in its scope, , conquests over his neighbours. The Trino-
which led to frequent repetitions; but his vantes asked Ctesar to send Mandubntios
works were marked by a quiet simplicity to rule over them and to protect him from
and harmonious tone which will always en- i Cassivellaunus. Cfesar gn^nted their requeet,
title him to a good place in the ranks of and sent Mandubratius to them, at the same
Scottish landscape-painters. He formed an . time demanding and obtaining hostages and
early friendship with John Phillip, R.A., com. The example of the Trinovantes was
who painted an excellent portrait of him. ' speedily followed by other tribes living along
[Scotsman, 12 May 1879; Art Journal, 1879; i ^^ course of the Thames, whose names i»
Clement and Hutton'H Artists of the Nineteenth , g»ven by Ciesar as Cemmagni, Segontiwa,
Century; Gmves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; ' Ancalites, Bibroci, and Cassi, all of whom
Catalogue of Royal Scottish Acatlemy's Loan Ex- , submitted. From them Ciesar learnt that
hibition, 1880 ; information from Mrs. Eraser and Cassivellaunus had not far distant a fortified
Mr. J. M. Gray.] L. C. ' place in which a large number both of men
rt A aaiT t tq t?.«»o ^„ res .« Tr^^-vT,,,^^ i i ^^^ of cattle had been collected for pioteo-
CASSILiLIo, Earm of. See Kennedy. ' , . •**.!. *i.- * i. Sj
' ^ -* ' tion against the enemy ; this stronghold was
CASSIVELLAUNUS C/7. 54 B.C.), a Bri- \ promptly attacked by Caesar; it« defenders
tish prince contemporary with Julius Coesar, , were unable to repulse Cfe«ar*s attack and
whose territory lay to tlie north and north- | made their escape on another side. Many
east of the river Thames, comprising roughly ' of them were killed in their flight, and the
the modem counties of Hertfordshire, Ruck- ' whole of the cattle fell into Ciesar's hands,
inghamshire, and Berkshire ; its exact limits | The precise position of this place is unknown,
are uncertain. The people over whom he : Meanwhile Cassiyellaunus sent instructions
ruled were the Catuvellauni, a powerful and , to the four kings who governed as many di»-
wurlike nation who had encroached upon the I trict« in Cantium, or Kent, to surprise and
surrounding tribes ; their territory had been I storm Csesar's naval camp. The attempt
much extended before Cnesar's arrival in j failed, and, being discouraged by his own ill-
Britain by Cassiyellaunus, who had been en- success, and still more by the defection of
gaged in constant conflicts with his neigh- ! his allies, Cassivellaunus submitted to Ciesar,
hours, and his conquests had given him such
supremacy over them that he was recognised
as their natural and undisputed leader against
the invader. Cassivellaunus is first men-
tioned by Cjesar in his account of his second
expedition to Britain in the summer of 54 B.C.
Ca?sar relates how, after having effected a
landing and advanced some twelve miles
into the interior of the country, he was re-
called to the coast by the intelligence of the
destruction of the greater part of his fleet in
a storm. Ten days were consumed in re-
pairing the ships that remained, and then,
advancing to the Thames, Caesar found the
who took hostages, imj)osed an annual tri-
bute, and enjoined Cassivellaunus to abstain
from harassing the Trinovantes or their king
Mandubratius. Csesar now left Britain, after
a stay of barely two months. In Welsh tra-
dition, as preserved in the Triads and the
Bnits, Cassivellaunus appears aaCaswallawn.
Here much romantic detail overlies a narra-
tive in which an agreement with the main
outline of Caesar's account can be traced.
The name Cassivellaunus is Oaulish in
form. The first part of the word is com-
pared by Professor Rhys with the name of
the tribe of the Cassi, and the whole is inter-
enemy drawn up in great force on the north- preted by him to mean ' a ruler of the league
em bank of that river, under the command
of Cassivellaunus. In spite of the British
fortification of the banks, the Roman soldiers
crossed the river, and the Britons were un-
or a tribe-king/ Vellaunus probably meant
'a ruler,' being connected with the Irish
Jlaith (a prince), and with Welsh fficlad
(country), Englii^ wield. The name of the
Oatuvellnuni is »iniilBrly compoundpil of rel~
fauna intli mlii, Irisli cata, Welsh cad,
battle.
[Cvmr. B. O. t. 11-23; EllW» Origiii* of
SufClUb EisioT'; : Bhys's LeMurea on Welsli Plii-
lolngy, 2nd cd.. and Coltic Briuun.] A. M.
IiS,l'ETEIt(lO84-ir40),pMnter
and engraver, waa one nf tbnt host of iecoiid-
rate foreicners who found happy himting-
ffTOiindB in Englnnd in tlie eeventeeulli and
eighteenth centuries. He whs bom in Ant-
werp in 1084; came to EuKlaud in 1703, and
revisited Antwerp in 17la He ahorlly re-
turned, however, and settled in this countrv.
He painted birds, fowls, fruit, mid flowers 'in
an inferior manner.' He worked more siie-
«esstully with the graver. Lord Burlington
patronised him, nnd published, at his own
charges, Casteels's ' Villas of the Ancients,'
givingtheartist theprofite. In 1723 Casteels
pubLshed on his own account twelve etchings
of birds and fowls, and also some engravings
from his own pictures. In 1736 he obtained
work M a designer In the calico works at
Tooting, and removed thither: later he fol-
lowed tne factory to Richmond, and there
died 10 May 1749.
[Walpolr's Anecdolvs of PaintiDg, iii. 663, ed.
1849.1
OASTELL, EDMUND, DJJ. (1606-
1685), .Semitic scholar, was the second son of
Robert Caatell (probably of Christ's CoU^fe,
Cainbridge), a man of property and educa-
tion, and was bom ' iratis Musis,' as he said,
atTadlow by Kasf Hallpy in Cambridgeshire
in 1606, whence, after tlie usual grammatical
training of the period, he proceeded in 1621,
at the age of fifteen, to Emmanuel College,
Cambridge, And took the successive degrees
of bachcW (16Sl-f>) and master (IfiSS) of
arts, niid bachelor (1635) and doctor {by
mandate l(Un) of divinity. After tliia last
date he removed to St. John's College, on
account of the advantages offered by its li-
brary, wherein he found much assistance in
the compilation of the great work of hia
life, the ' Lexicon Heptaglotton,' upon which
h«> bad been at work sitice 1661. This vast
undertaking was in some sort the outcome
of Castuli's previous labours in assisting Wal-
ton in the preparation of his 'Bihlia Poly-
glotta,' in which the former was especially
rcBponsible for the Samaritan, Svriac, Arabic,
and Ethiopic versions, aa Walton bimsolf
admits; though it appears that Castell was
cmdited by Walton with a miirh smaller
shareintbework than be really accomplished,
and that, so far from deriving any profit
from the gntuity which Walton allowed
..e^tii of bis Bsaislaatij, lie actually diabuiBed
a tbousand pounds of his private fortime,
over and above lliat gratuity, in incidental
researches.
I The Polyglott Hible was published in 1 657,
, and Castell was already in the throes of its
great sequel, the 'Lexicon Heptaglotton, Hl^-
I braicum, Chaldaicum, Syriocum, Samarita-
I niim,.Ethiopicum. Arabicom, conumctim,et
Persicum separalim.' In the deaication to
Charles II prefixed to the ' Lexicon,' when
at length it was published in two volumes
folio in 1669, the story of its composition
ia told with a sad simplicity that atones for
a pedantic display of varied teaming. The
eightepnih year of composition, he writes, haa
been reached, and tliat long period has been
filled with un remitting toil of seldom lessthiin
, sixteen or eighteen hours aday, witb constant
I vigils, with bodily suffering — 'membrorum
confhictiDneg,laxationes,contusionea' — with
loss of fortune, snd flnallv all hut the loss
I of sight. Worthington (Diary, ii. 22) de-
i scribes him at this lime as ' a modest and re-
tired person, indefatigahly studious : he bath
siicriflced himself to this service, and ia re-
solved to go on in this work thoi^;h be die
in it.' He had scarcely any assistance. Now
' and again he induced, by the sacrifice of the
I remnant of his pnlrimony.some scholar toaid
I him, but it was rarely that he could retain
I such sen'ices for any length of time in so de-
I prcseingatask. He mentions three scholars
who reudered him more protracted service, but
. these deserted him at last, even his printer
mutinied, and he was left alone in his old age
to finish the gigantic work. One of his a»-
sistanta suddenlv died, and Castell had to
! pay for his burial, and took charge of bia
orphan child. He had not only spent his
life and strength; he had reduced himself
to poverty by expending over 13,0(X)?. upon
the work: and even so, he was 1,800/. in
debt, and had become responsible for some
debts of his brother, for wnich the unfortu-
nate scholar was sent to prison in 1667.
This condition of actual distress, aggravated
by the loss of much of his library and efiects
in the ^reat fire, and coupled perhaps with
the notice nttracled by a volume of congra-
tulatory poems to the king, nt length pro-
cured him a BCHJity measure of roynt favour.
In 1666 he was made chaplain in ordinary
to the king ; in 1667 he was appointed to
the eighth prebcndal stall in fJsnteTbury
Cathedra), from which, however, he was ex-
cused attendance, partly by reason of infir-
mities, and partly on account of the duties
of the professorship of Arabic at Cambridge,
to which he was at about the Mime time ap-
pointed. This was the only academic emolu-
ment he ever received, and that by rvyd,
Castell 272 Castell
not university, nomination; and although
he always stayed in his friend Lightfoot's
rooms wnen at Camhridge, the chair cost him
were left on condition that his name should
he inscribed on each; and this, with his por-
trait (which may also be seen in the frontis-
more than it brought in, as Castell himself i piece to his * Lexicon '), has been duly affixed
stated in a letter (16 Aug. 1674) to the cele- | (Will of £. Castell, 24 Oct. 1686, Baker MS.
brated Dr. Spencer, master of Corpus Christi 24, pp. 268-71, Brit. Mus^
College, Cambridge (still preserved among Besides the ' Lexicon Heptaglotton ' and
the manuscripts at Lambeth Palace). He his share in Walton's 'BibUa Polyg^tta,'
was also elected F.R.S. in 1674. Castell was the author of an inauffural leo-
Castell brought out his ' Lexicon ' in 1669. ture on the merits of the study of Arabic, as
It marks an epoch in Semitic scholarship, exemplified by the interpretation of the CSuum
J. D. Michaelis, who edited a separate issue of of Avicenna (' Oratio . . . in secundum canonis
the Syriac division of tlie wort (Gottingen, Avicennse librum,' tiondon, 1667, 4to), which
4to, 1788), writes with respectful enthusiasm was included in Kapp's ' Clarissimorum M-
of Castell's unparalleled industry and solid rorum Orationes selectaa.' Some marginal
learning, and differs in some points of detail manuscript notes of Castell^s are preserved
from that ' vir magnus ' only with the greatest in the copy of Plempius's Canon of Avicenna
diffidence. The Bfebrew section also was pub- (1658) in the British Museum. His volume
lished separately at Gottiuj^u by Trier in of poems addressed to Charles II is entitled
1790-2 in 4to. But the original * Lexicon * * Sol Angliss oriens auspiciis Caroli II re-
met with a deplorably cold welcome in Eng- gum gloriosissimi' (London, ad insigne Cam-
land. The * London Gkzette * (No. 429, De- pause in coemiterio D. PauB, 1660, 4to), and
cember 23-7, 1669) contains an advertise- includes con^tulatory odes in Hebrew,
ment in which the imhappy scholar states Chaldee, Synac, Samaritan, Ethiopic, Ara-
that for three-quarters of a year he or his bic, Persian, and Greek, with indifferent
servants have attended in London at the Latin translations. The obvious design of
place of sale, but that the subscribers send these effusions is to attract the king^s notice
so slowly for their copies that he must fix and support for the toiling author of the
the following Lady-day as the last date of * Lexicon Heptaglotton : '
attendance. At the time of his death about gj^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^3 .^^ Lexicon, atone
five hundred copies still remained unsold, and Lfletius hinc totnm progrediatur opus.
his niece and executrix, Mrs. Crisp, lodged mi. ^ -1.1 j- ^ i» ^1. r^ ^
the remnant of her uncle's life-worTk in one The terrible distress of the poor scholar
of her tenant's houses at Martin in Surrey, ^^."f !/^^ fulsomeness of the language m
where for some years the rats played such ^^^h the king's virtues are set forth,
havoc with the learned pages that when the [Biog. Brit. s.v. ; Heame's Praelim. Obs. to
stock came to be examined scarcely a single Loland's Collectanea, p. 80 ; Wood's Athens
copy could be made up from the wreck of O^on- (Bliss), iii. 883 ; Fasti, ii. 48 ; Wortldng-
the sheets, and the fragments were sold for t<>°'» P*^^» "v^l' ** » twenty-three letters of
the sum of 71 Castell to Lightfoot, 1664-70, in Lightfoot »
When worn out with work and bowed ^^'^nl^-rSi^'^^K^^- ?"^ \^°?''° ^H^'
•i-v, n «4^n ««««;^«^ ♦!... ,r;/»„«,«« ^^ ^o- '*29; Ded. and Praef. to the Lex. Hepta-
with yeare Castell received the vicarage of ^^^^^^ 'information from Rev. J. K B. Mayor,
Hatfield Beverell in Essex, from which he |^^ ^^^ ^^ j ^ ^a^^ee, vicar of Tadiow.
was removed to the rectory of Wodeham ^^o finds the name spelt Castell in the baptis-
Walter in the same county, and finally to jj^gx register— not Castle, as some have snp-
Higham Gobion, Bedfordshire, where he died posed.] S. L.-P.
in 1686. We learn from the epitaph which ^ ^ ««,rrr ^ xrr^ ▼ x a -^r r •> ,«-i-v
he himself inscribed over the grave of his ,. ^^™^,Y^^^^ (f ^^)»JB?t
wife, for them both, that he married Eliza- listed 'A Petition exhibited to the High
beth, relict of Sir Peter Bettesworth, and Court of Parbament for the Propagating of
afterwards of one Herns. In spite of the the Gospel in America and the West In^es,
unhandsome usage he experienced at his and for settling our Colomes there, 1641,
university, he preserved to the last his zeal reprmted m Forces * Tracts, vol. i. 1836;
for academic interests, and he bequeathed and 'A Short Discovene of the coasts of the
cellor, Nichols, Lit. Anecd. iv. 28); 111 became rector of CK)urteBnhall,Nortl^
books selected from his library to Emmanuel ^^^^y ^^ 1^27, and died on 4 July 1645,
College, and a massive silver tankard to St. [Brydges*s Northamptonshire, i. 854 ; British
John^. The tankard and the manuscripts Museum Catalogue.] T, F. H.
Castello
Castine
CASTELLO, ADIUAN HE (llOOP-
JiyJl ?). [See AVBUK db Castbllo.]
OASTELLO, JOHN (1792-1845), dialect
po«t, was bom in 1792 at Kathfamluiii, near
Ihiblin, but his pwenls, who were Itiiinaii
catholic^ emigrated to England, and on the
TOTBge were aaipwrecked oft' the laie of Man.
Cutulo was then onljtwo or three years old.
Th^ settled at the quiet haiulet of Letil-
faolm Bridge, nine miles Irom Whitb;^. Cas-
tillo identified bimself completely with the
eouutj of York. His father having died
when Castillo was eleven, ha was taken from
■cbool to become a eervant-boy in Lincoln-
thin, but two years lat«r he returned and
lived chiefly at Fryup in Cleveland, where
he was a ftonenuson. He was admitted as
a member of a Weeleyan ' class ' at Danby
End Chnpil on 6 April 1818. He now be-
came a local preacher and an energetic re-
vivalist, having considerable success in the
Dales. In 1838, when bis name was not
on any plan as preacher, be says that he
■ occasionally mt severe Inslies on that ac-
cmmt. but endeavoored as much ns possibtt>
to keep out of the pulpits by holding prayer
meetjnfrs and giving exhortations out of the
singing pews or from the forms.' He wrote
verses, some of them illustrative of Wes-
leyan religious sentiments and others siie-
g^ted by incidents which occurred in the
neigbbourhood. The most important is' Awd
IsBAC,' which is a valuable memorial of the
Cleveland dialect (though the nuthor allowed
his ministerial friends to make some un-
happy ' correctJooB'), and hEts hud a wide
nopularily anions the peasantry. Uld Isouc
Hobb of (Jlaisdale is supposed to be the ori-
([inal of the piwe. U is a description of
Sunday in Cleveland. Another, ' T Leeal-
holm Chnp'g Luckv Dream,' is a Yorkshire
variant of the legend of the chapman of SwafF-
hom, a folk-tale of which the earliest form
is that given in thu Persian poem called the
• Maenavi,' written by JaUuddin. This le-
gend is discussed in the' Antiquary,' 1884-5,
X. 202, xi. Ifi7. Castillo died at Pickering
on IS April ISJfi, and is buried in the grave-
yord of the "Weslnynn chapel there. Of
' AwdTsaao'there have been many editions,
chiefly without the authors name. Of his
collected writings there are two editions,
one published at Klrby Moorside in 1850,
and the other at Stokealey In 1868. The
' Dialect Poems ' were missued at Stiikesley
in 1478. He was an habitual djalectspuaker,
oad even employed it in his diwounen as a
il preaehei, Ono of his sermons, ' Jacob's
II _i _ .^ printed in pamphlet form at
'" Ho was locally known as
the ' Bard of the Dales,' and bis name Is
sometimes spelled Castello.
[Skont's Bibliograpbicnl List (English Dia-
loet Society), pp. 113. 11»: Ndwbuid'b Poets of
Yorkshice, p. 217; Ominge's Poets and Poetry
of Yortsliire, p. 306 ; Poems in the North York-
ibire Dialect, by the late John Castillo, odited
with MemoiF by Goorgn Murkliaui Tvcddell,
Stukesley, 1878.] W. E. A. A.
CASTINE, THOMA.S (rf. 1793?), a native
of Ballyneille, parish of Lomaa, Isle of Man,
is slated by the Manx historian Train to have
enlisted In the 'king's own' regiment of foot
(4th foot), in which he rose to the rank of ser-
geant. Itetuming on furlough after a few
years' absence, the story continues, he married
about 1773 a youngwoman named Helen Cor-
lace, with whom he was acquainted before his
departure, and indulging In dissipation with
former companions, he overstayed his leave.
Fearing apprehension as a deserter, he escaped
in ■ smuggling lugger to Dunkirk, and, enter-
ing the French army, ser\-ed in .^nerlca. At
the outbreak of the French revolution he held
the rank of colonel of infantry. Train speaks
of him as one of the moat prominent chiefs of
the revolutionary armies, and refers to hia
sertices at Mayence, and his execution in
Paris in August 1793, apparently Idenlitying
himwiththegeneralof division, Adam Philip
de Custlne, who was executed at Paris on
17 Aug. 1793 for alleged treason at Mayence,
and whose fate and the romantic circum-
stances attending it have been related by
Alison and other writers. Train furtlier
states that Castlne's wife was left behind
when he absconded, and that the Issue of the
marriage, a son, was twenty years of age and
a servant at the time of his father's death in
1793. This yotmg man enlisted in the Mans
Fencibles, and was subsequently a sergeant
in the Oallowav militia. In 1837 he was a
shopkeeper in tlie village of Auchencuir, co.
GaOoway. Understanding that his father
had died possessed of property in France, he
had made application, through the late Mr.
Cutler Fergus, M.P. for Kirkcudbright, to
Prince TaUeyrand, when French ambassador
in London ; but the inquiry initituted showed
that all traces of such property, if it ever
existed, bad been lost in the troubles and
confusion of 1793, The first and last po:^
tions of this stoty are, no doubt, authentic ;
but although there is reason to suppose that
the Manx deserter, Castine, held rauk In the
French revolutionary army, there is nothing
to connect him with the general of division,
Custlne. The name of Thomas Cosline does
not appear in the alphabetical li^ts of persona
guillotined ^ven by Prudhomme.
_ T
Castle
r>-i: V ...kt r fiuctaman. t:- 2i^lct« of five
■- — — - .^li. 1-2L yirfywn. lit if a«iis?£bed as of the
Z.ZZ'i 1 ■ ---—7^ -z-Kt-s- '^''' ^ ^' -iinriiL fc-it-iiji-rMad*, is d*r«i
liux: Twr^ Ls£ irms inoTHi
~ ^1- — T-i ill— r- - IL-= .2:1 ~ -^^ "!^ T .sjxni^ ax. li' Ori. following
— _""!"". Z^— ^ '.— . zz^ 'j=e ^^ >: - ^*- ^- * '- '-iii. ?r* •• Cfcsile iras the
-. - \u..,-^. - _ — w>--.' -Y— -^ i ^-u.r .-* !!jir ITiT-iiu^i: '^iifizQS?: a Tret-
-- _;-:: •:_ T: -^^ . -^- ,- — - ; --:-;;= '^^- '"ifTTen Tie I'rtLrzin^ :€ ^ht Ancients
■_-;_.r^ ■ ^__-_ _:z_^ - n *" ' —~' i. ""^ ^■■'-^' ^ "*' "^^** 3?*nr r^jspr'Vrrie* in the
^— _-. . ' — ^r 'j^'-J. - Ljr ~ -rr-- -" — ^ ThriUli KUf-winT- 71i*i manrnf
3 ,£_ - .^r>-£ir. zi_ - T-r— -.- i__. _iT£::r "^^^ J.i-.K-- 2^*-ui:ia*.. iai£ M*dicin*,'ire
- -_- _ ■.^_- p _—.-- '- ' — L- - Hi- '^ 'ki*-^- ir-jjf rxETxir if I»i<«f&f*t« ia this Aeie,
I— -_ ~ - --iT-— " - "._L = "■_' -n-i -^-^ ^- ^ -^ ^mjisn iitr:* r' ilw World.
^ . _ -__^ ^ ^ -—_' 21- TT.- .r~ -Z"-- -* ''"^-^"-^ *^ *nmt z*f*fe*r!:j.Tz» upon a Book,
*-. „ ^i - - "~ rr --j.-^^. \r -£.*^ n'ru^:. Ati*:ttiik XfLi:-.3jt/ ^T^. London,
- ;-:a«=a .'-i:!!. T.las^ i:i. 998-9;
-■s^JL liii* . i:. :*:. -2C^, 2S2-3.J
G. G.
i^:'-:^ -*^^8?irT. -t. CASSEI4
. . .. T " _ • ._.. . __... -iJ! r ~ ' -«I t 1 i"l ., LrillT^if^. ir»s aGer-
•: i.T. vi!- I.- -_i!* o-T-L-^rc :nf Sir GoMams
Z izi.-. rn-r . ir^-lfi ir Ir^rltai La the second
lirrsiiir l' ii»* iiis: ."-Tr— LTT. He had few
*•:*• ^? "iriTii wni rr:':iil iiajT hi* pa-
— ■! r *T'i.-. 7.fcsr.I»T Hcsif- pr. F^TSianazh: he
t."~-im-rL? itiSiiriir'L '.'ijt =ii«:^3o: llazle-
_ T- ■ ■:. ;'■, >L^ . P" w-*T^o: .ir:- c?. Wicklow:
". '._^ - -r -r _ r ^ .":.— c: H'U?*T. :•:. SJ.£jl:^: &::£ Ressboroujirh
r. ■■^^. .- . \ " VriLz.-. I- r*^i:C:n hi* de*ijpi*
-*-?TLr. T '-T. '\ Z .-••*•- - :. . i-i'.-iir Ku-; :..* .if WiT^rrVri'shousein
. : - . ...:. '.. ■ - T .' ;.; .":.-- - 'i.i_rl:iC- -uTi >T?rf". Lriz-^i-er H>ii«e in Kil-
• :: .. . -; .*: . ,' .. ' Lu^ "^o-r. Lfrir«-Lri* Tbr Ihiblin Societv
- '-■-*..:■ : i.-T- -v's- V:- :■ -: .t i-.ltt. L. ri rv-r-.-Tfi: -*^jiS3i::hfield.aDd
• ■* •-'-.•: r ■■: ~ "" . .^.:.: "^ ti-lz * ir ~i'r i- -iisr** ^ >i.'jrrillr S;reet. Stf-
' : "'::::- .r^.j::.::.:-- >. : ■ .. ..:;.-"■ Tirrn ? .-^:t=_ ur-i ■■:ifrrr*irr* r: thecitr. Hi»
:.:. "-■■..•' :- V :.r i-L^. "r-l : ;• r- T L :_:"•". ri* '«~f?»r :i:": 5- ; ni^r^usv flr built
:.: .. .' ,r- "_- ^i T * .■_■:- - It : .z* -i :. '.'z~ :\L ii^prl Ln the coUt^.
. :" ■ ■ r^: -- -•:-'::. i.T-i 1 *»*—:■- " - i^ r_~>e r»T— :t-:«£: Tir prinTLac-offi<v in
"^ '.*..■- \.-. : _•: 'l5- '. -." -1: .'-.Z-^i TiLri: tIt K iV-is-ia, 07 Ivinj-in
: •:■ .-J :-i J ■:-. -Si" T:- 1 <: 'tl. i--i "--^ =.•-?:• hall in Fishamble
>:":*T-:. — Itt^ Hir-irl pr>i:iced the 'Mes-
•-iJL . - > At rl \ 7i'2. a:: i praised the build-
T^ :" ? .:* i^*-: -**::* pr^prrtie*. The des.i*ni
'.-<■.." .'■-■.- ~ ■-' >--■■: _- : —■ :_ ■^;-> :.--l- rirl_i=:-T=:: H:ui<e i* believed to be Ids.
It '-:.:-<■'': -i . -:•--.• ": « : 1 -:. .- --t Tl^'.t i.ri *-iiT=Iv a: Carton on 19 Feb.
z-LT.i'. z ^-. yiLT^L"'.: y. '•'<' r-^"=- z -' -z. 1- !'""_. iiv£ i:o-t sliiy. and was buritd
r-r": r.i— ■- !'• '■- ":- ~i- -'.-.'.'-•', l :'-.*. -r :" t: Mi"n.>:".h » WrB3- (o'^reTftKW of /ivA
:1t: :. 7"il > ■..tV-. i- -. *.* Vr -L---^'.: :r i.- J:" ■— ■: ';. 7. •>'*-•. He 1* represented a.* a
cit-. -f >.: :1- -7>**- .:ri./' :■•;.- -.>r_iT'.l :? z:,iz : : ir-Teiritv. of amiable thoiurh 5ome-
':.:» •Cvzii.^-.l ■-i'.-r -"." li : :"--,::.:* :: 'wl.i: -xvzTrlc manner^, whom convivisl
T"-:^': r.r ' -~--'.: -: :v :-.-. C V.vrr : 'niri:* k-ep: p.^-^r. I: is said that whenb**
P:.y-1 :4-_i : r rXir.Lr.1*:;" 1- a -.-i.ii:-. :V1: d:sa<i:i*5ed with anv part of his W'-»rk.
. V^-: r-.T : - i - , "it tt . t :- :: ^ - - :- :":.:* : rler. i he v* "'i*. rx* : ed h :s men locet her. marched tht^m
M&ri:: i/l:~ ri. nii-t^r :: T-ir Chirrrrh:.u<e. t** :: in pr^.vession. and forthwith pulled it
ra-*.ir -aa* ar'>:):n:-r'i pLv-:c;an :■■ tha: in- d?wi:. To Castle belongs the credit of hariru:
.-•it i'.im, &r.'i obtain-rl a r*-*pec:a>.'Ie share intT^xLiiced into Ireland a frreatly improved
of h<i-:in':=7. But ^Ivijiz wav, if we mav style of architecture. In 1736 he published
\
• All Eaeay towards Supplying the City of
I>ubUii wi"th Watar.'
rWirbntton. Whitelaw. and WalA's HisI, of
]>ablin, ii. ilS7-8; EedgraTes Diet, of Artists.
1878.] G- G-
CA8TLE, THOMAS aP04F-1840F) bo-
tanical and medical writer, was bom in
Kent, and after leaving school beirame a
Eupl of Jotn Gill, 9urg«on, at Ilythe ; in i
is third year he began hia first book, which |
he llnished beforegoing to London to carry
on his studied. He entered Guys Hospiul
in 1826, and was a member of its Physicnl
Society; the year foUovring he was elected
fellow of the Linnean Society, when he was
liring in Bermond^ Square. Subsequently
he remored to Brichton. and in 1838 he
signed himself 'SI.D., F.L.9., consultinfr
phy^cian to St. John's British Ifospital and
mernb. Trin. CoU. Comb.' His name ie to he
found in the medical list of the same year,
but he seems to have died soon afterwards.
Further particulars of his life are wanting;
the obovB having been gleaned from his pub-
lications, which are as follows : 1. ' Lexicon
PhaMiacop(eliuiii,'Lond. 1826. 8vo, 2nd edit.,
1BS4. 2. 'Modem SurgeiT,' 1828, 13mo.
3. * Manual of Surgery,' ed. by, 2nd edit.
1829, 3rd edit. 1831. 4. ' SyHtematic and
PliT8iologicftlBotAiiy,'1829,13nio. 5. ' Me-
ai(il Botanv." 1829, 12mo. B. 'Linnean
System of Botany,' 1836, 4to. 7, ' Eesay
on Poisons,' 1834, 8vo, 7th edit. 1846.
8^ ' Phannacopceia, Roy, Coll. Phys.' trans.
br, 1837. 8ro, 2nd edit. ia38. 9. ' Table of
dreek Verbs,' Cambridge, 1833, 4to. He also
edited two editions of Blundell'a 'Uiseaees
of Women,' IS34 and 1837, and wilh J. A.
Barton published a 'Britisli Flora Medica,'
lg37,« second edition of which was edited in
1887 by J. K Jackson.
[Caslle's Works.] B. D. J.
CASTLEHAVEN, Eakl op (d, 1651).
[See TuL'HBT. Mbbtts.]
CASTLEMATN, BARBARA [PAL-
MER], CoPKTBSH OF {d. 1709). [SeeVll-
UESS, BaRSAKA, DrCllBSS OP CLE^■ELiKD.]
CASTLEMAIN, Eibl op (rf. 1705)^
[See PiLMEB, Roger.]
CASTLEREAGH, Viscocnt (1
1821). fSeeSTG»ABT,RoBEET,MAaiiTnsOF'
Lo.-nK..«BRBr.]
CASTLETON, Eaki. op (d. 1723), [Bee
SAi'siiEHao!!, James.]
CASTKO, -VLFONSO t (1495-1558),
4JM«logiau, WW n native of Zunora in Spain,
and at an early age entered the Franciscan
order at Siilamanca. He became famous l)oth
ae a theologian and a preacher. So great
was his reputation that about 1532 be was
summoned to Bruges by the Spanish mei^
ehanle resident there, that they might have
the advantage of his teaching. As a theo-
logian he had followed with interest the
controTerfiies opened up by the Lutheran
movement, and while he was at Bruges he
finished the great work on which he had been
long engaged, a treatise ' Adveraus Htereses,'
which was f ublished at Paris in 1534. The
object of his book was a classification and
examination of all heretical opinions, together
with a refutation of them, and an account of
their condemnation at previous times by the
church. So great was the learning of Fray
fonso that his book was at once accepted
a repertory for controversial purposes on
the Roman side. In twenty-two years it
passed through ten editions in France, Italy,
and Germany. The best known are Cologne,
163(1, lr>39, 1543, 1549; Lyons, 1540, 1556.
Soon after the publication of this work he
returned to Salamanca, and continued his
work as a preacher. In 1637 he published a
volume of sermons on Psalm !i. (' Homiltn
3.XV. in Psalmum li.,' Salamanca, 1537), and
in 1640anotherYolumeof sermons onPsalm
xxxL (' Homiliip xxiv. in Psalmum xxxi.,'
Salamanca, 1540)._ His merits were recog-
nised by Charles V, who made him one of hia
chaplains. He was present aa a representa-
tive of the Spanish church at the first session
nf the Oouneit of Trent. He seems, however,
soon to have returned to Salamanca, where
he published, in October 1547, a treatise
' De justa hieretieorum punitione,' which was
dedicated to Charles V. In this work he set
himself to prove — not that it was just to
punish heretics, which he regarded as suffi-
ciently proved already, but that the actual
punishments inflicted by the church wera
mstly imposed. In 1660 he published at
Salamanca his last book, ' De potestate legia
p<enali3,' in which he dincusNed, with much
ability, several questions regarding the morel
obligatiouB attttcbing to legal enactments.
The book is curious, as giving some insight
into the difficulties which arose from the
movement of the Reformation, and the con-
flict between conscientious convictions and
legal obligations. The question. Has the
law an inherent claim on man's obedience, or
only a power of punishina; its non-observonce ?
was one which exercised the minda of men.
Fray Alfonso is connected with English
history because he was chosen by Cliarles V
to accompany his son Philip when he cama
as the accepted husband of Queen Mary in
t2
V.JL^^-r 270
Caswall
C-r. ".":■ ^- -- i • -*..::-!- "1- 1 1 ii»:!i .Vlf^nso \4siied Bradford in liis prison. an<i
V.:^ ».: •. ■»->> .r. .- zi^---' -^z^^^.z^ TT"^ TO convince him of his errors. We have
^ - u: ..?s.— :. i^ . .--_■ i=- TTij. jc-T Bndfoni's own aooount of the interview
>t '.■*. ;*.•.:>: - t^ 1 : ks- 1.^ >r^.- .\ f- 530. &c\ and what he tells us is suffi-
..X -^ • V. ■* ^ t -.1 -.Ta:^- .=- ci-fn: ro show that his calm assumption of
>,,««. •• 5<^- ;^; v-i : r lir 53T»f rl^r enlightenment must have sorek
'.^ >^*. • ^' i.-^ T - ^. ,: - tzI* ':t :rl^ : he temper of a man of Alfonso's learn-
-- * • t-. • . -. . 1.* - "tl^a:: . iz-c- * He hath a great name for learning.*
> -. ^ • > :. • :- :.i^L -JTj^-I *4t* Bradford, 'hut surely he hath little pa-
•*i» . • •- \.' ^. •. : . :.--":- i:?.— ^t."^* ::ts>.v :' he spoke *so that the whole hou^e
I-: - ■ •• * - ^ ^-^ v.. : ^ i? iiv-.^.L i_i rlrii: aijain with an echo.' Bradford was
1 * •* ■« •. ■. . -^^ >. r.i-i ■ ir:."v^-:i: ^.i::c^c*.>r4vinced that the controversial triumph
K • . -k Vi :" .«:.->*•:.-.;. wa^ .-n his own side.
>■ ■■ :" • x*' ^ \ :- ^ > « > ; -•^- _- Thi* :* all that we hear of Alfonso in Enp-
. ,v. . v ^ '.^ : : -«. \..: =^- Itr.L In May 15o6 he was in Antwerp,
n. >. , ■- ^^ v >, . . -- - -:.T »^:. -.>- "»i-:re he :^ued a revised and enlarfrwl «li-
i.\i>t\ i .-:- - .T : ^.i ::rr. . -:!.:< work. 'Ad versus Ilapreses/ which
|,^> X. ■ ^- > • -. ■ - -^ :.: r. >.^- - "-iA xv-]r:e.'. him during his leisure in Eni:-
;..^ . » '. ::-. .ar.-l. a::^ wh;oh he dedicated to Philip.
S.' V . • -..■ - - - ^ --- . yr:— :!.:> liuie he seems to have staved in
v.. • • ^ V • :.-:. :i.r >r:'::rr!ands, and at the end of 155rwa>
X .* . • ; ^^ t: > ir">" .:".:ei azv^hhishop of Compost ella. lie
. ^ ••..-. • . ■ V • - 111 *:t ::2iv i.^ enter on his office, but diei
^, . ■ -. -z Br.-^<*rls on 11 Feb. 1558, at the age of
k ^ ;. ■ ? ^-i- Ti- N.vv-"r.:
Tr.r br>: edition of the works of Alfon*-*
. ■ , ; -1 -. : - >■ A.:" " ?: a Oas: ro Zamorensis Opera Omnia/
•.-.■. X.>K ."^f :he ".nforniation about Alfonso i»
• . -. :" : ^ :*-;•■- :>.--. thi- 3tsi: nations and prefaoi'> of hi*
■.' , . \ ■ • -■».»: ■>.*.■.:* :>.> :hir\* are shi)rt aco.iunts of
^ , . . ' - IX .■ - - ^ A-'.-:"->'s !•:*: '.i.'theca Uispwiiia N"V4.
"*' •' . . ^, , ■ , «-.\. ■... .'1 '. Wa^.: rj:"< Soriptores OpJinis Mico-
^^ . ;/; , ■ ... ■-. V r-- - ~ M. c.
"' ' ' . ... ^ .^- 0A5WALU KPAVAUD O^l^-^'^"'^'-
^ . . ^. v' ".•"•■. :- •. •■ ■■-. :.r..l :•>.:. wa> >^in of the lit* V. Robert
.. ^ , .. • » N\ V - .V-.tk: v':.>'ws v.. an: younger brother of Dr.
„., . , ; . X . • '.-.-.- ';lir-; Oiiwill.^rfbeadAry v^f Sttlislmn'. Ib^
. . * V >.• ^:.-. ;.' \fc-j,> :».:- .^" '..'^ J*.:> l>l4aT Yalelev, nam!>-
.- :\- >:'.>.. ^':.: TV h.* father was vii»ar. He w:t-!
^ ...v.;7/:'.l it MarlK'T.'^u.^h and ut B^:l^eUi— ^
* » ■
' ■ ". : -^v . ' '\ t*." "T.: . of wV. ". I- h s vV ii'T v bo v a*
': -. . ■ 7.. . -. \': . . r : : :::•■?. 1 1 irmdua Xt^\ B . A . 1 n
v-," i::.l M A. :r. !>:»<. Aftt-r ordination
...< yr:>:r.:-'A : -» th* perpetual curacy of
>■-.«.! :";7.-.-*..':M.*A>':*.r, Wi.i^hire, in ib- Ji»-
» , ! , .«».&>.•>. : :..iur./.;. IV lV.;r4^?>?. bishop of Sali>-
^ ., ■•.-. ^ .>.;':.'%: '..' F:;:? ;":v:r.^ ho r^si^ziifd >b.>r!ly
.. . ... . ^ . . ". •: ■>. ^■:^ r..> r:\> j::r.: :r.:o the Uomiin oatb'4ic
\.vv.. . .^. ■ ■ ■' . . ■ ■ > *' r. ::...7:r. r. Jir..::.ry ISlT. Tw.^ war* lu-r
*". .'^. ^. : .; - r V . .5^ ;.: >.ca7.: a ^^:I. w-r. ar.i in Marc^b lN»Oh^
' .^ ' ' X . . . : ■;.-.:•.•. ::.; ' »^.^t^r^- :■: St. Philip >\ri, unl-r
... -..;?.■. .♦t K:::"^ir/.< i.-i7.i:n&.^ >ewman, w::.^v*^
„ . ,. . ■ . :'- r ^.-- .^.v.t;.'..^^ hr \.ik\ lua.'.o at the hoiisr >■:
. . ., ..'....- ..-.-. >r.7:'^?t-v.Ty. ir-.'. t.^ wr.-i<e wn;ir. J* r.v
...V '-,,.,, \ . .. • N - - ■ .•:'■.> f.:: *.".A*.%> ittT.ru::\: :■.:* o:'-Yor-:.'»n t*^ :V.-
■?\' ■■'.''V' . ., ; • .'X.'. ; - . -■■ :: rA-.r..'..: :<.::>.. Ir. ont- of his numir-u-
■ '-t .' " . ; .. . ." ^ .-3:.' ,.< V.::^. > ".xT-.-s. S'i-.r.iLir.^. -Hiii. saor^ Force', l^il
■***■■; — • - ■ -: -^ A.: :.>.s V.v.- rjv >'-K:=f'.* CA*t%-ailb.-i:v eloquent :ri-
7 ■ _ . V-.-.- • - •-,- • — ^ ■.^*^■vl t-ie'^'*rO^ over tiini I'V
*^ V ft«; ^i^ > :ii^^r ^.s >:r=:.-. ::: ::- i\V.. iv, Ni^^aiaz'^mapc pen. WhUe at Oxford
Caswall liad given evidence of considerable
buiuoiir and liltjcarv Hkill in two punplileta
by 'Scribierus HeoiTiTiiB' eulilled 'Pludi
Elimination Papers' ( 1 B36) and ' A new Art,
teocliing how to be plncked, being a treatise
aftertliefatliionof AriatotIe'(lS3i); and be-
fore his lecession from the egtabliehed cburch
he publiflbed a eoliectioti of tlioiightful ' Ser-
mons on the Seen and Unseen ' 1 London, 184(1,
€to). Afterwards he Bequired distinction qg
agacredpoet, and some 01 his hymns, ori^nal
and translated, arekuown wherever the Eng-
lidi Jauguage is spoken. He died at the
Oratory, Edgbaston, near Binninghnm, on
S Jan. larS, xnd was buried at RednaU, neai
Bromsgrove, in the private cemetery belong-
io^to the Birmingham Oratory.
Tie published several devotional works,
translated for the most part &om the French,
And was also the author of : 1. ' Lyra Catho-
licn, containing all the Breviary and Missal
Hymns ; with others from various sources,'
tnuElated, London, 1^19, 1884, 33mo ; New
York, 1851, 12mo. 2. ' The Masque of Mary,
and other poems,' Ijindon, 18fi6,8vo. 3. 'A
Mav Paguant, and other poems,' London,
1865, 16mo.
[Binninghum Daily Pwt, 4 Jan. 1878 ; Guar-
dutn, e Jan. 1878. p. 41 ; Weeldv Begister.
19 Jan. 1878, )i. 38, colirnins 1 aatl 3 ; Cat. o(
Oxford Graduates (ISfil), 117; Preface to
Shipltj's Annus Sanotm ; Gillow's Bibl. Ditt. i.
429; FosUcript to Goadon's Conveniion de SOO
Aflmatres AngUcains ; Gondon's Lm T^centes Con-
TOrsLons ds I'AiigletorM, 227 ; Browne's Annals
of theTrHCtarianMovemeDt, 145; Cat. of Printed
Books in Brit. Mns.] T. C,
CAT, CHRISTOPHER (J. 1703-1733)—
the name Is given in Ileome's ' Collections,'
i. 117, as 'Christopher Callina'— the enters I
miner of the ' Kit-Cat Club,' kept a. tavern
with the sign of the 'Cat oud Fiddle' in
Shire L>aoi', near Temple Bar, where ho was,
(IS Dr. King in his 'Art of Cookery' asserts,
'immortal made by his pyes" of muttmi. '
According to one statement this club bad
its origin in 1688 in the meeting of some
'men of wit and pleasui* about town,' with-
out reference to politics ; but the generally
accepted version asserts that it was founded
in IfOSby the leading members of the whig
iMTty in this tavern in Shire Lane, taking
rom ita entertainer the name of the 'Kit-
Cat Club.* WTien he moved to the Fountain
tavern in the l^trund, the club accompanied
liim. In the summer the meetings were
b^ld in the Upper Flask tavern, on the edge
of Unmpstcad Heath, and occHeioiiaUy the
mianbem met at Jacob Tonwn's hnuse st
Bam Elms. At lirst there were thiny-ninu
jftmiben, but the nimiber was ultimately
increased to forty-eight. The special feature
of the club consisted of the toasts, which
were written in praise of the chief whig
beauties, and were inscribed on the toasting
glasses. Several of these effusions will ba
found in the works of Garth, Addison, and
Lord Halifax, and it will be remembered
that on one occasion Lady Mary Wortley
Montagu when a little girl was introduced bj
her father to the society of these whig wits
and was gravely saluted by them. Thedub
decayed about 1730. The derivation of its
name has been disputed, and Dr. Arbuthnot
wrote on ejiigram assigning its origin to its
pack of toaats ' Of Old Cats and Young
Kits.' Another physician. Sir Richard Black-
more, published in 1708 a poem of 'The
Kit-Kflts.'
Jacob Tonson built a room in his house
at Bam Elms for the reception of its mem-
bers, and had the walls adorned with their
portraits. As it w^as not sufficiently lofty
for pictures of the ordinary siie. Sir Godfrey
Kneller made use of a smaller canvas, 36
inches long by 28 wide, which has ever ainca
been called a kit-cat. The mezxotint en-
gravings were published by Tonson in 1728,
republished by J. Faber in 1796, and repro-
duced in 1621 in a volume entitled 'Memoir*
of the celebrated persona composing the
Kit-Cal Club,' a volume not to be commen-
dtbd either for accurncv of fact or for grace
of style, The originals, with the exception
of the portrait of the Duke of Marlborough,
are in the possession of Tonson's descendant,
Mr. William Baker of Bsyfordbury in Hert-
fordshire. Sii of them were shown to the
world at the Manchester Eshihition lu 1857.
The iMiwrs relating to the club are also in
Mr. Baker's possession.
A writer in ' Notes and Queries (5th
series, iii. ^69) prints a letter signed ' Chr.
Catt,* and dated ' 9th of 5th mo. 1711,' pre-
sarvedinthesrcbivesof theNorwichmontlily
meeting ; which proves Cat (if the writer be
the same personlto have been a qiiaker, and
to have poasesaed an educated and thoughtful
A portrait of Cat by Kneller was lent by
Mrs. H. W. Hutton to the Portrait Exhibition
in 1867, and a painting in the same colleo-
tion, also ascribed to Kneller, was said to
reiiresent a ' scene at Cbristoplier Cat's house,
Chelsea walk ; Steele, Lord Oifortl, Addison
ond his stepson little Lord Warwick, Sir
G. Kneller, und others at tea.' This belonged
to the Baroness Windsor.
Catcher 278 Catcott
C ATCHEB ur Hrsrosr. £I»WAKD '20 Dec. ISOl. and bv good conduct soon o\h
I•>'^4^-16:i4'r^j•:«uit.=i^Il>>t'E•iwu^li Catcher t&ined a remu«ion o( much of her senten^,
tf London, was bim in l-y?4 or l->k>. and and married a respectable settler at W'ind-
tu-^litrd ac BaIIi<>l CoLIeffe. <Jxtor«L where he £or. near Hawkesberry, in that oountiy. He
ook the detenu of B.A.' Q*^ was reoinciled was greatly attached' to her, and she repaid
:o the catholic church in L^i>>, entered the his lore to the full. After fifteen yean of
ELngll^h coUewr»=r at Itome the same year, o^m- an affectionate and devoted married life, she
pleted his studies at Vallaiiolid. joined the lost her husband on 29 Sept. 1627. He left
Socitrry of JrriUA at I^uvain in ItiiA* or 161 1, her the bulk of his property, and with a aon
was ppjcurator of th»; order at Liei^ 1621- and two daughters she removed to Sydnej
1623, and died on the English miiu>i<jn about in 1S28. There ahe led a quiet, charitabb
16J4. He translated into English Father life, and died much respected on 10 Sept.
\ eron's sermons preached betore the Duke de 1841, aged 68.
I»n>nieville. and hi< * Det^mt of Htrnshe, the In the Ipswich Museum is a akin of that
Calvinistic Minist«rr,* printetl at Douay 1616. rare bird, tne lyre bird or mountain pheasant
[Folev's R*:ci>r.Li. i. 149, vi 240.5-23. rii. 123 : i-Wiwmro tuperba\ sent home by Margaret
Southwells BibL Script. ?oc. Jesn, 184 : Olivers Catchpole. In one of her letters after mar-
Jesuit Coilectionis 63 ; Backer's Bibl. des Ecri- riage she gave the Rev. Richard Cobbdd
Tains de U Compagnio de Jesus (1869), 966.] ~j\. t. j, son of her former benefactor, free per-
T. C. mission to relate the incidents of her life;
*but/ she added, Met m\ husband's name
CATCHPOLE, MARGARET (,177^- be concealed for mine an'd for mv children »
1841;, adventuress, the youngest of six chil- sake.' That wish is here respected. Accord*
dren, was bom in 17 7^ at the Seven Hills, near ingly Mr. Cobbold published her life with
the Orwell, in Suffolk. Her father was a many fictitious adornments as a novel in
labourer employed on the fields of a cele- 3 vols., 1845, and it has been several times
brated breetfer of Suffolk cart-h<^rses. The reprinted. ' The heroine of this romantic
farmers wife being suddenly seized with ill- but perfectly true narrative/ as he calls Mar-
ness, Margaret, when thirteen years of age, garet Catchpole, seems to have been pos-
mounted a Sufff>lk punch, and galloped with sessed of an indomitable will, which in her
only a halter round its neck to Ipswich in earlier years was unfortunately warped by
order to fetch a doctor. After this she misplaced affections. Her courage and corn-
became a senant in the household of Mr. maud of expedients to g^n her own ends
CoVjbold of Ipswich, and sawd one of his were conspicuous. When, later in life,
childrt^n from dro^xniing. Falling in love trouble had subdued her previously undisci-
with the son of a boatman at I^ndgiiard Fort, plined temper, genuine religious impressions,
she clung to him, although wholly unworthy and an unaffected desire to atone for the past,
of her, in spite of the i>ersuasions both of became the dominant features of her cha-
her mistress and her own fumily. At length, racter.
in order to meet her lover, she stole her [r^^ r Cobbold's Margaret Catchpole ; in-
mast<?r s horse, and, dressed as a sailor, rode formation from Mrs. D. Hanbury and others.]
it from Ipswich to London, seventv miles, jj£ g. W.
in eight hours and a half. For the tlieft she
was trie<l and sentenced to death on 9 Aug. CATCOTT, .VLEX-VNDER (17i^5-1771>),
171)7. In consequence of her l)enring at the divine and geologist, eldest son of the Rev.
trial, and the interest which John Cobbold, Alexander btopford Catcott [q^. v.], master of
an
case
Ic — , _ ^ . - ■ y
bold manner on 25 March 1800, and let herself He graduated as B.A. in 1748. He pub-
down uninjured from the spikes on the top of lished in 1706 his < Remarks on the Lord
its wall. She was soon recaptured, and a Bishop of Clogher s ** Explanation of the
Saunted "speech and demeanour a second tion' expressed disbelief in the universality
time gainedher many friends. The sentence of the deluge. Catcott intended to follow
was again commuted, but this time to trans- up his 'Tract' by a second part devoted
portation for life, and (27 May 1801) she especially to the problem of the deluge. He
"wtia sent to Australia. She* landed on j was, however, compelled by the fiuluie of
his eyesight
wad his Inbours imtil i
. , uapet
, when he published Lis ' Treati
the Deluge,' He calla himself on the litle-
Sge ' lecturer of St. John's Church, Bristol.'
itcott contenda that the Mosaic account is
a full and complete e\-planation of the miracle
of the Noachian deluge. He tries to prove,
with much show of learning, that the deluge
may be explained by the internal waters,
which broke out and dutolved the whole
John Hutchinson, who, in hia ' Moses's Prin-
cipia,' contends ' that the Hebrew scriptures,
wnen rightly translated, comprised a perfect
system of natural philosophy." In 176fiCol-
cott dedicated asecond and eulai^ed edition
of his 'Trentiss' to the Eiirl of Buchan, and
thdt he spent some time in Oxford, but styles
bimselfvicarof Temple Church, Briglal. He
pursued his inquiry with considerable enthu'
Hiasm. He examined the 'two Llruidical
temples of Abury and Stonehenge,' the mines
of Cornwall and of Derbyahire, and every-
where found proofs of the IJeluge in geological
remains. In the second part of the second
edition of the ' Treatise Catcott gives a
' Collection of the principal Heathen Ac-
counts of the Flood,' which Sir Charles Lyell
admits to be a very valuable coniributioa
to our knowledge. He adds to this collec-
tioD some important remarks on 'The Time
when, and the Manner how, America was
first Peopled.' Catcott died nt Bristol 18 June
1778 {Gmt. Mag. 1779. p. 327).
[Hut chin Bun's KL-marks on Alaxandor Stop-
ford Cetoill's Sermon, 1737; Catcolt's The
Supreme and Inferior Elohim, 1785; NichoUg'a
Brutol Past and Present; Bristol Gazette.
24 Juno 1779; Taylor's Bristol and Clifton.
1878; information from Mr. W. Georgei Srr
Charles Lyell's Principles of Gwlogy.l
B.H-T,
CATCOTT, ALEXANDER STOPFORD
(1692-1749), divine and poet, son of Alei-
ander Catcott, gent., was born in LongAcre,
in the parish of St. Martin '»-in-the^ields,
Westminster, lOOct. 1092. He was admitted
lo Merchant Taylors' School 3 May 16«9, and
elect«d thence to St. John's College, Uxford,
-where he matricnlated 2 July 17w. In 1712
he was elected a fellow of his college, ' where
he putt on a Civil Law gown, ana took the
degree of LL.B. 6 March 1717 ' [-18] {Bodl.
MS. Jiawl. 5. 4to, 5, f. 209). In a letter pre-
acrved by Dr. Rawlinson, Catcott eives the
dates of his ordinations, ' Dear Chuinb ... In
ftuswei to yr queries. I inform you that I was
ordained deacoiiS June 1718, priest 15 March
lT18-y, by Dr. Potter ' (bishop of Ojtford),
(i6. J. fol. 18, f. 352). On 18 April \12-2 he
was elected head-master of the grammar
school, Bristol. In the same year he resigned
his fellowship at Oxford. In June 1729' the
Ref. Mr. A. S. Catcott was appointed reader
in Mr. Mayor's OhappeU of St. Mark,' Bristol,
and 'asallaryof 20/. per annum allowed him
during the pleasure of the House ' {Manu-
grript Dian/ of Peter MuglevMrth, sword-
bearer, 1725-34, t 95). Eleven years after-
wards he held the lectureship of St. John's
at Bristol (^Audit Book, Brittol Onrporatioii).
A sermon preached by him in 1736 before
Lord- chief- iuBl ice Hardwicke (then lord
high elewaro of Bristol) w«a printed at the
expense of the Bristol corporation ; it occa-
sioned a controversy which lasted many
years. Catcott was presented to the rectory
of St. Stephen's, Bristol, by Lord-chancellor
Hardwicke 3 Jan. 1743-4 (^JBodl. MS. Bawl.
fol. It!, 356), when he resigned the mBs(«r-
ehip of the grammar school. Thomas Fry,
D.D., president of St. John's Coll™;e, Onfom
(d. 1772), and Itichard Woodward, D.D.,
bishop of Cloyne (d. 1794), were among Cat-
cott's pupils (G. S. CiTCOTT, Mamucript),
He died of a lingering disorder 23 Nov. 1749
{Briitol Weekly InMUgeneer, 29 Nov.), and
six days later was buried in St, Stephen's
Church (burial register). Among his con-
temporanes Catcott was distinguished as a
'pulpit orator' {Brittol Weekly Intelligencer),
' a good poel, profound linguist, well skilled
in Hebtew and Scripture philosophy, and »
Judicious stbooliuaster ' (Barrbit, Biet. of
Bnatol, 1789, p. 514). Wesley testifies to
his eminent piety {Journal, 1827, iv. 192;
see also Dr. Wilson, Hintory of Merchant
Taylors' Sehoot, 1072). Catcott was a Hut-
chiusonian, and 'one of those authors who
first distinguished themselves as writers on
the aide of' that school (JoSEs, Memoir*
of Biski^ Home, 1795, ^.33). In a note ap-
pended to his Assize Sermon, 1736, Catcott
expresses his indebtedness to Hutchinson.
Several of Hutchit^son's letters to Catcott are
in the City Libraty, King Street, BristoL
'The Poem of Musceus on the LcneB of
Hero and Leander,' 1715, and ' The Court of
Love, a Vision firom Chaucer,' 1717, are the
only poems he published separately ; both
' printed at the Theater,' Oxford. An octavo
mauuscript, containing poems written byhxm
at Oxford and Bristol, is extant, * In hia
youneer days,' Dr. Bawlinson says, Cai^^ott
' applyed himself much to poetry,' but soon
■ tiiru d his head more towards divinity and
the languages' (J?»J:. MS. Bawl. J. 4to, 6,
209). Catcott's sons, Alexander [q. v.] and
tirarge S. Catcott, were friends of Chatter*
Caicoit 2S0 Catesby
*'i T"i^ :Vb-r ijt»i Vf..?if :ht Ti.>:-'* birrt, to;!, 1752. 8vo. These are included in (x^-iii.)
V-: fr.-— i. .'^.•z^.is^.z. -rri. !> <i.-r l** U*:: * Seimvins,' London, 1753, 8to; London, 1767,
£: -scri^^i 4^ .:.: : :^:->- .r^ i.inft: :i .r Cit:T«r: .>n. ^xo. Though stated to be ' the second edi-
Ci:.'*x: * w.-rij. tr*: • '. 'Tin Y^.-^ezz, cc T ion.' it is tmit of 1 753 with a new title-page.
Mss.^ ..^ . r. tit Ir \:* :S 'zIxt: 1.2 :1 Le-^kr.5tT; The title-page issued with the ten sermona
Tiitriri.:^* .-. .r. V.t^1.sL :l:r.LA V-rs*-,' v.*\- • Bri>Tol, 17oi,' is sometimes prefixed to the
: . ri. - * ". \ ^'l j.t . r. 1 •r*! . -a: =^ : : * Laiy c^. 'mplet e vol ume published in 1 753, edited by
!.• ':>: • :::-.- *!\vv.l -.>.*. * .r.. .'\:'. r.-.. !">'. 4:;. btrVrt^ the Mayor and CoqK>rat ion of Bristol,
T:.: '..-^ov. A •.•,■■.•.•. ;v-. '. ..- * r..: .r. ::.: ,-i:i- X*.*.. ^v*.*. Translations and various other
^v..v .*:" ^vv'x> .:: :\r.:.s.. V...SC..". 7:.: f.Ts: l\t\>*. by A. S. Cat cot t, Master of the
^; : .■ V. X* A ? y r . •. : i ».-. . \ : "r -. .-. -. > . r: :. v. .1 1: : :. : : x- Tr. . rr.t 's G rammar School, Bristol,' 8to,
jy -..Ns- /: :-.:■ V»r.>: . . o.rivr*-. r. 1: ; *..: .■■.'.: -^^> iwuT-.'*, all in the autograph of A. S. Ctii-
l^'-.::r.*.vc '^.^ivsq-rx.-: /:■.>' .: ty K;"*. c ". The title is in the handwriting of
A-::...r IW,:'. :*.:. ".T-vn w\..":. •/.■k "a v.: v i:- llichr.ri Smith, surpH>n, Catcott's grandson,
iv::, H.:: .••..•.■.>.•::. ,'......> Ha:;, av.- l*iv..r' He jv>!^e5*ed many of the books of George
i»,:: v.* -.v.s vc.*.v.vi.'.-. : ^^nt <• ' A- Vr.svkir :.^ Sv.::?;? Catcoii. of Chattertonian fame.
t:-.: V :w.r^ a: .us /v. a >5 r-.v..:: v--^ .•.,-:. ,: .v. > :a--v -j^:^ cited nbore; Catcott's books. 3Ir.
iV.; O.r.vr::.:.." .: l^r.*:.. rv A.:\ >: :>- yMAJxr. KvileiAa Library, ha* kindly supplied
!. r,: C.'.:o. ::. I *. > \> i. >..... A:: iiv.- tri-sN-riits of the llawlinson MSS. for this
vl . \ . U : V 4; .% : i ; V ' \ : .' >. v. : v. *? -^ ^ ::.:-. > . v. : r. : at.:** .e. ' W. G .
i:r. >x/ > • V ■ < r- ;:' :.: 0..>c ■>.- CATESBY. Sir JOHN (d. 14S6\ justice
! \x . . : : > '. T : V l :' -.: . ■. . .-. > '. r v * . . : . " : , " ir.s a : r ; :* : r.t v^ ^ :u v.: on p'.esis, appears t o h are bevn the
T ,^ Ni r. > V: ,.:. : - 1 - V \ Av. . • : . *.. ,:Yz : I ..: .• '. > uv.. '.-. .. : AV ill": .s:a Caiesby ^q. v~ , i he councillor
ir.< . *. ."> K ; :v A : x >,' \ ,■ . '. ' 1 ' ^>. > v , " t" K . v* :. :iTv: III. The family had been for some
^^ s : . .' V. ^ " I' T^. /:..:.. -< v. .: . . ; v. v :.-.■. .r v- - : - :- v x^ : : 1«\: :a N ort hamptonshi tv, and held
r. :.•.'.•:•.*. rrN*..\-, r..v. ■ . • : ...•.••. IV Vv.: . r.i:- a.> :":.-' r.:sr.i^r of I^pworth in "NVarwick-
^ .:.:> i: \ :-.\ :\. " > :*.. *. vr. .: -:j,.-.:::: >':..%.. ll.< r.i.'»iher wa# a coheiress of ^Vil-
i V. . .X .:•". ; . ..'.v. .. V ,;\ • L r >. '. r . '.v. . . v.'. y r .:.:".: r ..v.: 1 ;■.:*.: vv: M ,^r.: tort . He \ras a member of the
>;:,r.v l.:;-.v. •-. ->. r ;\y... ..: \ .r ,...r.>> -.::..> I v.::-.? rt:::ylo, ihiucalled the Inner Inn. and
.1 •....-.: - H .::.:. "v >-..> . , .- .1-. /.: v. .; . .::: : .:r : . s '.;:i:uv r;?*: .Hppe.srs in t he year Uv^ks in
V. -..'.'...> -.: 7:. . • ■:■:..•.•.•.. .■.*.'..> :! .r>. >..^- M..:.^.:l:r.i5 14^V. He received the coif in
*u ■. -.: :> . : > . v^V. . ■ : : ^^ :v. -.- t .iv. ;. -. :v. M ,' " .:> 1 4'>s. s-/. ,: w as made kinc's ^eijeant on 1 "^ A pril
^•.; .l.-.r.'i ..V. ;v.'. :-~^v- y..z :: ■.•.:.■,>*.:•. ?: ■:> '4',V^ ih: iV Nov. l-l^l he was appointed
I . : ■. . L :■. : : V ,s . . vi i . . . : . . ::: . :: >• r .: • : . .7 r; 4; . . 1 .t " .:>: . x.v ^^ :" : V.e ivmmon pleas, and next year
iju.ixL'.v.i r: .■>:-\.v -...> \.ir. :■..•*... ■;:..■ -i.::: U-.- .■.-: was k::*^::Tt\i. His name appears in the
Xvi. ..• .f I . . v..; ■ ■. .t s*. / ,■ ■ .. •.-. : I -.' I. . v. .: ". 7 -^•*. 4: • : k- ' ::::v. ■.*.<:. 'r.< ior the w«>«?trm circuit , as well
• ! rn '.:>!;: ::x». n\ .'.. .;.■..■•. :•../. v. ::> :.:.}. a yrt- s> :•.: :ho>«.* lor Nonhamptonshire, during the
I •- : : ; . v. .1 ry vi ;<-::..:.•... ': \ A 1 -. \ ;'. ^ /. -,7 M /. \ - >. :^'.i > .^ f 11 J. ward A' an d K ichard III. H i^ w i 11
\\ t ".'..' I . :: .:. 1 >. "J . >\ . . L' ;■. > :• : . .1 1 . . s ' > .v *: 1? s :: w > : V.a: he wa> I .irvi of i he manor of Wbi*-
j^t ■••.:.. ^•.•.>' ..rrt -r :•.-. .>!> .^.::r.l ..'.: .11 \ <.*?:::•.= : :*. .'.i N.^r:::an:pton<hi:v. At the acce.'^*i'^n
^h ro:;:m:> •: :>. l :'y I l»r:>:. .. ::•. :.ie r.^r:*:: *i:.sr:u:er we are 1u5titied m ttlle\^ng. irom
(.*liur«.-l; of St. S:t^l>. ::. N ^wniUr :he UHh. the fact that Risnop AVayndete in his will
1744/ Krist.^I. 1744. 4io. ^. 'St-rmoKs x/by namt\i him tir?t among his executors. He
tht- laie RevrrtuJ A.S.Catc^.>:t. LL.B./Bri*- died U^iweeu 3 Not. 14«5 and HiUrr tenn
Catesby
281
Catesby
1487, the place of his death, according to a
notice in the year-hooks, heing eight leagues
from London. According to Foes he married
Elizabeth, daughter of William Green of
Hayes in Midmesex. He was buried, as he
had himself directed, in the abbey of St.
James at Northampton, and left behind him
seven sons and two daughters, who are all
mentioned in his will.
[Foss's Judges, v. 42; Dogdale's Warwick-
shire, 788 ; NicoWs Testamenta Vetusta, 389 ;
Report ix. of Deputy-Keeper of Public Records,
App. ii. Foss calls attention to a John Catesby
who is referred to in a document of 1485
{Rymer, xii. 275), as having at some past date
occupied a house called the * Grene Lates,' ad-
joining Westminster Hall ; but this could scarcely
hare been the judge, as he is not even designated
knight, either there or in the Act of Attainder
{Rolls of Pari. vi. 372), and in the latter he ought
certainly to have been recognised, both as knight
and justice.] J. G.
CATESBY, MARK (1679 P-1749), natu-
ralist, was bom, probably in London, about
1679. After studying natural science in Lon-
don, he raised the means for starting on a
voyage to the New World in 1710. After
an absence of several years, spent in travelling
over a very extensive district, Catesby re-
turned to England in 1719, with a collection
of plants, which was reported to have been
the most perfect which had ever been brought
to this country. This attracted the attention
of men of science, especially Sir Hans Sloane
and Dr. Sherard. Catesby remained in Eng-
land for some time arranging and naming
his specimens, a considerable number of which
passed into the museum of Sir Hans Sloane.
\Vith some assistance from Sloane, Catesby
again went to America in 1 722, and even-
tually settled in Carolina. He returned to
England in 1726, and at once set seriously to
work in preparing materials for his lai^ and
best known work, * Natural History of Caro-
lina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, with
Observations on the Soil, Air, and Water.'
This book was accompanied by a new map,
constructed bv Catesby, of the districts ex-
plored. The nrst volume was published in
1731 and the second in 1748. There were up-
wards of 100 plates ; all the figures of the
plants being drawn and etched by Catesby
nimself. He also coloured all the first copies,
and the tinted copies required were executed
under his inspection. After the publication
of this work, on 26 April 1733, he was
admitted a fellow of the Koyal Society. A
aecond edition — ^which was revised by M.
Edwards, with an appendix — was issued in
1748. A (German translation, with an in-
troduction by ^ M. Edwards du College Royal
des M^decins de Londres,' was published
at Niiremberg in 1766. A third edition
was required in 1771, to which a Linnsean
index was appended. Catesbjr also produced
(in 1737 ?) * Hortus Britanno-Americanus,
or a Collection of 85 curious Trees and
Shrubs, the production of North America,
adapted to the Climate and Soil of Great
Britain,' fol., seventeen engravings. Many
trees and shrubs were first introduced by
him, and the publication of this volume
added considerably to the introduction of
American plants.
A West Indian genus of shrubs of the
order Cinchonacece was named CatesbsBa
after this naturalist.
In 1747 Catesby read a paper before the
Royal Society * On the Migration of Birds,'
which contained much new and striking
evidence on the subject.
Catesby resided for some time in the Isle
of Providence, making a collection of fishes
and submarine productions. He published
the results of this inquiry in a folio volume,
entitled ^Piscium, Serpentum, Insectorum
aliorumque nonnuUorum Animalium, nee
non Plantarum quarundam, Imaffines.' An
edition of this work appeared in Niiremberg,
1777.
Catesby died at his house in Old Street,
London, on 23 Dec. 1749, aged 70, leaving
a widow and two children.
[Pulteney's Biog. Sketches of Botany ; Drake's
Diet, of American Biog., Boston, 1872 ; Lind-
ley and Moore's Treasury of Botany.]
R. H-T.
CATESBY, ROBERT (1573-1606), se-
cond and only surviving son of Sir William
Catesby of Lapworth,Warwickshire, by Anne,
daughter of Sir Robert Throckmorton of
Coughton in the same county, was bom at
Lapworth in 1573. He was sixth in descent
from William Cateslw [q. v.], of the household
to Henry VI (Hot Pari. v. 197) and speaker
of the House of Commons in the parliament
of 1484 (vi. 238), who, being on the side of
Richard lU, escaped from the battle of Bos-
worth only to be hanged at Leice^er a few
days afterwards (Gaibdner, Hichard III,
308). The attainder against him being re-
versed, his estates reverted to his family, and
the Catesbys added largely to them in the
century that followed. Sir William Catesby,
in common with the great majority of the
country gentry throughout England who
were resident upon their estates and uncon-
nected with the oligarchy who ruled in the
queen's name at court, threw in his lot with
tne catholic party and sufiered the conse-
quences of his conscientious adherence to the
Catesby
282
Catesby
, ,^,- , . - , presumably^
ne regarded as worse than a mockery , he suf- suffered from his lonjr confinement (t^. 6th
fered severely in person and substance during llep. 31 1). Mattersdid not mend for the re-
the latter half of Queen £Ilixabeth*s reign, cusants during the next few yearSy and the^
He had become compromised ss early as 1580 i penal laws were not relaxed, though the yic--
bjr^ his Ji)efriending of the Roman emissaries tims were perforce kept quiet. ^When the
(Col. State Papers. Dom. 1580, p. 322), and
he certainly was a liberal contributor to their
support ( TrcubUt of our Catholic Forefathers^
^d ser. p. 156). There is some reason to be-
lieve that Robert, his son, was for a time a
scholar at the college of Douay {Diary of the
English College, Douay^ ed. Dr. Knox, 1878,
p. 200), but in 1586 he entered at Gloucester
Hall, now Worcester College, Oxford, which
mad outbreak of Robert, earl of Essex, in
1601 brought that foolish nobleman to the
scaffold, Catesby was one of his most promi*
nent adherents, and in the scuffle that took
place in the streets he leceived a wound.
He was thrown into ffaol, but for once in her
career the queen did not think fit to shed
much blood in her anger. More money was
to be made out of the conspirators by letting
was then a favourite place of resort for the j them live than by hanging them, and Catesby
sons of the recusant gentry, as Peterhousewas i was pardoned, but a mie of 4,000 marks was
at Cambridge. The young men of this party ; imposed upon him, 1,200/. of which was
rarely stayed at the university more than a j handed over to Sir IVancis Bacon for his
year or two, the oath of supremacy being a ; share of the spoils (SPEDDive, Bacon Letterty
stumbling-block to them ; and Catesby never | iii. IH. It was an enormous impost-, and
proceeded to the B. A. degree. In 1592 he mar- - equivalent to a charge of at least 3(^000/. in
ried Catherine, daughter of Sir Thomas I^igh ; our own times. Catesby was compelled to
of Stonelei^h, Warwickshire, and with her i sell the Chastleton estate, and seems then
had a considerable estate settled to the uses of to have made his home with his mother at
the marriage. Next year, by the death of his Ashby St. Legers, Northamptonshire. Grow-
grandmother, he came into possession of the ing more and more desperate and embittered,,
estate of Chastleton, where he continued to he seems after this to have brooded fiercely on
reside for the next few years. His wife died his wrongs and to have surrendered himself
while he was living at Chastleton, leaving to thoughts of the wildest vengeance. Cast-
him with an only son, Robert ; an elder son, ing aside all caution he consorted habitu-
William, having apparently died in infancy, ally with the most reckless malcontents and
In 1598 his father died, and though his . brought himself so much under the notice of
mother, Lady Catesby, had a life interest in j the government that a few days before the
a large portion of her husband's property, ; queen's death he was committea to prison by
Catesby wasby this time a man of large means j tlie lords of the council, and was probably
and much larger expectations; but it seems under arrest on the accession ofJames I (Cam-
that the pressure of the persecutinglaws, which ! den, Ep, p. 347; CaL State Paper*, Dom.
had been applied with relentless cruelty u^n j James 1, 1603-10, p. 1). During the first six
the landea gentry in the midland counties, i months of his reign the new king seemed in-
had produced an amount of irritation and clined to show favour to the catnoUc gentry^
bitterness which to proud and sensitive men j or at any rate inclined to relax the cruel
was becoming daily more unsupportable, and harshness of the laws. The fines and for-
the terrible fines and exactions which were : feitures upon recusants almost disappear^
levied upon their estates, and the humili- ; from the accounts of the revenue, and a reeling
ating espionac^e to which they were subjected, of uneasiness began to spread among the pro-
' " testant zealots that toleration was going too*
tenued to maae them desperate and ready for
any risks that promised even a remote chance
of deliverance. As early as 1686 Sir William
Catesby had compounded with the povem-
ment, to the extent of a fifth of his income,
for the amount of impositions to be levied
upon him for his recusancy {Hist, MSS. Comm.
7th Rep. 640). Nevertheless we find him
three years after a prisoner at Ely alonff with
Sir Thomas Tresham and others of the re-
cusant gentry, and indignantly protesting
acrainst the cruel treatment to which he was
led. In 1693 he was still in durance,
far. This forbearance lasted but a little while.
Continually urged by the outcries of the puri-
tan party to show no mercy to their popish
fellow-subjects, and worried by his hungry
Scotchmen to bestow upon them the rewards
which their poverty needed so sorely if their
services did not merit such return, James,,
w^ho soon discovered that even English money
and lands could not be given away without
limit, began to show that he had almost as
little sympathy with the romanising party
as his predecessor, and the old enactments
were rerived itad itiu old Hia1.uli;3 put in force.
The cfttholics, who hod begun to bope for
better davs, were gtwided to heatj by thia
rhnnge ol nttitude. The more eonacientious
nud the more sincerely deBJrous they_ were
simply to enjoy the liberty of worauipping
God after their own iashion, the more aut-
lenly Ihey brooded over their wrongs. The
catholics by thia time had become divided
tiito two parties somewhat sharply antago-
nistic the one to the other. The one parly
consisted of tb(»e who hod a vague idea of
■ettinsupanorganised ecclesiastical establish'
ment m England which should be placed
under the discipline of its own bishops ap-
pointed by thepope, and which should occupy
nlmoat exactly the some position occupied by
I he Koman catholics in England at the pre-
Bcnt momeDt. They hoped that by submit-
t ing themselves to the government and taking
the oath of allegiance they might purchase
for themselves a measure of toleration of
which they suspected that in process of time
ibeymighlaTait themselves to bring back the
nation to Its allegkuee to the see of Rome.
The other p«rty consisted of those who
were under the paramount influence of the
Jesuits, and theae were vehemently opposed
to any submission or any temporising; they
would have all or nothing', and tMj conces-
sion to the heretics or any weak yteldinc to
laws which they denounced at immoral they
tAUgbt was mortal gin, to be punished by ex-
clusion for ever from the church of Christ
in earth or heaven. It waa with this latter
parly — the party who, not content with tole-
ration, could be satisfied with nothing but
supremacy — that Cateshy had allied himself,
and of wbich he was qualified to be a lead-
ing personage. At the accession of James I
be was in Iiis thirtieth year, of commanding
stature (Geoisii, p. 57) and great bodily
strength, with a strikingly beautiful face nud
extremely captivating manners. Hi> la said
to have exercised a magical influence upon
all who mixed with bim. His purse was
always at the service of his friends, and he
had suffered grieTously for his convictions.
Moreover, he was a sincerely religious man
alter hia h'ght, a fanatic in tact, who subor-
dinated all considerations of prudence to the
demands which his dogmatic creed appeared
to him Ifl require, A catholic first, but any-
thing and everything else afterwards. Such
men get thrust into the front of any insane
piitun'riw that they persuade themselves is
for the advancement of a holy cause, and
Catesby when he girded on his sword took
caM to have that sword engraved ' with the
puuon of our Lord,' nnd honestly believed he
, '-WW entering upon A eftored crusade for tho
glory of Gi>d. In the confused tangle of tes-
timony and contradiction, of confession under
torture, hearsay reports and dexterous preva-
rication on which the story of the Gunpowder
plot is based, it is difiicult to unravel the
thread of a narrative which is told in so many
difierent ways. Thus much, however, seems
to be plain, viz. that the plot was originally
batched byThomas Winter about the summer
of 1604, first communicated to OuvFaux and
soon after to Catesby, who was always to be
relied on to furnish money ; that it was not
revealed to any of the Roman priesthood ex-
cept under the seal of confession, which ren-
dered it impossible for them as priests to di-
vulge it: that the two Jesuit fathers Gamett
and Oerrard, who were a great deal loo astute
andsagaciousnot to see the immeasurable im-
prudence of any such at tempt , re volt ed from it a
wickedness, and did their best to prevent it,
foreseeing the calamitous issue that was sure
to result from it; finally.tbat it never would
have gone bo far as it did but for the fero-
cious daringof Faux, supported by the immov-
able obstinacy, amounting to monomania, of
Catesby. The Gunpowd«rplot is, however, a
matter of history, not of biogTaphy, and into
its details it is not advisable here to enter.
The full particulars are to be read in the con-
fession of Thomas Winter, among the docu-
ments at the Record Office (Oi/. Sfofe i^'er^l
I Dom.l603-H,pp.2e2,379). It is sufficient t4
, say that about midnight of 4 Nov. 1606 Faux
I wasapprehended at the door of the cellar under
the parliament house by Sir Thomas Knyvett,
whofound thirty-six barrels of powder in casks
and hogsheads prepared in all readiness forthe
explosion. Catesby obtained information of
his confederate's arrest almost immediately
and lost no time in getting toborse. Re waa
ioined by the two Wrights, Percy, and Am-
brose Rookwood, and the party reached Ashby
St. Legere, a distance of eighty miles, in less
than seven hours. On t he evening oft he 7th the
whole company, about sixty strong, reached
Holbeach, on the borders of Staflbrdshire.
Next morning occurred the remsrkahle ex-
plosion of the gunpowder which the conspira-
tors were getting ready for their defence of
the bouse against assault, whorebv Catesby
himself was severely scorched. Some few
hours after this Sir Richard Wolah arrived
with bis force, surrounded the house, and
summoned the rebels t(
On their refusal the attact commenced, and
Catesby and Percy, standing bock to back
and figuling furiously, were «iot through the
body with two bullets from the same musket.
Catesby, crawling into the house npon bis
hands Bud knees, seized an imu^' of the
Virgin, und dropped down dead with it clocped
Catesby
284
Catesby
in his arms (8 Nov. 1605). Of course the
property of the unhappy man was forfeited,
■and fell to the courtiers who scrambled for
their reward ; but the settlement of that por-
tion of the estates which had been made by
Sir William upon Lady Catesby preserved
them from alienation, and though an attempt
was made in 1618 (Oz/. State Papers, Dom.
161 1-18, p. 680) to set that settlement aside,
it seems to have failed, and Robert Gatesbj
the younger, recovering the fragments of his
inheritance, is said to have married a daughter
of that very Thomas Percy who perished
fighting ingloriously back to back with his
father when they made their last stand at
Bostock. Of his subsequent history nothing
is known.
The old Manor House of Ashby St. Legers
is still standing, and a portrait reported by
tradition to be a likeness of the conspirator
is to be seen at Brockhall, Northamptonshire.
[Gairdner's Eichard III ; Notes and Queries,
6th series, xii. 364, 466; Genealogist, v. 61 et
seq. ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1580; Jardine's
Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot, 1857; The
Visitation ofWarwickshire (Harl. Soc.) ; Morris's
Condition of Catholics under James I, 2nd edit
1872 ; Knox's Diary of the English College at
Douay, 1878.] A. J.
CATESBY, WILLIAM (d. 1485), coun-
cillor of liichard III, was the son of Sir Wil-
liam Catesby of Ashby St. Legers, Northamp-
tonshire, by Philippa, daughter and heiress
of Sir William Bishopston. His father died
in 1470, but nothing seems to be known of
Catesby till after the death of Edward IV',
twelve or thirteen years later. Certain it is
that he possessed great influence with Rich-
ard III before he became king. More speaks
of him as a man well versed in the law, who,
by the favour of Lord Hastings, possessed
great authority in the counties of Leicester
and Northampton; and it seems to have
been owing to his presence in the Protec-
tor's councils that Hastings, relying on his
fidelity to him, was lulled into a state of
false security. For Richard, we are told,
endeavoured through Catesby to ascertain
if Hastings would acquiesce in his intended
usurpation of the crown, and Catesby went
so far as to broach the subject to him ; but
Hastings answered with such * terrible words '
that Catesby not only saw it was hopeless,
but feared a diminution of his own credit
with Hastings for having spoken of it. He
therefore, if More has not maligned him,
stirred up the Protector to get rid of his pa-
tron. Tnere is no doubt that he profited oy
his fall, for immediately after Richard's ac-
cession he obtained an oflice which Hastings
had previously held, that of one of the cham-
berlains of the receipt of exchequer. On the
same day (30 June 1483) Richard appointed
him chancellor of the excheouer, and also
chancellor of the earldom of March for life.
Next year he was chosen speaker in Richard's
only parliament. His influence with the
usurper was pointed at in the satirical rhyme
made by Colyngboume, who suffered, though
not, as commonly supposed, for that cause
only, the extreme penalties of treason —
The cat, the rat, and Lorel our dog
Rule all England undor a hog —
showing that of three leading councillors
he was believed to be the first. His name
appears on commissions for the counties of
ArY arwick, Northampton, Leicester, Glouces-
ter, and Berks, and on 15 Feb. 1485 he ob-
tained a grant from the crown of the hundred
of Guilsborough in tail male. That he must
have been unpopular as the minister of a tv-
rant we may well believe ; yet it is remark-
able that Earl Rivers, one of the victims of
Richard's tyrannj, names Catesby among his
executors in a will made just before his exe-
cution (JExcerpta Historica, 5248). On 22 Aug.
1485, when the usurer fell at Bosworth,
Catesby was taken prisoner fighting on his
side. Three days afterwards he was beheaded
at Leicester. Just before his execution he
made his will, dated 25 Aug. 1 Henry VII,
leaving the execution entirely to his wife,
* to whom,* as he says in the document, * I
have ever been true of my body.' Evidently
this instrument of tyranny had some virtue
in him, of a kind not too common among
courtiers. He desired to be buried in the
church of St. Leger in Ashby, and wished his
wife to restore all the land he had wrongfully
purchased, and to divide the rest of his pro-
perty among their children. * I doubt not,'
he added, *■ the king will be good and gracious
lord to them; for he is called a full gracious
prince, and I never ofiended him by my good
and free will, for God I take to my juc^i^ I
have ever loved him.' At the end are these
remarkable passages: ^My lords Stanley,
Strange, and all that blood, help and pray for
my soul, for ye have not for my body as I
trusted in you. And if my issue rejoice (en-
joy) ray land, I pray you let Mr. John Elton
lave the best benefice. And (if) my Lord
Lovel (another of Richard's adherents) come
to grace, then that ye show to him that he
pray for me. And, uncle John, remember
I my soul as ye have done my body, and better.'
Uncle John is Sir John Catesby, the justice
This William Catesby is often erroneously
called Sir William, and spoken of as a knight.
He was only an esquire of the royal body.
i
Catharine
>8s
Cathcart
The wife whom he left
Murgnret, ft daughter of William Lord Zoiichp,
Hia attainder waa revoraed hy Henry \TI in
fsTOiu of his BOH Qeorge, and the family con-
tinoed to flourish unlU the days of James I,
when Robert Cat
from the subject
as the projector of the Gunpowder plot.
[Dii5dale'9W«rwickBhire,788; BBker"B North-
amplonBhire, i. 841, 246 ; Sir T. More's Hislorj
of Richard III (in Cnylty'fl More, ii. 190, 200) ;
Fabvan's Chroniola (ed. 1811), 672; KolU of
Pariiiimtnl. ti. 238. 276.] J. Q,
CATHARINE. [See Caturhise.]
CATHCART, CHARLES, ninth BiRON
CiTBCAKT (1721-1776), soldier and ambaa-
iodor, bom 21 March ITai, waa the son of
Chartm, eighth baron, a military oi&cer of
coneiderable digtinctiun. The mn titan early
age entered the 3rd resiment of foot guards.
In 1742 he coramonded the 20th regiment of
foot under the Giirl of Stair, He ucoompanied
the Duke of Cumberland through his cam-
pai|pB in Flanders, Scotland, and Holland,
octmg as one of the duke'a aides-de-camp nt
Fontenoy, and receiving in that battle a dnn-
geroLU wound in his head. Under the pro-
visionsofihe treaty of Aix-la-Ohapelle(I748)
two British noblemen were sent to Paris as
bostagea for the restitution of Cape Breton
to France (a provision which gave great and
natural ofFunco to British pride), and Cath-
eort waa one of the peers selected for that
purpose.. He became a colonel in 1760 and
n lieutenant-general in December 1760. Aa
the Duke of Cumberland was greatly attached
to Cat liCATt , he retained hit niend m hie ser-
\-ice OS lord of the bedchamber. From 1756
to 1 763, in which year Cathcart was created
B knight of the thistle, and from 177-3 to
his death he held the office of lord high
commissioner in the general assemblv of the
kirk of Scotland. For three yeara (lt68-71)
lie served as ambassador extraordinary at
the court of Riisaia, and at the time of his
death he was one of the sixtei-n revre-
scnlative peers of liis country, its first ford
commissioner of police, and the lieutenant-
eenerol of the forces stationed within its
Eorders. He died in London 14 Aug. 1776,
and was succeeded in the title by William
Schttw Callicart. [q. v.] Cathcart married,
Mary, was the wife of Sir Thomas Graham,
lord Lynedoch, her portrait by Gainaborougli
being "the mnateipieco of the Edinburgh Na-
tiunoi Qalli'ry. Ilis third daughter, Louise,
who nuuried, first, David, lord Mansfield, is
the subject of one of Romney's best pictures.
I Their liather, whose military capacity received
I the praises of Wolfe, was very proud of his
I Fontenoy scar, and twice sat to Sir Joshua
I Reynolds (Juna 1761 and March 1773) for his
I portrait. ' It is not often a man hoe had a.
Cistol-bullet through the head and lived," and
e always requested Sir Joahiia to arrange
I that the hlack patch on his cheek might be-
i visible, a desire which was complied with. A
. portrait of him and the Duke of Cumberland
at Culloden, painted by C. Philips, is also in
the possession of the family, and wa6 exhibited
in thecollection at South Kensington in 1867.
In this picture, as in the others, the black
Ktch is easily seen. Cathcart is said to have
friended James Watt and Adam Smith.
[Campbell-MaclachUn's Duke of Cumberland,
25, 63, 110-14; aent. Mag. 1 776, pp. 23S. 3SS;
J(s9o's QoorgB Solwjn, iii. 147 ; Lealis and Tay-
lor's Sir Joshna Reynolds, i. 202, ii. II, 13;
Douglas and Wood, i. 343-i.] W. P. 0.
CATHCART, CHARLES MURRAY,
second EAKLCiiTHCiRT{ 1783~185M), general,
eldest surviving son of William Sehaw Cath-
cart, first earl of Cathcart [q-v.], was bom
: at Walton, Essex, on 31 Dec. 1783, entered
the armv as a comet in the !^nd life guards
on 2 March 1800, and served on the staff of
Sir James Craig in Naples and Sicily during
the campaigns of 1605-6. His father having
been created a British peer on 3 Nov. 180,
with the titlea of Viscount Cathcart and
Baron Greenock, C. M. Cathcart was from
this time known under the name of l^rd
Greenock. Having obtained his majority on
14 May 1807, he saw aorvice in the Wal-
cheren expedition in 1809, taking port, in
the siege of Fltuhing, after which for some
time he was disabled by the injurious effects,
of the pestilence which cut off so many
thouBHnds of hie companions. Becoming
lieutenant-colonel on 30 Aug. 1810, he em-
barked for the Peninsula, where he whs
EBsent in the battles of Barosaa, for which
received a gold medal on 6 April 1812,
of Salamanca, and of Vittorio, during which
he served as aasialant quartermaster-general.
He was next sent to assist Lord Lynedoch
in Holland as tlie head of the quartermas-
ter-general's staff, and was afterwards pre-
sent at Waterloo, where he greatly distin-
piiahed himself, having three horses shot
under him. For his aert'ices he received the
Russian order of St. Wladimir, the Dutch
otdt't of St. Wilhelm, and was uinde a C.B.
on 4 June 1815. He continued to act as
quartermastei^general until 36 June 1833,
at which dat« lie became lieutenunt-colonel
of the royal slofi' corps at Hvthe. This
corps woa a scientific one, and had formed a
Cathcart
286
Cathcart
museum of various objects collected by its
several detachments, and in this way Lord
Greenock was led to take an interest in a
subject to which he ever afterwards de-
voted much of his attention. Leaving
Hythe on 22 July 1830, he took up his resi-
dence in Edinburgh, and for some years was
occupied in scientific pursuits. He attended
lectures in the university, took an active con-
cern in the proceedings of the Highland So-
ciety, and was a member of the Royal Society,
to which he read several papers, which were
Sublished in its * Transactions.' In 1841 he
iscovered a new mineral, a sulphate of cad-
mium, which was found in excavating the
Bishopton tunnel near Port Glasgow, and
which received after him the name of Green-
ockite. It is a beautiful substance that was
entirely new to mineralogists. He held the
appointments of commander of the forces in
Scotland and governor of Edinburgh Castle
from 17 Feb. 1^37 to 1 April 1842, and on
17 June in the following year succeeded his
father as second earl and eleventh baron
Cathcart. He was commander-in-chief in
British North America from 16 March 1846
to 1 Oct. 1849, during very difficult times,
and for some period combined with the
military command the civil government of
Canada. On his return to England he was
appointed to the command of the northern
and midland district, and the resignation of
this post in 1854 brought to a conclusion
his active services. He was colonel of the
11th hussars, 1842-7, of the 3rd dragoon
guards, 1847-51, of the 1st dragoon guards,
1851 to his decease, and a general in the
army, 20 June 1854. Among other honours,
he was created a K.C.B. on 19 July 18;38,
and a G.C.B. 21 June 1859. In 1858 his
constitution gave way, and he died at St.
Leonard's-on-Sea on 16 July 1859, veiy
peacefully, and in the full possession of his
facult ies. He was a man of powerful mind,
which was improved by great industry and
perseverance, and he had a kindlv and gene-
rous heart, which threw a sunshine around
the circle of his domestic life. He married
in France on 80 Sept. 1818, and at Poi-tsea
on 12 Feb. 1819, Henrietta, second daughter
of Tliomas Mather. She died on 24 June
1872. He was the writer of two papers in the
' Transactions of the Koyal Society of Edin-
burgh* in 1836, *0n the Phenomena in the
neighbourhood of PMinburgh of the Igneous
Hocks in their relation to the Secondary
Strata,' and *The Coal Formation of the
Scottish Lowlands.'
[Proceedings Koyal .Society of Edinburgh
(1862), iv. 222-4; Gent. Mag. new ser. vii.
(1869), 306-7.] <>. C. B.
CATHCABT, DAVID, Lobd Allowat
{d. 1829), lord of session^ was the son of Ed»
ward Cathcart of Greenfield, Ayrshiie, and
passed advocate at the Scottish tmir on 16 July
1785. He was promoted to the bench as id
ordinary lord of session on 8 June 1813, on
the resignation of Sir William Honymsn,
hart., the title he assumed being that d
Lord Alloway. On the resignation 0^ Lord
Hermand, in 1826, he was also appointed a
lord-justiciary. He died at his seat of Blain-
ton, near Ayr, on 27 April 1829.
[Hai^ and Bnmton*8 Senators of the Collage
of JuBtice.] T. F, H.
CATHCART, Sib GEORGE (1794-1854),
general, third sur\'iving son of Sir William
Schaw Cathcart, first earl Cathcart [q. v.], was
bom on 12 May 1794. He received his firrt
commission as a comet in the 2nd lifeguards
on 10 May 1810, and was promoted lieutenant
into the 6th dragoon guanis or carahiniers oa
1 July 181 1. In 1813 he succeeded his elder
brother as aide-de-camp and private secretary
to his father on his emhassy to Russia, when
Lord Cathcart was at once ambassador to the
czar and military commissioner with the Rus-
sian army. As aide-de-camp Cathcart was
constantly employed in carrying despatches
from his father to the various English officers
with the different Russian armies [see Camp-
bell, Sir Neil ; Lowe, Sib Uudson ; and
Wilson, Sir Robert]. He was present at
all the chief battles in 1813, and entered Paris
with the allied armies on 31 March 1814, and
was the first to raise Moreau from the ground
when he received his mortal wound at the
battle of Dresden. He was aide-de-camp
to the Duke of Wellington in 1815 at the
battles of Quatre Bras and W^aterloo, and in
Paris until 1818. He was then promoted to
a company in the Ist W^est India regiment
without purchase, and at once exchanged into
the 7th hussars, of which he became lieu-
tenant-colonel in May 1826. In 1828 he ex-
changed to the lieutenant^olonelcy of the
57th regiment, in 1830 to that of the 8th
hussars, and in 1838 to that of the 1st dragoon
guards, and was promoted colonel on 23 Nov.
1841. In 1846 he gave up the command of
this regiment, and took up the appointment
of deputy-lieutenant of the Tower of London,
where he resided until his promotion to the
rank of major-general on 11 Nov. 1851.
Cathcart was quite unknown to the general
public, except from his excellent * Commen-
taries on the War in Russia and Germanv in
1812 and 1813,' published in 1850, and' his
appointment to succeed Major-general Sir
Harry Smith as governor and commander-in-
chief at the Cape was received with surprise
Cathcart
287
Cathcart
in Jnnunry 1863, «nd qnestiona were ached in
batli hc)UKi>s of parliament ubn Lit the appoint-
ment, for which the Duke of Wellington whb
Teallj responsible. Cathcart was sent out to
establish a colonial parliamcat and revive the
■dying loyalty of the colonists, and also to
crunhthe Baautoaand Kaffirs. On his arrival
he aununoned the first Cape pnrlinment, and
panted themsninslitution, and tlien marched
«£niiist the Kaffir and Basuto cliiefa. The
AolErs were aoon subdued, aiid in iheautumu
-of 18o^ he marched against the Basiitos,
Sandilli and Macomo. He pursued them
rieht into the recesses of the mountains, to
which no English general had ever before
penetrated, and in February 1853 Macomo
«nd the old rebel Sandilli iurrendered to bim,
and were granted residencea within the Cape
Colony. Cathcart received the thanks of both
liouaes of parliament, and in July 1853 whs
made a k.C.B. In March 1S54 he was ap-
|>oin(«d adjutant-^neralat the HorseGuards,
and in April lett the Cape. On reaching
London he found that an army had already
1>een sent to the East, and that he had been
nominated to the command of the 4tli di-
vision. Thi> Dukeof Newcastleolsogranted
llim B. dormant commission, by which Cath-
cart was to succeed to the command-in-cbief
of the army in the East in c«se of any )
dent happeninfr to Lord Kaglan, in spite of
the seniority of Burgoyne and Brown. His
division was hardly engoeed at all at the
battle of the Alma, and bis advice to storm
Sebastopol at once whs rejected by the allied
generals. He at last became bitterly incensed
against l^ord Kaglan for not pnying more at-
tention to him, and on 4 Oct. iiddreased him
a note (see Kiholake, Invasion of lAe Crimea.
T. 21), complaining of the influence of Sir
Geo:^ Brown and MBJoi^geoeral Airey.and
aUudingtotbedormant commission. Ilaglan
undoubtedly behaved coldly towards Cath-
cart, who regarded himself as badly treated,
until a private letter from the Duke of New-
castle, dated 13 Oct. 1854, directed Ihe ciui-
celling of the dormant commission, which
Cathcart accordingly surrendered on 26 Oct .
On the morning of 5 Nov. be heard the
lieavf firing whjch announced tlie attack
upon Mount Inkerman. He collected bis
1st brigade and led them to where the battle
^vns raging. There is a considerable conflict
«f evidence as to the later course of events.
A liespatch from 8ir Charles Windham, liret
pttblished in the 'Times,' 8 Feb. 187fi, by
Lord Cathcart, should be compared with Mr.
Kinglakp's narrative. TheDukeofCambridge
ftent, re4|uesllng him to fill the ' gap ' on the
left of the guards, and thus prcveulttiem from
twiDg isolated i and Airej' soon conveyed Lord
Raglan's orders that Cathcart should ' move
Co the left and support, the brigade of guards,
and not. descend or leave the plateau.' Great
confusion prevailed; many contradictory mes-
sages were sent ; and it is disputed whether
Cathcarteverreceivedtbeseordera. Cathcart
ordered General Torrens to lead his four hun-
dred men down the liill to the right of the
guards against the extreme left of the Russian
column. Torrens was immediately struck
down, and Cathcart rode down to take the
command, but before be had gone far he per-
ceived that a Russian column had forced its
way throiigh the 'gap,' and had isolated the
guards. Cathcart then attempted to charge
up the hill with some fifty men of the 20th
regiment to repair his fliult ; his laat words
to his favourite staff officer. Major Mait-
land, were, ' I fear we are in a mess,' and
t lien he fell dead from his horse, shot through
the heart. Lord Raglan, his lifelong friend,
referred to bim in the highest terms in his
despatches. Many posthumous honours were
^d to him ; a tablet woe erected to him in
St. Paul's Cathedral, though bis body rests
under the hill in the Crimea which bears
his Dame, and it was announced in the
'Gazette' of 5 July 1865 that if he had
' ■ would have Wn made a O.C.B.,
but greater honour was paii
universal lamentation wliich broke onl upon
he arrival of the news of bis glorious
death.
[For Sir Oeoree Cathcart'* life si
which wer« published a(
of his death,
and especially ihnt in Colbum's United Servics
Mofrnzina for January 18Sd; see also for his
Sonth AfricaD goveramenC the Correspondeace
of Lii'at.-gsaeral tha Son. Sir Oeorge Cathcart,
K.C.B.. relativB to his militarr operations in
Kaffraria, 1S56 ; and for his conduct at the battle
of Inkprmon, Kiuglake's lavasion of the Crimea,
Tul. r.] H. M. 3.
CATHCABT, SiK WILLIAM SCHAW,
tenth BiRosCATHOAKTin thepeerage of Scot-
land, and first Viscount and Eabl Cathcabt
in the peerage of the United Kingdom ( 1755-
1843), general, was the eldest son of Charles,
ninth Lord Cathcart, K.T, [q. v.], by Jean,
daughter of Admiral Lord Archibald Hamil-
ton, and sister of Sir William Hamilton,
K.B., the well-known English ambassador at
Naples. WilliamSchaw Cat heart was bom at
Petersham on 17 Sept. 1 755, and was educated
at Eton from 1766 to 1771, when bejoined his
father at 8t. Petersburg, where he was am-
bassador. He returned to Scotland with bis
of Dresden and Glasgow, w
tted a member of the Faculty of Advocates
February 1776. His iatbei di«d in the
Cathcart
288
Cathcart
August of the same year, and Cathcart pur-
chased a cometcy in the 7th dragoons in
June 1777, and then obtained leave to serve
in America with the 16th liffht dragoons.
He was appointed an extra aide-de-camp to
Majoivgeneral Sir Thomas Spencer Wilson,
bart., commanding at Boston, and so distin-
guished himself at the storming of Forts Clin-
ton and Montgomery on 6 Oct. 1777 that he
was promoted first lieutenant and then cap-
tain in the 17th light dragoons in the No-
vember and December of that year. In Janu-
ary 1778 he surprised a laree body of the
enemy on the Schuvkhill, which had heed-
lessly advanced too lar from the encampment
at Vallev Forge. lie again dist inguished him-
self at the battle of Monmouth Court House,
and towards the close of 1778 he was ap-
pointed major-commandant of a body of loyal-
ist Scotchmen in the States, enrolled as the
Caledonian volunteers. Cathcart added to
it a company of volunteer cavalry, and as
the British legion it did good service at the
outposts. On 10 April 1779 he married Eliza-
beth, second daughter of Andrew Elliot of
Greenwells, co. Roxburgh, the lieutenant-
governor of the state of New York, and uncle
of Sir Gilbert Elliot, first earl of Minto. On
13 April 1779 he was promoted major into
the 38th regiment, and shortly after was made
a local lieutenant-colonel, and appointed to
act as quartermaster-general to the forces in
America until the arrival of General Dal-
rymple. He then reverted to the command
of the British legion, and sailed with it to
Savannah in December 1779, and commanded
it at the siege of Charleston. His health, how-
ever, broke down, and he returned to New
York in April 1780, when he was ordered to
choose between his regimental and his local
command. Ilepreferred t he former, and after
resigning the British legion to Colonel Ba-
nastre Tarleton, afterwards M.P. for Liver-
pool, joined the 38th in Long Island. He
commanded it with marked ability in the ac-
tions at Springfield and Elizabeth Town in
June 1780; but in October 1780, as his health
had entirely broken down, he resolved to
return to England.
He received a most cordial welcome from
the king, and in February 1781 was promoted
to a captaincy and lieutenant-colonelcy in the
Coldstream guards. On 10 Jan. 1788 he was
elected a representative peer for Scotland,
and in October 1789 he exchanged his com-
pany in the Coldstreams with Lord Henry
Fitzgerald for the lieutenant-colonelcy of the
29th regiment, of which liis friend and com-
rade in the American war, t he Earl of Harring-
ton, had just been appointed colonel. That
[egiment was then stationed at Windsor,
and the king took the keenest interest in
the improvements which the new command-
ing omeers introduced into its discipline.
In November 1790 Cathcart was promoted
colonel by brevet, and in December 1793,
when the Earl of Harrington was promoted
to the colonelcy of the 2nd life gruards, hit
lieutenant-colonel received the colonelcy of
the 29th. In 1790, when he had only sat in
the House of Lords for two years, he was
elected chairman of committees in that house.
In November 1793 he was made a brigadier-
general, and appointed to command a brigade
in the army which was assembling under the
command of the Earl of Moira at Portsmouth.
After the failure of the Quiberon expedition
Lord Moira's army was at last ordered to re-
inforce the Duke of York in the Netherlands ;
and when Moira returned to England Cath-
cart, who luid been promoted majoi^-general
on 3 Oct. 1794, remained with the army in
command of the first brigade of the division
of General David Dundas, consisting of the
14th, 27th, and 28th regiments. At t ne head
of his brigade he distinguished himself at the
battle of Bommel, and throughout the winter
retreat. At the battle of Buren, on 8 Jan.
1795, Cathcart established his reputation
by suddenly turning upon the advancing
enemy, and utterlv defeating them with his
single brigade, taking one gun and several
prisoners. When the renmant of the British
infantry embarked at Bremen in May 1795
Cathcart remained in command of a few squa-
drons of English and Hanoverian cavairy,
which finally left Germany in December 179?).
He was received with the greatest favour by
t he king. He was made vice-admiral of Scot-
land in 1795, appointed colonel of the 2nd life
guards, and gold stick in the place of Lord
Amherst in August 1797, sworn of the privy
council on 28 Sept. 1798, and promoted lieu-
tenant-general on 1 Jan. 1801, and Lady
Cathcart was made a lady in waiting to the
queen.
He received the command of the home dist-
trict in 1802, and from 1803 to 1805 acted as
commander-in-chief in Ireland ; but in the
latter year was recaUed by Pitt, acting on the
strong advice of Castlereagh, made lord-lieu-
tenant of the county of Clackmannan and a
knight of the Thistle, and nominated ambas-
sador at St. Petersburg. The news then ar-
rived that Napoleon had broken up the camp
at Boulogne, and was marching across Ger-
many. Pitt at once equipped a powerful
army, and sent it across to Hanover under
his command to make a diversion in favour
of Austria. But Cathcart made no attempt
to attack the flank of the French ; he esta-
blished his headquarters at 'Ri-i^tg^n^ fought
a liiltn Ihitl.li? at Mimlmisur, and piMicefiilly
waited for nuws. After the duath of Pilt the
(uiiiistry recalled Cathcurt's army from Ger-
ranny, and he wu appointed cotiunander-in-
chiefs the tanxs m ScaClond. but iu 3Iay
1807 he was suddenly summaDed to London
by lionl Caatlervtigh, and appointed to com-
mand an nmiy in the Baltic Cnthcsrt. hiid
merclytheca^yduty of bombarding an alrarjat
<l>?feneelMB town wlipn in command of no ir-
rusislible army, and on EI St-pt. Cuimnbiigen
surrendi^rcd. Cnthcarr, wob on 3 Nov. 1807
crenlnd Viaouunt Cnt.licort of Oatlicart and
Bamti Gnwuvck of Oreeuock in tliu penrage
of the Tnited Kingdom, and a sum estiuiated
lit 300,000/, of piise money wna divided be-
tween him nud Admiral Qambier.
Oatlicart again took up bis cnminnnd
Sooiland, and was promoted gaaeral on I Jan.
1813. In May 1813 Costlereogli,
leaderofl^rd Liverpool's cabinel, iippointtd
liim ambosMdor to tlic court of Kussia, and
British militarv commissioner with the
of ths ctar. The siicceas of the campaiijus o'f
IHI.Iand IfiUisamattuTof histncy.biii tb
iutnonae labours of the three smbaasodors t^
RuBsin, .\iiatria, and Prussia in maintuiaing
military and diplomatic unity between llie
allies is comparatively unknown, and buried
in the arohivES of the foreign otRce or in the
Ca«Ll«reagh Despatches. Catheari bad also
to act us a military adviser to the Germnn
and Russian generals, and maintain harmony
between them. Wlmn, therefore, in 1813 be
reoeired tlieotdw of St. .Vndrew, and ia 18U
that of St. Georeu from the cur, aud was, on
16Jaly,creAtedEarl Catlican,it wnsunivei^
eollyncknowled^thai hiBaerviceshodboui
of tjw nviatest importance in the overthrow
ufNop^un. .\ft«r receiving the rewards of
hit laDouiB and the governorship of Hull,
cation with Castlenagh, until the suicide of
Iho lalb^r in 1^1, when he at once resigned
and rctnmnd to !i!uglnnd. lie continued to
l«ke an inteit-at in politics as a strong tory
until tlie pasaing of the Reform Bill, when
he r«tIrod fmm jHiIiticol discuasiou and lived
pi*aceftilly at hxs seats iu Scotland, Schaw
Caotle, eo. Clackmannan, and Gartside, near
OWgow, until his death at the latter on
18 June law, in his eighty-eighth year.
[TbmlB no good Ufa .if Loni Cathwit;
ftodfiaiatliUrydBtailabBwdon thBjt»;ia UiU-
t-iry r'lliiiilir , f.ir Eiis taobaasy. boweVBr.iCi ths
"■■ ■' ■ '■ " -['.itcbw, nil*, ix-jii,. .lodSir A.
: I.nnl CoHtlerftugh nnd Sr Cliarlos
. JBB .iIk, [loiigliu. rtnd Wood's
■il, i. 315-8.1 n. M.8.
CATHERLTfE op Valois (1101-1437).
i|ueeii of Henry V, was the youngBsi daugli-
ler of Charles VI of Franco by Ltuhel of
Bavaria. She was born at the Hotel de St.
Pol, Paris, on 27 Oct. 1401. Her fatUar
was subject, to long and frequently pocur-
rine Bts of lunacy, aud her mother, a woman
of Tow character, shamolessly neglected her
chUdren. At an early age Catherine was
sent from home to a convent at Poiasv. In
14131IeuryIVnroposed a marriage between
the princess and his son Henry, afterwords
Henry V. Tiie prince had already made ad-
vances — which had been rejected^to Cathe-
rine's two elder sisters, Isabella, the widow
of Uicbard H, and Marie, who was destined
for the cloister. While thje negotiations with
regard to Catherine were pending Henry IV
died, and when Henry V was firmly seated
on his father's throne he renewed tht< suit.
He demanded a dowry of two million crowns
and the restoration of Normandy and the
French territory which had been the inheri-
tance of Eleanor of Aquitalne. These exor-
bitant terms were naturally rejected, and
Henry V mode their rejection a pretext for
declaring war with France{1415), The Eng-
lish army was signally victorious in northern
France, aud when Rouen fell into Henry's
haudd (_141d) negotiations for peace were
opened. Queen Isabel Lad meanwhile ob-
tained full control of Catherine, and hod en-
deavoured in the course of the war to keep
Henry in remembrance of his tbrmor suit.
She had sent him the princess's portrait, and
at the peace conference held at Meulan
(I41S-19)both Isabel and Catherine saluted
Henry V, who treated the latter with much
gallantry. In accordance with the terms of
the treaty of Troves, wliich practically mmlii
France over to Ilenry V, Henry and Cathe-
rine ware betrothed on 21 May 1420 and
married at Troyes on 2 June following. .Vfter
visitingSens and spending their Christmas at
Paris, Henry and his bride arrived at Dover
■ Feb. U30-1. On 24 Feb. the queen was
med at Westminster; she accompanied
the king on a northern tour later In tile yeui-,
and on 2 Dec. 1431 gave birth to a son fader-
wards Henry VI) at Windsor. On ^1 Miiy
she and Henry were at Horlleur, and on •tOMny
t Paris. Catherinereturnedawidow from this
is it to France. Henrj- V died at Viuctiuni's
_n 31 Aug. Iit2. The queen accompaninl
the funeral ciirt&ge to London and after wanla
took up her residence at Windsor (.'usilu
with her infant sou. She was at Hertfonl
Castle with James I of Scotland as her guest
at Christmas 1423, and in the following year
Carliament granted her Itaynard's Ciutle as
er permanent home. She tried to rompose
Catherine
290
Catherine
the quarrel between the Dukes of Bedford
and Gloucester in the same year, and accom-
panied her child in grand procession to St.
Wul's before the opening of parliament in
1425. Soon afterwards rumours were spread
that Catherine was concerned in a no wry
reputable liaison. Owen Tudor, a poor Welsn
gentleman and an esquire of the body at-
tached to her late husband at her son's
household, had obtained complete control
over her, and the nature of their relationship
was soon obvious. In 1428 the Duke of
Gloucester induced the parliament to pass
a law prohibiting any person marrying the
queen-aowager without the consent of the
king and his council, but at the time Cathe-
rine and Owen Tudor were reported to be
already married. Catherine lived in obscu-
rity for many years, but in 1486 Tudor was
sent to Newgate and his wife retired tol^er-
mondsey Abbey, where she died on 3 Jan.
1437. Iler body lay in state at St. Katha-
rine's Chapel, by the Tower of London, on
18 Feb. 1437, was then taken to St. Paul's
Cathedral, and was buried in the I-ady Chapel
in Westminster Abbey. Henry VI erected
an altar-tomb with an inscription describing
her as his father's widow, and making no
reference to her alleged marriage with Owen
Tudor.
By Tudor Catherine had a daughter, Ta-
cina, wife of Reginald, seventh lord Grey de
Wilton, and three sons. Edmund, the eldest
son, created by his half-brother Henry VI
Earl of Richmond in 1452, married Margaret
Beaufort, and was by her the father of
Heiirj' VII. The second son, Jasper, became
Earl of Pembroke, and the third, Owen, a
monk of '\\' est minster. Catherine's grand-
son, Henrj' VII, replaced the tomb originally
erected to her memory by another monument
on which her marrinjre with Owen Tudor was
duly inscribed. When Henry VII pulled
down the Lady Chai)el at Westminster, the
corpse loosely wrapped in lead was placed
by Ilenry V's tomb, where it remained till
in 1778 ii wasplaced under the Villiers monu-
ment . In IVpvs's time t he body was publicly
exhibited (Diary. 23 Feb. 16«7-8). Pepvs
kissed the iace on his birthday. In 1878 tfie
iKidy was reburied in the chantry of Henry V.
[Mifiii Strickland's Lives of the Queens of
England, vol. iii. ; ^lonstrelet's Chronicle; Wau-
rin's Recueil desChroniques, vol. iii. (Rolls Ser.) ;
Capgravt's Chronicle (Rolls Ser.) ; Stanley's
Wehtminster Ahbry, 133-4.] S. L. L.
CATHERINE of Abbagon (1485-
153()), first oueen of Henry VIII, daughter
of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, was
bom ut Alcala de Ilenares on 15 or 16 Dec.
1485. She was the youngest of a family
of one son and four daughters, and at her
birth her parents had already done much to
consolidate their united kingdoms by victorie*
over the Moors. Henry VII of England,
who had obtained possession by conquest of
an insecure throne in the very year she wa»
bom, naturally sought the alliance of sove-
reigns whose affairs seemed so prosperous,
and his eldest son Arthur, bom m ^ptem-
ber 1486, could hardly have been much more
than a year old when he was proposed by
his father as a iuture husband lor their
youngest daught er. They sent commissioners
to England to negotiate as early as 1488.
A return embassy sent by Henry VII to
Spain met with a magnificent reception at
Medina del Campo ; but for many years no-
thing was positively concluded, as it was
Ferdinand's object to bind the king of Eng-
land to make war in his behalf against France
without incurring any corresponding obliga-
tion himself. In truth, Ferdinand was not
well enough assured of the stability of Henir's
throne to be willing to commit himself irre-
vocably.
Catherine was in her fifth year when her
sister Isabel was betrothed at Seville to Don
Alfonso of Port ugal on 18 April 1490. She
and her other sisters, Juana and Mary, were
S resent at the ceremony (Bebkaldez, i. 279,
-80 ; Mabiaka, ed. 17^, ii. 687).
In 1492, when the Moors were driven out
of Granada, she entered the city with her
parents, and it became her home. From
Granada came the device of the pomegranate
so well known afterwards in England in c<"»n-
nection with her. Her inlucation, especially
in Latin, was personally superintended by ^
her mother, and in later years Erasmus bon?
witness to her scholarship. All difficultit-^
as to the match with Arthur had been finally
cleared away in 1500, when the bridegroom
had completed his fourteenth year. She left
Granada on 21 May 1501, and embarked at
Conmna on 17 Aug. After many delays
from contrary winds she reached Plymoutb
on 2 Oct.
Great preparations had been made for ht r
reception. Lord Broke, steward of the king's
household, was despatched into the west to
provide for her retinue ; and afterwards tL«»
Earl of Surrey and the Duchess of Norfolk
were sent to attend her. The king himstlf
on 4 Nov. removed from Richmond to goar.d
meet her, but, owing to bad weather and
doubtless equally bad roads, he was com-
pelled the nrst night to find a lodging at
Chert sey. Next day his son, Prince Arthur,
met him at Eosthampstead, and proceeded in
his father's company to meet his nride. The
versCTl with lier tnrougli the raedium nf two
Su(LiiUhbi«hops,'wIioLDlerprete<l'theajieeche9
of IxitU countries' hj menus of Latin. A
formal liutrothal then took place, and the
whole pnrtyretumedtowttrds London, which
Cntberme entered on 12 Nov, Ou Sunday
the mh the marriage waa celub»I«<l at St.
PuuI'b, and jouBts were held on the Thursday |
after, at WeBtmingtBr, in honour of the BTent. '
Tt was necesMLry in those days for a prince
of Wdlos to justify hia title by fceepinff court .
on the Wei st border*. Arthur had already
resided nt Ludlow, and written thence di-
piomntic love letters to Catherine in Spain
(Mabi a, E, Wood, letter* of Soi/al and
Illuitriout Ladiet, I, 121); and it was de-
cidtNl tliHt be Bhould return thither neit
monUi. The king at first hesitated to send
hia bride along with him. Tlie prince was
Mill so youne thnt colmbitution seimie not to
bare been allowed, and some thought the
princees would be less solitary in the king's
court than living under her husband's roof
in tl>e Welsh matchea. The point was re-
ferred to herself, but she said she would do
as the liing thought beat ; and ultimately, aa
we learn from a contemporary despatch, both
departed together on 21 Doc. to spend their
Cliristmas at a place described as anoitt forty
miles from London. In February following
the king wrote to Ferdinand and Isabella
thnt he had sent the young couple into
Wales, not wishing them lo live apart, not-
withatanding the objections raised by many
on account of his eon's tender age, and they
m list regard it asagreat proof of nisoiFection
for their daughter that he studied her com-
fort at *ome risk even to bis own son ^Ddsb
OF MASCHHsreK, Court and Sodetn, i- 59).
But that ihLt letter waa distinctly intended
to dunvcy a false impression is beyond all
question ; for although it is true that the i
Toung couple did go together to reside in the
bordereof Wales, It is clear from the solemn
dwlarations of Catherine lierself long nfter-
wardstliat Prince .A-rthurneverwnsherhiia-
Moept in name. On 'J April following
datLudlow, avictimap[<arvntlj to the
g eickneea, and Catheriue waa left a
^_ lews reached Spain, theSpanish
Bcwereinis despatched a new ambassador io
EiiK^ona to urge that she should be sent back
to ner native country, and repayment made
of the one inatalnient of 100,000 scudos of
her marriage portion. But the ambassador
was furtlier tTU|>owered to connlude a new
tnotr with tlie king of England for the mar-
ridge of CdlhcriuB lu his second sou Hcnrj',
On this subject negotiations appear to have
Eneon forsevenil monlhs, when Henry VIT
came a widower by the death of his queen,
Elizabeth of York. A suggestion was im-
mediately made of a particularly revolting
character, that Catherine might become tho
wife of her futher-in-luw. It is scarcely
credible that such a thing was seriously in-
tended; but it greatly shocked Queen iu-
belta, who whs more anxious than ever to
secure, if it were possible, her daughter's n?-
tum to Spain, or at least the concluston of
the marriage with the Prince of Wales. The
latter at lost was agreed upon, and a treaty
for it waa drawn up and signed by the two
Spanish ambassadors on SS June 1503. Two
dayslaterthe parties were solemnly betrothed
to each otlier ' in the Bishop of Salisbury's
house in Fleet Street' (Spebu, 973). The
marriage was to be solemnised whenever the
prince completed his fourteenth year. Li
consequence, however, of the close affinity
between the juirties, a pupal dbpensation
waa requisite, which the eovenugns of b(,tbi
countries bound themselves to solicit fromi
the court of Rome. It was obtained next
year mainly at the instance of Queen Isa-
bella, for whose comfort a copy was sent intu
of being ti
strictly bound to fulfil the marriage treaty,
and, hoping to a:ain an advantage over King
Ferdinand in other ways, discovered 'scruples
of conscience ' about the match.
If the treaty bad been strictly fulfilled, the
marriage would actually have taken place on
28 June 1505, the day the Prince of Wales
completed his fouAeenth year. But on th»
27th the prince made n formal protest be-
fore Fox, bishop of Winchester, that th»
match waa against his will, and the treaty
waa at ouce rendered nugatory. It was
quite underatood, however, that this wh«
only a trick of state, and that the marriage
might still take place if King Heoty were
once satisfied that he could not dispose of
hia son's hand elsewhere more advantage-
ously. Ferdinand did not keep faith about
the marriage portion. lie intended, if pos-
sible, that the whole burden of his doi^chter's
support ahould rest upon the king of Eng-
land, and when King Henry disowned this
responsibility, he allowed her to remain for
years in debt, even for the vory necessaries
of life. Her maids had not the meana to pro-
cure clothes. She herself complained, after
she had been four and a half years in Eng-
land, that aht? had only liud two newdressea^
In the early part of loOU she had an un^'
expt^cted opportunity of meeting with h^
sister Juauu sud her husband, I'liilip of
Qitherine 292 Catherine
Austria, who Lad been proclaimed king and
queen of Caatiie. Thev Lad embarked in
There is no reason to doubt that for somt^
years after their marriage Henry felt ival
January to take possession of their new king- i affection for her, and she was a thoroughly
dom, but had been driven by storms upon ; devoted wife. 'The king, my lord, adoivs
the coast of England, and Ilenry Lad shown ! her, and her highness him,' was the opinion
them much poUtic hospitality at Windsor, of Catherine's confessor in 1510. Feroinand
Later in the year Catherine fell ill of a fever, ] seems to have relied partly on her influence
and Ilenry gave up to her use for the time a over him in procuring a league against
house at Fulliam, which he had intended for France ; and for two or three years, whether
an embassy exi)ected from Phi lip after his ar- from natural impulse or from policv, Ilenry
rival in Castile. At this time she seems to was a very firm ally of his father-in-law. Ci-
have been very miserable. She was aware therine*s happiness would have been unallovt-d
that her marriage depended upon a heartless but for some petty annoyances to which re-
name of diplomacy, into which she was drawn cent writers have attached altogether undue
herself by her own necessities. For Henry Vf I importance; but even these belonged much
having made in 1507 an oifer for the hand of more to the time when she was princess than
her sister Juana, the widowed Queen of Cas- to her married life. She had a Spanish con-
tile (though he must have known her to fessor who, perhaps, was rather young for
Ije a maniac), with the view of taking the such a function, and may have been a little
government of that kingdom out of Ferdi- indiscreet. The Spanish ambassador thought
nand's hands, Catherine aftected to favour so, but there is no evidence that even he en-
his suit, and wrote to Ferdinand in behalf of tertained the strange suspicions that it lia>
her father-in-law, advising him at least to pleased some persons in our day to attribute
temporise until her own marriage with the to him. Catherine had been used for years
I^ince of Wales could take effect. Other as a political agent by her father, and fceing
matches had been talked of for the ])rince, a really devout woman, it was natural that
and Catherine was in serious dread of being she should take frequent counsel with her
abandoned altogether. She was then living ' confessor. It was e<|ually natural that the
in the same house with the Prince of Wales : ambassador, under the circumstances, should
at Richmond, but was permitted to see less find the confessor to be a nuisance, that he
of him than before, and m one letter she com- should write to Ferdinand to complain cf
])lains that for four months she liad not seen him, and that Catherine should stand firmly
him at all. by him.
Her misery arose from an unpleasant state , Tlie first three yeafS^f Henry's reign wvnt
o{ relations iDOtween King Henry and her by in feasts and pageants ; but t hen l)eguii a
father. Subtle and unscrupulous as Ferdi- succession of cruel disappointments. <>«
nand was in the game of diplomacy, he hod
found a match in Henrv Vll, who had not
only forced him at last to send to England
the second instalment of Catherine's mar-
riage portion, but declined even then to allow
the marriage to take effect except upon new
conditions by no means agreeable to Fer-
dinand, so that the latter, checkmated in
his aims, wished his ambassador us a last
resource to insist on Catherine being sent
back to Spain. Henry had arranged a mar-
riage of his daughter Mary with Charles,
prince of Castile, which made him very in-
31 Jan. 151 Q Catherine was prematurely d
livered of a stillborn daughter. On 1 "jJin.
1511 she gave birth to a son, who was chris-
tened Henry, declared prince of Wales, and
had a household assigniKl him, but died on
22 Feb. following. In 1518 she had anothtr
son, who soon died, and in Noveml>.'r 1544
slie had again a premature delivery. At
last, on 18 Feb. 1510, there came one diild
that lived — the Princess Mary ; and in Nt>-
vember 1518 anotherdaughter wasbom,wL>
must have died early. In the interval U"-
tween the second and third coiitinemt-nts
dependent of Ferdinand's friendship, and . Henry had gone to war with France, greatly
Catherine met with a neglect which almost i at the instigation of his father-in-law. lii
drove her to despair. Butrelief was at hand, ' 1513 he invaded France in ]K'rs(.m. and
for just at this time Henry VII died. Her j James IV invaded England and was kilW
affianced bridegroom, now Henry VIII, ap- I at Flodden on 9 Sept. 1513. Before cn^ssiu^'
parently desired the union. His council, for the Channel the king had ap|K)int(Hi Catht-
the most part, approved the mat.ch, and on : rine regent in his absence. She tlirew hvT-
1 1 June 1509, seven weeks after his accession, self heartily into the business of arraying a
thougli he was only eighteen, the marriage force to oppose the Scotch. ' I am horribly
was dulv celebrated. On the 24th of the
same month she was crowned along with
him in Westminster Abbey.
busy,' she wrot«, ' making stamlards, banner?,
and badges.' She harangued the truops «^nt
forward to the north. The king, too, sent
<ivi*r til lier hU iinporlaiit priBoner, the Duke I
of Lr>tn;iic»llB, wliom he W talten at ihe '
I ' I --"luirs, and wished Cfttherinetokccp '
liiild, It responsibility which she
'ii-L-lined. After the victory (Jio
I i ■ iirv, sending liini ' a piece of thu
liiii^, :.l ~ii>te' voBl/ iinu regretting she wss
unulilf tu ixiud the kitig of Scots himself
alive to him as a prisoucr, 'Our Englinh-
men's hf^arts,' she sitid, ' WAiild not siifler it,'
■W'hen the king returned (rom Fmnce iu
the end ut September, he rode in poEt to his
queen at lUctunond, ' wliere,' wys the can-
temporary chronicler, Hall, ' there wae auch
a luvtiig meeting tliut everv creature re-
joicwl.' But even in the following year i\
rumnnr got abroad that Henry, disappointed
at ber liaring no children, had begun 1o tbink
of K divorce, and there is reason to believe
that it arose from some very real evidences
ol a dimiuution of Henry's lore, even at this
enrly period, The main cniue appears to hove
bomi Lis cunlinued experience of her father's
treachery. Ferdinand bud concluded usepa-
rstp truce with France to the prejudice of liis
ally at the very moment when Henry's suc-
ceacseemtHl mostcoiupletelyawured. Uenij
Tented his anger in regiroachea of which his
own wife hud to hear the full bittemese, and
it wna owing to this, ns Pet«r Martyr wta
told,thHt shu bud her Gn:und premature con-
finement,
The HUppo«ilion of the late Ut. Rawdon
Brown ((/»/, /ttntf Pn/ieiv, \'enetian, i. ptef.
pp. xc^ cviii) that a vague expression in
Sanuto « diary, ' Fatino nnovi penuieri,' points
to whispers of a divorce being circulated
even in 1510, liefure Henry and Catherine
liad been quite u twelvemonth married, swms
altogether unwnrran table. The word* cleurly
have qiiili' u different application, A vivid
cU'M.ri|itiiiii is uiven bvllull of the way in
mhidi ^lit- and the king went u-Disyinjj; to
^lioo I •.>!'':> Uill in lAlA.and met in the woods
Itcjliiii Hood und his merry men dressed iu
greuD. Th«w were arehera of the king's own
guard, and the perfi)rmanoe was witnessed by
II vunl nitillitude of people. Some additional
particulura of it are ^iyen in letters from the
Venetian emltauy. The senior unibussiidi-r,
pHsqinili^o, then abuiii I" leave for France,
bad an uuili>tnca aftcrwnirle with the quei-n,
uiul to her great ddiglit stx'ke lo lii^r in her
Dative Spanish. The seen-tary of the era-
boB^y dracribi'B )ier ns 'rather uglv than
Dtherwioe'dliwiioir Bhowk, >'DHr f'tamat
ilki^ CwtTf <tf Bfirji riIJ,\.7Q-t<l,m). Two
yrurd Inter occurred the ' Evil Mtiy day,'
when iliv I.oiidi.mew sackeil the lioiine* of
f...reife-oi-r«. Tlw off-nd-r* wen- tried bysum-
doaijr [iroodMi, and many of them hanged
within three days at their c
tera' doors. Others remained still in prison,
till Catherine threw herself on her knees lie-
fore ibe king to intercede for them, and in-
dnced bis aieters Mary and Margaret, itURens
dowager of France and Scotlond, lo do thi*
The visit of her nephew Charles V to Eng-
land in 1620 gave Catherine the most lively
satisfaction. She knew, however, that great
preparations were then making for another
meetingwilbwhichshehadn o great sympathy
—that of Henrv ^TU ond trancis I at the
FieldoftheClotTiofOold. Henry was playing
off the two rivals, Charles and Francis, one
against theother,anditwa8imknown whether
a French or an imperial alliance would prove
the main feature of his policy. It was,, in
fact, to interrupt the French interview, or,
at least, loprevent an Anfflo-Frendi alliance,
that Charles had been induced to think seri-
ously of visiting England. The friendship of
Henry was to him ol the utmost importance,
and to secure it he had become a suitor for
the hand of the I'rincess Mary, although she
bad already been aflianced to the Dsunbin.
- ' -' " id the
people generally v
a doubt tbar the nobles
femng greatly an alliance with
nfihiu of Franc "
of tile French
ith the queen in pre-
ice with him to the
One day, i
I anlicipH-
called to
if the lords to discuss matters, and
set before tbem such strong arguments against
its being held at all, that those present were
struck with HmoiemenC. During the confer-
ence the king mode his appearance and asked
what it was all about, on which Catherine
frankly told him, and declared the line sbn
had taken in the matter. Wliat answer the
king made at t!
formed, but the result ■
bis council held ber ii
they had ever done before ( Cal. State Paper»,
Henry VIIl, iii. ^50).
The emperor landed n
rcning of Sol
ling Henry conducted him to Canter-
bury to the queen's presence. Tliere he re-
mained during the few days be spent in Eiig-
bind. mill on TliEtrsday the 31st he embark^
111 Siindwieli for Flanders. That same day
Henry iiikI Ciiih''riiie also took ship oud
crtiim^il from Dover to Calais for thi; long
Srojocted inlervinw with Francis. On Sun-
ny, 10 June, each king went to dine with
the other's queen, the one from Guisnes to
.\rdi.-s, am! the other by u ilifferent route
from Ardes loGiiisnee, the departure of each
being announced to the other by salyix-e of
artillery. Three weeks were sfieut in the*"
sjilendid coiirtwiim, and shortly after lh»y
e that both he a
t Dover late ii
■vcning ofSatiirday, iO May 15J0, at
Catherine
294
Catherine
were concluded Ilenrv held another meeting
with the emperor at Gravel ines, and brought
him and his aunt, Mar^ret of Savoy, to Calais,
where the queen received them. Two years
later war was declared against France, and
the emperor paid a second visit to England,
when he was feasted and entertained with
great magnificence at Canterbury, London,
and Windsor.
In 1521, the year between the emperor's
first and second visit to England, occurred
the arrest and execution of the Duke of
Buckingham, and it is not improbable that
Shakespeare followed a true tradition when
he represented Catherine as present at the
examination of that unfortunate nobleman s
surveyor, pleading for something like fair
play to the accused. The fact, as regards
Catherine, seems to rest on no other autho-
rity ; but there is distinct evidence that
Buckingham's servants were examined by
the king himself, before the apprehension of
their master, very much in the way that the
surveyor is examined by Henry in the play ;
so that we may not unreasonably believe the
whole scene to be substantially true. Sir
Thomas More reports in 1524 how Catherine
rejoiced to hear of the success of her country-
men the Spaniards in Italy, and Bishop
Longland writes toAVolseyat the beginninff
of the following year how he had explainea
to her by the king's desire the cardinal's
magnificent scheme for setting up a new
college at Oxford. The bishop also told her
that she was to be speciallv mentione<l in
the pravers o^thc college ctapel, for which
she aesired him to give AVolsey her cordial
thanks.
Her constant obedience to her husband
had won for her such universal esteem that
he himself could not but share that senti-
ment, though he had now lost all other feeling
for her. Ihat he had been untrue to her
years before we know, perhaps very early in
their married life. Possiblv the birth of the
Princess Mary did something to restore his
lost affection, but onlv for a time. He was
becoming a perfect libertine. On 15 June
1525, much to Catherine's distress, he created
his natural son Henr\' Fitzrov duke of Rich-
mond, and gave him precedence of all the
nobility of England, even of the Princess
Mary. He was a child of six years, the son
of one Elizabeth Blount, whom the king
afterwards married to Sir Gilbert Tailbois.
The king bestowed much care upon his edu-
cation, and sent him into Yorksnire as vice-
roy or president of the north. About the
same time his half-sisti^r Mary, whom the
king, in default of legitimate male issue,
seemed disposed to recognise as Princess of
Wales, was sent in like manner to Ludlow,
with a household and a council to keep rule
upon the Welsh marches. But her house-
hold was inferior to that of the duke.
Indications exist that some secret steps
had been taken by Henry towards getting
his marriage declared invalid as early as
1526. All that was said afterwards officially
as to the origin of the king's scruples, and
the doubts of Mary's legitimacy said to havt*
been suggested by the Bishop of Tarbes,
is unworthy of serious refutation. The
bishop's own report of his conferences with
Wolsey upon Marv's proposed marriage tn
Francis I shows clearly that no such ob-
jection ever entered his mind. A totally
different objection occurred to him — that tb«
king might still have a legitimate son ; and
Wolsey was taking pains to convince him
that tiiis was highly improbable, while he
knew quite well that the king was privately
seeking to invalidate his marriage and thuft
make nis daughter illegitimate. In May a
collusive suit was instituted by Wolsey as
legate, who with great secresy summoned
the kin^ to appear before him at his house at
Westnunster for having cohabited with his
brother Arthur's wife. A formal complaint,
he said, had been preferred to him, and he
called upon Henry to say what he could in
his defence. The king handed in a written
reply, and the cardinal declared that the
case was one of considerable difficulty, on
which he required to take coimsel with som»?
learned theologians — among others with tht^
bishops of Rochester, Lincoln, and London.
The proceedings were never resumed — pro-
bably for a reason which has not hitherto
been suggested, though the fact is absolutely
certain, llie queen and the Spanish ambas-
sador, somehow or other, had got wind of
them before they were a day oltr(Cfl/. State
PaperSj Spanish, iii. (pt. ii.j 193).
The king saw that he must take a different
course, and On 22 June informed Catherine
that he had come to the conclusion that they
must separate. He begged her to keep thV
matter secret meanwhile, as if it was against
her interest to divulge it. His strategy was
useless. The news got abroad, and became,
in the words of the Spanish aml^assador, * as
notorious as if it had been proclaimed by the
public crier ' {tb, 276). Still Catherine had
not a friend who could aid her against the
king, unless she could inform the emperor
how she was situated, and great pains were
taken that she should not speak to tne Spanish
ambassador except in the presence of W olsey .
She dissembled ner anxieties; her 'merry
visage,' as one observer not«s, ' returned, not
less than was wont,' and cordiality towuds
lenne
2 95
Catherine
the Iun)f sppenred to be rvnewed. Theu
one of liec Spunish senunts, Frimcis I'ulipe
or Philips, desired license of hec to go Xo
Spuin and ^e his motht^r, wtio, he said, wus
vvfv ill. Catherine refused the pemtiseioii,
atid urged the king not to grant it. Henry,
lightly siupecting that there was coUusioii
^^Kween Ihem, diasembled also, ttnd per-
^^Btded her to let him go. Thus the king
^^po her confidence ; but he at the same time
^^nt a message lo Wolsey, then in France,
to find moans to get Philips detained in timt
country, in spite of any safe-eonduct. Oa
Iii» way to France, Wolsey contrived art^
fully lo misrepresent the case to Fisher,
bishop of Rochester, Catherine's confessor,
whom be induced to believe that the rumours
<if on int«nded divorce had been spread abroad
by the queen's own indiscretion; for the king
ranted, he said, to teat the ralidity of
{Mtion raised by others. When the
odered to remonstrate with her upon
h conduct, Wolsey persuaded him to leave
■JUBtUc to the king. But what«ver art
JgUt be used l« promote the divorce, it was
I avoid application to Rome, and
ally impossible to do without Wolsey'a
ij yet Henry gave the cardinal but half his
UGdence, and made an abortive cITort to
a conunission from the pope through
•I agent. At last Cardinal CampE'ggio
1 in England with a joint commission
p himself and Wolsey to try the cause In
^ober 1528, and the king and Anne Boleyn
b looked for the realisation of their wisbl
ley did not know that before he left
« Campeggio had secretly pledged him-
Vnot to give sentence in the cau^e with-
■ communicating drat with the pope. He
) only authorised to endeavour to dls-
,de the king from his purpose, or, if he
fid arrange a compromise, to induce the
"- I to enter a nunnery. To this latter
t he accordingly addressed himself in
le conferences that he had with Catherine
a after his arrival : but she insisted on
I matter being decided judicially. The
[ was at first no less anxious to press
rard the trial, and on Sunday, 8 Nov.,
lummoned the lord mayor and aldermen
This palace at Bridewell to explain his
"Tples of conscience. But meanwhile
lierine hod information of the existence
^pun of a briof granted by .Tulius II for
tmarrioge, mon full and satisfactory than
I bull of diaiiensation which Henry was
to involiaate, and tho produced a copy
ft given hur by the Spanish ambassador.
t King insinuatod that it was a forgery,
K ho got the queen's own counsel to inform
m that she must send for the original brief
to Spain. She actually wrote to ihe em-
peror as desired, requesting him lo send the
brief to England. Thomas Abell [q. v.], by
whom she sent the letter, wrote hiniself to in-
form the emperor before he delivered it that
she had written only under compulsion.
The king and his council sent to Kome to
try and coUect evidence against the genuine-
ness of the brief, and they made much of
the fact that It did not appear entered on
the jiopal registers. But his agents were
also instructed to sound the papal lawyers
as to whether, if the queen could be induced
lo retire into a nunnery, without taking the
vows, the pope could uol, 'by his mere and
absolute power,' allow bim to proceed to
a teciind marriage. Thus, after protesting
the pop's incompetence to legalise marriage
with a brother's widow, Henry was prepared
to admit without question his competence to
legalise bigamy. He was really in desuair
how to otxompiish his object. He nod
drawn up a piiper of advice which was lo
be pressed upon the queen as if in her own
interest, apparently by her own counsel, if
not by the legates who were to try her cause,
in which they were to warn her that some
ill-disposed persons seemed to be conspiring
in her behalf against the king and Wolsey,
Bud that slie ought to he on her guard against
giving them any countenance. If she did
her company himself, but also to withdraw
the princess from her mother's society. All
these cruel suggestions, however, were only
meant to prepare the way for one more
strong appeal to her to solve the dilRculty
by going into a nunnery. And she need not
fear, the speakers were to urge, tImt by so
doinc she would enable the king lo take
another wife, for he could certainly not
marry again while she lived. Thus the king
indirectly endeavoured to make her take a
false step in reliance on the strength of her
Heury compelled even the most staunch
friends of Catherine to reveal their conver-
sations with her. He had alloived her the
use of counsel, and among tln'w wim the re-
nowned scholar Ludovlcua Vive? ; but Vives
was required by the king to rt.date all that
had passed between them. This demand he
"' protested agiunst, although, as he said.
Id injure no one even if thr^ir whole
'sationa were posted on church doors-
Being forced to report them, however, he
did BO, and aaid the queen had sought his
couiisi'l us her countryman who spuke her
language. The main point was that '
bogged him to ask the imperial ambi
justly pro
hat d^
Catherine 296 Catherine
to write to the emperor to secure a fair hear- | notice, and found her at work among li»*r
ing for her at Rome. ' Who/ Vives adds, maids, with a skein of white thread about
* will not admire the queen's moderation ? her neck. They apked for a private intor-
AVhen others would have moved heaven and view, but shereplied that whatever thev had
earth, she merely seeks from her sisters son tosay they might s{)eak it before all. W'olp«'y
that he will not let her be condemned un- then addressed her in Latin. * Nay, pood mv
heard.' , lord, speak to me in English,' she said, ' fort
It was useless for the king to proceed with can, I thank God, both speak and understand
the cause before the legates unless the brief English, although I do understand some
in Spain could be discredited, and the most Latin.* Wolsey told her they had come to
frantic diplomaticefforts were made to induce know her mind in the matter between the
the pope to declare it a forjjrery, which, of kine and her, and give her secret advice,
course, he refused to do until he had heard CatJierine said she was naturally not pre-
the arguments on both sides. Then there pared to answer them without taking counsel
was nothing for it but to proceed. Mean- : on such a weighty question. And who was
while the emperor was doing his utmost to there to counsel her? * What think you.
eet the cause removed from England that my lords ?' she said. * Will any Englishman
it might be more fairly heard at Kome. Ca- counsel me or be friendly to me against the
therine, however, was not aware of this, and king's pleasure that is his subject? Nay,
appealed for advice to Cardinal Cnmpeggio forsootli.' She was willing, nowever, t^
himself in a private inter\'iew. He answered listen to whatever counsel the cardinal?
coldly that she might rely upon justice being had to give her, and led them into her privy
done to her, but again strongly suggested chamber to hear what they had to say (Ca-
that she miglit extricate herself from further VE>*Disn, Life of Wohey, ed. Ifc'oS, pp. 137-
annoyance by retiring from the world. But . 140).
to this she was as iirmly opposed as ever, W'e are not told, for Wolsey's biographer
and the trial proceeded. The legatine court did not know, the precise nature of the ad-
was formally opened on 31 May 1529 in the vice given by the two cardinals. Mean-
great hall of the Black Friars, and the king while, the king having expressed a desire t«»
and queen were cited to appear on 18 June, see his scniples removed, Fisher, bishop of
The former bad two proxies to represent him; Bochester, came forward in court and dt-
the latter came in person, but only to protest clared his readiness to justify the validity of
against the jurisdiction of the court. The the marriage. CHher things went again>t
court registered her protestation, and ap- the king's purpose. Tlie pope revoked th*-
J)ointed both parties to appear in person on cause to Rome, and Camp«.»pgio, even before
iloiuhiy, 21 June, to hear its decision. On , he was informed of the fact, had prorogUf-<l
that day the king and queen both apj)eared ; the court for the holidays according to the
the former stated his case to the judges. The | custom at Bome. Everj' one knew that,
latter threw herself at his feet in sight of all , although it was only prorogued, it was nevi»r
the court, and begged him to consider her to meet again. Not many months after this
helpless position as a foreigner, her long and ' the ambassador, Chapuys, then just newly
tried obedience as u wife, her own and her j arrived in England from the emixjror, records
daughter's honour, and that of the king him- that on St. Andrew's day, 1529, the queen
self. Further, as he continually professed ' dined with the king, and complained that
that he was anxious to find their marriage he had for a long time so selaom allowed
valid, she appealed to Bome as the only tri- ■ her that privilege. TIm? king excused himself
bunal before which the case could be pro- , partly by the pressure of business, but as tf>
perly discussed, and thereupon withdrew. visiting her in lier own apartments, she must
llie legates had (»verrulea her objections to know that he was now assured by innumer-
the jurisdiction of the court; so she was able doctors and lawyers that he was not her
called again, and on Iier refusal to comeback, lawful husband, and ho could never share
was pronounced contumacious. The case her bed again. He was waiting for furth«'r
was continued through different sittings of . opinions, and if the jwpe did not declare their
the court in June andJidy. Affidavits were marriage void, he would denounce his holi-
taken as to th«* circumstances of the marriage ■ ness as a heretic, and marrv' whom he pleased,
with Prince Arthur, and matt^Ts were pressed , Catherine told him in reply that those opi-
on in a way not at all to Canipeggio's taste, nions were not worth a straw, for he him-
Yet even at this time, if C^avendish be right, self had owned on more than one occa^^ioll
a further appeal was made to Catherine by that he had found her a virgin w*hen ht*
the two canlinals who were her judges. , married her. Moreover, theprincipal doctors
They came to her at Bride^'eU without in England had written in ner favour. Tlie
Catherine 297 Catherine
king left the room not a little disconcerted, | ber physician reside with her continually,
and at supper Chapuys was informed Anne i Altogether he showed himself so gracious on
Boleyn saia to him reproachfully, ' Did I not j this occasion that next day Catherine asked
tell you that whenever you disputed with ' him to allow the princess to see them ; but
the queen she was sure to have the upper Henry answered with a rude rebuff, telling
hand P ' her she might go and see the princess if she
For a time Henry still treated Catherine wished, and also stop with her. The queen
as his queen. She went with him to "Wood- replied in gentle tone that she woula not
stock, and from that in September to Grafton . leave him for her own daughter or any one
in Northamptonshire, where Cardinal Cam- else in the world. But tilings now were
neggio took his leave of him, and where coming to a climax. The king was using
NVwsey was admitted at the same time to I everj* art to delay the cause at Kome while
his last interview. But in February 1530 | refusing to put in any appearance, except by
Catherine's treatment had become visibly allowing ah ' excusator to plead for him
worse. The king absented himself much from I that he was not bound to appear there at all.
her company, and left her at Richmond while On 31 May upwards of thirty nrivy coun-
he was dallying with Anne Boleyn in Lon- cillors, headed by the Dukes of Norlblk and
don. It was at this time he began consult- Suffolk, waited on Catherine by the king's
ing the universities, applying first to Cam- command to remonstrate with her, and urged
bridge and Oxford, then to Paris and other that she ought to consent to have the matter
foreign seats of learning; but still he kept tried elsewhere than in liome by judges above
company with Catherine to some extent, and suspicion. According to Hall, they actually
even took her out hunting with him. In suggested a tribunal of four prelates and four
August or the beginning of September she temporal lords of England, which, of course^
fell ill of a fever, probably brought on by alarm
at the king's increasing recklessness. She
kept Christmas with him at Greenwich ; but
was what was wanted ; but by the very full
report of the inter\'iew sent by Chapuys to
the emperor it does not appear that they
inJanuaryfollowing(1531)she suffered much proposed anything so definite. Catherine
anxiety lest something should be done to her completely met every one of their Jesuitical
prejudice in the parliament which then met. arguments, and fully justified her resolution
^'othing, however, was said, and Henry al- to abide entirely bv the decision of the pope,
lowed and even advised her to summon Shortly after this the court removed from
counsel to her aid at Richmond. lie did Greenwichto Windsor, and there, on 14 July,
this, as Chapuys believed, in order to dis- I Henry finally left his wife, never to see her
cover whether she had not secretly received ' again. He removed to "Woodstock without
a brief from Rome in her favour. For it even bidding her adieu, but left orders that
would appear that about this time Jlenry, she was to remoin at "Windsor. Deserted by
or at least his ministers, really thought the
game a desperate one. A brief was expected
from Rome which would have ordered Henry
to dismiss Anne Boleyn frt)m the court, and
it was the general belief that he would be
her husband, she complained bitterly of the
pope's neglect . But the weakness of the pope
inspired Ilenry with greater boldness. He
had got the opinion of the university of
Orleans and of some Parisian lawyers also
obliged to comply. But the brief when it | that he could not be compelled to appear
came was feeble and ineffective, so that the ! at Rome ; while Anne Boleyn, who accom-
king was encouraged to persevere, and the ! panied him wherever he went, spoke confi-
clergy were forced to acknowledge him as
supreme head of the church of England.
aetftly of the prospect of being married to
him within three or four months at least. In
This, of course, involved the consequence August the king again sent notice to Cathe-
that the decision of a Roman tribunal could | rine that he was coming to hunt about "Wind-
not be acknowledged in an English matri- sor, and that she must dislodge thence and
monial cause. go to* the Moor in Hertfordshire. The IMn-
Catherine saw that her only hope lay in cess Mary was ordered at the same time to
procuring a speedy sentence from Rome in leave her mother and go to Richmond. Two
her favour, and she wrote urgently to that
effect to the emperor on 5 April. Ilenrj's
conduct towards ner varied from day to day.
One day when she dined with him he spoke
in unwonted terms of the powdr of the em-
peror, and afterwards, changing the sub-
ject, told her she had not been Kind to her
months later another deputation of the king's
council was sent to the queen with the same
object as before ; but she refused more firmly
than ever, saying, now that she knew him to
be influenced only by passion, she would not
desist from demanding justice where alone
it could be obtained.
daughter Maiy, becaufie she had not made , She was now absolutely without a friend
Catherine 298 Catherine
in England who could do anything for her i right well the way to heaven lies as open
except Chapuys. All her counsel had refused | by water as by land.'
absolutely to have anything more to do with . Bishop Fisher both wrote and preached in
her cause after it was revoked to liome. Still, the queen's favour, and by a sermon at the
she carefully maintained her position as a | beginning of June very nearly subjected him-
wife, and sought opportunities of vindicating self to that imprisonment which ue actuallv
it c^uietly and witnout reproaches. At the underwent a year later. Abell wrote a boolc
be&cinning of 1532 she sent her husband a in her behalf ; Peto, moreover, was preparing
^old cup as a New Year s gift, ' with honor- , another, and his reason for desirinf to go
able and humble words.' She had been abroad was to arrange for its pubbcation.
jstrictly forbidden to write to him or send any The pope meanwhile had sent Henry a brief
messages; and Ilenry was so far from pleased rebuking him for having not only put away
that he refused it angrily ; but fearing that , his wife, but cohabited with Anne Boleyn.
the servant who had presented it would re- | But none of these things produced much
turn it to the queen's messenger, and that ' e^ct upon the king. Cathenne was removed
the latter might take an opportunity of pre- from the Moor, and sent to reside at Bishops
renting it himself before all the court, he^ Hatfield, a place belonging to the Bishop of
sent fur it again, praised its workmanship, ! Ely, and there she remained at the time the
And ordered that it should not be returned j king crossed to Calais with Anne Bolern in
till the evening. , October, in great anxiety lest thev sni.uld
The people felt much for the queen's marry over tliere during the interview with
wrongs. Even Dr. Benet, the king's agent Francis I.
at liome, when in England at the end of 1 531 , This interview was designed mainl v to con-
sent her a secret message desiring her par- vince the pope that the kings of England and
don. He heartily prayed,^ he said, for the , France were so united tliat he could not
success of her cause. The women even broke | offend one without ofiending both. It was
out into tumults in her behalf, and insulted very unpopular in England. The emperor,
Anne Boleyn; shouts were also heard when to counteract the alliance of the two powers,
the king went about, calling upon him to j held a meeting with the pope at Bologna at
take back his queen ; and even in the House the close of the year. Two French cardinals
of Commons two members made the same sent by Fi^ncts to Bologna before the meet-
siiggostion. In answer to a demand for aid to ing was over induced Clement to avoid goine
jstrengtlien the frontier against the Scots, they further in the affair of Catherine than he had
said that the king would protect the realm done already. Henry took advantage of the
much more effectively if he would only take pope's irresolution, and secretly married Anne
back his queen and cultivate the friendship , Boleyn lOn 25 Jan. 1533. He also obtained
of tlie emperor. The aid demanded w^as re- ' from the pope bulls for Cranmer*s promotion
fused, nor does it seem that Ilenrv ever dared , to the see oi Canterbury. As soon as these
to punish the offenders. On Easter day, were secure, he got his parliament to pass an
•31 March 1532, William Peto, the provincial act that no appeals in ecclesiastical causes
of the Grey Friars, preached before the king should henceforth be carried out of the king-
at Greenwich, stronglv opposing the divorce, dom to Rome. The new archbishop was made
The king dissembled his displeasure, and use of to declare the nullity of the King*s mar-
.^ave the friar, who desired to go to Toulouse, riage with Catherine, and the validity of his
permission to leave the kingdom ; then next marriage with Anne Boleyn. Even before
Sunday got a chaplain of his own, named Dr. this was done, an intimation was sent to
Ourwen, to preach in a manner more agree- , Catherine that she must no longer call her-
Able to himself. Dr. Curwen fulfilled his self queen, but only princess dowaffer. At
task, and replied to Peto's sennon, insinuat- Easter (13 April) the marriage was divulged,
ing that Peto had withdrawn himself for and Anne Boleyn openly took upon her the
fear, and expressing a wish that he were pre- name of queen. Yet it was not till 10 May
.sent to answer him. On this another friar, that Craimier opened his court at Dunstable
Elstowe, started up, and offered to confirm to try whether the first marriage was a valid
bv scripture all that Peto had said. The one or not ! Catherine, by the advice of
king was intensely irritated, and both friars . Chapuys, took no notice of the proceedings,
^for Peto had only reached Canterbury) were and the archbishop pronounced her contuma-
soon after called before the council, where ' cious. The court was three times adjourned,
one nobleman told them that they deserved , and sentence was finally pronounced upon
to be put into a sack and thrown into the ' the 23rd, declaring the marriage invalid, let
Thames. ' Make these threats to courtiers,' j it appears by a letter which he wrote to Crom-
Elstowe replied ; ' for as to us, we know i well that during the progress of the suit the
ilibiahop fnit snnin aiLiiely lest the
wcioiu' womikii lihDuld change her mhid
' *nd [lut in tin aii)ieurtiiic« ut the last. I
On 3 J Illy Lord Moiiiitjoj, OatUeriiie e cbam-
bcrliiin,acc[)mjiaiiied by four other gentlemen '
of Imr houBtJiuld, waited on Catherine at
Amptliill by the king's command to remou-
'itL her on having used the name of
iiueen after having orders i
They found her lying on a [KLlIet, having
hurt her foot wiib a pin, and trouliled with
lerere cougb. On uddinKBiiig her as yr'ui-
— ) dowager and showing their inHtructione,
■kt once took HiLceptiou to the title. They
miu fainlvdihut li'<r obstinacy misht even
make the king withdraw his favour [rom her
tlsughter Mary. They came ngnin next day
and allowed her the report of their interview
which they were going to send (o the kitig,
with her own hand struck out the
princess dowager' wherever they
:urred. She declared she would accept no '
' lioo iu her cause except thiitof thepope, !
demanded a co]iy of the in«lriictions
it she might have them iMuislated into
,uiish and sent U> Rome.
On being told of her reply, ns Cliapuys's
wpittclii^B inform ns, the king caused a pro'
(ilamation to be iirinted and publisheil in
liondon by sound of trutnpet. We know
from a lei Ler of the Earl of Derby ou lU Au^;.
following that it muEt have beien to forbid
peupW calling Cntherine queen ; for it up-
jiears ihut n priest namea Jumes Uacrisoii,
oa bearing it read, decbired defiantly ■ that !
Queen CaUierine was i^ueen, and that Nan '
Itullen should not be qitwn,' fur which he
was brought before the earl and examined.
^on afterwards Catherine was removed to
Buckden in Huntingdonshire, a, seat of the
Bt^up of Lincoln. She wsssalutedas queen
Jill the wHv along. The king and his council
iiaxt took into consideration the reduction of
her household, and of the allowance origi-
nally assisnedfor her dower by express treaty
with Ferdinand. The severity of her treat-
was BO much increasml tout she became
fur the utmost pressure to be put
th» pope, whose uuihority, sliebelit^ved,
• still avail to do her justice! but she
surrounded by spies, that she hardly
. it possible to write.
•. indignities to which she bud to submit
It gnlling. In July Anne Boleyn, '
ling forward 1 hpr ownconfine[iient.was ]
T lo poBsems a very rich cloth brouglit by j
lurinu firom Spain, and u^ed by her at
baptism of hmi' children. She was not |
dto urge Henry tn ash <'athHrine for .
TTenry was not asliumed to comply ;
Oatherioe positively refused to give iip ,
her property for a use m scandaloii
t lie birth of Elizabeth, Mary waa told that sh«
must giveuplhenumeof princess, just as her
mother hod been warned to give up that of
queen. When she refused, the whole of her
tiervants were dismissed, and she herself wu
compelled lo dislodge and become a sort of
waiting-womnn attached to the train of her
infant iiister. Then, as it drew near Christmas,
it WHS determined to make Catherine herself
dislodge from Buckden and place her with
a reduced household ut Somersham id the
Isle of Ely. The commissioners only failed
to satiefv the king because they had not suffi-
cient inhumanity or firmness lo overcome
Catherine's resistance bv force. Buckdea
was by no means a healthy situation, but
Somereham was worse, and it was hardly
passible to avoid a suspicion that the king
and Anne Boleyn were seeking to hastsa her
death. The commissioners dismissed a num-
ber of Catherine's servants who declined to
be sworn to her anew as princess of Wales ;
but they failed with nil the menaces they
could use to get her lo consent to her own
removal. For sit daj-s they remained hoping
to conquer her obstinacy ; but she locked.
herself up in her own chamber, and told them
thruugh a bole in the wall that if they meant
to remove her tEey must break open the
doors uud carry her off hy force. They at
length returned to the kiur with a confession
that thev had only been able to execute one
part of tLeir charge. Henry was very angry
at their want of thoroughness!
It seems to have been about the beginning
of November 1593 that the king saw fit
to imprison Eliiabeth Barton [see Birton,
Elizabeth]. Nothina whatever was found
in her evidence to implicate Catherine.
The life which slie was then leading at
Buckden was passed, as we are informed by
llarpSeld, ' in muchprayer, gieat alms, and
abstinence. And when she was not in this
way occupied then was she and her gentle-
women working with their own hands some-
thing wrought in needlework, costly and
artificially, which she intended to the honour
of God to bestow npon some churclies. There
was in the said house of Buckden a chamber
with a window that liad a prospect into the
chapel, out of which she might hear divine
service. In this chamber she enclosed her-
self, sequestered from all other company, a
great part of the day and night, and upon
her knees used to pray at the said window
leaning upon tlie stones of the same. There
was some of her gcnilewomi'U that did
curiously mark and obwrve all her doiuffs,
who reported (hat oftentimes they found Uie
said stones so wet after her departure aa
Catherine 300 Catherine
though it had rained upon them. It was | This Mary did by refusing to accompany her
credibly thought that in the time of her , infant sister cm lier removal from one house
prayer she removed the cusliions that ordi- to another. Two doctors were sent to Ca-
narily lay in the same window, and that the therine to summon her to swear to the new
said stones were imbrued with the tears of Act of Succession. She replied by inti-
lier devout eyes ' (Pretended Divorce, 200). mating to the doctors the sent^^nce ^ven in
He adds: * I have credibly also heard that at her favour at Home. She was forbidden to
a time when one of her gentlewomen began liold her maundy on Maundy Thursday, and
to curse the lady Anne Boleyn she answered, about the end of April or beginning of May
** Hold your peace. Curse her not, but pray she was removed to Kimbolton, a house
for her ; for tne time will come shortly when which had belonged to Sir Richard Winp-
you shall have much need to pity and lament field, an English ambassador who had died
ner case." ^ ' in Spain some years before, and was still in
On 17 Jan. 1534 Chapuys writes that Ca- possession of his heirs. It was a small man-
therine had never left her own room since sion, but she was better lodged here tlian
that visit of the Duke of Suifolk, just a she had be<^n at Buckden, for the king, we
month before, except to hear mass in a find, was anxious to contradict the rumours
gallery. She was at this time careful not that had got abroad as to her ill-treatment,
to eat or drink anything nlaced before her Here, on 21 May, she was visited bv I..ee.
by some new senants who had been assigned archbishop of York, and Tunstall, bisliop of
to her by Suftblk in ])lace of those dismissed, Durham, sent to her by the king with a
and the little food she ventured to take was message. They were to explain and justify
cooked by her chamberwomen in what was to her what had been done in parliament
now alike lier bedroom, her sitting-room, lest she should plead ignorance of the effect
and her kitclien. The king, on the other of the Act of Succession. Tunstall was fre-
hand, was anxious 'that she should not eat quently interrupted in his speech by Cathe-
or drink anvthing that was not supplied by rine, who witli great anger and bitterness-*
him, and iier custodians, as Chapuys re- contradicted him on several points, and re-
marked, seemed anxious to give her an arti- minded him that he himself nad given her
ficial droi)sy. Iler situation was but little opinions directly at variance with those hf
improved when at last judgment was pro- then attempted to justify. He replied that
nounced. On 23 March 15;i4 sentence was the decisions of uniA'ersities and the pro-
given by the pope in a secret consistory- at ceedinps of the legislature had since altere<l
Home that her marriage with Henry was his judgment, and he counselled her to alter
valid. But parliament had not only declared hers as well.
Anne Boleyn (jueon and (!'atherine princess i These soj)histries, however, we^e but to
dowager, but had passed two separate acts smooth the way for the dreadful warning
taking away tlie jointure of tlie latter and that disobedience to the statute involved thi'
giving it to the former. Some opi)08ition, penalty of death. When this was intimate<l
indeed, was made to this in the commons, to her by the bishops, she became still more
the representatives of London and some other firm, and said if any one was ready to cam-
cities fearing tliat as tlieir constituencies had out the sentence upon her, let nim come
stood pledges for the fulfilment of the terms forward at once. It was clearly hopeless t'»
of tlie marriage treaty, English merchants intimidate her, and the king had to alter hi>
might be illtreatf^d in 8i)ain ; but they were policy. Only certain maids who had refused
assured that the obligation had been abolished the oath were removed from her, and shut
by a modification of the treaties to which the up in a chamlx?r, while her confessor, phy si-
emperor had given liis constant. Moreover the ] cian, and apothecarv were forbidden to leav»»
king pro<luced a roll of certain lands, which the house. These tliree were Spaniards who
he intended to give Catherine in exchange had been long in her service ; lind Catherine,
for those of her jointure, to the value of apparently by Chapuys's advice, sent hrr
three thousand crowns a year, and the com- steward and gentleman usher to the king
mons resisted no longer. requesting that she might have their service?*
It was ])robnbly to announce the passing again on their simply swearing allegianct^
of this act that we find, by one letter of to the king and to her as their mistress. She,
the period, the Duke of Norfolk and Fitx- however, sent another and evidently mon»
william left the court on 14 March and rode important message as well, the exact terms
towards Catherine; and towards the end of of which we do not know. Her servants
the m(mth Chapuys indicates that both she returned to lier on 4 June bearing an answer
and her daughter Mary had thought it ad- 1 from the privy council, which they had been
Tiaable ' to show the king their teeth a little.' i ordered to put into writing and i«ad to her.
Catherine 301 Catherine
The king and council first expressed their ; do 80 as princess dowager, but not as queen,
surprise at her obstinacy in persisting, in which of course was to Catherine practical
spite of all presumptions to the contrary, prohibition.
that she had been a maid when she married There seemed little wanting to fill up the
him. To this she replied by affirming it all , cup of Catherine's misery. And yet the
themorestrongly, and calling God to witness relentless course of the king's tyranny in
it« truth. Secondly, slie was told that her i 1535 inspired her with a new terror. First
reliance on the sentence given at Ilome was the Cartiiusian monks were dragged to exe-
II mistake. It was delivered after the king cution for denying the king to be supreme
had appealed to a general council ; more- , head of the church of England ; then Bishop
over the ' bishop of Home ' had no authority | Fisher and Sir Thomas More sufiered the
in England. She answered that she would same fate. Till now she had never realised
hold by the pope's sentence. Thirdly, as to to herself how far her husband would dare to
the request tnat her Spanish servants should outrage the common feelings of all Christ-
be restored to her on swearing fealty to the endom, or how he could even do so with
king and herself * and no other woman,' she impunity. The whole civilised world was
must express herself more definitely ; for , shocked, and the pope fulminate a sentence
the king could by no means allow them to ] against Henry to deprive him of his king-
swear to her as queen, though he might pos- dom ; but no relief came to Catherine,
sibly consent to let them swear to her as About the beginning of December 1535
princess dowager. she became seriously unwell, and though she
yrUhe strict imprisonment in which both : recovered for a time, she had a relapse the
^he and her daughter were kept, and the day after Christmas. She was believed then
liarsh refusal to each of the natural comfort to^ on the point of death, and the fact being
of the other's company, was intended to break intimated to Chapuys, he obtained the king's
down their opposition to the king piecemeal, permission to visit her. .He arrived on tne
For the same reason Chapuys, whom Cathe- morning of New-year's day, and was at once
rine had desired to come to her, remained admitted to her presence; after which she
for weeks soliciting in vain license of the > desin^d him to rest, and thought she could
king to go, tiU he at length went of his own | sleep a little herself, for she had not liad
accord, setting out with sL\ty horses in his more than two hours* sleep altogether during
company through the whole length of Lon- the previous six days. On the evening of that
don, and taking care that his object should , same day a devoted countrywoman of her
be known as widely as possible. Even then own found means to l)e admitted to her pre-
he was met by messengers who told him sence without a passport. It was Lady W il-
that an inter^'iew could not be allowed ; but loughby, formerly Maria de Salinas, one of
he and his company went on and presented her maids of honour, who came with her from
themselves before the place, where tlie queen Spain, now motlier-in-law to Henry VIITs
favourit+», the Duke of Suftblk. She appeared
before the gates of Kimboltou Castle, saying
and her suite, to the great satisfaction of all
the country people, spoke to them from the
battlements and windows. i she had travelled in haste fearing she would
Of sympathy there was no lack ; several be too late to see (.'atherine again alive. She
lords expressed their disappointment that begged leave at once to come in and warm
the emperor did not send an expedition to herself, as she sufl'ered bitterly from the cold,
Kngland to vindicate the rights of his aunt and also from a fall frr)in her horse. It was
and cousin. But the emperor was engaged impossible to disoblige a lady of such high
in other matters. Cromwell was not ashamed
social position. She was admitted to tne
to hint to the imperial ambassador that it . hall, and even to Catherine's chamber; and
was a pitv the friendly relations between ! once there, she remained with her old mis-
I lenry and Charles should be in any danger tress to the end. * We neither saw her again,
from the regard of the latter for two ladies, ! nor beheld any of her letters,' wrote Beding-
who after all were mortal, seeing that if field, who, under the name of steward, was
they were removed there could be no ob-
stacle to cordiality. *You may be sure,'
writes Chapuys to Granville, * they think
Catherine's custodian ( Strype, Ecclesiastical
Memorials, i. pt. i. 372).
Chapuys stayed four days at Kimbolton,
day and night of getting rid of these good during which time lie had an audience of
ladies.' In March 1535 the queen again | Catherine every day. Her spirits revived.
determined to keep a maundy, and mes-
sengers were despatched in haiste to court
to know whether it should "be allowed, on
which the council determined that she might
she took better rest and nourishment, and
her physician thought her out of immediate
danger. Chapuys accordingly took leave
of her on Tuesday night, 4 Jan., and left
Catherine 302 Catherine
Kimbolton on the AVednesday morning after j declared to some of his privy councillon^
learning that she had slept well. After mid- that he really could remain no longer a prey
night) in the early hours of Friday, 7 Jan., ' to such anxiety as he had endured on account
she became restless, and asked frequently j of Catherine and her daughter, and they
what o'clock it was, merely, as she explained, must devise some means of relieving him at
that she might hear mass. George Athequa, the coming parliament. The death of Cathe-
the Bishop of Llandaff, offered to say it for rine, therefore, furnished precisely the relief
her at four o'clock, but she objected, giving ' which he required ; and there was much in
him reasons and authorities in Latin why it the circumstances besides to suggest the idea
should not be at that hour. At daybreak of poison. Even before her death her phy-
she received the sacrament. She then de- I sician, in answer to Chapuys's inquiries,
sired her servants to pray for her, and also owned that he suspected it. She had never
to pray that God might forgive her husband, i been well, he saia, since she had drunk a
She caused her physician to write her will, certain Welsh beer. Yet the symptoms were
which she dictated to him in the form of : unlike ordinary poison, and he could only
a supplication to her husband, because she suppose that it was something very special,
knew that by the law of England a married Such an opinion, of course, is of very little
woman had no right to make a will of her weight when we consider the low stat-e of
own. She desired to be buried in a convent ! medical science at the time. But after her
of Observant friars, not knowing, in all proba- death steps were at once t«ken to embalm
bility, that the whole order of the Observants the body and close it up in lead with a
had been suppressed and driven out of the secresy that does seem rather to suggest
kingdom more* than a year before. She also ^ foul play. Eight hours aft«r she died the
desired five hundred masses to be said for ^ chanaler of t^ house with two assistants
her soul, and ordained a few small legacies, came to do the work, everybody else being
At ten o'clock she received extreme unction, j turned out of the room, including even the
repeating devoutly all the responses. At two physician and the Bishop of Llandaff, the
o'clock in the afternoon she passed away. | deceased lady's confessor. The chandler
These particulars are derived from a des- , afterwards informed the bishop, but as a
patch of Chapuys written a fortnight later, great secret, which would cost nim his life
The will which she dictated is still extant in | if it were revealed, that he had found all
two forms, French and English. From Poly- the internal or^M»sound except the heart,
doreVergiljlikewisea contemporary, we learn | which was bla^^^^frightful to look at ;
that she also dictated to one of hur maids a that he had ^'^^^B^^ three times, but it
last letter to the king, forgivin^ him all he remained of ^^^|B^ colour, then cut it
had done to her, and beseeching him to be a open and founcr^W%side black also; and
good father to their daughter Mary. * Lastly,' , further, that he had found a certain round
she concludes, * I vow that mine eyes desire black object adhering to the outside of the
you above all things.' This brief epistle, of heart.
which the text is given in a Latin form Tlie bishop took the physician into his
by Polydore Vergil, is said by him to have confidence, and the latter was distinctly of
brought tears into Henry's eyes. Unhappily, , opinion that the symptoms indicated poison,
this does not harmonise withChapuys'sn»port I lout it must be said that (as has been shown
of the way in which Ilenr^- received the news by Dr. Norman Moore) the medical science
of her death. * God be praised! 'he exclaimed, of the present day is quite oppOv««ed to this
* we are now delivered from all fear of war.' : conclusion, and that the symptoms now are
The possibility that the emperor might at known to be those of a disease called by the
last lead an expedition against England to ' profession melanotic sarcoma, or more popu*
avenge the wrongs of his aunt was now at larlv, cancer of the heart (-4f^^?uwi»», 31 Jan.
an end. The onljr cause that could disturb j 1885, p. 152; 14 Feb. p. 215; 28 Feb. p.
their friendship or interfere with Henry's per- | 281). We may therefore put aside the sus-
fect freedom of action was removed. And picions of murder. Abroad in the world
the king was at no pains to conceal his satis- . Henry had not the temerity to express his
faction, appearing next day at a ball attired
in yellow from head to foot, with a white
feather in his cap.
Perhaps this indecent ioy of Henry's
affords in itself a reasonable presumption
that a certain not imnatural suspicion of
Chapuys's was really without foundation.
More than two months before the king had
joy. He gave orders for a stately funeral
becoming the person of one whom lie pecMf-
nised as a sister-in-law, besides being daugh-
ter of the late King Ferdinand of Arragon
(Archetol, xvi. 23). The abbey church of
Peterborough was appointed to receive her
remains, and thither on 27 and 28 Jan., three
weeks after her death, they were conveyed
Catherine
Catherine
^'ilh much aolemnitji nnd lieraldk ]ioni[i, ac-
companied by a numerous train of nubli.-meii,
tcentlemeti, und ladies. At nialit on tbe
27tli the body rested at Sawtry Abbey, about
mJdwav between Kimbolton and Peter-
boroii^h. The twt of the journey wbb uc-
comphehed next day. The interment itaelf
took place on the 29tli. Her own daughter
was not allowed to attend the ceremony,
nnd the place of chief mourner was filled by
Henry'9 niece. Elennor, the daughter of the
Doke of Suffolk.
GDlherine was of a fikir complexion and,
t-o jiidp* by her portraite, the best known
of which is by Hulbein, eomewhat plump.
Her cunstiliition mu£l have been naturally
fetrong, but her tastes do not appear to have
been such aa commonly go trith a vigoroiia
hnhit of body. She seems to have cared
little for hunting and field-sports, and loved
to occupy heraelf wilh her needle. Her
piety, wnich ghe inherited from her mother,
waa nursed by misfortune and neglect from
her earliest yeare. She relied mainly for
s|iirilual advice on the counsels of Franciscan
friars of the reformed order colled Obser-
vnnifi, from whom during her early life in
England she chose a confeasor, and among
whom, as we have seen, she desired to find
a place of sepulture. That she was a de-
voted student of the Bible we know from
Erasmus. It is remnrh||i| that the great
scholar dedicated to b^^H|20 (juM syeor
before the king's P''<)^^^^K^ divorce wu
tnlked about) his n-or^^^Biristtnn 3Iatri-
■Donv,' which he prolJi^lRote at her sug-
geation.
[UariaDH, Bittoria General ile Espaon ; Bec-
' iwldK, Bivtoria de Ids Keyes Catolicos D. Fer-
^^ DMido y Pofia Isabel ; Lriand's CollectaneB. v.
302-TS; "Brewer and Gnirdnei's Citl. uf Slate
I>pen, Henry VH] ; Bergonroth ami OuyuDgus's
Col. of State Papers (Spaninh); Guiidnsr's Me-
iDonale of Benry TH. nnd Letlen, &c., of the
Beigns of Richard lU and Henry TU ; Stars
P8p«r».Hi-QryVJII;H»ll'ii Chronicle; Cavendish's
Life of Woiwj : HivrpBllelde Trtarise en the Pre-
tended Divorce belTenn Heniy VUI and Cutha-
rioe of Amgon; Furrent's Hlalory of Grisild
the 3»w)rd (RoilinrKlie Club) : TraDscriptafrom
ViennaArehitesintTiePublicRecord Office. Of
modern lives of Cnttierine, even the best, thnt of
"hsittricklHUd.hasbecomeobeoleteowiDgtothe
tA)£aam«ont of new information, supplied chiefly
m tha archives of Spain and Vienna, Khich
Pfca (band in the Calendoie. There are, in-
rerecentstadiesliy Albert iJaBoyiand
. Ute Mr. Bep«orih Dixon, hot even these
w ftnndcd on imperfect hnatrledge, and mnTiy
of the (talenienli of the latter in his Bittory
of Two Qnernn ore utterly an'urporltd by tho
. ^titboriliu ha himself add iieeK.] J. O.
tftW""'
Hhtntha
^^mfttini
CATHERINE Howarb (rf. 1543), fifth
quuen of Ilenrj- VIII, was the daughter nf
Lord Edmund Howard, a younger son of
Thomas, second duke of Norfolk, the Tictor of
Klodden Field. Her mother was Lord Ed-
mund's first wife, Joyce or Jocosa, daughter of
Sir Richard Culpepper of Kent, one of that
family who afterwards became lords of the
manor of Holingbotime. According to her
latest biographer, she was widow of Sir John
Leigh of Stockwell, but this is certainly n
mistake, for not only was she Lord Edmund'e-
wife long before Sir John Leigh's death in
1523, but it appears bv the inquisition od
Leigh's lands (15 Sen'. VUI. No, 69) that
he willed certain property afl«r his dec^se,
in the event of two nephews dying without
issue, to Lord Edmund and this very Jocosn
his wife, who therefore could never have'
been the wife of Sir John I.eigh, but, as it
appears by other evidence,had been the wife
01 bis brother Ralph Irfigh {Anhi^Iiiffia
Cantiana, iv. 264; MiNKlKO and BuAT,
Surrey, iii. 497). Further, ae regards the-
date of Catherine's birth, it is said that she
was the fifth child in the family, and Miss-
Strickland infers that, she could not have
b«en bom before 16S1 or 1523, because, ae
she informs us. Lord Edmund Howard was
one of the bachelor noblemen who accom-
panifd Marj- Tudor to France in 1616. It is
unfortunate that wo are not told the source
of this information. Mary Tudor really went '
to France in 1514, but we have soujfbl in
vain for cvi('"nce that Lord Edmund went
thither alonn with her, or that he was n
bachelor at thnt date. On the other hand,
as Lord Edmund is believed to have been
bom between 147» and XM^ (Bovard Me~
mortals, 12), and wa know for c-ertain that
hi» fathei^in-Iaw, Sir Riehatcl Culpepper,
died in 1484 (Hastet. Sent, ii, 18P, 223.
iS:c.) it is not in itself a very probable thing
that he waited till he was over thirty-fire
to marry a woman who wa.B over thirty.
WbatuTer the truth may be on this point,
it is certain that she had a veir bad educa-
tion. Her father was wretchedly poor. For
sen'icea at Fiodden the king rewnrded him
with a grant of three shillbge and fourpenee-
B day. to continue for t&ea years (Ca!.
He?,, mi, ii. 1463), at the end of which
timehewasallowed 'diets for tokingthiev"'
at twenty shillings a day, for about a venr
and a quarter (i*. pp, 1473-4, 1478). 'But
with a family of tan children be found it
hard to maintain himself, and he was com-
pelled at times to aioid his creditors, and
those who had stood surety for him wero'
arrested in his Btpnd {Eii.is, I^ftem, Srd'
series, j. 160; Cal. Hen. VUI, voL iv. Nob.
Catherine
304
Catherine
8730-1). At last he was made controller of
Calais, but even the emolument-s of that
post hardly sufficed by themselves to relieve
him from his difficulties without some addi-
tional assistance, which Cromwell seems to
have procured for him (Cal. vol. v. No. 1042).
His first wife died, and he married a second,
named Dorothy Troyes, when apparently he
was ^lad to hand over the care of his daugh-
ter Catherine to his mother, the old Duchess
Agnes of Norfolk.
A musician named Henry Mannock or
!Manox, belonginpf to the duchess's retinue
at Horsham in Norfolk, who taught Cathe-
rine the use of the virginals, got on terms of
familiarity with the neglected girl, and one
of the duchess's women, named Isabel, car-
ried tokens between them. After a while
Isabel married and left tlie household, and
one Dorothy Barwick of Horsham became
confidante in her place. The Duchess of
Norfolk, however, removed her household to
Ijambeth, the suburban residence of the
Howard family, not, as has been suggested,
with a view to the coronation of Anne
Boleyn, because it appears from the deposi-
sition of Mannock that he first entered her
service about \iyii6, tlie year of Aime Boleyn's
fall, so that the earliest instance of Cathe-
rine's misconduct must have occurred within
four years of her marriage. Catherine, how-
ever, came to Lambeth, and had for a com- ;
pauion in the same dormitory one Mary
Lassells, who had been nurse to her aunt,
Lady William Howard, and after her death
in 1533 (Howard Memorials, 87) had passed
into the service of the duchess. Here some
conversations took place, of which Catherine
was the subject, between Mary Lassells and
Dorothy Barwick, who said that Mannock
was betrothed to Catherine. * What ! ' ex-
claimed Mary Lassells, addressing Mannock,
^ meanest thou to play the fool of this fashion 't
Knowest thou not that an' my lady of Nor- |
folk know of the love between thee and Mrs.
Howard she will undo thee ? * Mannock re- '
plied with gross efTronterv, and in a way that
certainly showed very little real respect for
Catherine, declaring that she had promised
to be his mistress, and had allowed him
already to take the most indecent liberties
with her. On being informed of what he
said, she was indignant, and went with Mary
Lassells to seek him out and reproach him.
The affair passed over, and nothing more
seems to have been heard of it for years.
But another lover appeared in the retinue of
the Duke of Norfolk, one Francis Dereham,
who was some way or other a kinsman of
her own, and was favoured by the old duchess.
The couple interchanged love tokens. He
gave Catherine a silk heart's-eose, and she
gave him a band and sleeves for a shirt.
It is clear that the couple were fully engaged
to each other, and sucii an engagement, ac-
cording to the views then prevalent, invali-
dated any subsequent marriage that was at
variance with it. So Francis Dereham and
Catherine Howard called each other hus-
band and wife, although their engagement
was not known to the world. One day it
was remarked that he kissed her very freely,
and he replied, ' Who should hinder him
from kissing his own wife ? ' Still the mat-
ter was kept so quiet that the old duche^^
under whose root Catherine lived knew but
little of what passed between them. Dere-
ham brought his mistress wine, strawlxjrries,
apples, and other things after my lady vru
gone to bed, and Catlierine was even sus-
])ected of having sometimes stolen the keys
to let him in at a later hour.
It appears that this attachment was broken
off on Catherine's being called to court. In
anticipation of that event Dereham had said
that he would not remain in the duchess's
household after she was gone, to which, ab-
cording to her own account afterwards, she
replied *that he might do as he list.' Dere-
ham himself apparently gave a different ac-
count of the parting, according to which
Catherine replied that it grieved her as much
as him, and tears trickled down her cheeks
in confirmation of what she said. Catherine,
as queen, denied this utterly. Perhaps it is
more charitable to herself to believe the stor}'
of her lover. He left the duchess's house-
hold and went to Ireland, or perhaps scoun^d
the Irish seas for some time, lor he was after-
wards accused of piracy. He n^tumed before
Catherine was queen, and heard a report that
she was engaged to be married to her cousin
young Thomas Culpepper. He demanded an
answer from herself if it were true. * What
should you trouble me thereAvith ?' she an-
swered, * for vou know I will not have vou.
And if you heard such report, you heard more
than I do know.'
In 1540 the king had married Anne of
Cleves. The marriage was from the first
distasteful to the king. A catholic reaction
had already set in, and Bishop Gardiner, who
had for some time been excluded from th**
king's councils, was recalled to c<^urt. He
entertained the king in his own house, and
it was under the bisliop's roof that a famili-
arity first grow up between Henry atad Ca-
therine Howard, which the bishop apparently
did his best to encourage. No one, of course,
could have ventured to hint at a divorce
from Anne of Cleves till it was clear that the
king himself was bent on it, and Richard
3oj
Catherine
IIjIIl-s, an En^liaL mercluint, wliu fBroui-i.'J
lUe new doctrines, -wriling to Henry Bullin-
g»i, KlZiiricli, says dwiiiictly it wna theobjei-t
of the wtliolio party ut first to ai-t up Ciithe-
Tine M a rival to the qui«n in a less honour-
able pORitloti. The king, however, bad vi■^wa
of kia own, and ft rumour ^mdually got
abroad thnt the qiiseu Wiu to tw divorced and
the young hidy to take her place. The poii-
tion certainly look horsult tu well as the
world by surprise. Utd associates, beginning
li> percuiTe how matters stood, pressed their
claims upou lier. ~ It was rumoured, indeed,
that the king had not only begun to Iotb
h>;r, but hod actually made her pregnant
before Anne of Clevea was divorced {Cal.,
"N'euice, v. 87). The report was wrong, cer-
tainly, as a matter of fact. Annu of Cleves
was divorced by a decree of convoeation on
9 July, and paVliamant besought the king,
'for the f^oaii of his people,' to enter the
matrimonial state yet a Gfth tim» to the huuD
af more numerous issue, lie accordingly
married Catharine, quite privatelv, nt Oat-
lands, on 28 July (Third Ef.port of Dep.-
Kefprr of fublif Jieoord*, Am. n. 261), and
oa S Aug. publicly acknowledged hsr as hia
queen at Hampton Court. On the loth she
ima prayed for in all the churches bv that
title.
The couple ap^nt a fortnight at Wind-
sor, and thence made a brief progress by
Ueodio^, Ewelme, and other places to Oraf-
ton and Ampthill, returning to Windsor on
'22 Oct. Judt after tbei^ had departed on
this tour a priest at Windsor was arrested
slon^ with another pjrson for speaking un-
fitting word) uf the queen, but the matter
a>)eins to have been trivial, for the prieet was
digmisaed with a mere admonition, and no-
thiii{^ more appears to have come of it. Some
very ill-founded rumours were also set afloat
that the king might poaiibiy repudiate Ca-
thiirine and take bock Anno of Cleves aj his
qii(<en. But those rumours soon died away,
as the fact was apparent that the king was,
fr>r the time at least, thoroughly enamoured
<tf his new spouse. Opinions, indeed, were
divided to, to her beauty, which the French
■unbasaador Marillac thought only mediocre,
but even ho admitted that she had a very
vriunini; countenance.
Partly to quiet hie nortliern subject* and
partly to meet James V of Scotland' at York,
t}i(i king, in July, set out on a progress along
with Catherine. They paesea by Dunsta-
ble, AmntJiill, GraftoUj and Northampton,
tkroogh Lincolnshire, into Yorkshire, reach-
ini* i'untofract in the latter part of August,
where they remained till the beginning uf
Se^C^mbur, During this piriod book place
soma of those stolen interviews with former
lovers which, even if they were not actually
criminal, helped to bring Catherine to coufu-
eion. At Lincoln, and again at Pontefroct,
Lady Itochford procured meetingj between
I her and her cousin Culpepper, one of which
, lasted from eleven at night till three in the
nxorniug. How interviews at such hours
were kept from the kiiu's knowledge is not
I explained to lu, but Lady Rochfbrd set a
, watch on back entrances, and the alToir waa
I effectually conceabd. At Pontefract, on
37 Aug., Catherine appointed Francis Dare-
ham as her secretary, perhaps as, the best
way of keeping matters quiet, though it was
obviously a dangerous eipsdieut. The roval
party went on to York, where thev arrived
in the middle of September, hat James did
not make bis appearance, and in the end of
the month they began to move hrjmewards
again. On 1 Oct. they reached Hull, where
they stayed five days, and then passed on, by
Kettleby, Colly Weston, and Ampthill, to
Windsor and Hampton Court, where thev
arrived on the 30th to keep the fei^t of .\tl
Saints' on 1 Nov.
The aolemnities of All SainM' day were
dulv performed, and the king ordered tha
Bishop of Lincoln, his confessor, to give
thanks to God with him for the good life be
led and hoped to lead, ' after sundry troubles
lind which hod happened t( ' '
with her who v
'ste?hi
SeuC^mbur
day at moss Archbishop Cra
into the king's hand which he
requested him to read in the strictest privacy.
It contained information given him by John
Lasaells, the brother of tnat Mary Lnssells
who had been a servant of the old Duchess
of Norfolk, and who was now married in
apply for service with the queen. She re-
Klied that she would not, but was very sorry
ir t he queen. ' Why so ? ' asked Lassells,
and his sister told him in reply of her former
intercourse with Dareham and Maunock. and
that a maid in the house had refused to share
her bedroom in consequence. Perplexed with
this dreadful news, the archbishop at Bret
consulted the lord chancellor and the Earl
of Hertford, who agreed that it ought to be
communicated to the king, and that no one
wus 80 lit to do it OS the archbishop himielf.
Henry was unable at first to believe the
news, and he ordered a strict investigation.
The lord privy sea) (Fit^william, earl of
Southampton) was despatched secretly first
to London to examine Lissells, the infor-
mant, and than into Sussex to examine liia
ebter, making a prutonce of hunting. Sir
Catherine
306
Catherine
Thomas Wriothesley was at the same time
sent to London to examine Mannock, and to
arrest Dereham, not on the charge of crimi-
nal intercourse with the queen, but on a
charge of piracy. On being questioned, how-
ever, Derenam himself confessed to haying
frequently lain with the que^. Mannock
confessed to no such intercourse, but admitted
that he had been allowed to take liberties.
The result of the secret inyestigations was
most painfully convincing. The kin^ shed
bitter tears over the discovery — a thing, as
his privy council observed, * which was
strange in his courage.' It was months be-
fore he recovered his old buoyancy of spirits.
He commissioned Archbishop Cranmer,
Lord-chancellor Audley, the Duke of Nor-
folk, the lord chamberlain, and the Bishop
of Winchester to wait upon the queen and
interrogate her upon the matter. She at
iirst denied her guilt till she found that
denial was hopeless. She then disclosed
everything, ana the archbishop took her con-
fession in writing. Thus the case was com-
plete against both her and her accomplices by
their own confession ; but it was not admitted
that since her marriage with the king any-
thing criminal had taken place. It might
be doubted whether a capital charge could
be founded on these acts alone; l3ut even
the use of torture did not wring more from
Dereham, and the king could only point to
the vehement presumption of criminal acts
done afterrvaras.
As regards Catherine herself, if the case
could have been judged impartially, she had
really committee! adultery in marrying the
king, not in any acts done with Dereham.
But she steadily denied that she had ever
consented to become Dereham's wife. After
her confession Cranmer was sent to her again.
The archbishop found her almost out of her
mind with terror. The announcement of the
king's intended mercy relieved her anxiety
for a moment ; but little could be extractecl
from her.
On 11 Nov. Cranmer was instructed to
proceed further, and when he had obtained
all the information he could get to take the
queen's keys from her, and intimate the
king's pleasure that she should remove on
^londay to Sion House. She was still to
have the name and dignity of queen, but with
a very much reduced establishment, three
chambers only being allowed to her, * hanged
with mean stuff,' and a very modest atten-
dance of servants. Next day the lord chan-
cellor declared to the judges the fact of the
Queen's misconduct ; and such members of
uie council as had been privy to the investi-
gation were instructed to set forth the whole
matter on Sunday the ISth to the ladies and
gentlemen of the household, without making^
mention of any pre-contract with Dereham.
The king and his council were evidentlT
bent on establishing a case of adultery, but
the information as yet would hardly serve.
The pre-contract would have inyalidated the
marriage altogether, and there were no evi-
dences of unlawful intercourse after the mar-
riage had taken place. But if this could
not be established in the case of Derehtm,
there was a considerable presumption in that
of Culpepper. Catherine, however, had not
yet fully confessed all that had passed be-
tween herself and her cousin ; ana Cnnmer,
Paulet, and Wriothesley were instructed to
question her further.
Meanwhile, the old Duchess of Norfolk, on
hearing that the queen and Dereham were
arrested, sent a servant named Pewson to
Hampton Court to learn particulars. She
certainly knew that Catherine had in past
years held stolen interviews under her roof
both with Mannock and with Dereham. She,
moreover, had even then in her custody two
I coffers belonging to Dereham, which con-
' tained papers apparently of some importance.
She hastily broke them open and examined
! what was in them.
Now, the duke her stepson was sent to
Lambeth to search Dereham's coffers, and
when it was found that she had done so
herself, it was naturally suspected that she
had destroyed some papers that would some-
how have compromised her. She was closely
questioned ana professed that her only motive
was to search lor evidences and send them
to the king. She foresaw clearly her com-
mittal to the Tower, from which she did not
hope to come out alive. Pewson also was
arrested ; and all who had opportunities of
knowing the queen's misconduct were like-
wise placed in custody. Among these were
her uncle. Lord William Howard, and his
wife, her aunt, the Countess of Bridgewater,
Joan Bulmer, Catherine Tylney, one Robert
Davenport, and a number of others.
Meanwhile, Culpepper and Dereham were
tried and condemned on 1 Dec. The evi-
dence against them had been elicited from
themselves and others, partly by the use of
torture. Yet Culpepper denied his guilt to
the last. There is in the Record Office a
letter addressed to him by Catherine Howard
before she was queen, which reads, to say
the least, not unlike a love letter, and shows
that even in those da^s Lady Bochford was a
medium of commumcation between tbemr
but it proves nothing as to criminal inti-
macy. Xady Bochford would hare been
brought to trial at the same time bnt that
^Catherine
Catherine
three ilays after her arreBt she went com-
pletely out of her mind with Ihe horror of
the situation. She was, however, veryuare-
fully tended in order that she might after-
wards be put upon her trinl and brought to
condign punishment. The queen, too, still
remnined untried at Sion House, while her
guilt was pT^ud^ bj the sentences already
executed npon Derehum and Culpepper.
defence. The deput
. was «(jreed I
She P
:ried e
when anothei
b&t«h of
Howard, hobert Davenport, Catherine Tyl-
ney, and several others of lesa not*, was ■
brought up at the Guildhall three weeks |
later, and condemned of misprision for con- j
cealing what (hey knew. Tliese received '
their ften[«nee on 22 Dec., which was per- I
petual imprisonment and forfeiture of goods '
to the king. The Duchess of Norfolk was |
Srdoned her life, confessing that she had
ae wrong in brealoDg up Dereham's cof-
fers i and perhaps she savtd herself even
from very extreme treatment by revealing
to the lord pri(-y seal and Mr. Secretary
Wriothesley the place where she had hidden
N sum of 800/. Uliimately she received a
complete pardon and was releaj<ed from her
cDnnnement on 5 May 1542 (see STBictLiND,
iii. 172). But for the present she was kept
cioae. So many were involved in the charge
of concealing Catherine's misconduct that
there was no room in the ordinary prisons,
and special arrangements were made for re-
ceiving them in the king's and queen's lodg-
iagfs. They were visited in tlieir cells by the
Duke of Suffolk, the Earls of Southampton,
Suesei, and Hertford, and other members of
the privy council.
Yet itwastoshowhiaclemency,according
to current report, that Henry did not bring
Cnlherine to trial until parliament met ,
(Chapuys to Charles V, 3 Dec., in Froudb'h '
TAe Pitgrin, p. 15fl). In other words, he |
would not appear of hie owu accord to break i
his promise of pardon to her. On 16 Jan. I
154j parliament met at 'Westminster, and i
on the '21st a bill of attainder against the j
queen and I^ady llochford was read for the |
first time. The names of the Duchess of
Norfolk, Lord William Howard, and others '
were also included in the bill as guilty of I
misprision. The second reading, however, '
w»« postponed foran unusual titne. On the
SBth the lord chanceUor declnn^ lo the
house certaiu reasons why it should not be
hiialily proceeded with ; the queen was not
n mitw privat* person, and her cause ought
to be thoroughly wt^tghedj and he suggested
that a deputation from both houses shoutd
wait upon hrr ond encoumge her to speak
-.ioiliJly whott-'ver she had lo sny in hiT own
subject to the king's approval,
Monday following (30 Jan.) the chancellor
explained that it hod been put off by advico
of the council, who thought it more impor-
tant that they should jpetition his majesty,
first, not to take hb mufortune too heavilv,
considering how the weal of tho wholo
realm depended upon him ; secondly, that
they might coofirm in parliament the at-
tainder of Culpepper and Dereham ; thirdly.
that parliament should be free to proceed to
judgment in the case of the queen and her
other confederates that the matter might no
longer hang in doubt ; fourthly, that after-
wards the king might give his assent to what
was done hy commission under the great seal
without words or ceremony which would
renew his pain ; and, fifthly, that if any hod
offended the statutes in speaking freely of
the queeu, they should have the oenefit of
a general pardon.
All this seema very much like a round-
about way of relieving the king &om thn
imputation of breach of fiuth for bringing
Catherine to the block after he had promised
to spare her life.
A curious point as to parliamentary prac-
tice in those days arises from a study of th<^
different evidences beoriog upon this case.
Chapuys, the imperial andiassador, writing-
to tHiarles V on 29 Jan., says that ' the re-
solution of the peers will he laid before the
representatives of the people in two days ; '
and in the paragraph immediately follow-
ing he adds ; — ' At the very moment I was
writing the above I was informed that the
commons house had this morning come to
the same resolution about the queen and the
ladies as the bishops and peers have done.
and the queen, it is to he feared, will be soon
seat to the Tower." What Chapuys refer*
to OS ' the resolution ' of the peers seems to
have been the first reading of the bill; and
the question suggests itself, whether a bill
once read in the lords could have gone down
to the lower bouse and passed through the
different stages there before it came before
the peers again for a second reading. L'n-
fortunately, we have no journals of the
House of Commons at that date ; but the
interval that elapsed before the second read-
ing in the lords rather favours the suppoai-
The bill was read there a second time on
6 Feb., and a third time on the day following.
Before the royal assent was given the Duke
of Suffolk and the Earl of Souiluimpton
waited on the queen nnd obtained from her
a very pitiful confession, accompanied L
prayer that her crime might d ' "" ~""
Catherine 30^ Catherine
upon her family, and that the king would j [State Papers, i. 689-712, 721-8; Burnet,
allow some of her dresses to be given to «1. Pocock, v. 249-52 ; Third Be{)ort of Dcp.-
tliose serv-antswho had attended her since Keeper of Public Recordij, App. ii. 261-^;
she fell into disgrace. She still seemed, or ^'icol^s's Privy Ck)uncil Proceedings, vii. 17, 21,
at least was reported to be only a few days M"' ^'^*^-^ I Journals of the House of Lords,
Ix'fore, * very cheerful and more plump and V, 1-' ^^\~^A ^^m7^' KauleVs Correspondance
pretty than'ever; as careful about her dress i;«l«^q?e de C^istiUon et de Maniac; Froude's
and is imperious and wilful as at the time fJlL^^^f p"!; i?P-p ^ ^tf nk''"^'' a^"^!!} ""?v"
1 1 '^ •*! xi. 1 • » V X 1. scripts m Public Record Office. A modem life
when she was with the king/ \et she now ^f ^,,,,.ri„, ^,i ^e found in Miss StpickTaiKr
looked for nothing but death, unless she was Queens of England, vol. iii.l J. G.
still buoyed up by a vam confidence in the
king's promised word, to which she did not ' CATHERINE PARR (1512-1548),
venture to appeal, and she only asked that sixth and last queen of Henry VIII, wa* the
her execution should be private. On 10 Feb. daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal in
she was conveyed from Sion House to the Westmoreland, by Maud, daughter of Sir
Tower by water by the Duke of Suffolk, Thomas Green of Boughton and Green's
the lord priA-y seal, and the lord chamberlain. , Norton, Northamptonshire. Sir Thomas Parr
Next day the royal assent was given to the was master of the wards and controller of
bill in parliament by commission, and the the household to Henrj' VIII. He died on
Duke of Suftblk and Lord Southampton de- 11 Nov. 1517, leaving behind him three in-
clared the result of their inter%'iew with the ; fant children in charge of his widow, to
cueen. There is no appearance, however, whom by his will he left all his lands for the
t^at her confession extended to acts of in- , term of her life. But he desired that his
fidelity after marriage. On the evening of son William should have a rich gold chain
Sunday, 12 Feb., she was informed that she of the value of 140/., which he had received
was to die on the following day. She de- as a present from the king, and that hie two
sired that the block on which she was to daughters, Catherine and Anne, should have
sufier might be brought to her that she might | 800/. between them as marriage portions,
know how to place herself. Her wish was His widow, who at his death was only
gratified, and she made a kind of rehearsal twenty-two, could hardly have failed to re-
ef the coming tragedy. Next morning at ceive ofierswith a view to a second marriage,
seven o'clock all the king's council except I but, unlike most of the wealthy widows of
the Duke of Sufiblk, who was unwell, and i those days, she refused them, and devoted
h«jr uncle Norfolk, presented themselves at j herself to the education of her children,
the Tower to witness the execution, her i Catherine became an accomplished scholar,
cousin, the poet Surrey, with the rest. She ' as her own writings remain to testily. Not
was beheaded in the same place where Anne only had she full command of Latin, but
Boleyn had suffered. A cloth was thrown ' she was familiar with Greek as well, and
overher body, and some ladies carried it away, j had acquired great facility in the use of
Lady Rocliford, still in a kind of frenzy, modern languages also,
was brought out and suffered the same fate. , In 1523 a negotiation was set on foot bv
*They made the most godly and christian ; Lord Dacre, between his son-in-law. Lord
end,' writes a liOndon merchant three days Scrope, and the Lady Maud Parr, for the mar-
after to his brother at Calais, * that ever was riage of Catherine, when she should attain
heard of, utt<*ring their lively faith in the a suitable age, to Lord Scrope's son. Ik
blood of Christ only, and with godly words j the corresi>ondence it appears that Catherine
and steadfast countenances they desired all was not then twelve years old, so that
christian people to take regard unto their she could not have been bom before 1512
worthy and just punishment.' . (^liss Strickland, placing the correspondence
The features of (Catherine Howard have in lo:?l, though the dates July ana l)ec»?m-
been preserved in two portraits, the one a \ ber of the 15th year of Henry VHI refer
drawing by Holbein, engraved by Bartolozzi, to lo23, infers erroneously that she was n«it
the other a miniature supposed till lately to boni Ix'fore 1513). But the terms of the otftT
represent Catlierine Parr, engraved in Mrs. were not such as the Lady Maud could ac-
Dent's* Annals of Winchcombe and Sudeley' cept in accordance with her late husband'?
(as to the latter see Mr. Scharf's remarks i will, and the aifair was broken off. A mo^
in the Archaroloffia, xl. 84). It would seem satisfactory settlement, it may be pretfumed.
that she liad hazel eyes, auburn hair, and a irtmi a pecuniarj' point of view, was tftvr-
bright, cheerful face, but such as might very wards offered by one Edward Borough, who
well justify Marillac's opinion that her beauty became her first husblMld. It is to be hoped -
was only commonplace. * , that modem writers are mistaken in identi-
atherine
Catherine
fj^g him with Edward, lord Borough of
Uninsborough, an old man stud to have been
' distmctpH of memorie," whose second son
hnd married n womiin fourteen veors ('athe-
rine'e senior. Catherine herself could hnvo
been little more than a girl at the time, for
site wiLH certainlr not sevcnteiin nt the ut-
most when Lord Borough died, which wsfl
in lo^, if not earlier. But wa know too
well that, such revolting unions were not un-
common in those da^a, and went approved of
ev(!>n by mothers generollj studious of their
children's welfare. LadjMaud died in 1529
Catherine neit became the wife of John
Nuville, lord Latimer, a, nobleman of ei-
tenaiTe poRsessiuns, who had been twice
married already, and had two children by
his second wife. Snape Hall in Yorkshire
wu his principal sent, but he also possessed
considerable estates in Worcestershire, which
he settled on Catherine. The most notable
evvnt in his life woa the part he took in
1S36 in the risine called the Pilgrimage of
Grace. Lord Latuuer was appointed by the
insnrffenta one of their delegates to repre-
sent their grievances, and the result of the
negotiatiotui was a general pardon, A new
rebsUion broke out early in the following
yrar, but from this movuraent Latimer kept
liimwlf clear. Ue seems to have been m
favour with the king, as it appears that his
wife interceded successfully, about 1S40, for
itw release from prison of Sir Oeorge Throg-
morton, her uncle by marriage, who had
been involved in a charge of treason by the
fru^t of his brother being in tlie service of
Cardinal Pole.
Lord Latimer died towards the close of
1512, or perhaps in the beginning of 1543.
His will, which was dated 12 Siipt. lf>42, be-
queathed to his widow the manors of Nun-
raonkton and Hamerton. She was imme-
diately sought bi marriage by Sir Thomas
Seymour, brother of the decreased ijunen |
Jane, who became lord admiral under Ed-
irard VI, and it seem* tlmt she fully in- [
teuded to bt^ome his wife, but that her will, '
U she wrolo lo him in later davs, was ' over- I
ruled by a higher power.' The'higher power, '
irluit^vnr she may have meant by the es- |
preHion, waa in fact Kins Ilenrj;. It is
Stated, hut not on very gwid authority, that
when she Tust received his addressee she was
U-rrifivd, and replied with considcrohlG truth
'tliat it was better to be his mistress than
kia wife.' But (hia onlymndc him press his
suit ths more, and ou 13 July 15i3, not
nuny months after the decease of her lust
htisband, she waa married to the kino' ut
l{tO|l Court by Gaidinvr, bishop of Win-
chester, in the presence of Henry's two
daughters, Mary and Elizabeth. Hint she
exercised a really wholesome influence over
the king there can be no doubt. .\t the time
of her marriage the dreadful severities of
the Act of the Six Articles were being daily
enforced. Catherine interceded for the victims
of this persecution, and its violence abated
to some extent while she was queen. She
also procured the restoration of both Henry's
daughters Mary and Elizabeth, who had been
tor some years treated as bastards, to their
position OS princefses, and she inturceded
particularly lor Elizabeth, who a j-eor after
her marriage incurred her father's displeasure,
and obtained her pardon, for which Elizabeth
wrote her a very grateful epistle.
In 1544 an act was passed enabling the
king to settle the succession by will on any
children that he might have by Catherine,
lliis enactment was mode in view of t.hu
fact that HeniT was about lo cross the
Channel to invade France in person j and by
an ordinance of the privy council Catherine
was, on 7 July 1544, appointed regent in her
husband's absence. Her signature as regent,
of which many specimens exist, is not a
little peculiar from the fact that she appended
her initials (K. P., for Eatherine Parr) to.
the noma itself, which is olways written
' Kateryn the Queue ReFente, K. P.' In
this capacity she ordered, ou 19 Sept.. a
Jiublic thanksgiving for the taking of Bou-
ogne. But Henry returned to England on
1 Uct., and her regency was at an end.
Tlie interest taken by Catherine in the
studiea and education of her atep-childrcn
appears in many ways. Some have thought
that even the handwriting of yoiuig Ed-
ward VI bears a resemblance to hera, which
must have been due to her personal superin-
tendence of his schooling, and it is a fact
that Edward himself, writmg to herinFrencli,
praises her belle fertture aa something which
I apparently made him ashamed to write him-
■ self. But a more striking evidence was
given on the last day of this same year,
' 1544, by the Princess Elixnbetli, then little
I more than eleven vears old, ^ecnting her
with an autograpii translation, 'out of
I French rhvmo into English prose,' of a work
I entitled ' the Olosse of tlie Synneful Soule,'
beautifully written on vellum in small 4to,
;' which she submitted lo her for correction
and improvement. Furt,her, we have a letter
Irom Catherine herself to the Princess Mary
encouraging her to publish a translation of
' Erasmus's ' Paraphrase of the Gospels ' witli
I her own name appended. Piety and love of
I letters were indeed marked features of Cathe-
rine's character. Ascham addressed her in
Catherine
310
Catherine
letters from Cambridge as eruditissima Re-
gina ; and not only was she a promoter of
learning, but she occupies herself a place in
the roll of English authoresses. One of her
works, entitled * The Lamentation or Com-
plaint of a Sinner/ was published bv Sir
William Cecil in the reign of Queen Eliza-
beth.
Her biographers speak of her as a convert
to protestantism, and suggest that her con-
Tersion probably took place after the death
of Lord Latimer. But there could be no con-
version to protestantism where there existed
no such thmg as a protestant community to
declare what prot«stant principles were. In
England most men had confessed the royal
supremacy, and remained as good catholics as
^ver. A total repudiation of authority in such
matters was then unheard of, and the open
recognition of schism was out of the question.
That Catherine favoured reformers like Miles
Coverdale and Nicholas Udall by no means
indicates that she was very anxious to com-
mit herself to very advanced opinions. She
employed Udall, who was master of Eton,
to edit the translation of Erasmus's ' Para-
phrases * by the Princess Mary, and it cannot
be supposed that she purposely selected an
editor whom Mary herself would at that time
have considered an inveterate enemy of the
truth.
Nevertheless, the question was perpetually
arising, ever since Henry had proclaimed his
own supremacy over the church, whether this
or that opinion was really dangerous. Henry
had to consider how much innovation he
w^ould tolerate in others besides the repu-
■diation of the pope's autliority. And now to-
wards the encT of his reign he found himself
involved in a babel of controversy, of which
he openly complained in parliament. He was
becoming fretiul and irritated over the whole
business, and the pain he suffered from an ul-
■cerated leg did not tend to make his temper
more pleasant.
Catherine nursed his ulcerated leg and also
conversed with him occasionally on the new
tlieological questions that arose. On one oc-
casion she liad the misfortune to take a dif-
ferent view from the king. * A good hearing
it is,' he exclaimed afterwards, * when women
become such clerks ; and a thing much to my
comfort to come in mine old days to be taught
by my wife ! ' We know not at this day what
was the knotty question, and we need not
take Foxe's word for it that Gardiner and
Wriothesley conspired the queen's death. If
the story has not been exaggerated, articles
of heresy were actually drawn up against the
queen and signed by the king's own hand,
vhile she remained utterly unconscious. But
one of the council let the paper fall from his
bosom, and it was brought to her, on which
she ' fell incontinent into a great melancholT
and agony, bewailing and taking on in such
sort as was lamentaole to see.' In fact, it
made her really very unwell, and the king
sent his physicians to her, and also visitea
her himself to comfort her. Then, as she be-
gan to recover, she in return visited the king
in his chamber, and when Henry led the con-
versation on to matters of relinon she was
careful to declare that it would be highly
unbecoming in her to assert opinions of her
own, especially in opposition to the king's
wisdom. It was only meant ' to minister
talk ' and wile away the time in his infirmity.
' Is it so, sweetheart ? ' exclaimed the king;
' then we are perfect friends.' The very next
day, while the king and queen were taking
the air in the garden at Hampton Court, the
lord chancellor arrived with forty of the king's
guard, to arrest her and three ladies of her
company. On seeing him the king suddenly
broke off conversation with the queen, and,
callinf^ the lord chancellor aside, had a brief
interview with him, in which Catherine could
only distinguish the words ' knave ! beast'
and fool ! ' Catherine, on the king's returning
to her, begged if the chancellor bad done
wrong that she might be allowed to intercede
for him, believing that it must have been by
mistake. * Ah, poor soul I ' replied the king,
* thou little knowest, Kate, how ill he de-
serveth this at thy hands. On my word,
sweetheart, he hath been to thee a very
knave ! ' The story rests only on the autho-
rity of Foxe, and has doubtless been consider-
ably dressed up ; but there is no reason to
doubt its essential truth.
On 28 Jan. 1547 Henry VIII died, and
Catherine became for the third time a widow.
It is said she was disappointed at not being
left regent during themmority of Edward VL
Her important position as queen dowager was
rather au element of disquiet added to many
others, for of course she had powerful friends
and persons jealous of her influence as welL
Her brother, William Parr, w^ho had mar-
ried the heiress of the last Bourchier, earl of
Essex, had suffered a great disappointment
during the ascendency of Cromwell, when
that minister got the earldom and all its lands
conferred upon himself. After Cromwell's
death, however, he was made Karl of Essex
in right of his wife. Through Catherine's in-
fluence he became lord chamberlain, and now
on the accession of Edward VI he waa created
Marauis of Northampton. On that same day
(16 \ eb. 1547) were various other promotions
made to and in the peerage. Amoiuf them
Edward Seymour, earl of Uertford| tbe new
I Catherine
3"
Catherine
king's uncle, wUo had already been Appointed I Edward readily entered into the proji:ul, and
Ciiectur,wft3creBl«dDiiku of Soraersel.aad wrole a lettisr to the queen, adrisiag her lu
brottiar,SirThoma3 Seymour, Catherine's | take Seymour for a Imsbnnd, Of course she
former luver, vna created B^ron Sujmaur of i replied to him, expreaaing her utmost wilLing-
Sudeley. I ness togratifjlLis mnjestviit the matter, nod
Oae nist-oTiui, Oregorio Leii, telU us that | we have Uis a
a June, thunking
thirty-foup daya after Henry's death Lord her for her compliance, and promiaiiig to
Seymour and Catherine had plighted their aniooth matters with the protector.
troth to eaeli otlier by a written contract,' Nevertheless the entry tbat young Edward
signed by eiach, and by an exchange of rioES. wrote in his journal upon the subject was
The iact and even the date (^wUich woaldTia as follows : ■'the Lard Seymour of Sudeley
3 JVfarch) are perfectly possible, indeed oue , married the nueen, whose name was Catha-
luay say probable; but as Leti lived long rine; with wFiich mrtrriare the lord protector
afterwards, and adds ctrcum^taaces clearly was much olFunded.' The ste^ was clearly
erroneous, supported by spurious ducumants, indefensible from a political point of view ;
lie is not to be relied on. The engagamqnt, for the royal authority' during the minority
however, is certain. Un Tuesday, l7 May, was properly vested m the council. Lord
liord Saymoiir writes to Catherine from ijt. S^ymnur was a dangerous man, and seemed
Jamus'sftbout her sister (whom he calls 'my | not unlikely now tosupptant his older brother
9r'), Lady Herbert, having wormed out the protector. The latter, however, seeiug
Ilia secret in spite of his eOiirta to cloak the
MiAea visits lie had paid to Catherine at
Chelsea, where it is clear Iil' had already
saveral times passed the night with her,
(hough the marrifwe was not yet acknow-
leJg^. The couple had fully committed
thamsulves to a step wliich, if known, might
LiLTe been impugn^ as a verv grave misue-
msaiior, and they were seeuing to make
friends and obtain formal leave to do what
the thing beyondrecall, became, after a
reconciled, and even cordial. The iU-feeUug
b-'tweeu the wives oE the two brothers is said
to have ba^n more serious the Duchess of
Somerset refusing any longer to yield prece-
donee to the ^ueen dowager. But Lrtrd .Sey-
mour bad now gained such a footing that he
was likely to make more powerful friends thaii
bis brother. He aliurud the ftlarquisof Dorset
to his sidu by pruposing to marry nis daughter
- - "PP'? ^ ^''^ young king himself, and Ca- king, whom Somerset proposed tc
thtinne did so, apparently in a verjr cautious | his own daughter. Dorset, after the fashion
ItztCer, without stating her real object. She ■ of the times, sold the young lady's wardship
was rewarded by a cold epistle in reply, i to Lord Seymour ; and Seymour advised him
written certainly by Edward, but doubtless to make himself strong in the country that
dictated by Somerset, and dated 30 May, I they might have matters all their own way.
formally thanking her and cornmeuding her i But bufore either the king or Lady Jane had
good sentiments. The ne):t process was to com^ to marriageable age Seymour had paid
aee if the Princess Mary would befriend I the penalty of ambition, un^ Lady Jane fell
thum, and Lord Seymour wrote to ber, , into the clutches of a still more unscrupulous
asking if she would favour tbu suit be was | intri_gueJ
making to the queen for marriage. She
very wisely refused ' lo ha a meddler in the
matter, considering whose wife her grace
was of lal«.' Her letter to that effect is dated
on Saturday, 4 June. Repulsed iucwoquar-
tora the couple wore, however, mora success-
ful in the way of personal interuourse with
the sovereign, from which apparently the pro-
tector bod done liis utmost to debar tbim.
Seymour at llrst found a medium to suggest
to Edward in conversation the desirability of
£udiog It wife for him, and the young boy
liiuuetl thought of the Princess Mary (whom
it would be a great object to convert), or
perbAps Anne of Cleves, until his ideas were
directed int-olhe desired channel (Itiograpbi-
«al Memoir pre&xjid to Literary Ji/rnaiat qf
£iieard VI, p. civf. Afterwords Sevmour
^ ttuc juroged to push the matter hunwlf. i
cuittucji
' The Lord Sudeley,' says Havward, > was
fierce in courage, courtly in fashiou. in per-
sonage stately, in voice masnifiesnt, but
somewhat empty in mitter.' His discretion
certainly ww not equal to his ambition. He
hod married Catherine, as was afterwards
alleged,so soon after the death of Henry VIH
tbat if she liod borne a child within the next
nine months there might have been a ques-
tion as to its paternity, and the future suc-
cession to the crown. Another matter in
which he showed even a greater want of
decency was his conduct towards the Prin-
cess Eliiubsth, who was iindar the care of
the queen dowager his wife. He used many
familiarities towards her even in his wife s
presence at Chelsea, and declared he cared
not if everybody saw it (Co/. Staff Papert,
Foreign, 1oj3-9, praf. p. xxxi), Thu aauke
Catherine 1^2 Catherine
things went on at Hanworth and at Seymour was the owner. At that time her place of
Place when the household removed thitlier ; hurial was unknown to antiquaries, hut an
till Catherine apparently was really somewhat inscription on the outside of the leaden coffin
annoy edy and caused Elizaheth's household made the matter certain. Mr. Lucas, out of
to be separated from her own. curiosity, opened the coffin, and discovered
Sudeley Castle belonffed to Lord Sey- ' the body wrapped in six or seven cerecloths,
mour only by a grant under the authority of through whicn he made an incision into one
the council, and Catherine was aware that it arm of the corpse. The flesh was still
might be resumed when the king came of white and moist. The coflin was again
age. Speaking once to Sir Robert Tyrwhitt opened several times in succeeding years,
of the probability of a general resumption, the when the flesh, having been exposed to the
latter obser\'ed, *Then will Sudeley Castle air,hadbecomeputrid, and a description was
be gone from my lord admiral.' * MaiTy,' ' given of one of these openings by Mr. Nash
replied the queen, *I do assure you he intends to the Society of Antiquaries. At last Mr.
to ofter to restore the lands and give them John Lates, rector of Sudeley in 1817, caused
freely back when that time comes.' Sey- the coffin to be removed into the Chandos
mourprobablytnisted, however, that by that I vault to protect the remains from further
time his influence with the king would enable ' outrage. Jfothing but the skeleton then re-
him to get a fresh grant. At this time he mained, with a quantity of hair and a few
was busily engaged in putting the castle in ' pieces of cerecloth.
a thorough state of repair, and making it Catherinewasundoubtedly a little woman,
a suitable place for his wife's confinement. ] but whereas Mr. Nash reported the lead
Here she had a household consisting of a which enclosed her coffin to have been only
hundred and twenty gentlemen, and some of : five feet four inches long, a more careful
the leading reformers were her chaplains, measurement taken by Mr. Browne, the
A picturesque window in the old building ' Winchcombe antiquary, declares the ccffin
belongs to the room known to this day as to have been five leet ten inches in length,
* Queen Catherine's nurser}-.' | while its width in the broadest part was only
The expected event took place on 80 Aug. one foot four, and its depth at the head and
1 548. The child bom was a girl — somewhat in the middle five and a naif inches,
to the father's disappointment, but* a beauti- [Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 381; WTiitakers
ful babe,' and he received the cordial con- | Richmond, i. 384 sq. ; Archaeolopia. ix. 1 ; Trsta-
gratulations of his brother the protector. But menta Vetusta; Tho Parrs of Kend;il Castle, a
on the third day after Catherine's delivery ! p« per by Sir Geo. Duckett; Foxe's Martyr*
puerperal fever set in. She raved and said ' (Townseud's edit. 1838), v. 563-61; Literary
she was ill treated by those about her. The l^^mnins of Edward VI ; Hnynes'8 State Papers,
words of the poor distracted woman may ! PP-^l, 62. 95 ^iq. 102-5 ; R. Asohami Epistola*,
have been made a ground of the imputation ^03 (cd 1^03); Miss StncklHmls Queens, vol. ui.;
afterT^•ards preferred against her husband, I>ent6 Annals of Winchcombe and Sudeley
that he hastened her death by poison ; but ! rnH^ Ih'Jt^^^^ ^Tr '"^
.i , • ** 1 • J-V1 * r\ CO i. tnder the LTown.J J. G.
tho charge is utterly incredible. On oSept. | ■"
she dictated her will, which in a few bnef j CATHERINE of Bbagaxza (1638-
lines gave all her property to him, and ex- ! 1705), queen consort of Charles II, was bom
pressed a wish that it were a thousand times ' on 15-25 Nov. 1638, at the palace of Villa
the value. Two days later she breathed her I Vi^osa, situated in the Portuguese province
printed
Catherine died at the early age of thirty-
gix. * She was endued,' according to a con-
temporary, * with a pregnant wittiness, joined
wit h right wonderful grace of eloquence ; possessed a vigorous uncterstancfing that gavJ
her great influence over the sluffjnsh temper
pow
of the nobility of Portugal. Her mother,
Louisa de Gusman, daughter of the Duke
of Medina Sidonia, the great Spanish noble,
studiously diligent in acquiring knowledge, I her great influence over the sluggish tempe
as well of human discipline as also of the
holy scriptures; of incomparable chastity,
which she kept not only from all spot, but
from all suspicion, by avoiding all occasions
of idleness, and contemning vain pastimes.'
In 1782 her remains were disturbed by
Mr. John Lucas, who occupied the lands
of her husband. Catherine was her parents'
third child, and was bom on St. Catherines
day. She was eighteen when, in 1656, her
father died. One of his last acts was to grant
her certain estates, including the island of
Madeira, the city of Lamego, and the town
of Moura, for the maintenance of her court
about Sudeley Castle, of which Lord Rivers j (SorsA, Historia Gcnealogica da Cd9a Bfal
Portv^rza, vii. 283, ond Pi-o
Her yoHtiger brother Aifoiwi) now became
liiug under the regency of Queen Loiiiw.
From nn enrly agi* C'atberine was looked
upoD na H usel'ul inBtrameiit fur the euta-
blJEbtncMit of friendiv irlutlons between her
eounir}' nnd EnglsniJ. Not conleutwith the
commeTcinl treaty of 1643, King John pro-
posed in IfUn that his dougbter should become
fJie wife of Charles, prince of Wnlea (Qiaidro '
£lrmmlar,\<u. B4 ; cf. Chari.ES I's Work", '
1,847, ed, J6491, but the proposal came to '
^^tliiiig, although in 1640 and lu 1(147 (4»n- '
Etnnmtar, sviii. 66, 57) some notion of
_. D English marriage BtiU seems lohaveheeu '
eut«rtaJiied in Porlugnl. In l&T-A Cromwell
renewed the treaty of 164!!, anil in 1669 the '
jicnfraeed Bhnndonnieniof Porttign! byFranee
ftt the treaty of the Pyrenees made English '
irt more necessary than ever.
9 unsettled condition of the English
remment left little to be hoped for. Yet
^ April 1660, Dom l-'raneisco de MeUo, the
'brhiguesG ambassador, succeedMl in nego-
tinting a new alliance with the council of
■MIe lib. xvii. 1181. As soon as the liesto- '
T«tion teemeil probable, he Bounded Monclt
as to the prospects of renewing the old pro-
ject of manyinK the reslored king to the
infanta lib. xrii. 221 ; lilAcltiRD, Hitfoq/
q^ Enoland, p, 81 ; Kbnset, Brgitter and
^^^hrontele, p, 394). Charles's return in May
^BniB immediately followed by a formal pro-
■■l|«l of the alliance. The terms ofiered
^^Hhn very tempting : Tangier?, to command
I^M mouth of the Mediterranean ; Bombay,
with full trading privilegea In the Indies ;
relip"ou» and commpreinl freedom for Eng-
lish subjects in Portugal, and the TBst
portion of two millions of cnieados (about
300,000/,) Protection from Spain and Hol-
land, full Jet defined liberty of catholic
worship for tile infanta, were trifling conces-
sioita for such great advantages. Li a secret
council at Clarendon's house, Charies es-
prcsscd his wHlingnese to proceed with the
matter, and in the autumn Mello, confident
nf It aucct-isful conclusion, returned to Por-
tugal to get further instructions. There the
nlfiance was hailed with rapture. 'A good
peace with England was regarded as the
only thing under heaven to keep Portugal
from despair and ruin ' (Mnynnra to Ilicho-
Im, in Listeb'b Lifr ijf Clarendon, rol. iii.,
Appimdix, No. Iviti.l In Eebruary Mello
was sent back to England, charjred with full
powers lu negotiate, and rewarded with the
lille of Conde da Poute for his past ser-
vices. But on teaching London tie found
droumalanees had changed, ijlpanieh and
" ' :h influence had been strongly exercised
mfflatcl
l« thwart the match. Tlie Earl of Bristol
Everted his utmost energies to find another
alliance acceptable to lii^pain as well as to
Charles. The Simniah ambassador declared
that the infanta, besides being no beauty,
was incapable of bearing children (Quadra
Elemmtar, xvii. 152 ; cf. Kensbt, p. 698,
for the similar report of the Englisii mer-
diouts at Lisbon). lie offered an equal
portion to any other princess approved of by
Spain that Cbarlea might choose, and pro-
testants were amused Tby the energy with
which the envoy of the catholic king urged
the importance of a protest ant monarch wed-
ding a proiestant bnde (D'Ablakcoubt, !Hi~
moirrs. p. 73 sq.)
At last the adoption of the marriage scheme
by the French court saved theffovemment (if
Lisbon from despair. In November 1660 Hen-
rietta Maria had come to London to win her
son overto the French party. In March 1661
Louis sent to England M. de BastJdo on a,
secret mission to press for the conclusion ot'
the treaty. Finally, on 8 May Charles and
Clarendon announced to parliament that the
marriag<e negotiotious had been completed.
The news woe favourably received both
witliin and without parliament ( Calendar nf
State Papers, Hom. 1 660-1 , pp, 586, 596) ; and
on 13 May an address of congratulation was
presented from both houses 0!.ordt' JoumtiU,
xi. 241 a, 248 b, 263). On S3 June the mai^
riage treaty was signed (it is ^ven in La
Clede, Hittoire de Portugal, ii.711),
'The news of Catherines betrothnJ spread
the wildest joy in Portugal. The English mei^
chants rejoiced at the establishment of the
'most beneficiallest trade that ever our nation
was engaged in'(MByuardtoNicholaB, in Lis-
ter, App. No. Iviii.) The Portuguese trader*
were gratified at the protection of their pro-
perty from the Dutch navy. The prmected
invasion from Spain was no longer feared.
In July Francisco de Mello arrived agnin in
Lisbon, bearing graceful letters from Charles
to Catherine and her mother (Misa Strick-
i-AXD gives translations of these, Qtieejis nf
England, v. 496). The Earl of Sandwich,
commander of the fleet, was appointed ex-
traordinary ambassador to Portugal, and at
once set sail for Lisbon. But nearly a yeor
elapsed before the queen could he brought
bacK. The Algertne pirates had to he chas-
tised, Taneiers occupied and garrisoned, and
the queen^ portion shipped. Sandwich ap-
peared in the Tagus in the spring of 1062,
and a new dispute arose then as to tho
method of payment of the portion (Sand-
wich to Clarendon, in LiST^Lm^App. No.
On 13-23 April tlui
Catherine
314
Catherine
ties tliat accompanied the infanta's departure
began. The difficulty of obtaining the ne-
cessary dispensations from a pope who had
refused to recognise the independence of Por-
tugal rendered it politic to omit the ceremony
of a proxy marriage (Lister, iii. App. No.
ccxxxviii.jEACHA.RD,p.80I,iswrong),though
Catherine had long been styled in Lisbon
the queen of England. Off the Isle of Wight
the i)uke of York boarded the Royal Charles
and was received with great state b^ Cathe-
rine in her cabin, dressed in the English style
i^LetUrs of Philipf second Earl 0/ Chester-
field, p. 21).
On 13 May the fleet reached Portsmouth.
Charles was still detained in London by the
need of proroguing parliament, if not by the
charms of Mrs. Palmer {CaL State Papers f
Bom. 1661-2, p. 370). On the third day
After her landing Catherine fell sick of a cold
anil slight fever, so that when Charles ar-
rived at Portsmouth in the afternoon of
20 May he found her still confined to her bed.
She absolutely insisted on a catholic ceremony,
and only after seeing her did Charles consent
to this ate^ {Clarendon State Papers, Appen-
dix XX. ; cf. CLi.BKE, Life of Jamts II, i.
3J4). Accordingly, on 21 May, a catholic
wedding service was performed with the
utmost secresy in Catherine's bedchamber,
Avhile later in the day a mutilat'ed public
ceremony, after the rites of the church of
England, was performed by Sheldon, bishop
of London, in the presence chamber of the
royal palace (Quadro Elemsntar, xvii. 25S;
Mefnoirs of Lidy Fanfhawe, pp. 142-5).
Catherine had received an education which
wholly incapacitated her for her position.
Not only had she been left in entire igno-
rance of all aftiiirs of state, but her general
education had been so limited that she was
tiven unable to speak French (Ken^xet, p.
-534, speaks, however, of her English stu-
dies). For a long time Spanish was the
only means of communication between her
and her husband. She had hardly left the
royal palace ten times in her life, and though
amiable, dignified, and in a quiet way at-
tractive, the only positive trait that ob-
servers could find in her was a simple and
childish piety that consumed her time in the
routine performance of her religious duties, '
and sought by pilgrimages to favourite saints ,
to e.xpress her thanks to heaven for her ad- .
vancement to be queen of England ( Maynard "
to Nicholas, 19-29 July, in Lister, iii. App. !
No. Ixxv.) Pepys thought her * a greater
bi^ot than even the queen-mother.* The
gaieties and amusements of fashionable life
had, however, a strong hold on her. She
was passionately addicted to dancing, though :
her figure prevented her from ever excelling
in that accomplishment; and was equallj
attached to the more excitiiu^ pleasures of
the masquerade, to cards ana to games of
chance. A famous stroke of luck, by which
she won over a thousand to one at a same of
faro, was unprecedented until the days of
Horace Walpole, and she scandalised Fepys
by playing cards on Sunday {Diary, 17 Feb.
1667). Her retired life had resulted in a cer-
tain want of tact in small points that soon
gave occasion for gossip. It was complained
that she had dealt illiberally with the crew
of the Royal Charles (Pepys, 24 May 1662).
Her adhesion to Portuguese fashions and
dresses excited both odium and ridicule tt
court (see Clabendon, Life, but cf. Quadro
Elemsntar, xvii. 259-00). As her character
developed in a very unfavourable environ-
ment, she became, when circumstances al-
lowed, proud and exacting. On occasion she
fave so much trouble to her attendants that
Ivelyn moralised on the slavery of courtiers
{Diary, 17 June 1683; cf. Hatton Corre-
spondence, i. 64, Camden Society). The fi-
nancial difficulties in which she was often
involved in her early married life engen-
dered inher extreme parsimony. She schooled
herself to play her difficult part, not without
success, and to discipline a temper naturally
warm and impatient. In a court abandoned
and licentious to the last degrea no one ven-
tured to hint that her conduct was not in all
respects correct.
In parson Catherine was of low stature,
* somewhat taller than his majesty's mother *
(Maynard to Nicholas, Lister, iii. App. No.
Ixx. ) ' Her face,' Charles told Clarendon, after
he had first seen her, ' was not so exact as to
be called a baauty, though her eyes were ex-
cellent good, and there was nothing in her
face that in the least degree can disgust one '
{Lamdowne MS. 1236, X. 124, partly printed
in S rRiCKLA.y d). Lord Chesterfield, her cham-
berlain, speaks of her appearance in a very
similar strain (Chbstebfield*s Letters, p.
123 ). Her long and luxuriant hair was her
chief adornment, even when twisted into ex-
traordinary shapes by her Portuguese hair-
dresser. Her teeth * wronged her mouth by
sticking a little too far out (Eveltx, ii. 190,
ed. 1827). Her voice was low and agreeable.
* If I have any skill in physiognomy,' her
husband said, ' she must be as good a woman
as ever was bom,* and Pepys admitted that,
^ though not overcharming, she had a good
modest and innocent look that was pleasing '
{Diary, 7 Sept, 1662, cfl 31 May).
The first few weeks after the xaarriige
nearly everything looked promising (CSl
State Papers, Dom. 1631-2, p. 393), though
diBcernmK ohiervera ftlreadv anticipatad diffi-
culties (Cbestcrfield's Lftitra, p. 123).
C'liiirtes WBB altnicted by the aimplicilv and
childidhnegs of his wife, and ptopbeeied eter-
nal lore and coustaacj. lie &mu^ LimBelf
with tMcluDg her Eiiglisb, and laughed at
her mistakea. On 27 .\^y Charleti and Cathe-
rine left Portsmouth, aud on 29Miij celebrated
At HHinptDii Court the ' gtar^crown'd anniver-
sary ' of the former's birth and restontion
( Exact Retatioa), There they remained for
the early summer, aud ou 23 Aug, ' the most
loagnificent triumph ever seen on the Thames'
Accompanied their solemn entry to White-
hall, and end<^d the lon^andtiot very hearty
festivities thai liod attended the union.
The troubles of life had already begun.
* The lady,' as Mrs. Palmer was called, had
received the intellirence of Charles's mar-
riase with a very ill grace. To soothe her
violence Charles acknowledged her son, mode
tier unwillln)^ husband Earl of Custlemaine,
and promised tliat site ahould be a lady of his
wife 8 bedchamber; but Catherine instantly
struck out Uer name from the tiat of her house-
hold. YetwitUinafew weeksCharleabrouffht
■ he lady to court, and publicly presented her
to Catherine. At first the queen received her
graciously, 'but the instant she knew who
she was she was no sooner set in her chair
but her colour changed, and tears gushed
out of her eyes and lier nose bled, aud she
fainted' (Ct.*BB:n)OH, Continvation of hit
Life\ cf. Clarendon to Ormonde, 1" July, in
LiflTBB, Tol. iii. App. No. ciii. This pUinly
refer* lo thefir8tinterview,wron)flydftted in
the Continuation, us ' within a day or two
of the (jneen's arrival at Hampton Court ').
The queen was removed to another room,
And I he conrt broke up in confusion. A pain-
ful struggle ensiled. Charles 'sought ease
mid refreshment in jolly comijany,* who held
up tn him the example of his grandfather,
Jwnry IV. He applied to CUrendoo to bring
■ he queen lo a sense of the helplessness of
lier position. The cliancellor's first advances
"WCTe met by 'so much passion and such a
torrent of tears that there was nothing left
€or him to do but to retire.' Nest day he
found the queen more composed to nxwive
his stiir and uDgenlal lecture, but when he
■ insinuated what would be acceptable with
reference to the lady, it raised all the rage j
and fury of yesterday, with fewer tears, the i
fire appearing in hnr eyes where the water
was.' Catherine fiercely protested that she
-would rather go bock to Portugal than yield
«o unworthily. The strugnle continued for
days. The didmiMol of nearly all her Port ii-
jgueee hutioehold, to whose impulilic vruderv
^^ courtiers uttribut«d Catherine's determi-
nation, left her without frieuda or confidants.
But Catherine's active remunstrancea were
ultimately exchanged for a passive resistance
that was the prelude to a practical surrender.
Lady Castlemaine took up her quarters at
Hampton Court. The queen saw ' a univer-
sal mirth in all company but in hers, and in
all places but her chamber.' At last she openly
condoned the scandal. Clarendon, who had
done his best lo bring abont this result, was
mean enough to pretend that this unworthy
□pinioa and with her husband Hhe above ac-
count is taken entirely from CLASEHDOif,
ContinimtiQn «f hin Uff, p. 108&-92, 4lo
edit, 1843), Hunceforiu Catherine received
with kindness and forbearance the longseries
of her husband's mistresses (see e.g. Phfvs,
24 Oct. and 23 Due. 161)2), She even showed
kindnesses to her husband's bastards, be-
friended James Crofts, the future duke of
Monmouth, though fiercely resisting his re-
cognition, and, in ait«r yeiit^, she save a pen-
sion to the Uukeof timftoti. Such command
did she gain over herself that she never en-
tered her own dressing-room without warn-
ing, lest she should surprise Charles toying
with her maids (Pbpvs, fl Feb. IWl). But
sometimes her hot southern nature flamed up
despite all her schooling {Ih. July IQlJS ;
cf. Kbsesbt, Jlfemoir., p. 104).
In return for this complaisance, Charles
treated his wife generally with kindness,
sometimes with affection (e.g. Pbpis, 7 Sept.
I6U2). Yet courtiers contrasted the gorgeous
furniture of the apartments of favourite mla-
treeses with the simple decorations of the
queen's private rooma; though the simplicity
of her tastes may have partly accounted for
the difference, and she certoiuly possessed
some costly furniture and decorations (e.g.
EvEiYN, 17 April 1673 ; Cal. UtaU Paper;
Dom. mSo-e, p. 139 ; aud see Pbfvs, 24 June
lfi64and9Junel662). When at great court
festivities the Duchesses of Cleveland and
Portsmouth were rustling in rich silks and
btnEing with jewels, Catharine was simply
dressed and without diamonds. Goodman
the actor kept her waiting for the play till
'his duchess' arrived. Aspirants for place
and promotion neglected the wife for the
Sowerful mistnfss. After the queen-mother's
aath, Catherine, whose circumstances then
liocume much easier, often abandoned court
altogether for her dower-mansion of Somer-
set House. Her ignorance or indifference to
political matters made her the more careless
of her ubioluto want of nil political influence.
Catherine was suspected of exercising in-
fluence on dtnleaHliira in the interests of the
catholic religion. InUctober 16(J2shesentlier
Catherine 316 Catherine
confidential servant, RicLard Bellings [q. v.l, j Her council and household had often to
himself a very strong catholic, to Rome, with : contend with the most pressing financial
letters to the pope and the leading cardinals ' difficulties. On one occasion she complained
(see drafts of the letters in Add, MS. 22548, \ to parliament that, of 40,000/. of her allow-
ff. 23-70 ; Menezes, Portvgal JRestavradOj iv. ! ance, she had only received 4,000/. In 1663
196). They chiefly related to the condition lack of funds postponed a visit to Timbridge
of Portugal, which had thus far heen refused Wells from May to July ; and when the phy-
recoffnition as a kingdom hy popes devoted sician recommended the waters of Bouroon,
to the Spanish interest. Subsequent corre- she could only get enough money to go to
spondence of the same kind, though exciting | Bath, though its stifling air was soon found to
odium, was generally of little importance, disagree with her (CW. State Paper$^ Dom.
and often, as in 1674 to 1682, of a merely | 1(508-4, p. 234). A state visit to Bristol and a
formal and complimentary character {Bate- progressthrough the West Midlands followed
linson MS. A. 483). It was also complained this; and gossips noticed that, with the spread
that her chapel became the resort of English of a rumour tliat the queen was pregnant,
catholics, and in 1667 an order of council Castlemaine fell out of favour, and Cnarle*
forbade their flocking there {Cal. State Pa- became more attentive to his wife (1*ep^s,
pers^ Dom. 1667, p. 457). The present of a 7 June 1663). Soon, however, after Catbe-
richly bound Portuguese New Testament from rine's return to London, she was prostrated
the English chaplain at Goa was the only by so severe a 'spotted fever accompanied
attempt recorded that could be even 8usi)ected ' by sore throat* that her life was despaired
as aiming at her conversion (it is still pre- of (15 Oct.) Giarles was much moved; he
served in the Bodleian, MS. Tanner, Ixxxiii.) spent the greater jart of the day in tears by
Catherine followed the history of her her bedside; and his aflbction, it was thought,
country with the keenest interest. Her did more to restore Catherine than the cor-
mother's death, though long kept from her, dials and elixirs of her physicians. In March
affected her profoundly (Cal. State Paper^ty i 1664 she was well enough to accomiMiny
Dom. 1665-6, p. 342 ; cf. Hatton Corre- Charles to the opening of parliament. In
spondence, i. 49). Generally averse to letter- ■ 1665 she was driven by the plague to Sali*-
writing, she yet kept up a very considerable bury, and thence to Oxford to meet the parlia-
correspondence witli her brother Peter (in ' ment in October. Here she remained several
Egertop MS. 1534 are eighty unedited letters months, lodged in Merton College. In Fe-
of hers to him in Portuguese holograph). On bruary 1666 she miscarried; *the evidenc*.* of
one occasion her patriotic instincts led her fecundity must allay the trouble of the loss'
to insult, very unnecessarily, the Spanish am- {Cal. State Papers, Dom. Feb. 5 ; cf. Hatton
bassador. When on what was thought to be ' Coi-resp&ndencey i. 48). Clarendon's fall in
her deathbed, her most earnest requests to ^ 1667 deprived C^atherine of an austere though
her husband were to suffer her bodv to be real friend. His successors were ready ti>
buried in her beloved fatherland, and never , make political capital out of schemes to con-
to desert that alliance on which its inde- ciliate popular and court support hy project ni
pendence ma inly rested . i for her repudiation or divorce. Kumour spread
Catherine played a very small part in the that she was going to retire to a nunner}\
intellectual life of her age. She encouraged and to be divorced on the plea of a vow
Italian music in this country. Her chapel of chastity, a pre-contract, or some similar
music, painfully badwhen she first came over, excuse (Pepys, 7 Sept. 1667; cf. Eaciubp,
was gradually improved. The first Italian p. 842). Some divines recommended poly-
opera performed in England was acted in Cfamy as the better way of petting a direct
her presence. She was fond of masques, heir to the throne (Buhxet, (hm Timei'^
and plays were constantly performed before Oxford edition, i. 480). Southwell, the Eng-
hcT(Cal. State Pa pe7's, Dom., \6t)6-7, p. 305). lish ambassador at Lisbon, was covered with
Shesat toLely for herportrait,stillatHamp- confusion by the Queen of Portugal askinji
ton Court. She set a patriotic example of him whether the report, had any founda-
largely wearing English fabrics (ih. 1(505-6, tion (Southwell to Arlington, 2-12 Dec.
p. 81). Her devotion to tea, introduced into 1(!67). One wild rumour said that Bucking-
England by her countrymen, did much to ham had asked Charles for leave to steal her
make that beverage popular (see AValler*8 away and send her to some colony, and then
poem in Works, p. 221, ed. 1729). She is ground a divorce on the plea of wilful deser-
celebrated in the annals of fashion as intro- ' tion. Many found in Miss Stewart a new
ducing from Portugal the large green fans Anne Boleyn. Twice again (in 1668 and in
with which ladies shaded their faces before
the introduction of parasols.
1669) there were hopes of her bearing chil-
dren, but again they were doomed to dis-
Catherine 3^7 Catherine
appointment. As a result of this, parhaps,
divorce schemes were renewed. Charleses
interest in Lord Ross's marriage bill (1670)
was regarded as not wholly disinterested.
An absurd story went round that the pope
liadaCTeed to the divorce (EiiCiiABD, p. 67o).
Yet ai)out the same time Charles went with
scruples had been overcome by the French
Jesuits.
On 28 Nov. Bedloe made his depositions
at the bar of the House of Commons. Gates
followed, and solemnly accused Catherine of
high treason (see Grey's Debate^tj vi. 287-
300). Next day they repeated their state-
Catherine to Dover to meet the Duchess of | ments to the Ilouse of Lords {Lords^ Jour-
Orleans and sign the famous treaty, of which, nalsy xiii. 388 a\ On 12 Nov. the commons
however, it is not known that she was , addressed the King begging him to tender
cognisant. One result of the expedition was | oaths of supremacy to all the queen's English
that Louise de Qu6rouaille was added to servants ( Co7n7nons* Journals, ix. 539 b ; cf.
the number of her maids of honour. In ' 548) ; and on 28 Nov. passed another address
1671 Catherine accompanied Charles on a pro- ' for the removal of Catherine, her family, and
Ijlfress to the eastern counties. At Audley End . all papists from Whitehall (ib. ix. 549 b) ;
she got involved in an extraordinary frolic, which was, despite Shaftesbury's opposition,
w^hen she and some of her ladies went dis- negatived by the Lords ( Lor dJ Journals, xiii.
^ised as countrywomen to Saffron Walden | 3926). For some time Catherine was in im-
fisiir and were found out and mobbed. After- minent danger. Next year fresh depositions,
w^ards she and Charles were magnificently | among others from ^lonmouth's cook, were
^entertained at Norwich by Lord Henry i handed in against her, and on 24 June the
Howard (DiiWSON Titrnbb, Narrative of ^ council voted that she had better stand her
King Charleys Visit to Norwich), \ trial. Li these distresses her chief adviser
The development of anti-catholic feeling was the exiled Count of Castelmelhor, and
now became troublesome to Catherine. On ' Dom Pedro, her brother, though not very
5 Feb. 1673 a committee of the lords was speedily, despatched a special envoy to inter-
appointed to draw up a bill * that no Romish pose in her behalf. But such foreign sup-
priest do attend her majesty but such as are port would have availed her little againiit
subjects of the king of Fortugal' {Lords' , ]>opular feeling. More important was Charles's
Jbwfials, xiL 627 b ; cL 618 b). The popish steady adhesion to her. He said publicly to
plot panic involved her in more serious uan- ' Burnet that he thought it would be a horrid
gers. Soon after the murder of Sir Edmund- thing to abandon her, and declared tliat,
burv Godfrey (12 Oct. 1678) the informer though men thought he had a mind to a
Bedloe attributed the deed to her popish ser- new wife, he would not see an innocent
vants. On 8 Nov. 1678 Somerset House was woman wronged. He issued a public pro-
searched for papists connected with the plot clamatiou tliat he had never been married
(id. xiii. 48 a), and Titus Oates soon out- to any woman besides Catherine. In return
stripped Bedloe by accusing the queen herself for such acts of favour Catherine clung to
of a aesign to poison the king. He deposed the king with more affection tlian i^ver, de-
before the council that he had accompanied clared she was only in safety where he was
some Jesuits one day in August to Somerset (Letters of II. Prifleau.r, p. 82, Camden Soc.),
Ilouse, and heard through a door left ajar the and went so far as to include the Duchess of
queen protesting that she would no longer Portsmouth in the nine popish ladies of h^r
£iufi*er indignities to her bed, and was content hous«.'hold tliat had l>een exempted from the
with procuring the death of her husband and test enforc^/d on the rest. The aajuittal of
the propagation of the catholic faith (North, Sir (htov^t Wakeman and sr^me Jesuit priests
Exainen of the Plot,^^. 182-3 ; cf. Eachakd, , on the charjfe of uniting with the qu<jen to
p. 955). Cros»-examination and subse(]uent ]K>i^on the kin^ wafi a first check on the in-
investigation showed clearly his entire igno- former-*. *The quwn im now a raistresH,*
ranee of the internal arrangements of Som»ir- wrote Lady Sunderland, 'the passion h«fr
set House and the impossibility of liis having spouse Iia^ for her is Hf} great.' At a dinm.'r
lieard any such conversation. But Bedloe pn>- at Chiffinch's ' the queen drank a little wine
duced corroborative testimony of an interview to pled;re the king's h«;alth and prosjxfrity to
he pretended to have witnessed between Ca- his aiYainif having druuk no wine this many
therine and some French priests in the (ral- year><.' In August ik'dhie died, protehti ng
lery of her chapel at Somerset House, which with hifi la^^t bn'stli that the qu<^;n was ig-
he impudently asserted he had forgotten to norant of any design againnt the king, and
mention when he gave in his depositions as had only given money to helii \]in intro-
to the murder of Grodfrey. Wakeman, her , duction of Catholicism. Vet on 17 Nov.,aft>5r
physician, was to prepare the poison, Cathe* , the failure of the Exclusion ]{ill, Shaft*;*-
line was to deliver it herself; her last ! bury movef' ^'c of L'irds, ' as the
Catherine
318
Catherine
sole remaining chance of liberty, security,
and religion, a bill of divorce which by sepa^
rating the king from Catherine might enable
him to marry a protestant consort, and thus
to leave the crown to his legitimate issue.'
A v/arm debate ensued, but Shaftesbury
gained so little support that, after several
adjournments, he refused to persevere with
his motion. Charles himself was very ac-
tive against the bill, and it is recorded that
'on leaving the House of Lords he went
straight to the queen, and to give a proof of
his extraordinary affection for her he seated
himself after dinner in her apartment, and
slept there a long time, which he had been
in the habit of doing only in the Duchess of
Portsmouth's chamber ' (Barillon's despatches
in Christie's Life of Shaftesbury ^ ii. 378 ;
cf. 380). Catherine, who had suiiered from
illness during the autumn, attended early
in the winter the trial of Lord Stafford
(30 Nov.-7 Dec), during which the old ac-
cusations against her were freely bandied
about, and may have had some share in his
conviction. Kext year Fitzharris's informa-
tion also involved the queen. He declared
that Dom Francisco de Mello had informed
him that she was involved in a design for
poisoning Charles. In March 1681 Cathe-
rine accompanied her husband to Oxford and
was present during the turbulent scenes that
resulted in the dissolution of the last parlia-.
ment of Charles's reign. This brought her
troubles to an end. Fitzharris was con-
demned to death, and just before his execu-
tion declared to the council that he had been
persuaded to invent the stories involving the
queen by the whig sheriff's of London, Corn-
ish and Bethel, and Trebv the recorder. The
queen's good domestic fortune outlived —
though not for long — her troubles. Catherine
shared in Charles's renewed popularity, and
with some magnanimity interceded for Mon-
mouth's pardon, an office which seems to have
led to some coolness between her and the Duke
of York, with whom she had already been for
triffing causes slightly at variance (Strick-
land, p. (567). Before long, however, the
Duchess of Portsmouth returned to court,
and the queen's absence from that scene of
'luxury, dissoluteness, and forgetfulness of
God ' which Evelvn so vividlv pictured on
the last Sundav of Cliarles's life indicates
that her old difficulties had in nowise abated
(1 Feb. KiH")). On Charles's sudden illness
Catherine, who may have known something
of his religious position, without being, as
her Portuguese panegyrists say, the chief
cause of his conversion, displayed the greatest
anxiety for his reconciliation with the catho-
lic church before his death. She earnestly
besought the Duchess of York to exhort the
duke to take advantage of the king's 'gt)od
moments ' with that object (Caxpaka de Ca-
VELLI, tom. 2, doc. cecciii). It was in her
chamber, though she herself was senseless in
the physician's hands, that James and Ba-
rillon made the final arrangements for the
king's reconciliation, and one of her priests
assisted Huddleston in the administration of
the last rites to him. Uer grief at his death
was extreme. She received ner visits of con-
dolence in a bed of mourning in a darkened
room hung with black, faintly illuminated by
burning tapers ( Evelyn, 5 Feb.) Two months
afterwards she left Whitehall for Somerset
House, and there, or at her suburban residence
at Hammersmith, where she bad privately
established a convent of nuns, she spent the
first years of her widowhood. She lived in
great privacy, amusing herself by cards and
concerts. Iter chamberlain Feversham go-
verned her household, and her intimacy with
him groundlessly excited scandalous gossip.
She seems to have been on fair terms with
the new king and queen. She interceded,
however, in vain for Monmouth, who had ad-
dressed piteous supplications to her for help
(R0BEBT8, Life of Monmouth y ii. 112, 119:
cf. Camden Miscellany, viii.) She was pre-
sent at the birth of the Prince of Wales on
10 June 1688 (see her own account in a letter
to her brother King Pedro in Egerton MS.
1534, f. 10), stood godmother for him, and
gave evidence before the council that he wa*
truly the son of Mary of Modena.
Catherine proj^sed to return to Portugal,
and 8hi])s were j)repared for her departure.
She delayed, however, in England to carry
on a tedious and rather vexatious lawsuit
agrainst Lord Clarendon, her former chamber-
lain, for some large sums asst^rted to have
been lost by his negligence or peculation.
Most people shared King James's opinion,
that she was a hard woman to deal with,
and she seems to have become both greed v
and litigious (full details of the suit in the
State Inters and Diary of Henry, Earl of
Clarendon f especially in the Diary, pp. lA,
23-5,29,41,79).
The revolution found Catherine still in
England. She received an early visit from
the I^rince of Orange, who did her a little
senice by releasing Feversham from custtxlv
( Each ARD, p. 1 1 36). But, despite her friendly
relations with the new government, she was
involved in the general attack on all catho-
lics. In July 1689 a bill passed the commons
limiting the number of her popish servants to
eighteen, but it failed to get t nrough the Houe^
of Lords. William himself requested her to
leave Somerset House for a less public jdace-
ul nwidrnci', on ihe ground tlint ' ihere wire
grtnt. iDBetingB and cabollitigs ngninBt his
(KiTtmnn'tit carried on lliert' ' (CLAUBKDON'a
Diaty, p. 244 : cf. Mafion Corrftpondenre,
ii. 150). She ivplied by appedlini^ to hpr
trt-nty rJBlitE, and 'Willinni aia not presi hia
point ; but in his abwace more unnleKSDnt-
ness bruki' out between Quevn Mnrr uid
CutLerine on the gpround tlinl b prsyer fiir
'William's snccetfs in Ireland was omitted
iVom the service in the Sbtot Chapel, which
was under Cntheriiie's Jurisdiction and used
by Ihe proleslante of her household. Thia
renewed CiiiheriDe'a deaire to leave Eng-
land i hut difficulties ahoiit the eECort put
tb« Tuys)^ of)' till the end of March 169:^.
She proceeded on her joumev with great
VTvncy : reftwed to Tiait \ ersailleg and
Loui» SrV"; showed more atate when she
pnierrd Spain: hut was detained on the
way bv on attack of errsipelHS, and did not
enter tifibon unlil SO Jnn. HJ»3, where she
was receiTed with i^renl denionslrnlion* of de-
light by the court and i.eopie (SoTK*, iT. 327-
329). She resided first at the royal quinta of
AleftnlBra,nndBubpequentlT at Santa Martha
and Belem ; hut she finnlly settled in the
new palace ofBempoata, which she had built
**— " toLisbon. There she lived a Tery quiet
Hen houfiehold was reduced to that of
itill thniOKed by the nobility of Por-
. _ {Acfount cfthe Viiurt of I'orlvgal, pp.
12tt-7. London, 1700). In 170Slhe Methuen
tieitiy completed the alliance with Knglnnd,
of which fihe waa the advocttle. In 1704 she
had another allnck of erysipelas. On her re-
covery she was appoint edregen I to her brother
Pedro, whose healtli bad become very bad.
This nuB in 1704, and in 1705 the aj^int-
ment was renewed. Her adminiat rat ion seems
to h«»* been eucceasful, and several victories
were gained over the Spaniards (Socm, Pro-
ww, 42; BcHHBT, Oim Timet, v. Ul3, ed.
183.1). ■Whileslillaetlnpasregent she died
aa 3] Di:c. 1705 of a sudden attack of colic.
The magnificence of her funeral at Belem,
the suBpenBioD of the Iribunale, and ilie
general mourning, attested the respect in
whiclk she was held. Her great wealth, ih^
fruit of long years of economy, she left to
King Pedro, but charged with many pious
legacies (Sorsi, Prevat, 43).
LlTbt! biognphv of Cuthtriae in Dtiiis Strick-
le Utu cf ibaQuHDaof Enghuid. v. 478-
l^ed. IBM, UiDiigii not aIwij-b rctj critical,
enllj diacunive and weak on it* politics]
at, hoB cdltrctcd the gnxter part of <he nia-
tferials arailablo; Jcbw's Life in the Memoiri nf
the Court of England during thp Bi-ignH of tin
.SUuirt Kiagii it abort and tuperildal ; hiotk itn-
pcrtHnt is the memoir in A. C. de Souea's Hi>lo-
riatienealDgicn da CBBaBe)ilFortngDe'ia(LiBboa.
!73o-4n), lom, rii., with the original docuDieDtB
in the PKum, torn, i v. nnm. 36-4S; from thia
come most of the facts of ber early and Intrr
Ufa. P. de AieveJodoTojurBcuriouBcpicpouni,
Carlos reduzido, Inglnterra illuBtndu (Lisbon,
1716), comLinea vith much higb-Huan puDlic
rhapsody a matter-of-fact biography. The mnr-
TiBgenegotiDtionB and the whole of Catherine's
biibsequenl relutiona to Porlugnl Hrv Iwst studird
in the tsIubMb culendar nf original documenta
on the dealiugB betvern England and Portugat
in Tols. xvii. and xrtii. of Qiudro Eletnentor diis
rela^&es politicus e diplomalicas de Portugal
com us diversss potenciss do niundn. by Barms
e SouBB Tibcoude do Santamn and ReliellD dii
Silva. A general view of Portngnesa history
dm^ng her life can be found in Schiifer's Oe-
sehiebteroD Fortagal, lorn. iv. and v. (flecTeaand
Vkerl's SBTies), and La ClMe's BistoirB de Por-
tugal, torn. ii. Kanke's History of England, iii.
343-T aod 380-6 (the Oxford translation), som-
marisra ihorlly the political bearing of Ihe mar-
riage : Clarendon's Continuation of his life, the
Appendix to Ihe Clarendon State Papers (lol. iii,};
Lister's Life uf Clnrsodon, and especially the
docuDieata in vol. iii. : L. de Menuea. eonde da
Ericeira's Hialorin de Fortugnt Reslaurudo and
the 31S. BelacSo ila Embaiiada de Fmnciaeo da
lUello, conde da Ponte, in Ingkterra (MS. Add.
IS2D!2)an'allTalQSble. The fntivitiesat Lisbon
and London and therguevn'B voyage are Rectal] y
described in thu Belocion de Ins FicBtos u Lisboa ;
the Pmgramma das formalidadHB in Quadro
Eleinentar,i»ii.236-fiBi Oldens paraaEecep^So
da D. CatheriDB. MS. Cott. Vesp. c. liv. no. 29 ;
lUello's Bela^ da fornia com que w publieou
enilngliitermoca«>menIodnS.D.CalhennM(LiB-
lioa.I7SI): Ihe Eucl Relation ortheLaudiagof
Her Majesty (London. 1663); Sandwich'i Diary
in Rennet, and the cnrious doggerel called
Iter LusitsnicuRi, or the Portngal Tojage, bjr a
CosmoiKilite. Of tbe flood orgralatalorypoeUy.
tha DomidncB OxonieiiBis and the Epithnbunia
of the rirat university may be mentioned. Other
general authorities, such as Pepys, Evelyn,
Uemilton, Bercsliy. the Calandan of Stata
J'uperi, Browne's MiHellaneB Aaliu. Ivea, th«
Sidney Papers, the Hntton CorreBpondsnce. tha
secind Lonl CLeslerflcld's Letters, Singer't Cot^
re»p"ndenev snd Diary of iho Second Lord CIb-
reDdoD, Iho Lucda' and Commona' Journal*,
Gnij'B Deliales, North's Kisiuen, and Cliristie's
Life of Shaftesbury, have in moat instaoeos bwia
(juoCsd in the text, besides other lew importiMt
■uthorltiea. Some letten of Cilhsritic ore in
Strieklnnd. uthFTE in Rawlinson MS. A. SSS and
CAIHBOE or EAPBOE, Saiht (10th
i-nt.) [Se«C*DBOE.]
Catley 320 Catlin
the daughter of a hackney coachman, at one
time in the service of the quaker Barclay,
and after^vards keeper of the Horns puhlic-
hoiise at Norwood. Remarkable for beauty
of face and voice, as early as 1755 she amused
(2 vols.) In 1777, in Wenman*8 volume of
^ Plays/ article 'Comus/ there appeared a
portrait of Ann Catley as Euphrosyne. In
1784 she made her last appearance in public
( Thespian Diet.), and retired upon aconsider-
the officers stationed at the Tower by her i able fortune. She had then become the wife
«inginf?. About 1 760, her voice having at- j of Major-general Francis Lascelles, by whom
tracted the notice of William Bates, a west- she was the mother of eight children, four
-end musician, he and her father entered into sons and four daughters, the eldest son being
41 bond for 200/. that he w^as to feed and j old enough at her death to be a comet of
-clothcthegirl,trainher, and get her a public dragoons (Oent. Moff. 1789, voL lix. pt. iL
engagement (Thespian Diet.) In 1762 she | p. 962). She and the general lived in a
a]>peared at Vauxhall, and on 8 Oct. sang | handsome house at Ealing, bought by herself
tlie part of the Pastoral Nymph in ' Comus ' ■ for her daughters out of her own fortune,
at Covent Garden Theatre. Her beauty and | and she died there of decline on 14 Oct. 1789.
the freedom of her manners quickly made her | From her will, signed Anne Cateley, though
notorious; and in 1763 her father took pro- her death was recorded under the head of
cess in the king's bench to force Bates to j)ro- ! Mrs. Lascelles, it appears that her property
dace her in court, as it was rumoured that amounted to 5,000/.
field for conspiring to deprive Catley of the late Miss Ann Cat lev, the celebrated actress:
■custody of his daughter. with Biographical Sketches of Sir Francis
Ann Catley obtained an engagement at Blake Delaval, and the Hon. Isabella Paw-
Ma rylebone Gardens immediately afterwards, let, daughter of the Earl of Thanet.* No copy
tind became a pupil of Macklin. Under his ! of this work is in the British Museum,
auspices she obtained an engagement (1763) ^r^ ■ . ta- . i.-.^ • . «^>. r,.. • t>.
nt i)ublin, appearing at the'Smock Allev . J^^^^es D'ct. of Music, i. ^6^
Tlieat re wi h Jxtraordinarv success, at a salarV l^-^' ^ ^^M" r « ?T f J'^k'"^?/ •'
t. r . • • i"i. /'r>r • T\- x\ 1^"' ^- «-*8-o3 ; O-enost 8 Hist. of the Stjure, vi.
rvM-'^'^i' ^T'V V^\:^^^^^^ (J^^^f\^^^ ^^^n 314.16; Brief Narrative of . . . Miss C^tlV.
OKoeffe the dramatist, writes of her popu- pp, ,^ go, 21. 38; Gent. M,ig. vol. lix. pt. fi.
larity and beauty. Tlie ladies of Dublin had , pp. geo, 1049, 10.50: O'Kot^ffes Reminiscences
their hair <Catleyfied,' i.e. dressed as Miss (1826); Monthly Review, enlarged series, i. 681.]
Catley dressed hers. She did not return to j. H.
England till 1770. Lucrative engagements ,
followed rapidly. Her time was i)assed be- ^ CATLIN, SiR ROBERT (J. 1574),
twt'cn Vauxhall, Marj'lebone Gardens, the judge, was born at Beby in Leicester-
theatres, and private concerts; her characters I sliire, though his ancestry is said to have
"included Isabella in the ' Portrait,' Arnold's belonged to Northamptonshire. lie was a
nmsie ; Rosetta in * Love in a Village,' which member of the Middle Temple, and was ap-
kf^])t a theatre prosperous for two years; and , pointed reader to that society in 1547. In
Captain Macheath. In 1770 and 1773 she ap- 1553, the lordsliip of his native place having
pcared at Covent Garden («/>.), where Horace reverted to the crown through tiie attainder
\Valpoh; saw her in * Elfrida.' On 6 Feb. I of the Duke of Suffolk, Catlin obtained a
1773 she played Juno in O'Hara's * Golden ' grant of it. In the following year he was
Pippin,* and took the to^vn by storm with called to the rank of serjeant-at-law, and two
t wo songs, * Push about the jorum * and ^ years lat^r to that of king's and queen's
* Where's the mortal can resist me .^ ' * For
Miss Catley,' Walpole says (LetterSf Cun-
ningham's cd. vi. 13), ^slie looked so inipu-
d«'nt . . . you might have imagined she had
boi'ii singing the "black joke," only that she
would then have been more intelligible.' In
1773 wore published some scandalous * Me-
moirs of the celebrated Miss Ann C y,
containing a succinct Xarrative of the most
remarkable Incidents of that Lady's Life/&c.
Serjeant. He was appointed a justice of
the common pleas in October 1553, was re-
appointed on the accession of Elizabeth in
ISoveml)er of the next year, and in the en-
suing January was created chief justice of
the queen's bench in the room of Sir Edward
Saunders, removed on account of his reli-
gious opinions, and was knighted. During his
tenure of office he would seem to have had
next to no judicial business to perform. He
r the judzM at the trial of the
-" *.rTugh
E resided _ ._
luke of Norfolk for Tiigh treason
apiring with Maiy Stuart to dethrone the
queen in January 1S71, and the following
month sentenced one of theduhe's retainers,
Robert Ilickford, to death as an acc^oinpUce.
His judgmeot on this occasion is reported at
some length. It is a homily on the Bocrednesa
ofmajestriuidlhe heinoiuineM of trettson , and,
80 regarded, not altogether a discreditable
pcrfonnance. The- closing sentences evince
an acquBiDtance with Chaucer's 'House of
Fame. But he does not appear to have
been particulnrly Bubeervient as a judge, m
we find that this same year, 1571, he incurred
thfi Berious displeaBure of the queen by ^E^-
fiudttg- to 'alter the ancient forms of the
court' in the interests of the Earl of Lei-
cest«r. He was accused of denying justice
and making the queen's bench 'a court of
conscience' by one Thomas Welch in 1566.
He married Ann, duufthter of John Boles of
WalUngton, Hertfordshire, and relict of John
BuTgoyne, by whom he hnd one daughter,
whiMe first husband was Sir John Spencer.
He died at bis seat at Newenham, Bedford-
sHre, in 1574.
rFatler's Worthies (Leicutcrshire); Dugdale's
Ong. 317. Chroii. Sor. 89, 90, 91 1 Cat. State
FspBTB. Dam. lfit7-80. pp. 107, 413; CobbeCt's
State TriBl>, i. 957, 1042. ii. 1046; Fosb'k Lire*
of the JndgM.] J. M. R.
CATNACH, JAMES (of the Seven Dials),
(1792-1841), publisher, bom at Alnwick in
Northumberland, 18 Au^. 179:^, was the
eon of John Catnach, a printer of that town.
The elder Catnach printed and published
books which, for the time, were well illus-
trated; such as 'The Beauties of Natural
History, selected from BufFon's History of
Quadrupeds, Sic, wilh sixty-Beven cuts bv
Bewick, 'Poems by Perci vol Stockdale, with
CuU byThoB. Bewi'ek,''The Hermit of Wark-
worth,' and the ' Poetical Works of Robert
Bums,' the illustratioDa being engraved by
Bewick. About 1808 he left Alnwick for
Newcastle, and Ave years afterwards removed
to London. He had a shop in Wardour
Street, Soho, and died i Dec, 1813, from the
effects of an accident.
His son James, who whs then working as
a printer at Newcostle-on-Tyne, immediately
came to London, and soon afterwards, 1B13--
1814, commenced business at 2 Monmouth
Court, Seven Dials, where he get up his
father's old wooden press, and got together
Bome scrapsoftvpeand old woodcuts. With
these he printed little duodecimo volumes
known as ' chap-books ' and broadsides.
He was young and energetic, and struck
out a new line for himself, in the shape of
children's books, which he publiEbed at a
farthing each. He bought ballads on every
passing event, at the price of balf-a-crown
Kr bafliid. In cases of popular excitement
did well, and he is reported to have made
over boo;, by the trial of Thurtel! for the
murder of ifr. Weare.
His pnhlicat ions were printed on the flim-
siest possible paper, with bad ink and worse
type, and, as a rule, headed by a woodcut
totally irrelevant to the text. Among these
woodcuts, especially in the Christmas carol
broadsheets, are manv of the sixteenth cen-
tury, which he had bought at various sates
of printing material. Tne British Museum
has a large collection of lus ballads and
those of his competitors, notably two thick
volumes, which contain over four thousand
purchased in 1968 for 71. 7».
He made a competence, possibly some
5,000/., and retired from busmesa in 1838,
living at Dancer's Hill, South Mimms, near
Bamet, hut he died at hia old shop on 1 Feb.
1841, aged 49, and was buried in Highgate
cemetery.
[Hlndley's Life and Times of Jamos Cntniieh,
1873; A Collwiionof the Books and Woodculs
of Jnmea Catniich, 1809.] J. A.
CATON, WILLIAM ( 1 636-1 6«S),quBker,
woji probably a near relation of Margaret
Askew, afterwards wife of Thomas Fell, vice-
chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. At
the age of fourteen he was taken by his
father to the judge's house at Swarthmore,
near Ulveraton, to be educated bv a kins-
man who was then tutj^r to the Fell family.
The boy was mode a compauionto the judge's
eldest son, and was sent with him to a school
Bt Hnwkshead. In 1652 George Fox paid
bis first visit to Swarthmore Hall, and Caton
embraced quakerism. He now refused to
study on the ground of its being a worldly
occupation, and Mo^:aret Fell employed him
at Swarthmore to teach her younger children
and act as her secretary. When he wasal)out
eighteen, Caton was chosen one of the quaker
preachers for the district of which Swarlh-
ntare was the (lentre, and in his ' Journal ' be
relates that he was often ' beaten, bulTetted,
stocked, and stoned ' by the people of the
f laces in which he attempted to preach. In
854 be left Swarthmore in order to become
an itinerant preacher. Towards the end of
the year he was joined by John Stubba, with
whom he proceeded to Maidstone. Here they
were both sent to the house of correction and
barBhlytreoted,when,the only cJiarge against
them being that of preaching, the niagis-
Caton 32* Cattermole
full account of this is preserved in the MSS, '■ commonly called Quakers/ &c., 1659 (trtiiB-
of the Friends of Ecut Kent), About the | lated into Dutch as ' Ben matelijcken Ondei^
middle of 1655 Caton made an attempt to soeker voldaen' in 1669). 3. 'Truth's Cha-
plant his doctrines in France, but went no | ract«r of Professors . . .' 1660. 4. 'An Epistle
further than Calais on account of the diffi- ' to King Charles U sent from Amsterdam
culty he found in preaching through an in- in Holland, the 28 of the 10 month, 1660.'
terpreter, and returned to England without i 5. ' William Caton's Salutation and Advice
delay. After a preaching tour, which last^ unto God's Elect,' 1660. 6. ' An Abridge-
some months, he went to Holland, hoping to ment; or a Compendious Commemoration of
convert the Dut<;h, though he was as ignorant the Remarkable Chronologies which are oon-
of their language as he was of French. At * tained in that^ famous Ecclesiastical History
Flushing and —
congregations,
both places for interrupti
theendof 1655 he was again in England. He ! niony of a Cloud of Witnesses,' &c., 1662.
next made an attempt to promulgate quaker- 8. ' Two G^eneral Epistles given forth in Yar-
ism in Scotland, and was the messenger from , mouth Common Gaol,' 1663. 9. * A Journal
the Friends in England to General Monck. ' of the Life of . . . WilL Caton, written
Early in 1656 Caton was imprisoned for a by his own hand ' (edited by George Fox),
short time at Congleton. Towards the end I 1689. Besides the above Caton wrote a
of this year he returned to Holland, and, large number of small books and tracts in
after some adventures, determined to settle i High and Low Dutch, which have never
in Amsterdam, where there was a small been translated ; the most important of these
quaker community. He spent some time is ' Eine Beschirmung d'un schuldigen,' &c,
between England and Holland. In a letter 1664.
preserved in the * Swarthmore MSS.' he gives ■ [The foregoing account has been chiefly com-
a brief interesting account of the ceremonies ' piled from Caton's Jonmal ; Take's Life of Caton
attending the promulgation of Charles II in (Biographical Notices of Friends.vol. ii.); Webb's
1660. At the end of 1660 he had an inter- j The Fells of Swarthmore Hall ; Smith's Oata-
view with the 'prince palatine ' at Heidel- ■ logue of Friends' Books; Sewel's History of the
berg, to plead for liberty of conscience. About "^^^ ^^ ^^^ Society of Friends ; and manuwripts
1662 he married Annekin Derrix or Derricks, i" ^^*^ S^rthmore Collection at Devonshire
a Dutch quakeress. On a lat^r journey to ^°^^' Bishopsgate Street, London.] A. C. B.
Holland he was forced to take shelter in CATTERMOLE, GEORGE (1800-1 868),
Yarmouth Roads, where he landed, and was water-colour painter, was bom at Dickie-
imprisoned for nearly five months for refusing ' borough, near Diss, Norfolk, on 8 Aug. 1800,
the oath of allegiance. His letters give a and was the youngest child of a large family,
graphic account both of the storm and of his i His mother died when he was two years old,
severe treatment in prison. Little more is and his early education was conducted by his
accurately known of his life, except that he father, a grentleman of independent means,
returned to Holland. His last known letter , At the age of fourteen, if not before, he was
is dated 8th month 1665 (O.S.), and Barclay, placed with John Britton [q. v.], the anti-
in his reprint of Caton's * Journal,' states quary. His brother Richard was at that time,
that there is reason to believe that he died or soon after, employed to draw for Brit-
to wards the end of 1665. Caton stands out I ton's * Cathedral Antiouities of England,' and
in marked contrast to most of the early George also executed arawin^ for that work,
guakers, for though an enthusiast he was far I In 1819 he commenced to exhibit at the Royal
from being a fanatic. He wrot« largely, ' Academv. In that year, and in 1821, he sent
both in English and Dutch, and his style j views of Peterborough Cathedral, in 1826
was more simple and pointed than that of \ * King Henry discovering the relics of King
most of the seventeenth-century Friends. In Arthur in Glastonbury Abbey,' a * View near
England, Holland, and Germany his works Salisbury,' and 'A Lighthouse :' and
were for more than a century Very highly in 1827 * Trial of Queen Catherine,' his sixth
esteemed, and his 'Journal,' a somewhat and last contribution to the exhibitions of
wordy and tedious work, is still a popular the Academy. He also during this period
book among the Friends. (1819-27) exhibited two works at the Bri-
His principal works were: 1. * A True tish Institution. In 1822 he vvas elected an
Declaration of the Bloodv Proceedings of associate exhibitor of the Society (now the
the Men of Maidstone,' 1655. 2. ' The Mode- Roval Society) of Pamters in Water Colours,
rate Enquirer resolved ... by way of Con- and in 1833 he became a full member. It
ference concerning the condemned People was mainly by his drawings exhibited at the
iMX)Ria of tiiis societT that he establiili<^d his
feme as aa artist. Commencing as an nrchi-
tectuTuI drsughtBrnan, but with a mind well
stored with history and archiBolDffica) detail,
hia imaeiiuition sood began to till with tbeir
ancient life the buitdines which he drew, and
bis art was naturally inspired with that ro-
mantic spirit which, long' felt in literature,
had culminated in the norels of Sir Walter
Scott. Thegreat romantic moTement amonj;
the artists of France was simultaneous nilli
tbi< appearance of Cattermole, who mav be
considered as the ally of Delacroix and Bon-
ington, and as the greateM representative, if
not tlie founder, in England of the art that
HOLigbt its motives in the restoration of by-
gone times, with their manners and customs,
their architecture and costumes, their chival-
rous and religious sentiment, complete. To
perform tliispBrtbe brought a spirit naturally
ardent, controlled by a fine and somewhat
scTere aitiirtic taste, which, without destroy-
ing the energy and freedom of his design,
permitted neither extravajfance nor affecta-
tion. He had a gift of colour, a felicity and
directness of touch, and a command of his ma-
terials, w-hi<:h have never been excelled in his
line of art. He treated landscape and archi-
tecture with almost equal skill, and though his
figures were on a small scale, and often shared
but even honours with the scenes in which
thev were placed, they were always designed
witJi spirit, living in gesture, and riglit in
«xpresiion. Among the more important of
the drawings eihihited at the Wat^r-colour
Society were ; ' After the Sortie,' 1834 ;
Wall«r Baleigh witnessing the Esecntion of
the Earl of Essex in the Tower,' 1839 ; ■ Wan-
dererB entertained,' 1338 (euBraved by Egaa
under the title of ' Old English Hospitality ") ;
'The (Castle Chnpel," 1840; 'Hamilton of
Bothwellbaugh prfparing to slioot the Ee-
genl Murray in 1570,' 1843 ; ' After the se-
cond Battle of Newbury," 1843; 'Benvenuto
Cellini defending the Castle of St. .\ngelo,'
1845; 'TlieUnwelcome Return,' 1846. Tlie
last baa been said to be 'perhaps the most
extntordinary display of Cnttermole's powers
in landscape.' It is of such works as these
that I'rofessor Ruskin wrote in the first vo-
lume of ' Modem Painters ; ' ' There are sipw
in GeorgB Cattermole's works of very peculiar
((iltx, and perhaps also of jiowerful genius .. .
Theantiquarianfeeliiigof C, is pure. earnest,
and natural, and I think hia imagination ori-
(^ally vigorous ; certainly his fancy, his
STiup of momentary [laasion, considerable ;
tin scnsi- of oclioii in the human body, vivid
and ready.' Cattermole withdrew from the
Waiwcolour Society in 1860. Two reasons
■ bttV« been aaaigtieil for this step, which was
taken in opposition M the wishes of his bro-
ther members. One of these was his desire
to devote himself to painting in oils, and tbe
other his sensitive organisation, which 'al-
ways made the conditions of exhibition in
pltinninghis work peculiarly irksome to him.'
The latter reason may also nave induced him
to refuse the presidency of this society, which
was offered to him about the dat* of his re-
tirement, and to resist the repeated requests
of the members to return to tbeir ranks.
During these years Cattermole was much
employed in illustrations for books. In 1830
he travelled in Scotland to make sketches of
the buildings and scenery introduced by Scott
into his novels, to be used some years ufter-
wurda in a finely illustrated volume called
' Scott and Scotland,' In 1834 appeared ' The
Calendar of Nature,' alittle book with wood-
, principally landscape ;
mas Roscoes 'Wanderini
Thomas Roscoes 'Wanderings and Excur-
sions in North Wales;' in 1840-1 Cattei^
mole's well-known illustrations to ' Mostor
Humphrey's Clock;' and here it may be men-
tioned that the picturesque design of the
Maypole Inn in ' Bamaby Hudge waa en-
tirely the invention of the artist, instead of
being drawn from an existing inn at Chigwell
as baa been supposed. In 1841 appeared tha
firsthand in IS-k) the second, volume of 'Oat-
t*rmole'sHistoric4ilAnnual— the Great Civil
War of Charles I and the Parliament,' which
contained twenty-eight steel engravings by
the best engravers of the day after draw-
ings by Cattermole, and was produced under
the superintendence of Charles Heath, who
fubliehed the second volume as ' Heath's
'icturesque Annual' for 1846. The literary
part was written by his brother, the Hav.
Richard Cattermole [q, v.] In 184(! was pub-
lished another volume, bcautifidly illustrated
in the same manner, called ' tlvenings at
Haddon Hall,' with iettorpreis written to the
drawings by the Baroness de Calabrella.
Among other works towhichhecontributed
illustrations were J. P. Lawson's 'Scotland
delineated ' (1847-54), and S. C. Hall's ' Ba-
ronial Halls of England' (1848). He also
piibhahed a work in two parts called ' Calter-
mole's Portfolio of Original Drawings,' in
which Mr, HuUroandel's process of lithotint
(brought to perfection by Cattermole and J. D.
Harding) was employed, each part containing
Cattermole was naturally of a lively dis-
C'tion, and full of spirit. As a young man,
?as an escellentwhiti, and fond of driving
stage-coaches. In his bachelor days he was
a frequent visitor at Oore House, and mixed
with the fashionable world of art and litera-
ture which gathered lountl the Countess of
Cattermole
324
Catti
Bleesington and Count d'Orsay. There he
met among others Carlyle and Dickens, and
Prince Louis, afterwarcfs the Emperor Napo-
leon in. For some years before his marriage
he had resided in the Albany in the cham-
bers once occupied by Byron and Bulwer
Lytton. In July 1839, soon after the com-
pletion of his drawing of the * Diet of Spiers,'
well known through the large enffraving by
William Walker, he received the offer of
knighthood, which he refused. In the fol-
lowing month (20 Aug.) he married Clarissa
Hester Elderton, a daughter of James Elder-
ton, deputy remembrancer, &c. of the court
of exchequer, and took a house at Clapham
Else, where he resided till 1863. Among
his intimate firiends were Thackeray and
Dickens, Macready and Maclise, Douglas Jer-
rold and Talfourd, Stanfield and Landseer,
Browning and Macaiilay, L3rtton and Dis-
raeli (Lord Beaconsfield). In his life of
Dickens, John Forster says : * Another painter
friend was G^rge Cattermole, who had then
enough and to spare of fiin, as well as fancy,
to supply a dozen artists.' Numerous letters
exist to testify to the affection between him-
self and Dickens, in whose amateur theatri-
cals he often took part. In 1845 he speci-
ally distinguished himself in the character of
Wellbred m 'Eveiy Man in his Humour,'
which w^as actt*d before the prince consort at
' Miss Kelly's,' now (1887) the Royalty Thea-
tre, Dean Street, Soho.
After his retirement from the Water-colour
Society, though still painting his old subjects
in his old medium, he devoted himself a good
deal to painting in oil-colours, and to scenes
from Bible history. A large oil-painting of
Macbeth belongs to this period, of which he
said that it was the only work of his in
which he had realised his own intention ;
and among the drawings which were in his
possession at his death were cartoons of the
* Kaising of Lazarus,' the * Marriage at Cana,'
and * The Last Supper.'
In 1803 he moved to 4 The Cedars Road,
Clapham Common ; and in September of that
year he received firom India the tidings of
the death of his eldest son, Lieutenant Er-
nest George Cattermole, who died at Umballa
while doing duty with the 22nd native infan-
try. He had shortly before lost his youngest
daughter, and after this second shock a fear-
ful depression fell upon him, from which he
never recovered. He retired much from so-
ciety, and after some years of continual brood-
ing over his loss, he died on 24 July 1868.
He was buried in Norwood cemetery. He
left a widow, three sons, and four daughters.
Of these, all except one son rEdward) are
living. Leonardo Cattermole, the eldest sur-
viving son, is well known for the grace and
spirit of his pictures of horses.
Gattermole's reputation as an artist was
not confined to his own country. The ' His-
toric»il Annual' was published in New York
and Paris. At the French Intemationil
Exhibition of 1855 he received one of the
two ^prandes m6dailles d'honneur awarded to
English artists. Sir Edwin Landseer taking
the other. In the following year he was
elected a member of the Royal Academy of
Amsterdam, and of the Society of Water-
colour Painters at Brussels.
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists (1878) ; Graves**
Diet, of Artists ; Clement and Hntton's ArtisU
of the Nineteenth Century; Forster's Life of
Dickens; Miss Hogarth's Letters of Charles
Dickens; Ruskin's Modem Painters; The An-
nals of the Fine Arts ; Cataloeaes of the Rojal
Academy and Royal Society of Fainters in Water
Colours ; Art Journal, July 1857> September 1868,
Miirch 1870 ; Men of the Time ; works mentioDed
in the artide and communications from the
family.] C. M.
CATTERMOLE, RICHARD (1795?-
1858), miscellaneous writer, was bom about
1795, took orders, and was appointed secretary
to the Royal Society of Literature at its first
general meeting on 17 June 1823. This office
he held till 1852. In 1825 he became con-
nected with the church of St. Matthew, Brix-
ton, Surrey. Here he laboured till 1832. Cat-
termole studied at Christ's College, Cam-
bridge, and proceeded B.D. in 1831. He
was finally appointed vicar of Little Marlow,
Buckinghamshire. He died on 6 Dec. 1858 at
Boulogne. He was married and had several
children, who survived him. Cattermole as-
sisted J. S. Spons in compiling his * Doctrine
of the Church of Geneva' (1st and 2nd ser.
1825-32). He was one of the editors of the
' Sacred Classics, or Select Library of Divinity '
(30 vols. ia^4r-6), and probably edited * Gems
of Sacred Poetry' (1841). Besides a num-
ber of sermons, he also wrote the following
works: 1. *Becket and other Poems,' 1832.
2. * The Book of the Cartoons of Raphael,'
1837. 3. 'The Literature of the Church of
England, indicated in Selections from the
Wn tings of Eminent Divines,' 2 vols. 1844.
4. 'The Great Civil War,' 1846 (previously
published in two parts, issued in 1841 and
1855 respectively, with illustrations by the
artist's brother, George Cattermole [q. v.]).
[Gent. Mag. January 1859, p. 99 ; Reports, &c.
of Royal Society of Literature ; Graduati Cantab.
(Cambridge, 1884) ; Brit. Mus. Cat. Add. MSS.
(1864-75) ; List in Index, p. 287.] F. W-t.
CATTI, TWM SIGN (ci 1630 P). [See-
JoirBs, Thoxab.]
CATTOW, CHAJILES, R.A,, the eldw
(i::28-1798), painter, bora in 1728 at Nor-
wicb, one of a family of tLirty-tive children,
was apprenticed to a London conch-paiuter,
and found time also for some Btudy in the St.
Martin's Lane academy. lie is chiefly known
as a hintbcap and unimal painter, but he had
a good knowledge of ihe ufure, and a talent
for humorous design- In 1781) he published
the ' Margate Padiet,' a clever etching in
■which these qualities appear. Somewhat
«arly in life he became a member of the 3o-
Mety of Artists, and exhibited various pic-
tures inita galleries from 17(10 to 17(H. He
«hoDe in ]m own prof«saion, painting orufr-
menlal panels for carriages, floral embellish-
ments, and heraldic devices in a highly supe-
rior manner, lie received Ihe appointment
of coach-painter to Ooorge III, and was one
of the foundation members of the Royal
Academy. In 17S4 he was master of the
Company of Painter-Stainers. He exhibited
Bt the Royal Academy from its foundstion to
the year of his death, sending altog^^tlier a
large number of works. These were usually
landscapes, but occasionally subject -pieces
and animal paintings. A 'Jupiter and Leda'
and'ChilJatPiay'werehis last works. For
the church of St. Peter ^lancroft, Nor%«'ich,
he painted an altar-piece, ' The Angel de-
livering St. Peter.' Some years before hia
death he ^ave up the practice of his art. He
died at hiB bouse in Judd Place in the New
Bosd, 2S Aug. 1798, and was buried in
Bloomsbury cemelery.
CATTON, CHARLES, the younger
<17o6-I819), painter, son of Charles Catton
the elder [q, v.], was bora in London 301>ec.
1756. He had the advantage of bis father's
tuition, and studied also in the Academy
schools, where it. is stated that he acquired ■
A sood knowledge of the figure. He tra-
velled considerably in England and Scot-
land making sketches, of nhicb some were
afterwards engraved and published. He was '
known as a scene-painter, and also as atopo-
fCraphieal draughtsman, In 1775 he exhibi-
ttd at the Royal Academy a ' View of lion-
doTi from Blackfriars Bridge,' and one of
• Weetminstet from Wesfminater Bridge.' In
■gTBS he exhibited designs for Oay's ' Fables,'
^I^^Bther irith Burney. These were after-
^^K&ds published. So also were a number of
^^ffiaWings of animals token from nature and
engmt*ed by himself, 1788. At the Koyal
Academy he eiliibited tliirty-seven times al-
together' from 1776 to 1800. In the latter
jMt be was living at Purley. In ISUl he
left this country for America, and settled in a
farm upon the Hudson with his two daugh-
ters and a son. There he lived itDtil hia
death, painting occasionally. At South Ken-
singtoa there are specimens of his work —
some drawings of animals done in a neat,
wiry manner. He is said to have 'acquired
wealth ' bv his painting. He died 24 April
1819. "
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Grarefi's Diet.
of Artists; Cat. Eog. CoU. South EensiDgtaa
Huseuiu.]
CATTON, THOMAS (1760-1838), astro-
nomer, took a degree of BA. in 1781 from
St. John's College, Cambridge, as fourth
wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, ob-
tained one of the members' pnxea for senior
bachelors in 1783, proceeded M.A in 1784
and B.D. in 1791. He was also a fellow
and tutor of his college, and was entrusted
with the care of the small observatory situ-
ated on one of its towers. Hare he observed
eclipses, occultations, and other afitronomical
phenomena from 1791 to 1832 with a SJ-
foot transit, a 46-incli, and (after 1811) a
4ti-iDch Dollond'a achromatic. The data
thus collected were reduced and printed in
1 853 under the superintendence of Sir George
Airy, at pubUc expense, with the title ' As-
tronomical Observations made by the Rev.
Thomas Catton, B.B.' Besides appearing
sepnmlely, Ihey formed part of vol, jtxii. of
' Memoirs of the RoyaJ Astronomical So-
ciety.' Catton was one of the earliest mem-
bers of the last-named body, and was also a
fellow of the Royal Society. He died at St.
John's College, Cambridge, 6 Jon. 1638.
[Anaunl Itegister, 1S3S, p. 104; Gent. Mag.
ii. (i.) 216 (new serjus); Monthly Notieea, ir.
110; R. Soc's Cat. Sc. Piipers.] A M. C.
CATTON or CHATT0DUNU8, WAL-
TER (d. 1S43), aFnmciscau friar of Nor-
wich, was, according to some authorities;,
head of the Minorite convent situated be-
tween the churches of St. Cuthbert and St.
Vedast. He seems to have been an author
of some repute in hia generation, and was,
according to Bale, a great student of Aria-
totle. Towards the close of hia life he was
summoned to Avignon by the pope, and died
apeniIentiRryinthatcityJiiI343. Thetitlea
01 his works have been preserved by Leland,
vii, 'A Commentary on the Sentences of
Peter Lombard ' (4 books) and a treatise ' De
Paupertate Evangelica,' to which Bale adds
two other discua*ions entitled reapectively,
' Adversns Astrologos ' and certain ' Resolu-
tioues Qugcstionum.' I'its adds that he was
a mathematician.
Cattwg 326 Caulfeild
(^.1. 1 M , ;. t:. pt ::i. 1022. J 1. A, A. of the committee of the iiiiettanti f. lub, ap-
CATTWG. 1UK»KTH. Stv Cadoc/ Pointed to superintend resei^hes under tfw
auspices of the Bocietv into the claMical an-
CAULFEIIX). JAMES, fourth ViscorxT tiquitie« of Asia Minor. At the same time
andiirM Eakl or CHARLEMoyi 1 172^-1799), the political condition of Ireland continued
Irish stAifSusAu. >eivnvi s<.^n m1 Jamcrs. third to occupy much of his attention. Almost
Ti*<.vun: I'har^.eaion:. and EliMl»e:h, only equally with Flood he shared the honour of
daiurhit r of Franci* R'mard of Castle Her- passing the C>ctennial Bill in 1768, limiting
naru, Cork, was h-^m in Dublin IS A;i*:. 17iS. the duration of the parliament to eight year*
He nxvi \ t\i hi* t>.iuca::^nir:^ai private tutors, instead of making its continuance denend
and in 17 4t> wen: to ihe ivui.nent. ivsiding upon the life of the soyereign. Talini;
for a year in Turin, and anorwards visitin^r advantage of the rising tide of sentiment
Rom?\thf GrtvkIsiand>.Con*Tan:inopltMhe in favour of the hill, ne prevailed on the
Lex an:. Aiid E4;yyt, A: Turin hf m:ide the House of Lords to read it three times in one
ac^iua:n:Aii».v 01" i>ivid Hvm;f. and the inii- dav. In 176d*Charlemont married Miss
maoy was renexxi-d in EiijlAud. Although Hickman, daughter of Robert Hickman of
not 00 :no id iuc wi:h e::!".vT Hun:r*s philoso- ci>unty Clare, and about 1770 he began to
phi0.1l or T»>riX:oAl opinions, he was a warm build a house in Rutland Square, Dublin,
adm:r»-r of his wri.rir^i^. acl ohrrished for him and also to reconstruct his residence at Ma-
persv'^uhV.y a ctva: repirii. Sbonly afirr Char- rino, having come to the conclusion. not»
lemont's x\»:;ini to Ir^-landin 17'U. hv under- wixh«tandinff the attractive connections he
look. w;th :l.v apprv^K*i:iM: o:* :ht l'»rd-iieu- had formed among Englishmen, that resi-
tenant. to niisiiAtf W:wi>rn l>riiuA!e Stone dtrnce in Ireland was the first of his political
and Honr}* Ix^yio. spiVki-r of thv House of duties, 'since without it all others are im*
Coinn*. ons. af: erw arus Edri o! Shhr.ii ■ m ' q . v , " . pract icable.' F'or some time he gave his
n^ipirvMnj: the ap:vr::.'«un:ir.: of iWlVK*/. of strenuous support to Flood's proposal for an
Irish surj^ius. ana siuvr«\ii\l in eifectinj: a al^ent<^^ tax. but latterly he oecame so im-
Twonoiliav..:! lv:wivn ihvu:. His ex]*eri- piv-ssed with the dithculties connected with
eniV of tht o-'udui-: of :he lri*V. itAdrrs iu the matter as to consider its general appli*
this aud o:hir r.:a::vri ::::•..;•.' l^haritm^n: ca: ion inadvisable. In Dublin Charlemnnt's
eariy rs»s.^*>-. :.^ a^-: *,s sr. ir. :•> r.d- :-.: r. ^Vlt^ h.nise was for many years the great centre
mav..Ar.d iiv.dtv* srr^r.^'.y : : ■ ■;.> h> r/.::v.i iu of a: tract ion among the educated and npj»»=-r
fax o 17 of a jTi '"■ "i*. > - ""• - '-•■ sd:v.-.r.:s:ra- classes, and his bent towards the liberal and
tiou av.d 0: •jv^'j^'.:*;.r '.:>:r:y. A: :'?>■ SA:i:e p.lito arts assistt-d to grive an elevation to
tiu».e h'.s u^va'.Tv a'.wavs r: *.i:a'.r.--d ::. rv.;^!; th-.. ctneral tone of society. His influent**- in
and >-.r.o» rt'. l»f this h-.^ iTAvo pr-^: in ihr^ politics was not less beneficent; for though
aUoTity \\ /.h whioi: ho J'r.\^'•.^^.^: : .^ :h-- n-^rth hv ooiild not lay claim to the higher irift> of
to iV'.u:v..s:vd :hi- raw '-. \ios c 'V.^vtid fv^r the sta:esn:anship or orator)\ he possesstnl the
dttViuv of lV*f;.s!. atV.r tV.o vvw.ivivi.^n of insi^rht rt'sultiug from a single-mind<.*d and
l^arr-.v-kf:^^;:* Vy tV.-.* Frt-r.v'h ir. Vtbruary unsr-ltishrepird for the general welfare, while
1 7 (H>V N .^ : 1 ;»r. ^ atV rw ard s V. •: h. a d an o^'p.-^r- hi s jvn : al temper and polished manners tit t^
tuu'.ty of er.^^i *:.!:,: ::: ar. tyj-.ial'.y ^.-hix :*:rkn:s him to act with success as a mediator beiwt.-r'n
if 1 ess hai:i rd ; i;s ii: •. s> i / :: ,:'::?• v : r.dioat i ■ ^n ■ ^f t he p.^ Vfmment and the country. Gran an's
the rights of thv Irish |rxrk'S«s : ^ walk iu rst im ate of his character was no Soubt to s<'»me
I he pry.xvss:ou a: : \\\- oor '::.s: i ."u of i ^ •.-.Ti; •• III. ex: t-ni ov'louivd by personal rv^jiard, but wit h
H.svin«: snooted- d by h> pr::.'.-:uv and his usual happy gift of delineation he has in-
counij^^^'.is sv'.f-ris:r^v.i;: iu liu-.tti::^ wiTh.^ut dii^atid in a tt-w'sentences the secret of hii
bKvxishisi the si-ri ^us dis:;;rlvsuv^ s that were ;ntluenc»\ ' Formed to imite the ari>tocnioy
^vsit'.Mi to the advir^^ss re: urn in*: t hunks for assailable by the approaches of power, oi
the tr\Aiy of IVris prt v-.nTfd further court protit. or of title* ; he annexed totne love of
fax our*, even a prvmiise t.^ app^ut him a Irved.^m a veneration for order, and cast on
trustee of the linen l^xird Iv in*: imm^'. 'da tely the crowd that followed him the graci'^u?
after this di^rv*»:a^U^l. In January 17'U he liyrht of his own accomplishments, so that
prxx>t-dt>ito Lv^ndon. wher^'till 177-^ he had the verv rabble grew civilised as it a}>-
a town residence. His literary and artistic proachei his person ' (Afmoirr of G rattan^
iii. 197). OraMnii tnCered pailioiueDt irndor
his auspices as member for Cliarlenioiit ; and
in the st^yi token towards securing Irekiid's
political uidependeace they worked hand in
faajid as the leaden of the Jri«h nation. The
embodiment of the Tolunteers, a necessity
which England could not avoid, supplied
them with an armed political couTention,
through which the wishes of the nation could
not only be accurately represented, but, if
need be, enforced; und ot this convention
they made use with equal courngo and pru-
dence. ' To that inntitution,' Charlemont
said, ' my country owes its liberty, prospe-
rity, and safety ; and if after her obli^t ions
I can monlion my own, I owe the principal i
and dearest honours of my life ' {Memoirs I
of the Earl of Charlemont, 2nd ed. i. 878).
At first coromander of the body of men raised |
by the town of Armagh, he was in July
17H0 chosen commander-in-chief of the whole
force, a position which be continued to hold
during the remainder of their embodiment.
When the House of Commons in Octobet
177B went to present to the lord-lieutenant
their famous resolution that 'nothing but a
fne trade could save the country irom ruin,'
the volunteers significantlv lined the streets
as they passed, and for their conduct they
received the unanimous thanks of the com-
mona. It was in concert with Charlemont
that Grattan drew up the famous resoluti
regarding the rights of Ireland which he
moved with such effect on 19 April 174
Aa the English government were slow
recognising the importance of the motit
Flood, Cirattan, and Charlemont met p
Tiately at Charlemoiit's in the beginning of
1782, and drew up resolutions on indepen-
dence, which on being submitted to a great
meeting of volunteer delegates were adopted
unanimously. The attLtiide of the volunteers
decided the nuesi ion ; for, on account of the
disasters to tEe English anus in America, the
government had in reality no choice but sub-
miBsion to the armed demands of the Irish
nation. Orattan exactly described the situa-
tion when on 16 April he uttered the famous
sentence, ' I am now addressing a free people.'
The concessions which he had thus by antici-
pation appropriated were granted on 17 May.
These were — first, the repeal of the declara-
toiT act of George I, thus restoring the ap-
pellate jurisdiction of the House of Lords;
secoodly, the repeal of the provision in Poy-
nings'AcI that Irish legislation should receive
the sanction of the privv council of Ireland
and England ; and thirdly, the alteration of i
the perpetual Irish Mutiny Act into a tempo- i
rarv act. The concessions amounted in spirit |
to "home rule, but their effect was greatly I
, modified by the fact that the ■
thepnrliumeutremained unchanged. Shortly
j nl'ter the appointmeat in April 178^ of Lord
I Norlhington as lord-lieutenant, Charlemont
I was nominated a privy councillor, having
consented to the nomination on condition
I that the name of Grattan should be 8ul><
' mltted at the same time as his own, Al-
I though Charlemont did not approve of the
general action of the volunteer convention
which met at Dublin in November 1783, ha
I consented to act as president, and by tha
■ influence of his personal character succevded
in preventing the disputes between them
and the parUatnent &om resulting in vio-
lence. Charlemont was at this time adverse
to catholic emancipation, and by no means
Kenlous for the constitutional reform of the
commons. Unable to resist directly the
inHuence of Flood's oratory over the con-
vention, he therefore adopted the expedient
of advising a dissolution of the convention,
in order that their acheme of reform might
be laid before country meetings regularly
convened to consider it. No convention
WHS again summoned, and from this time
the influence of the volunteers on Irish legis-
lation ceased almost as suddenly as it had
come into existence. Charlemont in 1789
sided with Grattan in regard to the regency
question, and moved in the upper house the
address to the Prince of Wales, requesting
him ' to take upon himself the government
of Ireland, with the style and title of prince
regent, and in the name and behalf of his
mojeatj' to exercise all regal powers, during
his majesty's indisposition and no longer?
The motion was carried by 46 to 36, but the
lord-lieutenant regarded it as incon^stent
with bis oath to transmit it. 'This inde-
pendent action on the part of the Irish par-
liament was undoubtedly the chief cause of
its abolition by the legislative union with
Great Britain. In the same year Charlemont
took an active part in founding the Whig
Club, composed of the leading members of
llie opposition in both houses of parliament,
at which thi> general policy of the party waa
discussed and decided on, He strongly op-
posed the proposals for union; but the ex-
citement connected with the discussions had
serious effects on his health, and he did not
live to experience the pain of witnessing ita
completion. His death took place on 4 Aug,
1799. He was buried in the family vault m
Armagh Cathedral- Among hia papers ha
left the following epitaph : ' Here lies the
body of James, earl of Charlemont, a sincere,
aeatouB, and active friend to his country.
Let his posterity imitate him in that alone,
and forget his manifold errors.' He was
Caulfeild
328
Caulfeild
succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son,
Francis William^ who was created an Eng-
lish baron in 1837. He also left other two
sons and one daughter. * Select Sonnets of
Petrarch, with Translations and Illustrative
Notes, by James, late earl of Charlemont,'
appeared in 1822.
[Hardy's Life of the Earl of Charlemont, 1810,
2nd edition, 2 vols. 1812 ; Memoirs of Q rattan ;
Original Letters of Lord Charlemont and others
to Henry Flood, 1820; Madden's United Irish-
men, first series; MacNevin's History of the
Volunteers of 1782, 1845; European Magazine,
V. 83 ; Gent. Mag. Ixix. 812-16; Bnrke's Peer-
age ; Lecky's Leaders of Political Opinion in
Ireland ; Froude*8 English in Ireland.]
T. F. H.
CAULFEILD, Sib TOBY or TOBIAS,
first Babok Chablehont (1565-1627), was
descended from a family which had been set-
tled in Oxfordshire for many venerations, his
father being Alexander Caulfeild of Great
Milton in tnat county. He was bom 2 Dec.
1565. When a youth he served under Fro-
bisher, and next under Lord Howard. He
was also with the Earl of Essex at the cap-
ture of Cadiz, 21 June 1596. In 1598 he
accompanied Essex to Ireland, in command of
a troop of horse, and was for a time stationed
at Newry. In 1601, under Lord Mountjoy,
he took part in the capture of Kinsale from
the Spaniards. By Lord Mountjoy he was left
in charge of a bridge built by him over the
Blackwater, with command of a hundred and
fifty men, the fort erected for its protection
being named Charlemont. After the acces-
sion of King James he received the honour
of knighthood. On the flight of the Earl of
Tyrone in 1607 he was appointed receiver of
his rents until the estate was given out to
undertakers in 1610, an allowance of 100/.. a
year being made to him for discharging this
duty. The account of his collection of the
earl's rents (State Papers ^ Irish Series, 1608-
1610, pp. 532-46^ is a document of great in-
terest, K)r the ligiit which it casts on the land
system of Ireland at this particular period.
On the division of the estates, Caulfeild re-
ceived a grant of a thousand acres. Pre-
vious to this he had, in 1608, been appointed
to the command of the upper nart of Tyrone
and of Armagh. On 17 April 1613 he was
named a privy councillor, and the same year
he was cnosen knight of the shire for Ar-
magh. On 19 Feb. 1615 he was made master
of the ordnance, and on 10 May of the same
year one of the council for the province of
Munster. Subsequently he was appointed a
member of the commission for the parcelling
out of escheated lands. In consideration of
his long and valuable services to the crown,
recorded in detail in the patent (^StateBsqien,
Irish Series, 1615-26, p. 300), he was oeated
Baron Charlemont, and as he had not been
married, the sucoession of the honour was
granted to his nephew, Sir William Canl-
feild, and son of his brother Jamee. He died
17 Aug. 1627, and was buried in Gfaiift
Church Cathedral, Dublin.
[Burke's Peerage and Baronetage; Lodge't
Peerage of IreUnd, iii. 127-84 ; State Papen,
Irish Series, from 1603 to 1625.] T. F. H.
CAULFEILD, TOBY or TOBIAS, third
Babon Chablbmont {cL 1642^, was the
eldest son of Sir William Caulieild, second
baron, and Mary, daughter of Sir John King,
knight (ancestor to the Earl of Kingston).
In 1639 he was returned to parliament for
the county of Tyrone. At tne time of the
rebellion of 1641 he succeeded his finther u
fovemor of Fort Charlemont. On 22 Oct
641 Sir Fhelim O'Neill [q. v.] went to dine
with him, and was courteously received ; but
meantime O'Neill's followers surprised Charle-
mont. After being retained fifteen weeks a
prisoner in Charlemont, he was removed to
O'Neiirs castle at Kinaid, on entering which
he was shot dead by Edmund Boy O'Hugh,
foster-brother to O'Neill, 1 March 1642. He
was succeeded by his brother Robeit, who
died a few months later.
[Lodge's Irish Peerage (edit. 1789), iii.
140-2.] T. F. H.
CAULFEILD, WILLIAM, fifth Babo5
and first Viscount Chablbmont (d. 1(571),
third son of Sir William Caulfeild, second
baron, and brother of Toby, third baron [q. v.l
succeeded his brother liobert in the title and
estates in 1642. He caused the apprehension
of Sir Phelim 0*Neill, who was chargeable
with the murder of Toby, third baron, and
had him executed. After the Restoration he
was chosen a member of the privy council,
and in 1661 he was nominated one of the
lords to prepare a declaration requiring con-
formity to episcopacy. He was named con-
stable and governor of the fort of Charle-
mont for life, but on 13 April 1664 sold it
to the crown for 3,500/. By Charles II he
was in 1665 advanced to the degree of vis-
count. He died in April 1671, and was
buried in the cathedral church of Armagh,
where there is an elaborate monument to his
memory.
[Lodge's Irish Peerage (edit. 1789), iii. 142-6.]
T. F. fl.
CAULFEILD, WILLIAM, second Vis-
count Chablehont {d. 1726), was the se-
cond son of William, £nt viscount [q.v.], and
' Caul field
Caulfield
Sjirali.saeond daughter of Charles, eecond \i»-
count Moore of Srogheda. Unviagtaken up
amiB agBiDBt J&mee II, be was attaial^d and
bis estates sequeitrawd 7 May 1689, but he
ivas afterwards reinstated in tbem bj William,
■who made him governor of the fort of Char-
lemont, and custos rotuloriun of Tyrone and
Armagh. In the businees of the houee of pccra
he took an active part, being in 1692 selected
to prepire an address to the lord-tieutennnt
to recommend the stationing of men-of-war
on the coasts, and in 1695 to prepare a bill
against the inheritance of protestant estates
by papists. In 1703 he sailed with the fleet
to Uie WMt Indies. In 1 705 he served under
Uie Earl of Peterborough in the Spiuiieb war,
and dietingiiished himself at Barcelona. At
the attack on the citadel of Monjuich he was
one of the first to march into the fort at the
head of his men, and received for his conduct
the special thanks of the king of Spain. On
S5 Aug. 1705 he was promoted brigndier-
Sneral, and on 22 April 1708 major-general.
e vraj al»o chosen a privy councillor, oud in
Mav 1720 he was sworn of the privy council
of Oeorge 1. lie died 21 July of the same
year, ancl was buried in the vault of the family
■n Armagh. By his wife Anne, only daughter
of Dr. James Margetson, archbishop of Ar-
magh, he had seven sons and five daughters.
[LodRS'a Iriiib Peerage (ed. IjSB), iii. 148-
160 ; Burke's Pcerafre ; Political Stats of Great
Britftio, xixii. SS ; Lottrell's Marmtiv.]
T. P. H.
CAITLFIELD, JAMES (1764-1S26),
author and printseller, was bom in the Vine.
yard, Clerkenwell. on 11 Feb. 1764. Weak
eyesight j>revented liim following the busi-
ness of his father, a music engraver, who
took him when about eight years old to Cam-
bridge for the benefit of his health. Here he
e^rwarda came under the notice of Christo-
pher Sharpe, the well-knovm print collector.
Bharpe gave him a number of etchings, and
five pounds to purchase more. AUCaulfield's
boyiah savings now went in the same direc-
tion, and he beeame a constant bidder for
cheap lots at Hutchins's saleroom in King
Street, Covent Garden. This induced liis
father to set him up in business as a print-
seller, and he opened a small shop in Old
llound Court, Strand, where he was visited
by Dr. Johnson, R. Coswnv, R.A., and other
celebrities. In 1784 Caulfield assisted his
father, who had been engaged by John Ashley
(^q. V,} to engrave a large quantitv of music
■n-aiited for the Handel commemoration. The
additional capital acquired by this labour
«nabled him to remove to larger premises in
■C»»''e Stre^'i ^'«*'e' Square. Inhis'En-
Suiry into the conduct of E. Malone,' Caul-
eld tells us that ' having been a consider-
able collector of materials for puhliahing
the memoirs of remarkable persons, I began
[in 1788] to engage engravers to cany on
that work, and in 1790 I produced the first
number of " Portraits, Memoirs, and Cha-
racters of Remarkable Persons." ' Otherparts
followed at irregular intervals, without order,
as the engravings were ready, and in 1794-6
appeared the complete work, embracing the
Efriod from Edwu*d III to the Revolution,
aulfield's ' remarkable characters ' are per-
sons famous for their eccentricity, immora-
lity, dishonesty, and so forth. The publica-
tion of Granger's 'Biographical History of
England' in iftiE) had given a marked impetus
to the taste for engraved portraits. In the
advertisement Caulfield announces: 'Of the
twelve difi*erent classes of engraved portraits
arranged by the late ingenious Mr. Granger,
there is not one so difficult to perfect, with
original prints, as that which relates to per-
sons of the lowest description.'
About 1796 Caulfield removed to 6 Clare
Court, Drury Lane, wherehe issued a reprint
of Taylor the Water Poet's ' Life of Old Parr,'
with some additional portraits. In 1796 he
visited Oxford, and transcribed a manuscript
'Anecdotes of Extraordinary Persons,' men-
tioned bv Granger, which was in the Ashmo-
lean Museum. In 179" appeared'The Oxford
Cabinet ,' with engravings and anecdotes from
the notes of Aubrey and others. Malone
then claimed a prior right to the manuscript ;
Caulfield was mused any further use of it,
and the work was stopped when only two
numbers had been published. This drew
from thejiublisher his ' Enquiry into the Con-
duct of E. Malone,' who is said to have bought
up the whole stock of two hundred and fifty
copies in one day. In 1797 Caulfield suoces-
sively occupied premises in William Street,
Adelphi, and 11 Old Compton Street, Soho.
His next literary nndertaliing was to assist
William Granger (not the biographical histo-
rian) tobringont 'The New Wonderful Mu-
seum' in rivalry with Kirby's 'Wonderful
and Scientific Museum.' It appeared in num-
bers, with upwards of a hundred and fifty
portraits and plates, some of them familiar in
Caulfield's previous publications. The work
consists of descriptions of remarkable events
and objects, and lives of eccentric individuals.
Tlie sixth volume is noteworthv for its nc-
counts of booksellers. His ' Hiatorr of the
Gunpowder Plot,' chiefly biographical notie»-s
from original sources, came out in 1804. The
' Crouwelliana ' {!810> is usually attributed
to its publisher, Macheil Stoce, but the Viok
woB really edited by Caulfield, It c
Caulfield 330 Caulfield
of extracts from contemporary newspapers
and other documents, and it was intended as
a basis for illustration. Caulfield edited for
the same person a series of reprint-s of Bur-
and until 1820 was chiefly occupied in the
sale of engravin^y the illustration of boolo,
and the compilation of catalogues. That ha
should have been obliged to take to the
ton's (or Crouch's) topographical pieces, with ' latter occupation rather points to a decline
full indexes and additional woodcuts, as well of fortune. In more prosperous times he wu
as a treatise on * The Antiquity, Honour, and , patronised by the chief collectors of the day^
Dignity of Trade ' n813), which had come ' among whom were Earl Spencer, Towneley,
into the hands of tne publisher, with other Bindley, Oracherode, and others. His next
documents, from Penshurst. The writer { publication was a continuation of his ' Por-
was not a member of the Sidney family, trait-s, &c., of Remarkable Persons,' cairying
The book contains a long list of English ! the series from 1688 down to the end of tb»
merchants who have attained great honour. I reign of George II. One of these, represent*
The stock and coppers of Caulfield's ' Me- , ing a lady known as * Mulled Sack,' had sold
moirs, &c., of Remarkable Persons,' passed ; for forty guineas. Another publication wis
into other hands in 1799. Originally pub- * The Hign Court of Justice, in which the
lished at fifty shilling, it became so much '■ portraits of the regicides are decorated with
sought after, that copies were fetching seven i skulls, crossbones, axes and chains. One of
guineas apiece, and R. S. Kirby arranged with his sons seems to have now entered into bu8i«
the author to produce a new edition, which ness, as the last book is 'printed and published
was issued in 1813. It contained all the cha- by John Caulfield j)rint and book seller, Little
racters of Granger's twelfth class, * such as | Newport Street, Leicester Square.' Li 1821
liyed to a great age, deformed persons, con- ' Caulfield edited an edition of the ' Memoirs
victs, &c.,' with many additions unknown to of the Kit-Cat Club,' and two years later he
him, Bromley, Noble, and other authorities, brought out three numbers of ' Biographical
In this edition the portraits are arranged Sketches of British History,' of which sutfi*
chronologically for the first time. There are cient matter was left to make three Tolumes.
upwards of fifty more than in the former one, Almost his last undertaking was to edit the
which only contained sixty. fifth and best edition of Granger.
In 1814 much scandal was caused by ! Caulfield had a j^ood memory. His know-
' Chalcographimania, by Satiricus Sculptor,' \ ledge of English history and biojo^phy was
a satirical poem after the style of Mathias s minute and extensiye, while his acquain-
* Pursuits of Literature,' full of ill-natured ' tance with engrayed British portraits was
gossip about artists, print-sellers, and col- unequalled by any person of his time. Hi*
lectors. The yerse is supposed to haye been | liberality in imparting his information, and
written by W. H. Ireland, and the notes sup- eyen the mysterious secrets of the trade, was
plied by Thomas Coram. Not many months I viewed with great jealousy by his riyals. The
passed before Caulfield published * Calco- ' numerous works written and edited by him
graphiana,' a serious and useful treatise, in usually attain a high standard of excellence,
which he yigorously denied * upon my oath ' He was always fond of attending places of
any connection with * Chalcographimania.' | amusement, and at one time was conspicuous
George Smeeton, his biographer, assures us ' for neatness of dress. With adyancing years
that *the manuscript was offered to the "^Titer ' Caulfield took to drink, became neglectful of
of this sketch, who instantly refused it, and ' his appearance, and troublesome in his social
it was then sold to Mr. Kirby. Caulfield for I relations. He always worked hard and s])ent
a few shillings, while in banco lief/is, did cer- freely, but neyer lost the generosity which fop-
tainly read oyer the work, and added the ! merly led him to support his aged parents. In
note k on page 171.' This note is one of the I the last twelve months of his life, while only
least important in the whole book, which I earning five shillings a day as a cataloguer, he
bears in several places unmistakable signs kept his youngest daughter and her fiBimily.
of Caulfield's co-operation. In 1814 he is- I In January 1826 he broke his knee-pan, and
sued, among other books, a useful ' Cata- j was conveyed to the house in Camden Town
logue of Portraits of Foreigners who have I of his brother Joseph. Here he remained six
visited England ;' the 'Eccentric Magazine,' weeks, and then went to St. Bartholomew's
with lives and portraits of misers, dwarfs. Hospital, where, after remaining ten days in
murderers, idiots, and similar personages ; a King Henry VIIFs ward, he died on 22 April
new edition of Naunton's * Fragmenta Re- 182o. He lies buried in the family vault in
galia ; ' ' Memoirs ' of the same author ; and Clerkenwell Church. He married Miss Mary
the commencement of an important under-
taking, * A Gallery of British Portraits.' He
now resided in Wells Street, Oxford Street,
Ghiscoigne, who died in 1816, and by whom
he had seven children ; four survived him.
He had several brothei8| among whom was
Thomm, a uomedioii and mimic, of Drury
LaneTUeutrc, who died in Aroerico, ond thu
Jojepli mentioued abovy, ' ft music engraver
and most excellent teacher of the pianoforte'
(J. T. Smith, NolUkemand hi* Timet, i. 222).
A portrait of Caulfield waa prefixed to his
' Calcographiana ' ' to supersede the multi-
pticit; of caricatureH of m j peraon.'
The foUowinff >» & ^'^^ o( his vorka -.
l.'Caulfield'sedition of corioua Tracts: the
Age and long Life of Thomas Parr, illus-
trated with seven elegant Prints from the
Designs ofAnthoi)vVaiiAssen,'Londoii,l 794,
12mo, a reprint of Taylor the Water Poet's
life, 1635. 2. 'Portruts, Memoirs, and Cha-
racters of remarkable Peraons, from the Reign
of Edward III to the Revolution; collected j
from the most authentic accounts extant by
J. C.,' London, 1794-5, 2 vols. roy. 8vo.
3. 'The OxfordCabinet[pd.byJ.C.],' London, !
1797, 4to. 4. 'An Enquiry into tbeOonductof
Edmond Malone, Esq., concerning the Manu-
script Papers of John Aubrey, F!R.S.,in the
AshDioleanMufleimi,C>xfordTbjJ.C.],'1797,
I2ino. 5. ' The new Wondernil Museum and
Extraordinary Ktogazine by Wm, Granger,
assiated by many valuable articles communi-
cated by J. C. and others' [1803>1«)6,
6 voU, 8to. 6. 'The Hiatorv of the Gun-
powder Rot, by J. C' 1804, 8vo. 7. ' Lon-
din* Blustrata,' 1805-25, 2 vols. 4to ; the
Erincipal part of the lei terpress was supplied
y J. C. 8. ' Oomwelliana, a Chronological
Detail of Events in which Oliver Cromwell
was engagi-d from 1642 to 1658, with a con-
tinuation to the ReMoration [ed. by J. C.l,'
1810, folio. 9. 'TliBtorical Remarks on the
ancient aud present State of the Oilies of Lon-
don and Westminster,' Westminster, 1810;
' The Wars in England, Scotland, and Ire-
land from 1626 to 1660,' I'A. 1810; 'Admirable
Ouriosities, Rarities, and Wonders in Eng-
land, ScotUnd, and Ireland,' ib. 1811 ; ' The
Uiatory of the Kingdom of Scotlimd,' H/.
1813 ; ■ The History of the HouBe of Orange,'
I'ft. 1814, 6 pieces, 8to, edited by J. C. from
ibe editions of 1681-5, usually attributed to
Richard or Robert Burton [a. v.], the pseu-
donym under which the publieher and au-
thor, Nnthanial Crouch, piiblished hi.t works.
10. 'The Antiquity, Honour. and Dignity of
Trad-- fed. by J. Cl' 1813. 8vo. 1 f. ■ Por-
traits, Memoirs, and Characters of Remark-
able Persons from the reign of Edward ITIto
the Revolution, A new edition completinu- ,
the twelfth class of Granger's Biographical
History of England, by J. C.,' London, 1813,
3vols.8vo. 12. 'CalcogTiiphiana,Oitidetothe
Knowledge and Value of Engraved British I
Portnuts, by J. C.,' London, 1814, 8vo, por- '
trailofJ.C. 18. 'A Catalogue of PortraiU of
Eoreigners who have visited England, as no-
ticed by Clarendon, Thurloe, &c. [by J. U.J,'
London, 1814, am. 8vo. 14. 'The Eccentric
Magn*ine [ed. by Henry Lemoine and J.C.],'
1814, 2 vols. 8vo. 15. ' The Court of Queen
Elizabeth, originally written by Sir Robert
Nauntonimderthetitleof "Fra^entaRega-
liB,"with considerable biographical additions
by J. C' London, 1814, 4to. 16. 'A Gallery of
British Portraits during the reigns of James I,
CbarlosI, and the Common wealth,' l814,partB
i. and ii. folio. 17. ' Memoirs of Sir Robert
Kaunton, Knt.,' 1814, 4to. 18. ■ Portrait*,
Memoirs, and Characters of Remarkable Per-
sons, from the Revolution in 1688 totheend
of the reign of George II, collected by J. C.,'
1819-20, 4 Tols. roy. 8vo. 19. ' The Higk
Court of Justice, by J, C.,' 1820,4to. 20.'Me-
moirs of the celebrated Persons comprising
the Kit-Cat Club [by J. C.},' 1821, roy. 4to.
21, 'Biographical Stetchea illustrative of
British History [by J. C.],' London, 1823j
only three numbers issued. 22. ' A Biogroi-
phicol History of England, by the Rev. James
Granger, fifth edition, with upwards of 400
additional Lives [ed. by J. C.],'Loudon, 1834,
6 vols. 8vo.
[A biogmphicnl sketch was contritiuCed by
Qfeorge] S[meBton], Caulflold's friend and
printer, to the Gent. Mug, 1826, pt. i. p. 669 ;
reproduced in the Annual Begister. 1826, p. 246,
anil the Annoal Biogr, and Register, li. 1827.
pp, 441-3. See also NicboU's IllBstr. vi. 441.]
H. B. T.
CAUNT, BENJAMIN (1815-1861),
champion pugilist, was bom in the village
of HucknalUTorkard, Nottinghamshire, on
22 Mareh 1815. His fother. a tenant of
Lord Byron, was engaged in some humble
copacity at Newstead. The son, according
to his own account, was a gamekeeper or a
watcher, but other people said be was a
navvy. His height was 6 feet 2^ inches, and
hia weight 14 stone 7 lbs. At an early age
he aspired to pugilistic honours. Un 21 July
1S35 he was defeated by William Thom]^
son, known as Bendigo. On 17 Aug. 1837
Caunt defeated William Butler in fourteen
rounds for a stake of 20/. a side. The re-
putation of Bendigo having in the mean-
time much risen, another encounter between
him and Caunt came off on 3 April 1838 on
Skipworth Common, near Selby, when, after
a fight of seventy-five rounds, lasting eighty
minutes, a dispute arose, which was settled
in favour of Caunt, who now took the title
of champion. On 26 Oct. 1840 he beat Jolin
Leechman, known as Brassey, ofter 101
rounds, and was baited 'champion of Eng-
land.' In ft fight with Nicholas Ward on
Caunt
332
Causton
2 Feb. 1841 Caunt was disqualified for a
foul blow. At a match with the same op-
ponent at Lonff Marston, near Stratford-on-
Avon, on 11 May, Ward gave in after the
thirty-fifth rouncL Some time previously a
subscription had been raised to purchase a
* champion's belt.' Caunt in September 1841
went to the United States, taking with
him the belt. No fifi^ting, however, took
place in America. He exhibited himself
in theatres, and returned to England on
10 March 1842. He brought back with him
Charles Freeman, an American giant, 6 feet
10^ inches high, weighing 18 stone, and with
him made a sparring tour throughout the
United Kingdom. Freeman died of con-
sumption in the Winchester hospital on
18 Oct. 1845, aged 28, when his weight had
fallen to 10 stone. In 1843 Caunt became
proprietor of the Coach and Horses public-
nouse, St. Martin's Lane, London. H^ went
into training in 184o, and, having reduced
himself firom 17 stone to 14 stone, met Ben-
digo near Sutfield Green, Oxfordshire, on
Sept. 1845, and, in the presence of upwards
of ten thousand persons, contested for 200/.
and the championship. The fight lasted over
two hours, and in the ninety-third round
the referee, George Osbaldiston, gave a de-
cision (of doubtml correctness) in favour of
Bendigo. On 15 Jan. 1851 a fire took place
in the Coach and Horses, when two of the
landlord's children were burnt to death.
Great sympathy was felt with Caunt under
this dreadful calamitv, and a ballad upon
it had a very extensive sale. On his last
apiHjarance in the ring he met Nathaniel
Langliam (the only man who ever beat the
famous Tom Sayers) on 23 Sept. 1857, when,
after un unsatisfactory fight of sixty rounds,
the men shook hands and no decision was
piven. Caunt still kept the Coach and
Horses, where the parlour was a general re-
sort for aspirants for pugilistic honours and
their patrons. He was also well known as
a ])igeon-shooter, and it was while taking
part in a match early in 1860 that he caught
cokl, and died on 10 Sept. 1861. He was
in his fortv-seventh year. He was buried in
Hiicknall-Torkard churchyard on 14 Sept.
From first to last he showed no improve-
ment in his style of fighting; his positions
were inartistic, and he lacked judgment, but
was a manly upricrht boxer, and there never
was a question of his pluck.
[Miles's Pugilisticn, with portrait (1880), iii.
47-03; Fight,s for the Championship, by the
Editor of Boll's Life (1860), pp. 135-42, 168-
209 ; Fistiana (1868), pp. 21, 134 ; Modem Box-
ing, by Pendragon, i.e. Henry Sampson (1879),
pp. 2-9.] a. C. B.
■ GAUNTER, JOHN HOBART (17Wr-
1851), misoellaneoua writer, bom at Uitti*-
ham, Devonshire, 21 July 1794, went to
. India as a cadet about 18C0. He wijb sooii
disgusted with oriental life, and ' having dis-
covered, much to his disappointment, nothing
on the continent of Asia to interest him,' he
returned home. He recorded hia in&presaiooi
of India in a poem entitled the * Cadet' (3
vols. 1814). Gaunter then studied at Gam-
bridge for the ministry of the church of Eng-
land. In 1828 he obtained the deffiee of
B.D. ' After he had entered holy oraert ha
was for nineteen years the incumoent minis-
ter of St. Paul's Chapel, Foley Place, in the
parish of Marylebone. In 1846 he took a
lease of a proprietary' chapel at Kennington.
I He held for a short time the rectory of Hails-
ham in Sussex, and was also chaplain to
; the late Earl of Thanet' (Gent Mag,) At
the time of his death, which took place in
London, 14 Nov. 1851, he was curate of
Prittlewell, Essex. His wife and three
voung children 8ur^'ived him. Caunter^s
best known work is his ' Romance of His-
to^,' India, 3 vols. 1836 (republished in
1872), which formed part of a populsjr series.
Under the form of stories it treats of the
most remarkable incidents of the Mahom-
medan conquests in India. Gaunter alM
wrote: *The Island Bride, in six cantos,'
1830; 'Sermons,' 3 vols. 1882; 'Familiar
Lectures to Children/ 1835 ; ' St. Leon, a
Drama, in three acts,' 1835; 'Posthumous
Records of a I^ndon Cler^rman,' 1835;
'Descriptions toWestall and Martin's Illus-
trations of the Bible,' 1835 ; ' The Fellow
Commoner; a Novel,' 3 vols. 1836; 'The
Poetrv of the Pentateuch,' 2 vols. 1839 ; * The
Triumph of Evil ; a Poem/ 1845; ' Dlustra-
tions of the Five Books of Moses,' 2 vok
1847 ; ' An Inquiry into the History and
Character of Ranab,' 1850. Besides various
sermons, theological notes, &c.. Gaunter was
also engaged in the production of ten
' Oriental Annuals ' published between 1830
and 1840.
[Gent. Mag. for 1862, xxxvii. 627-S, whew,
however, the date of death, as appears from the
Times of 20 Nov. 1861, is incorrectly eiven;
various notices in the Cadet ; Oradoati Canta-
brigienses, p. 96 (Cambridge, 1884) ; Notes and
Queries for 1870, 4th ser. vi. 274, 363,446 ; Add.
MSS. 24867. f. 41, Brit. Mus. Cat.] F. W-t.
CAUSTON, MICHAEL de. [See Caw-
STON.]
CAUSTON, THOMAS (d. 1609), musi-
cal composer, was a sentleman of the chapel
royal under Edward VI, Mary, and EHiia-
beth. Nothing is known of hia parentagei
but ii is possible thnt be is identicol w-ith a
TbomBB Causton who -was living ftbouF ibi^
same dale at Oxted in Surrey. This indi-
vidual -was the son of William Causton of
Orpington, by Katherine Banister, and
m&rrieci lo AgneaPoUeyof Shoreham, Their
eon 'Waiiam (rf. 1638) had a numerous fa-
mily, who iired at Oiled until late in the
Beventeentb century. On 39 Oct. 1658 Mary
wTot«> to the mayor and aldenneii of London
in favour of Thomas Causton, ' one of the
CitlemeD of the chappell,' requesting that
should be admitted into the fireedor" -'
the city. In 1560 he contribut-ed Home n
to John Dav's rare ' Certain Notes, set forth
in four and three parts, to be aung at thi
Morning, Communion, and Evening Prayer.
The same publisher's 'Whole Psalme's ir
Foure Partes' (1563) also contains no less
than twenty-seven compositions by Causton.
A Venite and service by him have been re-
Knted in the ' Ecclaaiologist,' and a fine Te
am and Benedictus in score are preserved
in the British Museum (Add. MS. 31226).
As far oa can be judged from these composi-
tions, Causton was a composer in every re-
spect worthy of the school of which Bedford
and Tftllis ore the great lights. He died on
38 Oct. 1569, and was succeeded at the
Chapel Royal by Richard Farrant.
[Cheque Book of the Chapel Boyal, ed. Rim-
banll, p. 3; QniyD'a Diet, of Hogic, i. 326;
State Fupers, Dome«ti'> Ser. Mary. 136B. Docq. ;
Add. MS. 1C279, fol. *35 ; Regiators of Oxted,
ooromaDicHtad by the Rev. F. Pamell.]
W. B. S,
OAUTLEY, SiE PROBY THOMAS
(1803-18"! J, colonel, the projector ajid con-
structor of the Oanrea Canal, was the son
of the Rev. Thomas Cautley of Stratford St.
Mary's, Suffolk. He joined the Bengal ar-
tillery in 1819, and after some years' service
with that corps, in which he was for a time
<'1823 and 1824) an acting adjutant and
qnartermaator, he was appointed by Lord
Amiierst assistant to Captain (afterwards
Colonel) Robert Smith of the Bengal engi-
Tteera, who was at that time employed in re-
constructing the Doab Canal, an old channel
of irrigation drawn from the left bank of the
Jumna at the foot of the Sivalik bills. In
December 1825 Cautley, with the rest of the
canal officers, was called to join tho army en-
gaged in the siege of BUurtpore, under Lord
Coxnbentiere, and, after serving with the ar-
tillery through that operation, rejoined his
wofk on the canal, whidi was opened in 1830.
In 1831 Cautley succeeded to the charge of
the vbiulI, and remained in charge of it for
part of the canal wa£ beset with ditUcultiei
owing to a number of mountain t
descending from the Sivalilcs and s<
bringing down suddenly huge volumes of
water, which traversed its alignment, and
across which the canal at different relative
levels had to be carried, tn combating these
difficulties Cautley displayed great skill and
dexterity, and graiduftlly devekiped the canal
into an extremely efficient instrument of irri-
gation. It was not on a very large scale,
Qitending with its distributaries to about
a hundred and thirty miles in length and
with a head flow of about a thousand cubic
feet pet second. Whiloemployedonthiflduty
Cautley visited the Dehra valley, where he
projected and executed the Bijapur and Dehra
watercourses, and projected also a line from
the Jumna, which was carried out later.
The great work of Cautley's life was the
Ganfes canal. This was a purely British
work. It was first contemplated by Colonel
Colvinof the Bengalengineers, by whose ad-
vice Cautley examined the project, but with
results so discouraging that the idea of the
canal was temporarily abandoned by liim( Qtl-
eutta Review, lii. loO). The severe &mine
of 1837-8 led to a re-examination of the pro-
ject, which was reported on by Cautley in
1840, and sanctioned by Lord Auckland and
eventually by the court of directors in 1841,
the court directing that the projected canal
should be 'constructed on such a scale as
would admit of irrigation being supplied to the
whole of the Doab, or the country lying be-
tween the rivers Oftngea,Hindun, and Jumna,
forming the principal part of the north-
western proTinces.' Cautley's aervicefl in
framiDg the project were acknowledged bythe
court by a donation of ten thousand rupees.
The actual construction of the work was not
commenced until 1843, and its progress wan
rauch retarded by the opposition of Lord
EUenborough, who did aU that he could to
discourage the project, withholding sufficient
officers' Dssielanee, and, witli a strange mis-
conception of the object for which the canal
was mainly required, directing thut it sbotild
be constructed ' primarily for navigation, not
for irrigation,' and that ' only such water
should be appUed to the latter object as
was not required for the former.' Until the
banning of 1844 Cautley was obliged, from
the want of subordinate agency, to conduct
with his own hands the drudgery of survey-
ing, levelling, and such like work, In 1645
Cautley was compelled by ill-health to return
to Europe. During bis absence the work wos
efficientlv carried on by Major fafterwnrds
Sir WiUinra) Baker \a. v.] WhUo in Eng-
lft"'^ Cautltiv omittod &o w " "'
T ■
ncr^
T' :.*r.
■ ■ ■ '^^^ •■ mI mimm .m
T _II
^ \
.- ■ - - .r
-^i'
-•- ^ -
•TUtnT"^" "-"^1- *. -!.*. - .— ^ tTT ?!, -n.! " "Tl
V - - -j^r.*^ 1 *
^ ^ • ^ - r* ■ *
I ^. . •# - ■
r ^
II. 'J-.- : ". ■• '•'V''
•s
..r-
- -V 1 ::u.. UXil "111- -!1-
^ ;:....'. 1-ii. \nii ••—•I -sn. "-i ::: >r :-zi
•►•Si: 4
^ '.»-'\- V.U.Tf'". T
.U T.1.1::: r:^
u
. ■^,..« ■ •- ^••^ " " '§- ■IT"'-*'" ^IL** "'
■
•^ . ■« " .-" ".-.'." I.'.' .rr ,1-1-1
- ".I .-. y. .-." .-. t. *-,=:"- ■«■ L- T"i-r-
ti • i- *- " ■ .- "• ■ - • V " • » • • • -
V
- i«
A ■•
1 -
Y
r >
;:
'f;.'.
. . ..••: •'.. '\)J' i.-^***:.- f.i.^lT'i- .:.'■ ^.-i V.-:
f', .r.'!;i* '.r. '.f *!.- 'A'.rk- '-ti -jr.i .:r. i 4 <■ :.-
■■.•1' Nif*.'- :'r.;'*K '.f v<Trv '!'»-j# '■ .••In.' ri»-r*ir<*
»h" •■iH.i/<- 'if *ii*' ji!;i:fi to J/«' I rr !/;i'-'i 'v.-i.-
n ..I K"!. ■-!ijhi"'j'i'rtf '•xfi"ri«-rio«','l*;riv».-<llro:n
Mi'-'-'»r»-'' ruri if/ii t,f f\:iut- JiPiiJt on -i*'-^ such '1-
r'»r Arfliur r'/it.fori 'tont^rrriplfit*-'!, /U:r«*- th*r
fHiri(/<- Tor tire hi'A'*^r ^lAnffOt cbnal, Hnfl
iiM<i:i liif Jiiiririn for th" A^th '-hnfil, ajH
|M ill--, t'l liiiv; xliowri til fit tliff vi';W of tin;
.iiMi r wit'i /'ornrt in |»rincip]o, hut. that h<'
f fill -Klfnihlv iifi'h'r''HtiMifit«'/l what wouhl
hiivc h<-<-n lh« ro^t. of th«* work if ciirriofl out
fill hi I phiM. 'VUr iri'mt M<>riouH finilt of thi'
fiiiiiil wim I'xri'MM of nhiiN', nnH to r<'(rtify thin
|mii'i itf il w«n' n'in(Mlf*il(!(l ut a cost (which,
~ •-- T-iLUi V* TimiL "1 'it*Jir ^ift t«:: -of
Tui n I -.zr ir'-*m3if-!ir :c I^'L* f r Lis
■'n.Hr-.ir — ?"-c*=s ir^ -3 ••IT -wt^.v :■:■&. in
Ti-ir,.-- r*!iiir:r»-i ■l^r.irTisi-r'i s^rrice to
rrsu.nr -.ci j. rlnf- ^\.--\'. V nzj*, which is
tji:! i j-.^sL rrsia-i;. HI* rr9^*reh-rt* w*r«
■ii--!i~ '.:Lrrjrti£ m _^ ti'.'**:t.'LiT;-:n w::h Dr.
21 ;«-" 7 1 j:r.!i»rr. i- -'iat. -.zir 1:1 ;b.irr« of the
■• 'ui-.:l1 ri-rirz. i" SiJiAncriT. ini. tfcrir
;■■ -■ :..-*:• "-tjt^ iTTrur.r.j iT^nri'a in Eu-
T •:-. "li-T -v-T^ l-tlt:-^: ''.y ••i-f GeT-lr^ical
S '. -"' .z. 1?-17 "1- ^' :•' lliff"«; T2 m*:C;il In
: :r-i a."-. I: -* •"L"-:'i ''~\' Ci^rlry's coUec-
"1 : :>*_i 7?«»r!: -: ij l-si to the Br.-
*-•- M:-a*T:~ £ll-ri 1'14 oh-^^**. averunng' in
T--^-!i" -« :-sr. ^a^L Caitlrj tras a fivipit-nt
:• -:r.-. .-.r i ;ii:»rrs >.-.:V to :he IVnjzal
A-. \' . : S:«::-="Tir:'i :■? :b.* G^'r'l-'^iric&l S«xM*'tv
■ : I-.' - : ■ r.. Pi.r :* 11 ■•wir. j nisT Vie m«?nti«->n»?d :
Ir. -1.-: • A <!.•::■? KrS-:irc:.--/ vnl, xri. 1 I >!*••>,
r. ' . * : •r : * < ■ -il ar^-i Li^rr. : * »• in t h*^ I lima I ay a : '
V. 1. xix. {-. 1. ■ 1^;W). 'On Th*» Fo>sil CrM*"^
'M- ^ : •!.-: Sivilik? :* • * 'n th** Foa^il Gharial
of *!.•: Sivaliic*.' In * JiMimal As. Soc. IVn-
feMl.' vol. i. il»ol*». *On Gyp:? urn of the
Himaliiva ; ' iii. \ 1 "^^W ». * <.»n Di-covpir of an
Anr-iMnt fity n»-ar IV-hiit in the Doab:' iv.
ilS-Jo), * On GoM-washinsrs of the Giimi
Kiv»T:* * On a New Spt.»oie^ of Snake cii<-
: r-ov»;nrfl in the Doab:' v. (1^.'}6), M)n the
T»'»'Th of the Sivalik ^[astodon « dent*
rtroitftt'." * On the Mastodons of the Sivaliks ;'
vi. (lK*i7), M)n a Sivalik Kuminant allied to
th.' (Jiniffidie ; ' viii. f IKW), * On the Use of
\V(;11h in P^oundationa, as pnustised by the
Natives of the Northern Doab;' ix. pt. i.
( IKIO), * On the Fossil CamelidsB of the Si-
valiks ; ' xi. (1842), ' On the Proposed For-
Illation of a. Canal of Irrigatii
Jumna, in the Dliern Diin.' In * Ouolofiical
Societ;r'8 Prowcdings,' vol. ii. (1838>, 'On
Kemains of Mummalia found in tlie Sivalik
Mountains ; ' ' On tbe DiBcorery of Quadni-
manoue Kemains in the SivBlike.' In ' Geo-
logii^al Society's TrBnsactions,' 2nd ser., v.
(1840).'0nllieSHuciureoftheSivBlikHilIg,
and Organic liemains found in them.' Also
written conjointly with Dr. Hugh Falconer:
in 'Asiatic Researcbcs/xix^' On SiTatheiiim
Qiganteum ; ' ' On Sivilik FoMil Hippopota-
mus;' 'On Savalik FoBail Camel;' 'On
Felia CriatatA and Ureus Sivalenais;' also
papers in ' Joomal As. Soc. Bengal,' vols. ir.
and Ti., and in ■ Proceedings Geol. Soc.,'
No. 96, and in 'Transactions Geol. Soc,'
3nde.
Oaiitlej also wrote an elaborate report on
the conatmrtion of the Ganges canal, eon-
UBting of 2 vola. 6vo, 1 vol. 4to, and a lai^
■tlaa of plans, published in 1860. In 1853
be publisned ' Notes and Memoranda on the
Extern Jumna, or Doab Canal, and ou the
Watercourses in the Dhera Diin.' Cauttey
died ai. SydeuJiam on 26 Jan. 1871.
[Obituary notice in Times. 23 Jan. 1871;
Gnlcatta Review, vols. lii. ixi. ; India Office
Beeords, Id preparing this orliele the -nriler
has receivi-d reluabla assiatance from Colonel
Htnry Vule. C-B.. R.E.] A. J. A.
CAUX, JOHN DB. [See Calbto, Johs
Da}
CAVAGNABI, Sik PIERRE LOUIS
NAPOLEON (18J1-1879), soldier and di-
piomatiat, eon of General Adolphe Cava-
ffnari, who served under the Emperor Napo-
feon, by his marriage with Caroline, third
daughter of Hugh Lyons Montgomery cif
Laurencetown, county Down, was born at
Stenay, dapartment of the Meuse, France, on
4 July 1841, entered Christ's HoBpital. Lon-
don, ID 1661, and, after studying there for
six years, passed the necessary examinations
at Addiscombe, and became a direct cadet
of the East India Company on 9 April 1868,
and was appoiDt«d an ensign in the 67tii
lent of native infant^ on 31 June. He
previously, on 7 Dec. 1857, been granted
'«art.ificate of naturalisation by the home
aty under the name of P. L, N. Cava-
L, but duee not seem to have adopted this
mntbod of writing his name. Arriving in
India on 12 July,and joining the Ist Bengal
Europsian fuhilisrs, he served throughout the
Oudh campaign (1858-9), and having token
pen in the capture of live guna from the
Nussirahnd bngade on .SO Oct, 1868, was
decomled with tlie Indian mutiny medal.
fEomoted to be a lieutenanC on 17 March
1S60, in July 1861 he was appointed to the
staff corps, and eaietted an BssistAnt-com'
missioner in the Punjab. Poaseaaed of re-
markable energy, indomitable courage, and a
genial character, be soon acquired diHtinc*
lion in the frontier service, and was ulti-
mately appointed deputy-commissioner of
Kohat. He held political charge of the
Kohat district from April 1866 to May
1677, when he was named deputy-commis-
aioner of Pesliawar, and as chief political
oflicer served in several hill expeditions be-
tween IStifl and lt*78, the most important of
which was the Afridi expedition, 1875-7.
When the despatch of a BritJsh mission to
the Ameer of Afghanistan, Shere Ali Khan,
in September 1879, under Sir Neville Oham-
berlam, was decided upon, Cftvngnari waa
attached to the slafi', and was the otHcer who
iuterview«d Fail Mahomed Khan when that
official of the ameer on 21 Sept. 1878 refused
to allow the mission lo proceed. After the
death of the ameer, 21 Feb. 1879, and the
succeHeion of Yakut) Khan to the govern-
ment of Afghanistan, Cavagnari, in a perso-
nal interview with the new ruler, negotiated
and signed the treaty of Oandamuck, S6 May
1879, for which service he was made a K.C.B.
on 19 July; he had previously, on 1 June
1877, been named commander of the Star of
India, He was then sent to Cabul as the
British resident, and, entering that city on
24 July, took up his residence in the Bala
Hissar. His reception by Yakub Khan waa
friendly, but on 3 Sept. 1879 several of the
Afghan regiments mutinied, and, attacking
the citadel where Cavagnari and the other
members of the embassy were lii'ing, mas-
sacred all the Europeans, Cavagnan made
a stout resistance, but at last his head was
split open with a blow. He fell bock against
a wall, and jiLi<t about the same time the
burning roof fell in; his body must have
been consumed in the Hames, His age was
only thirty-eight. No Englishman who sur-
vived was present on the occasion, so that the
details have to be taken from native sources.
He married on 23 Nov. 1871 Emma, second
daughter of Henry Graves, M.D,, of Cooks-
town, county Tyrone.
[Kilrprnmnnn's Lifo of Sir L. Cavagnari, with
portmil. Cslnillo. I8HI ; Annual RBgister, 1879.
pp. 362-70 : IlluHtratti! London News, with por-
trait, 1879, Ixiv. 229 ; Graphic, wilb portPi.it
1879, XX. 4, 29, 261, 804.] O. C, R
CAVALIER or CAVALLIEB, JEAN
(1081-1740), major-general, lieutenant-go-
vernor of Jersey, was bom 28 Nov. 11181 at
Ribaiite, near Andiue, in that port of Lan-
guedoc which is now the departineat of tlH
Cavalier
336
Cavalier
Gard. His father was a peasant, and Jean,
after herding cattle, was apprenticed to a baker
at Anduze. Brought up ostensibly a catholic
he was secretly taught protestant doctrines
by his mother, and to escape persecution for
non-attendance at mass he made his way,
about the affe of twenty, to (Geneva, where he
worked as a Daker. A report that his parents
had been thrown into prison induced nim to
return to his native district, and on the break-
ing out of the revolt in the Cevennes (autumn
of 1702) he joined the insurgents. Hie in-
trepidity and skill, aided by liis gfift of pro-
phesying and preaching, led to his election
as one of the five leaders of the revolt. The
region assigned to him was the plain of Lower
Languedoc stret<;hinp to the sea, though he
made frequent forays m the hill-country of the
Cevennes. In less than two years he became
the most conspicuous of the insurgent chiefs,
and with few intermissions his guerilla war-
fare was successful. His band had groi^ni
to be one of twelve hundred men when he
was defeated with great slaughter, being sur-
rounded by a superior force under Marshal
Montrevel, who commanded in Languedoc, in
a series of engagements near Nages, 16 April
1704. This defeat, followed by the betrayal
to the king's troops of the caverns in which
the insurgents had concealed their stores of
all kinds, disposed Cavalier to negotiate with
MontreveVs successor, Marshal Villars, espe-
cially as hopes of succour from England had
been baffled! On 16 May 1704 Villars and
Cavalier had a conference in a garden outside
Nismes, and Villars (MSmoires, p. 139) bears
testimony to the firmness, gooa sense, and
good faith displayed by Cavalier through-
out the negotiation, as well as to his mili-
tary capacity. Ult imately an agreement was
signed, in whicli \'illars made some conces-
sions to the protest ants of Languedoc. One of
its articles permitted Cavalier to select from
his band and from the protestant prisoners
who were to be liberated under another ar-
ticle two thousand men for a regiment to be
despatched to fight for France in Portugal.
Cavalier received from the king a colonel's
commission and a pension of twelve hundred
livres. But the agreement with Villars satis-
fied neither the other leaders of the insurrec-
tion nor Cavalier's own band, and the regi-
ment was not formed. At his request Cavalier
was allowed an inter\*iew with Louis XIV
at Versailles, during which, according to his
own account, he pleaded the cause of the pro-
testants of Languedoc, and refused the king*s
invitation to him to become a catholic. The
authenticity of the agreement with Villars
and the interview with Louis XIV have been
doubtedybut on insufficient grounds (Petbat,
ii. 133 ft. and 198 tl ; Kexble, pp. 420 ind
431).
In August 1704 Cavalier received orden
from the JPrench authorities to proceed under
escort to the Rhine fortress of Neu BretBacL
Alarmed by reports that he was to be detained
there a captive for life, he eecaped from his et-
cort, and with the followers wno accompuiied
him took refuge in Switserland. Here be
entered the military service of the Duke of
Savo^, afterwards Victor Amadeus I, who
wbjch were to be paid by the Dutch, the
other by the English government. Alter
visiting England, and having an interview
with Godolphin (AoxEW, ii. 63 ; QilauUarqf
Treaswy Papers, 1708-14, p. 16), he pro-
ceeded with his regiment to Spain, and com-
manded it at the battle of Almanxa, 25 April
1 707, where it was drawn up opposite a French
regiment. According to Voltaire ((£krr«#,
ed. Beuchot, xx. 3Q&), the Marshal Duke
of Berwick, who commanded the French at
Almanza, frecjuently described the two regi-
ments as rushing at each other with the bayo-
net without firmg a shot, and as fighting
so desperately that not three hundred men
of them survived. Cavalier was severely
wounded, and before escaping lay for some
time among the killed ((javalieb, letter to
the States of Holland in Bulletin de la SucUti
de VHistoire du ProtestantUme en France, vL
70 ; Oldmixon, History of England, being
a sequel to the reigns of the Stuarts, 1735,
p. 391).
Cavalier now re-entered the service of the
Buke of Savoy, but is found in Holland again
in December 1707. While at the Hague he
drew up the first of several affidavits, in which
he denounced as liars and impostors three of
the so-called * French prophets ' in Ix)ndon,
who pret4?nded to the possession of super-
natural gifts, and claimed to have exereised
them in the Cevennes. One of them, another
Jean Cavalier, claimed a relationship with
Colonel Cavalier, by whom it was indignantly
repudiated {Nouveaux MSmoires pour sercir
d thistoire dee Trots Camisards , , , aii ton
trouve les declarations de MoTisietirle CoUmel
Cavalier J 1708). It was probably during this
sojourn at the Ha^e that he sought in mar-
riage the Mademoiselle Dunoyer who some
years afterwards captivated the young Vol-
taire. The match was broken ofiT, and, ac-
cording to her mother, under circumstances
very discreditable to Cavalier, whom she
accused of having retained possession of
the dowry, and whom she otherwise vilifies
(Madame DuvoTBBy Lettrea SiHorigwi et
^^r Cavalier 3
C8iin/M(Bdilimn)ri790),v.l56-fl2^. Wrii-
inft to tbeEnglUh secretsry nt wur in MarcU
ITU, tli« DiUte of Mnrlborougb {DftpatcAcf,
l&4fi, T. 2tW) bt^ his con-eaixjndent to tell
Cav»lier thul unless he ccunplies witli the
' juat re<]iie«ra ' of Mme. Dunoyer ' 1 slioll he
obliged to complain of him to the queen, that
she may have justice done her out of his pen-
aioQ.' CavBtierwasnow settled with aBritish
pension in the United Kingdom. He spent
much of the remainder of his life with the
French colony founded at Portarlinefon by
Kuvigny, earl of Galway [q. v.], and there
he married the dauifhter of an arislocratic
refuse, a Mademoiselle de Ponthieii. He is
represented as liaying suffered frequently from
pecuniarr embarrassment e, and these, ' '
oIm been said (Aemw, ii. 04), led to th
of his ' Memoirs,' which were published by
subecriptiou at Dublin in 1726, with a dedi-
CRtion (Bigned ' Jas. Cavnltier') to Carteret,
then lord-lieu tenant of Ireland. The volume
profissseA to have been 'written in French
and tranalated into English,' and is undoubt-
edly Cavalier's handiwork, though the ' Bio-
graphie Uaivt'rselle ' ascribes its composition
to Oalli, a P'rencli refiiMe. It is written
with animation, and ia full of mihtary detail,
bat as a contribution to the history of the
FBTolt in the Cei-ennes it is very fragmentary.
Some of its most startling stories seem to be
confirmed by the testimony of hostile wit-
nesses, contemporaries of the events recorded
(Pbirat. i. 345 n. and 374 n.) The i
rscies which have been detected in
comparatively unimportant, with the excep-
tion of a grave misrepresentation of the spirit
in which his companions opposed the treaty
with Villara. Though the 'Memoirs' breathe
a strongly j>rotestBnt spirit, Ihev are silent
as to Cavalier's early gift of propnesying and
preaching.
In iri'7 Cavalier came to England with a
recommendatory letter to the Duke of New-
castle from the Irish primate. Boulter. He
wae made a brigadier 27 Oct. 1735, uad in
March 1738 lieutenant-governor of Jersey, at
aeveralmeetingsof the estates of which island
he presided, Appointe<l a major-general
3 July 1739, he djod at Chelsea 17 May 1740,
and was buried in Chelsea churchvard. Vol-
t*ire ((£ucre#,x.v. 397), who had known him,
describes him as a 'little fair man with a
mild and agreeable count«nauce.'
Besides U\e authorities civea below there
mav he consulted the article ' Jean Cavollier
and the Camisards ' in the ' Edinburgh Re-
view ' for July 1866. An idealised Cavalier
figures in Ludwig Tieck's unfinished novel,
'Der Anfriihr in den Cevennea' (English
trniialaiioD, 1846), and he ia the hero of Eu-
I Tn.u.
(7 Cavallo
gSne Sue's historical romance, 'Jean Cavalier
ou les Fanatiques des CSvennes,' translated
into English as ' The l*rotestant Leader, a
novel,' 1649.
[Cavaliers Memoira ; Peynit's Hiatoite des
PoMeura du Dfeert, 1812; Agnew's ProtestiuiL
Eiiles from Franco iu the Bbibii of Louis XIV,
2nd edit. 1871 ; Hoag's La Frauoo Prolestnnti!,
2iid edit. 1877 ; Mimoiro* du Marklial de Vil-
lars in vol. ii. of Michuud and Poi^oulats Vou-
velle Collectioa desM^moires pour >crvlri VHia-
toire dn Francp, 1839; F. Espiausse's life and
Times 01' Voltaire. 18B6.] F. E,
CAVALLO, TIBERIL'S (174B-I809).
natural philosopher, was born in N'aples in
1749, his father being a physicion practising
in that city. At an early age he left Italy,
andeettled for life iu this country. In October
177o hepnblished a notice of 'Estraordinaiy
Electricity of the Atmosphere observed at
Islington. This was reprinted in 'Slutf^n's
Annals of Electricity "^(1843, p. 158), Ca-
vallo was the inventor of several philosophi-
cal instruments and pieces of apparatus for
electrical and chemical experiments. Much
iiwenuity was shown in their construction,
alibis instruments for the measurement of
the quantity and force of electricity beiiis'
remarkable for their extreme delicacy and
Cavullo wa» ou 9 Dec. 1779 admitted as
a fellow of the Koyal Society, In 1781 he
publisheil a quarto volume entitled 'A Trea-
tise on the Nature and Properties of Air and
other permanently F^astic Fluids.' In this
treatise he deals with chemistry and hydro-
statics as they bear on the composition and
physical properties of aeriform and other
fluids, lie examines with caution most of
Dr. Priestley's experiments on sir, end insti-
tutes many new ones, to determine more ac-
curately the composition of tlie atmosphere
and the conditions of inSammable and fixed
Phlogisticated air forms the subject of
inquiry, but it ia evident that Cavallo could
not receive the hypothesis of phlogiston, and
yet did not feel himself on such sure ground
as would Justify his advancing any newdoo-
■-ine. His invest igationa into the influences
' air and light on the growth of plants are
'ry original^ and advanced him very nearly
the discovery of many new truths in con-
tction with organic life.
In 1786 Cavidlo published his ' Complete
Treatise on Electricity,' which reached a
third edition in 1796. It proves him to have
been a true philosopher, holding his judgment
suspended until he is satisfied by demonstra-
tive evidenceof the truth. In 1787 lie pub-
lished ' A Treatise on Magnetism in Theory
Cavan
338
Cave
and Practice/ which embraces all that was
known on the subject at the time ; and in
1 797 he contributed to * Nicholson's Journal *
a paper * On the Multi])lier of Electricity.*
C^availo prave some attention to aerostation,
on the history and practice of which he
published a treatise m 1785. About this
period meteoric phenomena claimed his ob-
servation. In the latter part of his life he
devoted much time to the use of electricity
a8 a curative agent. In 1780 he published a
work M)n Medical Electricity,' and in 1798
the * Medicinal Properties of Factitious Air *
was the subject of a volume by him. His
latest large work appears to have been the
* Elements of Natural and Experimental Phi-
losophy' (4 vols. 8vo), which he published in
1803. ' He contributed an article on meteors
to Watt's * liibliotheca Britannica.' Cavallo
died, at the age of sixty, in 1809.
[Nicholson'e Journal, 1797, p. 394; Catalogue
of Scientific Papi^rs, Royal Society ; TrannactionB
of the Royal Society; Watfs Bihl. Brit. 1824.]
R. H-T.
CAVAN, Earl of (rf. 1 660). [See Lam-
BART, Charles.]
CAVE, Sir AMBROSE (d. 1568), chan-
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster, was fourth
son of liOger Cave of Stanford, Northamp-
tonshire, by his second wife, Margaret Saxby.
It is stated that he was a student at one
time at St. John's College, Cambridge, and
at another at Magdalen, Oxford. In 15:^5 he
visited Rhodes as a knight hospitaller of St.
John of Jerusalem. He was a brot her of the
Knights' Hospital at Shingay, Cambridge-
hhire, the governorship of which he tried hard
to obtain, and in 1540, when the onler was
<lissolved, received a pension of 66/. l.V 4r/.
Ih" became sheriff of \Varwickshire and Lei-
cestershire in 1548, M.P. for Warwickshire
and a commissioner for raising a loan then*
in 1557, a privy councillor on Elizaln^th's ac-
cession, as one ' well atfected to the protestant
religion,' a commissioner to compound with
holders of land worth 50/. a year who refused
to be knighted '20 Dec. 1558 and 2H March
1559, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster
2*2 Dec. 1558, and a commissioner * for the
northern parts towards Scotland and Ber-
wick ' a day later. In parliament Cave played
a vt»rv' small part. ()n 6 March 1558-9 he
stated that a London alderman. Sir Thomas
White, * misliked theBook ofCommon Prayer,'
and White was summoned to the house, which
readily accej)ted his explanation. Cave was
busily employe<i in 1559. He was nominated
a commissioner to administer the oath of su-
premacv, 31 March; a searcher of the books
and lo<igings of two bishops, White of Man-
chester and Watson of Lincoln, suspected of
papist leanings, 3 April; a joint-lieutenant
of Warwickflihire, 26 May ; a oommiwioBer
for the visitation of the dioceses of Oxford,
Lincoln, Lichfield and Coventry, and Peto-
borough, 22 July ; a commissioner for rusing
men in WarwicKshire and Shropshire fofiO^
vice at Berwick, 26 Sept. On 13 Feb. 1568-4
he went on a special commission for the triil
of murders, burglaries, and other feloniei.
Cave was oflen at court, and the stoiy mnt
that he once picked up the queen*8 garter,
which had slipped off ^'hile she was danciiur:
Elizabeth declined to take it from himrhe
thereupon tied it on his left arm, and said
he would wear it all his life for the sake of his
mistress. A portrait of Cave wit h the garter
round his arm was formerly the property of
the Rev. Sir Charles Cave of Tlieddingworth,
Leicestershire. Cave died 2 April 1^38, tsd
was buried at Stanford.
He married Margaret, daughter of Wil-
liam Willington of lUrcheston, Warwickshire,
and widow of Thomas Ilolte, justice of North
Wales. By her he had one child, Margaret,
wife of Henry Knollys, son of Sir Henry
Knollys, K.G.
Thomas Cave of Stanford, the grandson of
Sir Ambrose*s eldest brother, was created a
baronet by Charles I 30 June 1641. Sir
Thomases family still sur\'ives, and bear«
the surname of Cave-Browne-Cave (Foster.
Baroru'tage, pp. 1 1 0-1 1 ).
[Cooper's AthenseCanfAb. i. 251-2 ; HayirarJV
Annals of Elizal>eth. p. 12 ; Cal. State P^pr-rv
(Dom.). 1 547-90; Britlges's Xortbamptonshire,
i. 583 ; Ryraer's Fcpdem, xv. passim.] S. L. L
CAVE, EDWARD (1091-1764), printer.
l)orn at Newton, near Rugby, 27 Feb. I(i91,wa'i
son of Joseph, a younger son of E^wanl Cavt*
! of the lone house on the Watling Street Road,
called Cave's Hole. The entail of the famih
; estate being cut off, Joseph Cave was reduced
to follow the trade of a cobbler at Rugbv.
Tlie son had a right of admittance to Ru^rby
grammar school, which he entered in 1700.
Dr. Ilolyoke, the principal, thought him fit
for a university education ; but he wa>»
charged with robbing Mrs. Holyoke*s lien-
; roost and clandestinely assistinfir fellow-scho-
lars, brought into disi*.redit, ana compelled to
leave the school. Cave was next a clerk to a
! collector of excise ; but he soon left his plao»*
to seek employment in I^ndon. Aft4»r work-
ing with a timber merchant at liankside, he
was apprenticed to Deputy-alderman Collins
a well-known London printer. In two years
! his ability was recognised, and he was sent to
Non\'ich to manage a printing office and con-
^ duct a weekly paper, Uie * Norwich Courant.*
His master died before bia ' articles' ceuseil,
and, not beinp able to bear tliepervprait.ies of
his mistreBs, he quitted her houEe and settled
at Bow, where he married a young widow
with a littl« money. He then bewune jour-
neyman to Alderman (afterwards lord mayor)
Barber, and for jeoiG was a writer in ' Miat'e
Weekly Journal.' When about thirty he ^
obtained a position id the poet office, by his ,
wife's interest, but continued his occupation I
U a printer. He corrected the ' Oraous ad
Parnaiamn'forlheSlationera' Company, and j
wrote an ' Account of t he Criminals,' as well j
a« several pamphlets on current topics. He
ma shortly afterwards ajipointed clerk of the '
"With the knowledge gained from his official
poeition Cave about this time ( 172&) furnished
country news to a London ioum a! , in what
were called ' news-letters, for a guinea n
week. He then began to convey London
news to country papers, at Gloucester, Stam-
ford, and Canterbury. Cave's position brought
hint into tuttircourse with members of Iwth
boufes, and he would retire to a coffee-house
And work up a news-letter. In 1727 he and
Robert Raikea of the ' Gloucester Journal '
were tolten into custody for breach of privi-
lege. Cave suffered ten days' imprisonmeut,
bat on expressing contrition and paying beaty
fines he was released with a reprimand. His
mrietness aa clerk of the franks bad made
enemies, and he was cited before the House
of Commons for another breach of privil^e
in stopping a frank given b; a member to (£e
oldDuchesB of Marlborough. Hewascharged
with opening letters to obtain ' news/ and
dismissed from his post, although the state-
ments made were never proved.
Cave bad saved enough to purchase a small
printing office at St, John's Gale, Clerkenwell,
in 1731. Here, in the Bateway of the old
Eriory of the knights of St. John, he started
uainess as a printer under the name of ' It,
Newton,' and began the * Gentleman's Maga-
zine.' His intention was to form a collection
or ' mogtuine ' (the first use of the name in
this sense), 'to contain theeasaya and intelli-
gence which appeared in the two hundre<l half
sheets which the London press then threw oil'
monthly,' and in 'probably as many more
half sheets printed elsewhere in the three
kin^nms.' Tlte periodical was to comprise
varieljvs of all kinds. He had talked of hi.i
pian for yi-ow, but every bookoeUer refused
tv join him, although be bad numerous fol-
lowers. The firstnumber of the ' Gentleman's
Maguine, or Traders' Monthly Intelligencer
, . ■ by SylvAiiua Urban, Gent,,' appeared in
January 1730-1. Somoof the early numbers \
B said to be ' printed by Edward Cave, j
K
scribed himself BB ' Sjlvauus Urban of Alder-
, manbury, Oent..' His magazine was a vast
j improvement upon the gossiping and abusive
I pajjcrs of the time. Johnsonsa^sitssale was
. over ten thousand in 173B, and every effiirt
I was made to keep up its circulation, Cave
' scarcely ever looking out of bis window but
with a view to its improvement,' A few years
afterwards it had risen to fifteen thousand.
Tiiough without Uterarv ability. Cave was an
able editor. In 1732 he began the publica-
tion of a regular series of the parliamentary
debates of both bouses, giving only the initials
and finals of personal names, lie had friends
posted in each house to watch the proceedings,
and fix important speeches in the memory.
ReiKjrts were ail^rwsrds put together from
these materials by William Outlirie [q. v.]
Members at times privately forwarded copies
of their own speecnes. Ilie reports grew to
be very iengthy, and at every year's end a
supplement liad to be published. The ' Lon-
don Magazine ' and 'Scots Magazine' followed
the ' Gentleman's Magazine. Tlie ' London
Magasine,' which lasted from 173:i to 1781,
was his most sucrcessful rival. In April 173U
occurred the debate on the publication of pro-
ceedings inparliament, in consequence of Cave
having given the king's answer to an address
of parliament before it liadeven lieea report eil
from the chair, and the commons paased a
resolution of 'high indignation.' The 'Gen-
tleman's Magazine' and ' I^ondon Magazine'
bit upon very similar evasions, The debates
were attributed to a ' parliament of the em-
pire of Lilliput ' in the ' Gentleman's Maga-
zine,' or' the proceedings of a Itomun literary
club' in the 'London Magazine.' (juaiiit
pseudonyms were adopted. The jjroceedings
were also thrown out of chronological order,
In November 1740 Johnson aueceedud Guth-
rie and reported forabout threeyears. John-
son's account of his first visit to St. John's
Gate in 1738, when ' he beheld it witb revf-
rence,' is well known. For years, until Cave
died with his hand ' gently pressing ' John-
son's, their friendship survived. In 1747Csve,
along with Astle of^the ' London Magazine/
was again in trouble for printing accoitnts of
the trial of Lord Lovat. Gn paying fees and
begging pardon on their knees the oHenders
were discharged with a reprimand. The re-
ports, however, had to be given up, and they
were not resu mod until 1752; Cave spresswas
not stopped again. Wlien the officers threat-
ened to stamp the last half sheet of maga-
zines as if it were a newspaper, and the rival
editors were about to give way, he stood out
and the idea was relinquished. Froml7i2lo
Cave 340 Cave
1748 Cave published an occasional magazine, . to him and his father (who died 1747) wis
r*ntitled * Miscellaneous Correspondence/ of by Hawkesworth.
which nine numbers only appeared. From Cave was over six feet in height and bulky.
1744 to 175«^ he issued a second work, * Mis- ' In early life he was very heatthy, and ftmil
cellanea Curiosa Mathematical 4to. Both of feats of strength and agility. Later in life
these are very scarce, and a complete set of he suffered much from gout, took the Bath
t he 'G en tleman^s Magazine 'of the first edit ion waters in 1736, for twenty years before his
would be difficult to find in any library. In death his only beverage was milk and water,
the British Museum copy the first two volumes and for four years he adopted a Tegetaritn
alone are made up of six editions, some print ed diet. His sedentary habits were remarkaUe,
twenty-three years after the first issue, and ; writing during breakfast and supper, and
with the most varied iniprints. taking at times only a little shuttkoock ex-
Besides the magazine Cave published John- ' ercise in the gateway witii a frigid or two.
son's 'Bambler.' His press also produced He was reserved but generous, and not with-
Dr. Ilalde's 'History of China' in weekly ' out humour. Cave's portrait, etched by W(X>-
Commons, by the Hon. Anchitel Grey/ 10 There is a third by Grignon, surrounded with
vols. 1745, 8vo ; Dr. Newton's * Compleat emblematical devices, and
with a four-line
)yj!
Savaffe,' &c.), and other works. Cave bought Murray's edition of Boswell s * Johnson.' Mr.
an old coach and a pair of older horses, and \ B. Foster, a tenant of St. John's Gkte when
in lieu of a coat of arms or simple crest he it had become a tavern, found in an old room
had a representation of St. John's Gate painted a three-quarter length portrait, said to be
on the door panels; his plate bore the same ; Hogarth's. This was placed, along with Gold-
picture. I smith's and Johnsons, in the rooms of the
In 1740 Cave purchased a machine to spin ' Urban Club.' The * Gentleman's Magazine'
wool or cotton into thread yani or worsted, was Cave's soleproperty till his death. It was
and had a mill erected to work on the Turn- ' continued by David Henry, a printer, who
mill Brook, near the river Fleet. Lewis Paul ; married Cave's sister Ma^ in 1734, and by
of Birmingham, the patentee, undertook the Richard Cave, a nephew. Henry's connection
management, but it was never brought into with it lasted tQl 1792, when he died. John
proi)er working order, or it would have an- Nichols, having obtained a share in 1778,
ticipnted the labours of Arkwright and Peel, edited it from that time till his death in 1816.
He set up a water-wheel and machinery at Uptol781 itwaspublishedatSt.John'sGate.
Northampton with fifty pairs of hands, and In 1 850 great alterations were made. In 185^
the use ot Paul's carding cylinder, patented it passed from the Nichols family to the Par-
iii 1748, but this was also neglected and ' kers of Oxford, and in 1866 to Bradbury &
failed, lie was very friendly to Benjamin Evans. It still exist-s in a changed form.
I'ranklin, and in 1750 placed one of his elec- ' [Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vii. 66-7, 631 ; Bo*-
tric spires or lightning conductors on the welFs Johnson (Croker's), 101-21 j Timperleys
eastern tower of St. John's Gate. On the Lit. and Typogr. Anecd. 624, 636, 643, 656, 688,
same gate he mounted four portable cannons ' 775. 806 ; Aodrcws's British Jonmalism, i. 140.
of his own invention. They were so light as ii. 206, 269, 271 ; West's Warwickshire, p. 107;
to be carried on the shoulder, and yet could I Gratton. The Gallei^, p. 19 ; Rugby School Rfr-
discharge either a large ball or a number of gis^er, p. 15; Hawkins s Life of Johnson, p. 27 ;
bullets. From one of the * Poetical Epistles ' ' Jo^™a\.?f House of Commons, xxi. 86. 118, 119.
it appears that his wife was named Milton, I lV\^^^\'}^^n' JournalofHouj^ of Lords, xxvu.
and^^k^ first husband Newton. She signs ?^' ?2i^^J-?'^?'°^«^l« ^^f \?-, ^iJ^to?•
anotherhumorouspoem as ^S„. Urlmn.' She ' 6.7 [fi^V^tn* f U IrI^^^-o* a^'^^\' p''
]. 1 <. .-, . Tt-ci /^ . 11 3 1 ; 667, 1857, pp.8, 149,282,3^9; QnaTterly Be-
died of asthma mlj51 Cave travelled much ' ^^w. cvii. 52; Ooxe's Memoiri of Walpile. i.
m his later years, for health s sake, to Olou- | 573. u^i mS. 4302; Add. MS. 6972-3; Fosters
cester, JN orthampton, and Reading, and loved PHory and Gate of St. John.] J. W.-G.
to announce himself to school friends as * old
Cave the cobbler.* He died at St. John's
Gate 10 Jan. 1764, and was buried at St.
James's, Clerkenwell ; the long and interest-
ing epitaph on a tablet in Hugby churchyard
CAVE, JOHN (d. 1657), ejected clergy-
man, was bom at Pickwell in Leicester-
shire, and was the tliird son of ' John Gave.
Esq., and Elizabeth Brudenell, his wife.' He-
was eduosted nt Lincoln College, Uxfonl,
■where be wm for eight yeire chamber fellow :
with the famous Robert Sftaderson. In 16:29
he was presented to tile rectoi? of his native
paiiah, where he ' attended to bla mluistertal
cure with great diligence, and lived in great
esteem and re^>ect tullhe breahineontof ibe
rebellion in 1642.' A king and vivid acomnt of
his sufferings was given by his eon, William
C*ve [q. V.J, to Mr. Wullier, wbo baa innyrted
it in full m hia ' Sufferings of the Clergy'
(pt. il. 320). He was dispossessed, and was
at fint entertained with bis family by his old
neighboun, * but was not gufFered to continue
ibffre, nor to teach school theru or elsewhere.
Whereupon be took up liis dwelling near
Stamford, where not being suffered to abide
long, he removed up to London; where,
being broken with nge and sufferings, and
worn out with Icng and tedious winter
journeys from enmmitlee to committee, he
departed this life in November IflQ".'
The only publication of Cave's esLtont is
to be found in the 'LncbrymiB Muaarum,'
1060. It is entitled ' An Elegie upon the
miuji tainented Death of the Lord Ilastings,
only Son and Keir of the Enrl of Hunting-
don, deceased iit l^ondou, 1640. Sic llevit
deditiss. familiie ejusdem et bumillimus
aervus, J. Cave.'
[Nichols's History aud Aiitii^uicieii of Li^icesti^r-
shire, vol. ii. pt. il. pp. 7T3, &c.; Walker's Saf-
fsrings of fhe Clergy, pi, ii. 220.1 ^- ^- O.
CAVE, Sib STEPHEN (1820-1880),
politician, eldest sonofDnniel Oaveof Cleve
Hill, near Bristol (d. 9 Miirch 1872). by his
maniage on lo April 1^0 with Frunceti,
onlj daughter of Hearr Locock, M.D., of
London, was bom at Clifton on 28 Dec. 1820,
was educated at Harrow and Bnlliol Cullege,
Oxford, wliere he graduated B.A. in 1843,
and U.A. in 1840. Being called to the bar
at the Inner Temple on 20 Nov. 1846, he
commenced bis career by going the western
circuit. On 29 April 1859 he entered parlia-
ment in the con^rvative interest for Shore-
ham, and retained Us seat for that con-
stitnency to 24 Slarcb 1880. He was swopq
a member of the privy council on 10 -luly
1866, and tterved as a paymaster-general and
Tico<prvaidentof the board of trade from that
date to December 1868; in 1866 be wa.-i np-
point«d chief commissioner for negolioliiig a
OsbeiT convention in Paris. As judKe-od-
TOCate and paymaster-general he acted from
35 Feb. ISn'to November 1W6, and from
that dale to 'H March 1880 s« paymasn^r-
genttra] only. In December 1875 \u> was niuit
on a sp'M'-ial mission to Egypt, cliarged by
inLoid BeacansHeld to report on the financial
condition of that country; he returned iu
March I87ti, and was nominated a G.C.Il. nn
20 April 1880. He was a fellow of the So-
ciety of Antiquaries, of the Zoological Society,
and of other learned societies; chairman of
the We«t India Committee, and a director
of the Hunk of England and of the Loudon
DockCompany. HediedatChamb£^y,Savo^'>
b Jime 1880. ' He married, on 7 Sept. 1852.
Emma Jane, eldest daughter of tlie Rev. Wil-
liam Smvth of Elkington Hall, Lincolnshire.
He wrote : 1. ' A Few Words on the En-
courogement given to Slavery and the Slave
Trade bv recent ileosiires, and chiefly by the
Sugar Bill of Ifl46,' 1H49. 3. 'Prevention
ond Reformation the Duiyof the State or of
ludividunls ■" With some account of n Hi^
formatoiy Institution," laW. -3. "On the
distinctive Principles of Punishment and
Reformation,' IWii. 4. ' Ponera relating to
Fret! Labour and the Slave "Trade,' 1861.
[La I Times. 19 June 1880, p. 146 ; (^rnphio,
with portrait, II Due. 1873, pp. 67*. fiSS ; lllu;-
Iroted Loii'fon Sews, with portrait, 11 Dw.
187S. p. fiOl.l a. C. B.
CAVE, \V^LLI.VSI (1637-1713), Anfjli-
can divine, was bom in 1637 at Pickwell in
Leicestershire, of which parish his father, John
Cave [q. v.], was vicar. He wo* educated
at Oakham school, and in 1653 was admitted
a ' sub or proper sixor of St. John's College,
Cambridge ; m ld64 he was likewise ad-
mitted scholar of the bouse in one of the
Ladj Margaret's own scholarships.' He was
contemporan- with William Beveridge at
St. John's. He took his B.A. degree in Woil,
and bis Jf.A. in 1660. In 1662 he was In-
stituted to the vicarage of Islington, and iu
Iti'^ he was collated bv the Archbishop ■
bishop ol
yof All-
Diiring his incumbency the church of All-
hallows was rebuilt i>y Sir Christopher
Wren. In 1681 he was incorporated D.D. nt
Oxford. He was made chaplain to Charles II,
and in 1684 was installed canon of Windsor.
He resigned .\llhallows in 1689 and Isling-
ton in 1691, having been admitted in tlie
previous November to the vicarage of lile-
worth, a quiet place which suited bis studi-
ous temper. He married Anna, the only
daughter of the Rev. Walter Stonehouse, by
whom he had a large tamily; she died iu
1691, and was buried at Islington: a monu-
ment in St. Mary's Church relates that four
sons and two aaughtera were also buried
there intheirparents'llfetime. Cavehimsplt
died (4 July 1813) at Windsor, but was
buried at Islin^fton, near his wife and children.
Hewas a very mtiraat it friend of Dr. ComUir,
Cave 342 Cave
dean of Durham, author of ' The Companion '■ the present Dissenters from the Church of
to the Temple/ and is said to have been ' of England, being the twenty-second in tbf
a leumed and communicative conversation ; ' London Cases. 10. ' A Sermon before the
hf is* also n»ported to have been *a florid and Lord Mayor at St. Mary-le-Bow, 5 Nov. 1680.'
eloquent preacher/ and the two printed ser- I 11. * A Sermon before the Kixiff at "\Mute-
mons he has left behind him bear out this hall, 18 Jan. 1684/ published by His majestj '»
character. But his fame rests upon his command. 12. '£pistola Apologvtica ad-
writings on church history, which are volu- ; versus iniquas J. Clerici Criminationes in
niinous and valuable. They are as follows: \ Epistolis Criticis et Ecclesiasticis nuperedi-
1. * Primitive Christianity, or the lleligion tis. Qua argumenta ejus pro Eusebu Aria-
of Ancient Christians in the First Agi»8 of . nismo ad examen revocantur/ 1700.
the Gospel/ ]t$7*J; it was dedicated to Na^ ' The merits of Cave as a writer consist in
thaniel Crewe, lord bishop of Oxford, and the thoroughness of his research, the dear-
has b(>en oft(>n reprinted. 2. ' Tabulie Ec- ' ness of his style, and, above all, the admir-
tht' Holy AiH>8tle8 of our Sa\'iour and the the primitive christians — the novelty of their
Two Evungt'lists, St. Mark and St. Luke. To doctrines, their mean condition, their manner
which is added, an introductory discourse . of life ; then dwells on 'the positive parts of
concrniinjif the Three Great Dispensations of their religion/ their piety to God, places of
tht> Church — the Patriarchal, tlie Mosaical, worship, fasts and festivals, ministers, sacra-
and the Evangelical. Being a continuation ments. In part ii. he discusses their ' reli-
of tlie" Antiquitates Christiana?; or, the Life ' gion as respecting themselves, their humility,
ttiul Death of iloly Jesus,*' by Jeremy Taylor,' | heavenly-mindedness, sobriety of dress, tem-
1()7(). 4. *Apostolici, or a History of the perance, chastity, religious constancy, pa-
Lives, Acts, Deaths, and Martyrdoms of those tience in suffering.* In part iii. he tr«Lts of
who were contemporarj* with or immediately ■ their * religion as respectmg other men/ their
succeeded the Apostles; as also of the most justice ana honesty, love and charity, unity
'niinent of the primitive Fathers for the first and peaceableness, obedience to civil govern-
most ela-
his 6ub-
of the Lives, Acts, Deaths, and Writings of ject methodically into fifteen *5«ecula'(Apo-
the most eminent Fathers of the Church in , stolicum, Gnosticum, &c.), and gives, at the
the Fourth Century: wherein, among other , betrinning of each, a short * conspectus s®-
things,an account is given of the rise, growth, culi,* and then an exhau.«tive account of the
and progress of Arianism and all other sects of writers in it.
that oge descending from it. Together with 1 Cave had various troubles in connection
an Introduction containing an Historical with his publications. He was accused.
Account of the State of Paganism under the without the si iff ht est reason, of Socinianism.
First Christian Kmperor/ 1()82. 6. * A Dis- He was charged, perhaps with a little more
sertation concerning the Government of the reason, by L*' Clerc, wlio was then "writing
Ancient Church by Dishops, Metropolitans, his *Bibliothe<iue UniverselW with* writing
and Patriarchs. More ])articularly concern- panegyrics rather than lives,' and also with
ing the ancient power and jurisdiction of the * having forcibly drawn Eusebius, who was
Dishops of Uonie and the" encroachments of plainly enough Arian, over to the side of the
that upon other st>es, especially the see of orthodox, and made a trinitarian of him;'
Constant inoph'/ 1<K"^. 7. * Chart ophy lax this produced a paper warfare between the
Kcclesiasticus,' KJH."); a sort of ahriclgment two great writers. His * Tabulce Ecclesia**-
ofthe *Tabuhe Kcclesiasticje' and * Historia ticte* was reprinted at Hamburg in lt)76
Literaria/ containing a short account of most without his knowledge (* me plane inscio'),
of the ecclesiastical writers from the birth and evidently to his gn'at annoyance. His
of Christ to 1-*)17 A.T). H. ♦ Script or um Kc- * Historia Literaria ' was in a similar way
clesiasticorumHistoria Literaria;* a literary published at Geneva in 170o, which is said
history of ecclesiastical writers, in two parts, to have caused the author great loss, and to
the first part published in 16Hrt, the second have so disgusted him that he would not
in IHOH. Besides these historical works Dr. ' issue a second iKlit ion; but he spent much time
Cave published : 9. * A Serious Exhortation, during the later years of his life in revising
with some important Advices relating to the , repeatedly this great work. He made altera-
late coses about Conformity, recommended to 1 tions and additions equal to one-third of
the whole woik. and wrott new prolegomena.
l^e copy WBB left in the haoda of eiecutore,
Chief-juBtici- Reeve and Dr. Jones, a brotbsr
Cttuou of Windsor ; ttiey both died soon nfter
tbe work went to press, and Dr. Daniel
'Waterlnnd (than whom no more competent
mMn could pnuibly have beon found) under-
took the cnre of if. It wss published by
euliHcriptiitn in 1740, and this, of course, la
the beat edition, Cave had another trouble
in connection with thia work. When he
wa« engaged in compiling it, in IBSfl. Henrr
Wharton, tht^n a vouno' nuiu (aged 22), wag
recommended to "him by Dr. Barker, senior
fellow of Caiujs. n» nn aasiatant, Cave was
ftufierinff from bad health and required such
«id ; Wharton lived in the house with Cave,
uid matters went on amicably between the
workers, and Cave acinowledced most grate-
iully in his prolegomena the service
Wlurton, testifying tliat the append!
the three last centuries was almoat wholly
owing to bira. A rupture, however, arose;
( -•ve ct>mplamed of Wharton, and Wharton
of Cave, but it is not easy, nor at all necva
8«ty, to understand the nature of the dispute
[Cnve"«W(.rk»,jM»Bim; Sicholji'a Hiotorj nni
Aotiqniliiw of I«i(^usLtTsliin<, vol. ii. pt, il. pp
773. fltc; Life of Henrj Wharton, prrExud n
his Sermonn: infbrmatioQ fram Alqjiir Cur,
OmlB. Cave's JaKendiint.] J. H. O.
CAVENDISH, CnARLES(1620-1843>,
royalistgeiienil. aecon d son of Will iam, second
euri of Devonshire [q. v.], was bom on 30 Ma.^
1620, and named after Prince Charles, Ins
tcodfalher. In 1038 be was sent abroad lo
travel with a governor; succeeded in reach-
ing Cairo aiuf saw a large part of Turkey.
He returned to England in May 1841, and
then served for a mmpaign under the Prinee
flf Orange. On the outbreak of Ihe war he
entered the king's troop of guards 04 avolun-
Ifwr under the command of Lord Bernard
^tiiart. Ai Edgchill he so distinguished
llimmlf by hiv valour that he was given the
coinnund of the Duke of York's troop left
vacant by the death of Lord Aubigny. In
M>nse<iURnce of a disagreement with an in-
ferioT nIHrer, he sought on independent com-
mtutd, and c)bt«ined from the Idng a commis-
sion to raise a renment of horse in the north.
Up then t^Btablished himself at Newark, and
ao dixtiiiKuished himself by his activity
H^iost the iiarliomentarians, that, on the pe-
tit ion of ihn king** commissioners for Notting-
hamshin^ and Lincolnshire, he was appointed
cammauder-in-chiefof the forceaof those two
>, with the rook of colonBl-geueral.
On 23 March 104;) he took GrantUum. and
on 11 April defeated youug Hotham at .^n-
caster, nod threatened an irruption into Ihe
eastern association. He received the queen
at Newark, and escorted her part of her way
to Oxford, taking Burton-on-Trent by assault
during the march, 2 Jiily ltl43 (Rushwohth,
! v. 274). But attempting to prevent the rais-
ing of the siege of Haineborough, he waa de-
feated by Cromwell, and fell by the hand of
James Berry, Cromwell's captain-lie utenanl
(28 July 1643). He was buried at Newark,
but thirty years later his body was removed
to Derby, to be interred with his mother.
[Kenaet'a MsmoirB of the Family of Cuven
dish. 1708. Rennet gives extracts from n manu'
Bcript life of Colonel Cavoodish ; Anbrey's Let-
ters (ed. 181.1), il. 274; Lloyd's Momoire of
EicellMit PorBODaBea, p. 87!; Carljle'a Crom-
well, Leltpr xil, and appeDdii S. Wallor vnite
an epitaph on Cbarles Cavendisb. which is tu Ih
found in hia collarted Poems; there ia also n
poem oil him in tha Characters and Klegiee of
Sic Pranrig Wortley.] C. H. F.
CAVENDISH, CHRISTLVN.1, CotK-
TBSfl OF Dbvohshire (d. Ifi75), was the
daughterofEdwardBruceof Kinlo38(lo49-'-
161 1 ) [o. v.] In token of her father's services
she, on her marriage to Wilham Cavendish,
second earl of Devonshire [q. v.], received
from the king a grant of 10,000/. Afler the
death of her husband in 1628 she had the
wardship of the young lord aud the care of
the estates, the value of which she greatly
increased by her prudent management. At
the rebellion she was one of Ihe most entJii -
siastie supporters of the cause of the king.
and her devotion to it was increased by the
death of her second son, Charles [q, v,], who
was slain at Qainsborough on ^8 July 1043.
She took charge of the king's effects after the
battle of Worcester, and during the protec-
torate was accustomed to entertam the frienda
of Ihe cause at her house at Roehampton.
and also kept up a correspondence with the
Sincipal royalists on the continent. Oeneral
oDck, it is said, sent her a private signal to
make her aware of his intention to reslortt
the king. After the Hesloration Charles II
frequently resorted to her house at Roe-
hampton, and the queen mother lived on
terms of unusual intimacy with her till her
deat:h, She is described oy her biographer
as 'of that atfabilityand sweet address, with
so great wit and judgment, as captivated al!
who conversed with her.' After ihe RcslO'
ration she was accustomed frequently to en-
tertain the wits and men of letters, one of
her tavDurile friends being Edmund Waller.
who had been a suflerer in the royal cause.
Wallerdedicated to her his 'Epistles,' which
Cavendish
S44
Cavendish
conclade with an ' Epistle to the Duchess/
and he also wrote an epitaph on her son.
William, earl of Pembrote, wrote a volume
of poems in praise of her and Lady Rich,
which was published with a dedication to
her by Donne. A portrait of the duchess bv
Theodore Kussell was in the Duke of Bea-
ford's collection at Wobum. She died on
16 Jan. 1674^.
[Life of the Right Honourable and Religious
Lady, Christian, late Countess Dowager of De-
Tonshire, London, 1685; Sir William Temple's
Works, ii. 135 ; Kennet s Memoirs of the Family
of Cavendish, pp. 12-20; CoUins's Peerage, ed.
1812, i. 325-33; Lysons's Environs of London,
i. 430-2.] T. F. H.
CAVENDISH, ELIZABETH, Duchess
OF Detonshibe (1759-1824), daughter of
the fourth Earl of Bristol, was bom in
1759. In early life she married John Thomas
Foster. After she had become a widow
she spent some time on the continent with
Georgiana, duchess of Devonshire [q. v.], and
other ladies, and at Lausanne in 1787 met
Gibbon, who had then just finished his ' His-
tory.' He read to her some of the concluding
portions, and her admiration was so warmly-
expressed that Gibbon suddenly surprised her
by an ofl?er of his hand. The offer was de-
clined, but Gibbon took the disappointment
philosophically, and while his estimate of her
fascinations remained as high as ever, his
friendly feelings towards her underwent no
change. Comparing her with Georgiana, the
iirst duchess, he writes : * Bess is much nearer
the level of a mortal, but a mortal for whom
the wisest man, historic or medical, would
throw away two or three worlds if he had
them in possession.' He also gave it as his
opinion tnat * if she chose to beckon the lord
cnancellor from his woolsack in full sight of
the world, he could not resist obediehce.' In
1809 she became the second wife of the fifth
duke of Devonshire, and after the death of
her husband in 1814 she took up her residence
in Kome, where she enjoyed the friendship of
some of the most distmguished Italians and
foreign residents, and her house became the
great resort of the brilliant society gathered
together in Rome from all countries. Tick-
nor relates that he went to her 'conversa-
ziones as to a great exchange to see who is in
Home, and to meet what is called the world'
{Letters and JoumaUf i. 180), and Moore
refers to her and Lady Davy as the rival
ciceroni at Rome {Journal and Correspon-
dencCf iii. 48). Ticknor gives it as his opinion
that the duchess, thougn ' a good respectable
woman in her way,' yet * attempts to play the
MoDcenas a little too much.' Sue spent large
sums in excavations at the Forum with con-
siderable success, and she was one of the
most liberal patrons of the fine arts. Cuio\-i
and Thorwaldsen were her personal friends.
In 1 816 she printed at Rome a splendid edition
of Horace's ' Iter ad Brundusium/ or Fifth
Satire of the First Book, with engraTings
by the brothers Ripenhausen, and an Italiin
translation attributed to Molagani. Its title
is ' Horatius Flaccus Quintus : Satyrarum lib.
, i. Satyra v. (cum Italiciana yersione), Rome
de Romanis. On account of yarious errore
in the translation and printing, discoverpd
I too late to prevent its circulation, die re-
solved, on the advice of Cardinal Consalvi,
' to have another yersion prepared, which wu
Srinted at Parma by the press of Madame 6o-
oni, with engravmgs by Caraccioli, and is
' one of the finest works ever issued by that
I famous press. Its title is ' Horatius Flaccos
, Quintus : Di Q. Orazio Flacco Satira v., tri-
duzione italiana con rami allusivi (col teste
latino). ParmacontipiBodoniani, 1818.' In
, the following year she printed in two volumes
a similar edition of the *yEneid' of Virgil,
with engrayings by Marchetti from designs by
' Lawrence. It is entitled * L'Eneide di Vip-
gilio recata in versi italiani da Annibal Caro,
Roma de Romanis,' 1819. Her portrait is
prefixed. Copies of these works were pre-
sented by her to various European sovereigns,
and to several of the more important public li-
braries. She also published in 1816 a 'Journey
through Switzerland,' originally published
anonymously in 1796, and added to it the
, poem by Georgiana, the former duchess, on
the * Passage of the St. Gothard.' She con-
' templated Editions de luxe of the works of
I Cora and Dante, but died before these purposes
I were carried into execution, .30 March 1824.
On her death several medals illustrative of
I her works were struck in her honour. The
I portrait of the duchess when I>ady Elizabeth
Foster was painted by both Sir Joshua liey-
' nolds and Gainsborough. A portrait by the
I latter was stolen in 1876 from the Bond
. Street gallery of Messrs. Agnew, who had
purchased it shortly before from the W'vnn
Ellis collection.
[Annual Register, Ixvi. 217-18; Gent. Mag.
1843, new ser., zz. 586-91 ; Gibbon's Autobio-
graphy and Correspondence ; Moore's Journal and
Correspondence ; Ticknor s Letters and Journal ;
Notes and Queries, 4th ser. vii. 137, 179, 413,
viii. 79 ; Catalogue of the Chatsworth Library.]
T. F. H.
CAVENDISH, Lord FREDERICK
(1729-1803), field-marshal, third son of Wil-
liam, third duke of Devonshire, E.G., was
bom in August 1729. He entered the army
as an ensign in the 2nd or Coldstream goaids
in 1750, and was promoted Lieutenant and
Cavendish
Cavendish
17 March 1753, ckptoin uod lieu-
tenant'colaael on 3 May 17ai], &ii<l coloael
<m T May 1758. He was elected M.P. for
IJerbysIure on 27 June 1751, in the room
4)f his vidi-r brotli«r, ih" Mtinjius of Hnrc-
ington, who wna summoned to the Uoiise
of liOrds na Lord CBVendlsli of Hnrdwick,
in his fnther'* hnrony, and for Derby in
175i, a seat which hu held without intfr-
misalon till 17tW. He wua a most eiitbusi-
aetic soldier, und with three otlier youDg'
officers, Wolfe, Monektou, and Ktipwi, luiule
a compact on the outbreak of the sevuu
jenrs' war not to marry until France was
conquered. Family inJSuence secured iiis
rapid promotion, and in April 1757 he pn>-
ceeded to GitnaBny as aide-de-camp to the
Duke of Cumberlainl, and served tlio cam-
pugn of that year there. In September 1758
he sccoropanied the Duke of MarlborouKb in
bia liidicroiie expedition against St. Maio as
aidK-de-camp, and whs taken prisoner at the
affair of St. Cas. He at first refused to go
nn parole, on the ground that his duty as a
member of parliament would make it necGS-
eary for him lo vote the supplies for further
war against France; but the Due d'AiguiUon
OTerruled his objections, and said, 'Let not
that prevent you, for we should no more
object to your votintr in parliament than to
your beetling children lest they should one
day fight against France,' In 1760, after his
exchange had been arranged, he went to
Oemuny again as brigndier-geneml. and re-
ceived the command of a brigade of infantry
in the army of Prince F'erdinand of BriiDS-
wick, at the head of which he served till the
conclusion of the war in 1763. On .10 Oct.
17B0 he was made colonel of the 34tli regi-
ment, a command which he held for thirty-
four yoars, and on "March 1761 he was pro-
rooted major-general. He succeeded to the
biiautiful estate of Twickenham Park under
the will of the Countess of Mountrath in
1766, anil was promotwl lii?utenantr^neral
on .10 April 17(0. His political principles
preventea him from applying for a command
m the American war of independence, but be
■aras promoted general on JO Nov, 1782, and
made a field-mnrphni on 30 July 1796. Ho
died at Twickonhiim, unmarried, on 21 Oct.
1803, at the age of sevenly-four, leaving the
bulk of his immense property to his favou-
rite nephew, Lord Oeorife Cavendish, M.P.,
•ft*rwar(is first earl of Burlington.
[n-m-'a Ttiog. Diet, : Historical Rcwrd of the
31tl> Regimsnt.] H. M. S.
CAVENDISH, Lord FREDERICK
HAKLES (1836-1882), chief secretary for
"* ' a second son of William Caven-
dish, seventh dulo! of Devonshire, by his mar-
riage, Aug. 18:i9, with illanche Oeorgiana
Howard, fourth daughter of Oi>org«, sixili
earl of Carlisle. He was l>urn at Compton
Place, Eastbounie. on 30 Nov. lAie, and after
beiug educated at home, matriculated in
1855 from Trinity College, Cnmbridge, where
he graduated BA. in 1858, nnd then served
as a comet in the Duke of Luncnster'* own
yeomanry cavalry. From ISW to 1864 he
was private secretary to Lord Granvill<>. Hi-
travelled in the United States iu I8.-.9-HO,
and in Spain in 1860. He entered parlia-
ment as a liberal for the northern division
of the West Hiding of Yorkshire, 15 July
1865, and retained that seat until he re-
signed it in May 1882. After serving as
frivate secretary to Mr. Gladstone from July
873 to August 1873 he became a juuiur
lord of the treasury, and held oHice until
the resignation of the ministry. He per-
formed the duties of financial swrelarv to
the treasury from April 1880 to Huv !"88i'.
when on the resignation of Mr. W. F.. For-
ster, chief secretary to the lord-lifiileniint
of Ireland, he was appointed (o siLcirw^l him.
In company with Ejtrl Spencer, bird-lieiiti-
nant. he proceeded to Dublin, and look lli>?
oath as chief secretarv at the Castle, Dublin,
on 6 May 1882; but'on the nttemoon oflhn
same day, while walking in the Phreniic
Park in company with Thomas Henry Burke
[q. v.l, the Under-Secretary, he was attacked
from behind by several men, who with knii-es
murdered Mr. Burke and himself. His body
being brought to England, was buri^ in
Edensor churchyard, near Cbtitsworth, on
11 May, when three hundred members of
the House of Commona and thirty thousand
other persons followed the remains to the
grave. The trial of the murderers in 1883
Siee Cabet, Jajibs] made it evident that the
eath of Cavendish was not premeditated,
and that he was not recognised by the assas-
sins: the plot was laid against Mr. Burke,
and the former was murdered because he
happened lo be in the company of a person
who had been marked out for destruction.
A window to Cavendish's memory was pUw^ed
in St. Marrsret's Church, Westminster, ut
the cost of the members of the House of
Commons, He waa known as an industrious
administrator, who seldom spoke in the house
except upon subjects of which he had official
cognisance or special experience, but he took
an interest in educational questions, and an
every side was highly esteemed for his urba-
nity and devotion to business Hemsrried,on
7 Jiine 1864, Lucy Caroline, second danghtjrr
of George William Lyttt'lton, fourth baron
j Lytt«lton, and maid of honour to the qtlMB.
Cavendish 346 Cavendish
[Graphic, 13 May 1882. with portrait, and ' yoUnger brother, William [q. v.], succeediog-
20 May ; lllu»t rated Loudon News, 10 Feb. 1866, i and growing prosperous, iiimile he himself
with portrait, 13 May 1882. wirh portrait, and . grew poorer. In 1658 he granted his manor
20 May; Annual Register for 1882 and 1883 ; , of Cavendish (herhill to his son William, a
F^'lToo^'"- ?!^J^'^ J^*'** ""^ Eiirl of Beaconsfield , I^ndon mercer, for 40/. a year ; his gnndson,
(1882), u. 23, j^th portrait; Yorkshire Notes i William, sold it in 1569. From thiltimetln^
and Quenos, 1886, with portrait.] G. C. B. I record of the family is lost. ItfoUowedthe
CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1 561 .»), ■ example of its ancestor and fell into decay,
biographer of Wolsey, was the elder son of CayendLsh himself died in 1561 or 1562.
Thomas Cavendish, clerk of the pipe in the ' Cavendish's work, the ' Life of Cardinal
exchequer, who married the daughter and Wolsey,' long remained in manuscript. Ex-
heiress of John Smith of PadbrooK Hall in tracts from it were inserted by Stowe in ki^^
SuHblk. In 15:^4 his father died, and soon I * Annals.' In 1641 was published for party
nftorwards he married Maiyery, daughter of purposes a garbled text under the title of
William Kemp of Spains Hall in Essex, and ' *The Negotiations of Thomas Woolsey, the^
niece of Sir Thomas More. In 1526 or 1527 great Cardinall of England, composed by one
he enteretl the sen- ice of Cardinal Wolsey of his own servants, being his gentleman-
as gentleman-usher, * abandoning,' as Wolsey ' usher.' This edition was reprinted with slight
said, * his own countr\-, wife, and children, his changes of title in 1667 and 1706, and in the
own house and family, his rest and quietness, ^ Harleian Miscellany,' 1744-6. Grove, in
only to serve me.' From this time to \Volsey's his * Historj' of the Life and Times of Car-
death he was in close attendance upon him and dinal Wolsey' (1742-4), republished thesame
accompanied him in his embassv to France, text, but, finding his mistake, issued a few
about which he gives many curious particu- copies from the manuscript in 1761. It was^
lars. When Wolsey lost the roval favour edited from two manuscripts in the Lambeth
Cavendish staved with him, and lie gives a ' Library by Words worth in his * Ecclesiastical
full account of the life of the great cardinal in ' Biography ' in 1810 ; and more completely by
his adversity. He was with him when he ' Singer, * Cavendish's Life of Cardinal Wolsey,*
died at Leicester, and after his funeral went to ' 1816, 2nd edition 1827. Singers text was
London, where he was questioned before the reproduced by Professor H. Morley in a
privv council about Wolsi»v's last words, volume of the * Universal Librarv, 18S5.
The Duke of Norfolk bore witness in his b*»- Many manuscripts are in existence, and the
half: *Thi8 gentleman both justly and pain- book had a large circulation before it was
fully ser\'ed the cardinal, his master, like a ' committed to the press,
just and diligent servant.' Henri' VIII rt»- ' For a long time there was some uncertainty
warded him by giving him six of Wolsey's about the authorship, whether it was the
best cart horses, with a cart to carry his stuff, work of George Cavendish or of his better
and iivf marks lor his costs homewards, also known brother William [q. v.] The question
ten pounds of unpaid wages, and twenty was settled in 181 4, by Rev. Joseph Hunter of
])ounds for a rewanl. With this Cavendish, ' Bath, in apamphlet,*^Mio wrote Cavendij^hV
m \iySi\ returned to liis home at Glemsford Life of Wolsey ? ' which is reprinted in vol.
in Suilblk, where he lived a quiet life. He ii. of Singer's edition. Hunter prov«'d satis-
had no further desire to try iiis fortunes at factorily oy internal evidence tliat George,
court. He laid to heart the lesson of Wolsey 's not William, Cavendish was Wolsey 's usher,
fall, and eschewed ambition. Hewasattache<l I and consequentlv author of the book. Wil-
to the old faith, and looked on with mis- ' liam Cavendishes eldest son was b«?m in
givings at the changes of the later years of 1534, so that he could not have left wife and
Henry VIII. In the reign of Mary he was • children to enter Wolsey's service ; also ht-
cheered by a ray of ho|M^, and set to work to ' died in 1557, before the book was finished,
write down his remembrances of the master > The general character of the book does not
whom he loved, l)ut whose career had served ' fit in with the prosperity of William Caven-
to him as a warning against the vanity of ' dish's career. It is the production of a re-
human endeavour. Internal evidence shows i fined, pious, and gentle nature, which look>
that his *Life of Wolsev' was written in ' back over manv vears of quiet melancholv
1557 ; but it was not published, for the acces- ' upon a period when he too had borne a pan
sion of Elizalx'th brought forth changes, and ' in great aftairs. The view of Wolsey taiten
it was dangen)us to publish a work which I by Cavendish is substantially the same aN
necessarily spoke of disputed questions and ' that of Shakesj)eare, and it is by no inean>
n»Hected on persons who were still alive. ' improbable that Shakespeare had read Ca-
Cavendish was contented to regard himself ' vendish in manuscript. Cavendish ^Tites
as one who had failed in life. He saw his I with the fullest admiration for Wolsey and
BViiipBllir with his aims; hnl reflection hns
Iitiigbt liim l.bt> pnthelic side of all vrorldty
«iiiia. lie admiU Wolsey's haughline»«, his
' respect to the honour of hia person rather
than to his spiritual profession,' but this doe^
not diminish bis personal aflection or destroy
tbe glamour of the cardinal's gloi?. The
picture irhich Cavendish dr»ws of W olsey is
most attractive, and recalls vividly the im-
prefis ion which he produced in his own time.
The refinement, the stm^licity, the genuine
goodness of the writer is present lit every
pnge. The fulnees of portraiture, the clear-
ness of personal details, the (rrscefiil descrip-
tion, the reserve shown in dwiwing from me-
tuorie* of a time long pant and outlived, give
th* book a distinction of it« own, and [ilace
ii high nmonfc En||^j<4i bioemphnia.
Besides the ' Life of Wolsey,' Singer pub-
lishes, froni a manuscript in the Doure col-
lection, some poems of George Cnvendish
which lie calls ' Metricul Visions.' They are
written in the style of Skellori, after the
&»liion of the ' Mirrour for Mofriatratea,' and
rt^presenl the lamentations of fallen favourites
beinoMiingtheirerrors. ThepoemsH
luid baiting. If they are the prodi
George (Isvendisb, he certainly had i
■o rank as a poei.
[Tlir Osvenilish fsmilv isdealhwith i
by G. T. Bungles in the .^rchiwiloei-
&c, 'The M&uor of Cavendish in SutTum. All
that is known of George Ciivendiah is collected <jy
Hunter JQ bispoiDpbletBlHn'e mentiuned ; ngood
acoiBnc of tba fbrtonu of b<s book ia givfo bj
Pmfeuor Marley ia tbe preface to his edil.ion.l
M. C.
CAVENDISH, GEOBttlANA, Dpciiess
or DsvoxsttlRE (I7ii7'180dj, eldest daugh-
ter of John, ti rat earl Spencer, was horn June
Usr. She married in June IT74 the fifth
duke of Devonshire, who was repirded as
the 'first match' in England, and his wife
became the reigniugqueen of society. She set
the fashion in dress, and introduced a simple
and graceful style to supersede tba ridicu-
loiiii hoop. Hut thoucb entering with great
icst into the fashionable amusements oT tbe
lime, she possessed intellectual and moral
charaeteristica of a kind wliich entitles her
to be classed above tbe ordinary women of
(bshiou. Great as were her personal cbarms,
they were not tbe chiefaource of her influence
Men over tbe majority of her admirers ; ' it
lay in tbe amenity and graces of her deport-
moDl.in her irresistible manners, and the se-
ll iictionofhersociety'tWRA XALi., J^M unuttu
Mrmnir: iii. 342). Wolpole writes of her,
she ' efl(u*s nil without being a beauty: but
bwyouthfulfigure. flowing good nature, sense
«iid lively modesty, and mOdest familiarity
rough
a paper
make ber a phenomenon " (/Wf-™, vi. Ififll.
Madame d'Arhlay when she met her did
not find so uiucb ))eauty as she expected, hut
'far more of manner, politeness, and gentle
quiet' {Diary, v, 254). She delighted m tbe
society of persons of talent, and numbered
among her special friends Fox, Sheridan, and
Selwyn. Wraxsll records that he has ' senn
the Ducfaeas of Devonshire, then in tbe first
bloom of youth, hanging on tbe sentences
that fell from Johnson's Ii]is, and contending
for tbe nearest place to hia chair' {JUemotra,
i. 133). Johnson when seventy-flve visited
the duke and duchess in 1734 at Chatsworthr
and was, be mentions, 'kindly received and
honestly pressed to stay,' but on account of
his bodily infirmities djaclineil tji prolong
bis -visit (BoswELL, Ufr of Johwon). Tbe
Duchess of Devonshire was very strongly op-
posed to the politicol party in power, and,
not wiihslanding ' theendesvours of the court
Sarty to deter her by the most illiberal andin-
ecent abuae' (,WALPOtE, Lrtfen, viii. 373),
devoted her utmost efforts to secure the re-
turn of Fox at tbe famous Westminster elec-
tion of 1 784. During ber canvass she entered
'aomo of tbe most blackguard bouses. in the
Long Acre' (Oornu>alii» Corresjumdmar, i.
I6li); though ■very 'coarsely received by some
worsetbantarg'(WiLP»LE,if((fr»,viii.469),
she was not in the least daunted, and is said
to Lave excUanffed kisses for promises of
votes. She died at Devonshire House, Pic-
cadilly. 30 March 1806, and was buried in
tbe family vault at St. Stephen's Church,
Derbv. She left a son and two daughters.
The ULu^he^8 wrote verse, sume of wbicb dis-
plays very apt and elegant expression, while
the sentiment also rises above the common-
place. Walpole refers to a number of poems
circulating in manuscript, written by her
while a girl to her father (i6. vi. 217), and
mentions also having seen an 'Ode to Hope'
by ber, 'easyand prettily expressed, though it
does not express much,' and ' Hope's Answer '
by the Rev. William Mason, of which be en-
tertained a much higher opinion. A poem
by her on the ' Passage of the Mountainof St..
Gothard,' dedicated to her children, was pub-
lished with a French translation by the A.bb£
de Lille in 1802: an Italian tratislntion by
Signor Polidori amieared in lfM)3; a German
translation in 1805: and in 1816 it was re-
frinted by the duke's second wife, Elizabeth
).«.!, along with a ' Journey through Swil-
cerland,' originally published in 1796. It
gave occasion to the ode of Coleridge witb
the refrain^ —
Cavendish 348 Cavendish
Several pmrnits of th« duchess are at Al- volumes, are now in the British Museum
ib«jrough represent
chilli. Bi)th Sir Joj^hua and Gainsbon>ug-h hundred and fif\y speeches of Edmund Rurkc.
also painted full-length pictures of her when together with a number of the most strikin^r
duchess, and. a fifth portrait is by Angelica speeches of George Grenville, 1x>rd North.
Kauttmann. The Duke of Devonshire is the Uowdeswell, Charles James Yon, Weddei-
owner of two other portraits bv Sir Joshua bum, Dunning, I^rd John Cavendish, Thur-
Ueynolds, one at Chatsworth and the other low, Sir George Savile, Colonel Barr4, Black-
at Chiswick (unfinished, with hat and stone, Seijeant Glynn, Alderman Beokfonl,
feather). Other p<jrt raits by Gainsbonmgh, and other distinguished public characters.
Cosway, Downham, and Nixon are extant, Mr. J. Wright, editor of the * Parliamentary
and several have been engraved. According History of England,' extracted from Caven-
to W'alpole, Lady De Beauclerk had also dish*s notes an account of the ' Debates of thn
drawn her ]>ort rait, and it had been engraved House of Commons in the year 1774 on the
by Bartolozzi,but only a few impressions were Bill for making mon? eifectual provision Ur
taken (Letterf, vii. 54). Wraxall states that the Government of the Province of QuebiH-.'
* the Duchess of D*.»vonshire succeeded Lady I^)ndon, 1839, 8vo. Mr. Wright also pnl>-
Melboume in the attachment of the Prince lished bv subscription another iK>rt ion of* Sir
of Wales;' but * of what nature was that Henrj- Cavendish's Debates of the House <»f
attiichment. and what limits were affined to Commonsduringthe thirteenth Parliament t'l
it by the duchess, must remain matter of Gniat Britain, commonlv called the un^-
conjecture' (Memoirs, v. 371). ported Parliament,* 2 vols. London, 1841-'!.
[Oent. Mag. Ixxvi. pt. i. p. 386; Annual Re- The work was to have extended to fourv.^
g!»tor,xlvii.324; Evans's Catalogue of Engraved lumes, but was not proceeded with beyond
Portmits, i. 98. ii. 122 ; Mwlame d'ArMay's Diurj- the eighth part, which ends on :>7 March 1771.
and Letters ; Mrs. Dt-lany's Life and Correspon- It is to be ho])ed that this important historicul
dence ; Wraxall's Memoirs ; Walpole's Lettors ; ■ publication will some day be completed. Tlw
Thomas Riiki*s's Journal ; Cornwallis Corre- early ])ortion of Cavendish's collection ha<
spondcnce ; Trotter's Memoirs of Fox ; Notes and evi(lently been written out under the inspi-
Querios. 4th series, xi. 155,227. The duchess ij,,,^ orfnim the dictation of the rci^ort-r
^■as the themo of several p>piilar halhuls. in- hiniM-lf, and appnrentlv with a view to pu»-
chiding the ♦ Picca-lilly Beauty. ] f. F. H. lieatiou ; another portion is transcribed in^\n
CAVENDISH, Sir HENKY (17:52- thj- shorthand notes, but the outline if« n..*
ison, parliamrunirv rvimrter, eldest .^m of fi"^'J^ "PJ ^vhik* * third portion rt^mams stnl
SirlIt.nrvrav..ndlsh;bart.,ofnnveridgelIalU "» -^J^^'rthand, but is easily decipherable hy
l)erbvshin», was l>.)ni on V^ Sept. 17:52, and any ()ne who is acquainted with Gurneys sy^-
sat as member for Lost wit hiel in Coniwall tem,i>specially withtheaidof the^lphabetiral
fr.un 17(;8 to 1774. He suroeeded to the lt'^«»f c<uitractions given m the Egerton M>.
baronetcvon his father's death in 1770. Three -^^ •
of Richard l^nidshaw,'esq., and this lady was 7^9"! ""■"'" ^""» *"*•'"-» --"'■• g
in 17i>2 advanced to the i>e»*rage of Ireland bv
th.> titleof 15arones^of Watenmrk. Caven- CAVENDISH, IIox. HEXRY (17:51
dish died at lilackroc-k, near l)ublin,on3 Aug. ISlO), natural philosopher, was the eldest siiii
1 KU. and on t he decease of his widow in 18<)7, of Lord Charles Cavendish, tliird son of th^-
Ireland/ London, 1 71)1 , 8vo. as is sometimes stated, but, according to L>rl
Sir I lenrv was an adept in writing Gumey's Burlington, at Nice, where his mother hud
svsteraof shorthand, and he took copious and gone on account of ill-health. His raiuher
often verbatim notes of the debates in what died when he was about two years old. In
has b«:en termed the iinrei)orted parliament, 1742 lie became a pupil of the Rev. l»r.
from 10 May 1708 to 13 June 1774. The Newcombe, who was majter of the Ilackney
manuscripts, consisting of forty-eight quarto , seminary. On 18 Dec, 1749 Cavendish went
lered Peterhoose College. ITe commenced
reaideDCti on 24 Nov., and resided rery ruga- i
larly until 23 Fab, 1753, when he left with- ^
out takiw hia degree.
After leaTisE collegpe, CKTendish appears
to have lived c&efl)' in London, thouch we
find him, accompanied by his brother Frede-
rick, visiting Paria. The obacurity which
hnngs over Cavendish'H private liistory ren-
ders it impossible to determine what induced
him to devote himself to the study of eiiieri-
mental science. Mathematics appear, from
the numerous unpublished papers which are
still in existence, lo have been his favourite
atudy. His tirst recorded scientitic work was
• Experiments on Arsenic,' which he carefully
wrote out for the inslructionof some friends,
and which from a date on some memoTanduma
appear to have been the subject of his inveati-
sattons in 1 764. InCavendish's'Note-bookof
Experiments' we Snd notices of an extensive
senesof experiments on iieat bearing the date
of 5 Feb. 1765, which were never publicly re-
ferred to until 178-S. These researches were
remarkable from being made when the doc-
S'ven Cavendish chronological precedi
lack. Cavendish certaiiUy investigated the
evolution of heat which attends the solidifica-
tion of liquids and the condensation of rases.
Heabo constructed tables of the specificneats
of various bodies, being at this time evidently
ignorant of the labours of Black in Chat direc-
tion. In 1766 Cavendish made his first public
contribution to science by sending to the
Royal Society a paper on 'Factitious Airs.'
Three parts only of^lhis memoir were pub-
lished. In 1767 we find in the ' Philosophical
Transactions' a communication from Caven-
dish, being the ' Analysis of oue of the Lon-
don Pump-waters' {that of Rathbone Place),
In this he noticed the laCTe quantity of calca-
reoui earth which was ^ipo^ited on boiling,
which he proved W9.1 retained in solution by
carbonic acid. Finding that other London
pump- waters gave a precipitate of eaicareous
earth with lime water, and yielded a similar
reffldue by evaporation. Cavendish thought
it 'reasonable to conclude that the unneutra-
lised earth in all waters is suspended merely
by being united to more than it) natural
ortioB of fixed air' (i.e. carbonic acid).
_ andiwh was prei>ared for this by the in-
itiation of Dr. Brownrigg, who had found
t a great deal of fixed air is contained
i& water.' Dr. Black also, in bia ' Inau-
J Dissertation' in 1754, explained to his
the nnivcisity of Glasgow the
:tiu of carbonic acid, and exhibited
of its charactfristic peculit
veudish, however, determmed tho specific
gravity of this gas, and was the first to show
that a small quantity of it was sufficient to
deprive common air of the power of support-
ing flame or sustaining fife. In January
1783 Cavendish read before the Royal So-
ciety 'An Account of a new Eudiometer.''
During tills long intensl Bergmann, Scheele,
Lavoisier, and Priestley had been aetivdy
engaged in endeavouring to determine the
composition of the atmosphere. The prevail-
ing hvpolhesis of chemists at this tirae was
that there existed an hypothetical principle,
CBlled'phlogiston'byStahl, which accounted
for the phenomena of combustion.
It is evident that this b3^thetical pltlo-
Siston, or matter of hcot, wns identical with
ydrogen gas, and Priestley called this ele-
ment ' inflammable air.' Cavendish, in the
first part of his paper on ' Factitious Airs,'
treats of hydrogen, and some writers have
consequently regarded him as the discoverer
of that gas. He certainly never claims this
himself, and referring to the explosibilitj of
a mixture of air and hydrogen, he says ' it
has been observed by others.' Boyle m the
seventeenth century mentions Cms gas as
bein^ familiar to many, and Or. T. Thom-
son informs us that the combustibility of
hydrogen was known about the beginning
of the eighteenth century, and was often ex-
hibited as a curiosity, being especially men-
tioned in Cramer's ' Element a Docimasia'
(1739). Cavendish, with his usual honesty,
states that his experiments ' on the explosion
of inflammable air ' wit h common and aephlo-
fiaticated air were made in the summer of
781. The production of ' fixed air' was at
this time regarded as the invariable result
of phlogiatication, or, aa we should call it, of
the deoxidntion of atmospheric air. Caven-
dish readily disproved the correctness of this
view, and he Wgnn to inquire what waft
the product of the combustion of hydrogen
in uir and in oxygen. Dr. Priestley and
Warllire.a lecturer on natural philosophy in
Birmingham, were experimenting on the
same subject with a cietonsting tube, and
they observed a deposition of moisture to-
follow each explosion. Priestley does not
appear to have paid any attention to this
phenomenon, and Warltire referred it to the-
condensation of water which had existed in
a state of vapour in the gnses. The hypo-
thesis that phlogiston was present in all
combustibles led Priestley and La Placo
astray, and the appearance of tii trie acid— the
composition of wbiL'li was quite unknown in
17S4— in the cnndtmsed water tended to
involve the problem. Cavendish, by moat
Cavendish 350 Cavendish
ingenious experiments, proved that the nitric prosecuted this inquiry. Dr. Priestley and
acid was formed from the atmospheric nitro- I his friend Warltire repeated and modified
fren present in the detonating fflobe, and Cavendish's experiments, and in 1781 Prietft-
demonstrated that the only proauct of the ley refers to Warltire*s observations on the
combustion of pure hydrogen and oxygen . moisture left by burning inflammable air.
was pure water. In his own words he came Warltire is said to have burned the gases in
to the conclusion *that water consists of a close vessel by means of electricity, wei^efa-
dephlogisticated air (oxvgen) united with , ing the vessel before and after the explo-
phlogiston (hydrogen).' lie was thus the first sion, observing the dewy deposit and find-
who, by purely inductive experiments, con- . ing only a very trifling loss of weight. Mr.
verted oxygen and hydrogen into water, and James Patrick Muirhead, in his ' Correspon-
who taught that water consisted of these dence of the late James Watt,' Tolunteen
gases. He must also be regarded as the the information that tliere appears 'no con-
discoverer of nitric acid. In the history of , elusion as to the real origin of water pub-
chemistry we do not find any discovery lished (in 1781) by Mr. Cavendish, nor com-
which has led to the same amount of angry municated to any individual, nor contained
discussion as that which followed the im- in the journal and notes of his experiments;
until 1783. I he then notic^ ' a certain amount of liquid *
On 15 Jan. 1784 the ' Experiments on Air, , being found in the flask in which the gue*
by Henry Cavendish, Esq.,' was read before were exploded, and he unhesitatingly con-
the Royal Society. An interpolation by Dr. eludes that ' almost all the inflammable air,
Blagden (who for some time acted as secre- and about one-fifth of the common air, lose
tar}' to Cavendish), after the paper was their elasticity and are condensed into the
read, states that all the experiments on the dew which lines the glass.' His full con-
ex])losion of inflammable air with common > clusicm was ' that tliis dew is plain water,
and dcphlogisticated airs were made in the , and consequently that almost all the in-
summer of 1781. Cavendish himself com- ' flammable air, and about one-fifth of the
mences his j)aper * PlvjMiriments on Air ' by | common air, are turned into pure water.'
stating that iiis experiments were made Watt, Dr. Priestley, Dr. Black, Mr. de Luc,
* witli a view to find out the cause of the M. la Platte, M. Lavoisier, and others were
diminution which common air is well known i deeply interested in the phlogistic hypothesis
to sutt'er, bv all tlie various ways in which and all of them were in constant commu-
it is phlogistinited, and to discover what ' nication, meeting in scientific societies or cor-
iK^comes of the air thus lost or consumed.' | responding with each other. Cavendish, it
To this ho adds subsequently that his ex- must be regretted, did not pursue his brilliant
perimeutal results, beyond * determining this ' career with any activity. He led a strangely
fact, also throw light on tlie constitution and i retired life, and ctmsequently he frecjuently
means of production of deplilogisticated air.' was left in igiiorance of the progress of dis-
This question excited much attention among covery. Cuvier, in his 61oge on Cavendish,
the chemists of Europe in 1777. Priestley . said of him, Miis demeanour and the modest
and Scheele about tlie same time discovered ^ tone of his writings procured him the un-
oxv^'-en, and this gas was regarded by them common distinction oi never having his r»^
as air perfectly respirable, and exhibiting its ! pose disturbed either by jealousy or by criti-
great power of supporting combustion, be- | cism.'
cause It was deprived of phlogiston. It was, Arago, on the contrary*, brought beifor**
in accordance with this hypothesis, named by I the French Academv of Sciences a direct
chemists dephlogisticated air. For some time charge of deceit and plagiarism, affirming
the atmosphere was believed to consist of two that Cavendish learned the composition of
part 8 of dephlogisticated air (our oxygen) and ' water by obtaining a sight of a letter from
one part of phlogisticated air (our nitrogen). | Watt to Priestley.
Cavendish resolved on ascertaining with j The researches of Cavendish were com-
precision the true constitution of the aerial i municated to Dr. Priestley before 24 June
fluid. With this object in view he burnt 1781 ; even Watt's son does not doubt this,
various bodies in measured quantities of air, \ On '26 March 1783 Watt mentions as new
confined over water at first, and then over
mercury. As earlv as 1766 Cavendish had
satisfied himself ot the constant composition
of the atmosphere. With his usual care he
to him Priestley's experiment on exploding
the gases by electricity. On 21 April in the
same year Watt writes to Dr. Black, and on
26 April to Dr. Priestleji hia conclusion
'that wftt-er ia composed of liejiblogiBiicated
and inflnnunable nir.' Dr, Prieslley received ,
tlUa letter in London, aubmittwl it to Sir |
Joseph Banks, president of the Itojal Society,
and to Dr. BWdea, the Lati]nittr> friend of ;
CovuDdish, und his secietaiy. Tliia lettur
was tu liHve been rend before the Hoynl So-
viet;, but Watt tequeated that tlie public
rea^nf^ofitmightbedelnjed until be aboiUd
cixamine some new experiments, said by l>r.
Priestley to contredict bis theory.
Cavendich'a memoir having been read
15 Jbji, 1764, Wutl's first letter was, nc-
coidingto hi« ownreuuest,reBdat the Roynl .
8<N:iety on '22 April, his second letter being
ivttd ou SO April. In these commuiuciilions j
Watt writes, referring to Dr. Priestley : ' If my I
deductions have nny merit, it is to be attri- j
buted prineiiially to the perspicuity, atten-
tion, iknd iuilustry with which you have pur-
sued the experiments which gave birth to |
theiu, and to the ca.ndoiir with which you
Tcceivu the com mlinicat ions of your friends.'
From this it is evidejit that ^Volt himself
idmita his obligations to Dr. Priegtlev, and
we have seen thai Cavendish and Priestley
w^re friendly correspondents: consequently
it may safely be concluded that the specula-
tions on the composition of walar were the
common subjects of talk in the acientitie
societies of London and Birmingham.
J. A. De Luc [q-v.], the Genevese philo-
eopher, waa a fellow of the Royal Society at
this time, and it was from him iLat Watt'lirKt
heard of Cavendish's paper. Weld, the as-
sistant secretary, in h» ' History of the lioyal
Society ,f says uiat ' in July of the same year
hia paper was printed in the "Transactions,"
bearini? the erroneous date of 17S4 instead
Miuay 1
vier, bv uus error. j\s soon as ii was ais-
covere^. Cavendish wrote to the editor of
one of theprincipal foreign journals to cor-
rect it. The discussion which prevailed for
some time in France and England as to the
priority of Cavendish or Watt as discoverers
was unpleasantly aggravated by the errors
of the dates printed, and yet more so by
two inteipolntions, made after the reading of
Oaveudisfi's paper, by Dr. Blagden, who was
appointed secretary to thi; Royal Society on
S Stay 17S4. and to whom was entrusted
the tularin ti.'ndence of the printing of both
Wott'd letlvrs, and wlio made the interjiola-
tiona in Cavendish's contribution.
The only conclusion to which we can
Ire is, that both Cavendish and Watt
1« about the same lime experiments on
and water ; that they framed hypnthc-
vbich were of on analogous character.
ditTeriug mainly in respect to elementary heat,
wliifU Watt regnrdeil as a material onlity,
but which Cnvendisli rejected as insufficient
lo account for the observed phenomena.
They both worked honestly, in ignorance of
each oiher's studies, and they both arrived
at similar conclusions.
If Cavendish had been more communica-
tive, there is no doubt he would have avoided
the annoyance of the claims made by Watt
and other inyiistigators to a discovery the
meritofwhich was justiyhisown. It is satis-
factory to record that in 17B5 Watt became
afellowof theltoyal Sodety; he then formed
the acquaintance of CavenJish,and they ter-
minated their scientific rivalries In llie most
amicable manner.
It is necessarv to mention a ' Mfimoire oi'i
I'on prouve par la decomposition de I'enu, que
ce fluide n est point une substance simple.'
&c., by MM. Meuanier et Lavoisier, printed
in 1781 ; a second paper on the same subject
by Lavoisier alone; and a ' Mfmoire sur le
risultatdel'inflammation dugoz inflammable
et de I'air d^phlogistlquf dans des yaisseaux
cios.'par M.Monge,prmtedin 1786. There ia,
however, satisfactory evidence to prove that
the French chemists had been previously
informed of the discoveries of Cavendish njid
Walt.
The use of light in promoting the growth
of plants was most carefully investigated
by Cavendish, but the conclusions which he
drew from his experiments were vitiated
by the theory of phlogiston, which had not
yet been entireiy abandoned.
The views entertained by Cavendish on
specific and latent heat greatly advanced
our viens, and, associated with the tine in-
vestigations mode by Dr. Black, paved the
way to the more philosophical deductions of
the present day.
After 178-5, Cavendish' mode no new dis-
coveries. His papers on heat, the original
records of which prove that this investiga-
tion was commenced in 17&1, were written
out for the use of a friend, but he published
no port of them until nineteen years aft«r
most of the experiments had been completBiI.
and theji a trifling portion only appears
incidentally in a paper on the ■ Freeiinf^
of Mercury,' read at the Royal Society in
i7as.
It has been su^ested that the reason
why those researches on heat were never
puldislied WHS that Cavendish had consider-
able reluctance to enter into even the ap-
pearance of rivalry with Dr. Black,
In 1772 und in 1776 Cavendish was en-
gaged in investigutiog the principal pheno-
mena of etectricity, and two papers ou thu
Cavendish
352
Cavendish
subject appear in the ' Philosophical Trans-
actions/ These papers contain the first
distinct statement of the difference between
animal and common electricity, and twenty-
seven propositions upon the action of the
electric fluid, treated mathematically. Be-
sides those two papers Cayendish left be-
hind him some twenty packets of manu-
script essays on mathematical and experi-
mental electricity. Of these Sir William
Snow Harris states that 'Cayendish had
really anticipated all those great facts in
common electricity which were subsequently
made known to the scientific world tnrougn
tlie investigations of Coulomb and other
philosophers, and had also obtained the
more immediate results of experiments of
a more refined kind instituted in our own
day.'
On 21 June 1798 a paper by Cavendish
was read before the Royal Society entitled
* Experiments to determine the Density
of the Earth/ The Rev. John Micheil
had suggested a method for doing this, and
had constructed the apparatus which was
in the main adopted by Cavendish, with
several improvements. It occurred to him
that this force could be measured by ac<5u-
rately observing the action of bodies sud-
denly presented in the neighbourhood of
a horizontal lever, 40 inches long, nicely
balanced, and loaded with leaden balls of
equal size, alwut 2 inches diameter, at its
two ends, and protected from any current
of air. Two heavy spherical masses of metal
were tlien brouglit near to tlie balls, so that
their attractions conspired in drawing the
lever aside. From the known weight of
the mass of metal, the distance of the
centres of the mass and of the ball, and the
ascertained attraction, it was not difficult to
determine the attraction of an equal spheri-
cal mass of water upon a particle as heavy
as the ball placed on its surface, and from
this can be found the attraction of a sphere
of water of the same diameter as the earth,
upon the ball placed on its surface. The ex-
periments made were few ; seventeen only
are recorded. From these Cavendish deduced
twenty-three results, from the mean of which
he computed the density of the earth to be
equal to 5'45.
The accuracy of Cavendish's observations
is shown by tlie fact that Reich, professor of
natural philosophy at Freiberg in Saxony,
after fifty-seven experiments came to tfie
conclusion that the density of the earth was
5*44. Francis Baily [^q. y.] repeated Caven-
dish's experiments with similar apparatus,
somewhat modified. The final result ob-
tained by Baily was 5*660. Sir Gborge Airy
in May 1826 carried out a series of pendulum
expenments in Ilarton Colliery, and deter-
mined the mean density of the earth a»
6-666.
A paper on the civil year of the Hindofr
should oe mentioned in order to show the
varied character of Cavendish's investiga-
tions. The mass of manuscripts which ne
left behind him proves that nearly every
subject which in his time engaged the atten-
tion of the chemist or of the natural philo-
sopher had been closely studied by him.
The ^ Catalogue of Scientific Papers of the
Royal Society ' credits Cayendisn with six-
teen memoirs. Watt assigns him eighteen.
The personal history of this great pnUoso-
pher 18 told in his works. He was a mm
of reserved disposition, a shy habit, and
many singularities of manner. Added to
these a difficulty of speech, and a thin,
shrill voice, increased his dislike of society,
and his avoidance of conversation.
Cavendish lived on Clapham Common,
his large library being some distance from
his house. He allowed friends the free me
of his books, but he himself never took a
book from it without leaving a receipt be-
hind. His large income was allow^ to
accumulate, and his* habits were of the most
inexpensive kind. He received no stranger
at his residence, he ordered his dinner daily
by a note left on the hall table, and from
his morbid shyness he objected to any com-
munication witli his female domestics. He
scarcely ever went into , society. Lord
Brougham says he had met nim at the meet-
ings of the lioyal Society and at Sir Joseph
Banks's weekly conversations, * and recollect*
the shrill cry he uttered as he shuffled
quickly from room to room, seeming to be
annoyed if looked at, but sometimes ap-
proaching to hear what was passing among*
others. His walk was quick and uneasy.
He probably uttered fewer words in the
course of his life than any man who ever
lived to fourscore years, not at all excepting^
the monks of La Trappe.* On all point?
which had not some scientific bearing Ca-
yendish was coldly indifferent. "When the
discovery of a new truth was told to him, a
glow of interest came over him. He was
never known to express himself warmly
on any question of religion or politics ; in-
deed he appeared to reject all human sym-
pathy.
He died on 10 March 1810, after probablv
the only illness from which he ever suffered.
Havinff ordered his servant not to come near
him till night, he was all day alone. Ilid
sen'ant found him apparently in a dying state,
and immediately sent for Sir Everard Home.
«honlvnftiTdftvbreak. CavendiBh was buried
in AU Samta' C'hiircli, Derbv. He l^ft a for-
tune oTl.iro.OOO/. Hleresidanry kgatee was
his couBLQ, Locd George Cavendish, ^nd-
fiithcT of thB presenl Ihike of DevonBhire.
[Fllilosuphical TrsuBaclioas, lixiv. 119,329,
SS4; BojralSoo.C'it.orSiiientJflisFiipcn.atidSup-
jileuent : WmU's Bibl. Brit.: WiIson'sLife uf Cn-
-randishlOnreadiBhSocietf'B Works), lul, i. ISlSi
Uoirlinurii Corraapondenca ofWiil I ; Briiilgbum's
Lira* of PhilwophetB of the lime of Goorgo 111.
18«; WoW» HiBtory of the Rr.sol SocielT. vol.
n. 1818; Mimoina de I'Acad^i
Be'porU, 1S39, Preside D Ca oddresa.] R. H-T.
CAVENDISH, Sis JOHN (d. 1381),
jiidffe. is (laid to hove beea the son of Roger
oi Robtrt do Oernum, and grandaon of Ralph
dt! O em um, justice itinerant in the reign of
Henry HI, but to have asBumed bis wife's
name of Cavendish on his maniagr, Proba-^
blr, hownrer.hewasthe son of Jobndu 'Ca-
Yendych,' who appcajs aa aurety for Thomas
dr Lelchfnrd, mcin ber of parliament for Lvnne
in 1332. As pwly Bd 13+8 aifniion i« made
of a plender whose niune ia indicBt<J by the
abbreviation Caund. (subsequently Cind.),
whidi uniiueBtioushly stands for 'Caiindiaii
cr Csndish. In liiai he was one of the cul-
It^tors of t)ie tenth and the fifteenth for
E«*ei and Suffolk. In 1360 one John de
■Odyngatlea, knight, conveyed, by fine, the
Riiuinr of Overhnll and Cavendish to John
Cavendisb and Alice his wife, probably by
■way of what we should now call raarringe
settlement. Cavendiali was aerjeant-at-law
as euK aa Vim. He rlid not cease to plead
until I'ara, but from 1370 to 1372 inclusive
fas acted as jnstice of assize in some of the
kumtem counties. Dugdale designates him
chief justice of the king's bench as early as
ISfia. This is oertainrj' a mistake, but the
dote may mark his appointment to be j ust ice
of afsiie. He became a puisne judge of the
coDunon pleas on 27 Nov. 1371, and next
lar ^Ifi July) was created chief justice of
A kin^S bench. No fine appears to have
~ll lAfied b^re him earlier than the en-
g Uctobor, and it is in the parliament of
It year that he makes his first appearance
%tiw of petitions. He was rr-appointed
')t justice of the king's bench on the ac-
ioa of Richard 11, 1378, with a salary of
udredmarks. HeconlinnedinofEceuntil.
1, when (15 Jiinf) lie was brut)illj[ mur-
ial Bury St. Edroundsitflgefher with his
d Sir John of Onmbridgn, prior of the
7, by the insurgent pewantcy under Jack
Straw. In the preceding year he had been
elected ehoncellur of tho university of Cam-
bridge. Shortly before his death he mode
his will, a somewhat qwuntly worded instru-
ment, bv which, oft^ir on exordium in Latin,
bequeatning liis soul to Qod, and directing
his body to be buried beside his wife in the
chancel of the church at Cavendish, he con-
tinues, in Norman French, to give ' im lit
de worstede ' and some cattle to his son
Andrew, 'un lit vermaylet uneoupe d'nrgent
en ou eat emprente line rose, c'est assuvoir
ceo que jeo avois de don de la Countesae de
la Marche,' to Rose, .\udrew'H wife, to their
daughter Margaret ' un lit de saperye poudre
des popingays, and the rest of his personaltv
to charitable uses. His judgmenta bulk
" " of the latts
Ine of them
quired a kind of immortality. A Indy alleg-
ing her minority in order to defeat a grant
of land made by her and her husband, offered,
as there waa some difficulty in proving the
fact, to abide by Cavendish's verdict, hut he
declined to express any opinion, remarking:
' II n'ad nul home en Engleterre que luy
adjudge a droit deins i^ ou de plein age,
car Bscuna femes que sont do age de xxx ana
voile apperer d'age de iviii ' ( Tfar-book, 50
Edw. m, pi. 13).
[Arohreologia, li. SO-6 ; Year-book*, 21 Edw.
m, Mifli. Term, pi. 81, 38 Edw. lU, Hil. Term,
pi. IB, 40 Blw. Ur ad flu., 45 Ed*. Ill, Trin.
Tann. pi. aa. ftO Edw. 111. Trin. Tfrm. pi. 12 ;
BmntinRhum's Issue Boll (Devon), p. SBO; Bol.
Pari. ti. 31)9, i56 ; KaU. and invs. Exch. (Pal-
grave), i. 238; Pari.Writs, ii. div.ii. pLi. 85^;
Dugdale'x Orig. 4S. Chron. Ser. 60; Fuller's HUl.
tlniv. Cambr. p. 53 ; Knighton and WnbiiDgham
Bono 1331; Uolinshed, li. 741; Fosa's Lives of
the Jadges.] J. M. R.
CAVENDISH, Loi{dJOHN(!732-1796),
chancellor of ihe exchequer, waa the fourth
son of William, third duke of Devonshire,
and his wife Catherine, daughter and heiress
of John Hoskins of Middlesex. He was bom
on 32 Oct. 1732, and educated at Peterhouse,
Cambridge, where the poet Mason was his
tutor, wlio, upon his pupil leaving the uni-
versity, addressed an elegy to him beginning
with ' Ere yet, ingenuous youtll, thy steps re-
tire ' ( Workt of mtliam Mason. 1»1 1. i. 98-
96). Cavendish olitained the degree of M.A.
ill 1763. In April of the following veor he
was elected for Weymouth and Melcombe
Regis, which he continued lo represent until
the geneml election of 1761, when he was
returned for Knareaborough. In July 1765
the Maniuis of Rockingluim became prime
minister, and Cavendish was appointed one
of the lords of the treasury. Upon the
Cavendish
354
Cavendish
dismisHal of the ministry, after beinff a little
more than a year in office, he waa ottered by
Lord Chatham a place in the Duke of Ghraf-
ton's administration, but he declined to sepa-
rate himself from his friend Lord Rocking-
ham. From 1768 to 1790 he represented the
city of York. On Lord Rockingham becom-
ing prime minister for the second time,
Cavendish was appointed chancellor of the
exchequer on 27 March 1782, and on the
same day was sworn a member of the privy
council. Lord Rockingham died on 1 July,
and Cavendish, refusing to serve under the
Earl of Shelbume, retired from the ministry
with Fox and other members of the Rock-
ingham party. Early in the morning of
22 Feb. 1/83 Cavendish's resolution censur-
ing the terms of the peace was carried
against the Shelbume ministry in the House
of Commons by 207 to 190. Though Shel-
bume immediately resigned, Pitt retained
ortice for some five weeks afterwards. At
length, early in April 1783, William, third
duke of Portland (who had married Caven-
dish's niece, the only daughter of William,
fourth duke of Devonshire), became prime
minister, and Cavendish was once more ap-
pointed chancellor of the exchequer. He had
not been in office a fortnight before he was
obliged to bring in a loan bill for raising
nearly 12,500,000/., w^hich he proposed to
do by means of annuities and a lottery.
On 26 May he introduced his first and only
budget, one feature of which was the first
imposition of a tax upon quack medicines
(JParliamentary History ^x\i\i. 931-6). Owing
to the king's unconstitutional interference,
the East India Bill, which had been carried
successfully through the commons, was re-
jected by the lords on 17 Dec, and the coali-
tion ministry was dismissed in favour of
Pitt. On Pitt's appeal to the country in
June 1790, Cavendish was defeated at York
after a close contest, and for four years dis-
appeared from parliamentary life. In May
1/94 he was elected for Derbyshire in the
place of his brother, Lord George, and at the
general election in June 1796 he was again
re-elected for the same constituency. Ca-
vendish was never married, and died at his
brotlK^r's house at Twickenham on 18 Dec.
1796, in his sixty-fifth year. He was buried
on the 26tli in the family vault in All Saints'
Church, Derby. Considering the position
which he held in the House of Commons, he
was by no means a frequent speaker. He
voted in the minority on the debate on the
illegality of general warranto, opposed the
expulsion of Wilkes from the house, voted in
favour of receiving the clerical petition, on
which occasion he spoke strongly in favour
of religious and political freedom, moved to
amendment to the address deprecating a civil
war, * of which he disapproved in the com-
mencement and in all ita stages,' oppo^
the increase of the civil list, and supported'
Burke s plan for public economy and refoniL.
Though the Duke of Richmond considered
Cavendish to be ' diffident of the effect of
any parliamentary reform ' {Memoin of the-
Marquis of Hockinffham, ii. 481), he ww
elected a member of the committee of the
Westminster Association on 2 Feb. 1780^
and his name appears in the list of members
which was made on 20 Feb. 1783. From an
examination of the minutes, it appears, how-
ever, that he does not seem to have attended
any of the meetings. Burke, in a letter to
Dudlev North dated 28 Dec. 1796, describe*
Cavendish as 'one of the oldest and best
friends I ever had, or that our common coun-
try possessed * (Bubke, Correspondence^ ir.
550), and in sketching his character {ib. iv.
526-7), says that ' he is a man who would
have adorned the best of commonwealths at
the brightest of its periods. An accomplished
scholar, and an excellent critic, in every part
of nolite literature, thoroughly acquainted
witn history ancient and modem; with a
sound judgment; a memory singularlv reten-
tive and exact, perfectly conversant in busi-
ness, and particularly in that of finance ; of
great integrity, great tenderness and sensi-
bility of heart, with friendships few and un-
alterable; of perfect disinterestedness; the
ancient English reserve and simplicity of
manner.' Walpole, on the other hand, i*
never tired of sneering at him, the reason
for which will be pretty obvious to any one
who reads the references to Cavendish m the
* Letters ' and * Memoirs.* In reality Caven-
dish seems to have been a thoroughly honour-
able and upright man, whose speeches were
more remarkable for their breadth of view
and sound common sense than for any bril-
liance or originality of thought, and whose
taste for literature and country pursuits (espe-
cially fox-himting) was considerably stronger
than for an act ive parliamentary life. Sel wyn
gave him the name of ' the learned canarr
bird,' on account of his prodigious memorv
and the smallness of his stature. His portrait
was painted by Sir Joshua Ke3molds in Fe-
bruary 1767 (Leslie and Tatlob, Ltfie of Sir
Joshua ReynoldSy 1865, i. 282), and engraved
by T. Grozer in 1786.
[Burke's Correspondence, 1844, ii. iii, it.;
Lord Fitzmaurice's Life of William, Earl of
Shelbume, 1 876-6 ; Trevelyan's Early History of
C. J. Fox, 1880; Walpole's Memoirs of the Reign
of Qeorge III, 1845, ii. iii. iv. ; Walpole*8 Let^
tent, 1841, iii. iv. t. vii. niS.; Earl of Albe--
of tha Miirqnis of Bockioglium,
I8S!. i. ii.; Col ]i no's Pr«nig«, 1B12, i. 358; Pnrl.
Hi»I. XT-xiiT ; Pari. Papers, 1878. Ixii, pt. ii.]
G. F. B. B.
CAVENDISH, MARGARET. Dcchess
09 XEKciBitE lllJ24?-ie74), writer, was
born at SU John's, near Colchester in Ei^sex.
Her father, Sir Thomas Lucas, whom id the
3 toth
!, drawn by
Fauc^'b Pencil to the Life,' she calls ■ Master
Lucas,' a ^ntleman of large estfttcis and
much consideration, died when ehe was an
infant. The joungvst of a. family of eighe,
consisting of three sons and flre daughters,
ehc was, according to her own account, bred
by her mother 'm plenty, or rather with
superfluity,' and receired a training the in-
fluences of which are apparent in her life.
In the autobiographical sketch a curious
picture ia afforded of the manner in which
ehe and her latere were trained, ' virtuouslj,
modestly, civilly, honourably, and on honest
principles.' Their dress was not only ' neat
and cleanlv, fine and gav,' but ' rich and
coEtly,' the^ir mother holding it more conso-
nant with her husband's opinions to maintain
her family > to the height of her estate, but
not beyond it,' and to bestow her substance
on their ' breeding, honest pleasures, and
harmless delights, than to practise an eco-
nomy which might chance to create 'shark'
ingqualities.uean thoughts, and base actions.'
At the hands of tutors the young ladies re-
ceiTed all sorts of 'vertues,' as 'singing,
dancing, playiuK on musick, reading, writing,
■working, and toe like,' together with some
kuowledffe of foreign languages. From her
mother, Elizabeth, daughter of John Leigh-
ton, whom Ehe describes as a woman of sin-
Silar beauty, she inherited her good looks.
f the personal appearance of her brothers and
sisters she gives a naive description. Accord-
ing to this they were 'every ways propor- I
tjonable, liVewise well featured, clear com- j
plexionB, brown haires, but some lighter than ,
Others, sound teeth, sweet breaths, plain i
^eechee, tunable voices, I mean not so much
to KiDf a« in speaking, as not stuttering, nor
irhuUng in the throat, or speaking through '
Xhu DOBe. or hoorsly unless ihey had a cold, |
or sqaeakingly, which impediments many I
The happy life at St. John'swas interrupted
by the outbreak of civil war. The brothers, i
two of whom were married, resided mostly, i
when in the country, with their mother, as |
did the three sisters who married, and who j
exprcisfd over their younBest sister a super-
vision which though kind was so close that
aloA was always boahful when out of their
sight. But the brothers now joined the
stundardof the kine, and two of them shortly
afterwards died. Their deuth was followed
by that of her mother, and anticipated by
that of her eldest sister. A strung desire
on tile part of Margaret Lucas to be maid
of honour to the queen was, in spite of the
opposition of her brothers and sisters, en~
CDuraged by her mother, aud when the
youn^ girl, disappointed at the life of court,
and discontented at being regarded, owing to
her shyness and prudery, as a ' natural fool,*
repented of her wish, her mother counselled
her to stay. For two years accordingly,
1643-5, Margaret Lucas remained in altrn-
dance upon Henrietta-Maria, whom she ac-
companied to Paris. Here, in April 1645,
she first met her future husband, William
Cavendish, marquis and subsequently duke
of Newcastle [q. v.] From her brother. Lord
Lucas, an ammaied account of her beauty
and gifts bad been received. The conquest
of the marquis was accordingly soon effectt-d,
and the pair were married m Paris in lft46.
During tneir residence in Paris, in Itolter-
dom, and in Antwerp, they were in constant
pecuniary straits. The eWorts of the mar-
chioness to obtain money for her husband to
keep up the slate which, even when their
joint fortunes were at their lowest, be held
due to himself, were incessant. Ononcocca-
for the purpose of claiming some subsistence
out of the estate of the marquis, or in any
manner realising money for her husband s
needs. Hersuccess was atijtht. As the wile
of ' the greatest traitor of Bngtand ' parlia-
ment would grant her no allowance, and alio
would have starred but for assistance in the
shape of loans obtained by Sir tZ^srles. After
an absence of a year and a half she returned
to Antwerp.
Upon the Eestoratinn she followed, after
some delay, her husband to England. She
seems to have exercised her iiillueuce to in-
duce him to retire from a court in which her
virtues no lees than her peculiarities rendered
her somewhat of a laughing-stock i she de-
sired him to devote himself m the country to
the task of gathering together and repairing
what be calls ' the chips ' of his former esliil«9.
She died in London, and was buried in West-
minster Abbey on 7 Jan. 1673-4. In the
north transept of that building is a monu-
ment erected by her husband, who survived
her three years. The epitaph supplies a high
tribute to her virtues and accomplisliments,
id adds, in words which Addison quotes
i-ith
■Her
Margaret Lucas youngest daughter of Lord
Cavendish 356 Cavendish
I^iicus, earl of Colchester, a noble family, for A Latin translation was published, London,
all the brothers were valiant, and all the 1668, fol. 13. * Grounds of Natural Philo-
sisiters virtuous.' At an early age she dis- sophy,' London, 16C8, fol. This is a second
phi ved some disposition towards literature, edition, much altered, of * Philosophical and
and wrote upon philosophical subjects. This | Physical Opinions.* In many cases succeeding
tendency developed with her increasing years. ' editions differ widely from tlie first. To point
During her bnnislunent from England she . out alterations, or even to give the full titles
found consolation in the composition of the of the various works, is impossible within
folio volumes which bear her name, and the reasonable limits. The 'Select Poems* of
same occupation cheered the hours of her the duchess have been edited and reprinted
volimtary seclusion from court life. She is at the Lee Priory Press, 8vo, 1813, as bii
said in her later life to have * kept a great , the * True Relation of the Birth, Breeding,
many young ladies about her person, who and Life of Margaret Cavendish, Ihichess of
occasionally wrote what she dictated. Some Newcastle, ^\Titten by Herself* (Lee Priory
of them slept in a room contiguous to that Press, 8vo, 1814), which saw the light in the
in which her grace lay, and were readv, at first edition of * Nature's Pictures drawn by
the call of her bell, to rise any hour ot the Fancie's Pencil,' and is absent from the
night to write down her conceptions lest second edition. The life of the duchess, and
they should escape her memorj^' (Cibber, that of the duke, edited by M. A. Lower,
Li res of the Poetry ii. 165). Her poems and were both printed in a volume of the * LiUrary
plays, together with her * Pliilosophical of Old Authors * of J. K. Smith, London,
Fancies,* and her * Philosophical and Physical 1872, and the life of the duchess, with a selec-
Opinions,* and one or two other works, were tion from her poems, opinions, orations, and
written previous to or during her exile. The letters, edited oy Mr. Edward Jenkins, wu
remainder are of later date. A full biblio- published in the same year. Mr. C. H. Firth
graphy of her works has yet to be written, edited a now edition of both lives in 18S6.
The following list of the editions published . In these works so much of the literary bag-
during her life is compiled from the Britisli i gage of the duchess as time wiU care to
Museum and from Lowndes, supplemented by burden itself with is preserved. To the
a private collection of her works : 1. *Philo- i student of early literature the ponderous
sophical Fancies.' London, 21 May l(V')3,8vo. folios in which her writings exist wiU
2. * Poems and Fancies,* J^ondon, 1653, folio; have a measure of the charm they had for
second edition, London, 1664, folio ; third Lamb. Through the quaintness and the
edition, London, 1668, folio. 3. * Philosophi- conceits of her poems a pleasant light of
cal and Physical Opinions,* I-.ondon, 1655, fancy frequently breaks, ller fairy p)ein8
foVn; reprinted, Loudon, 1663, folio. 4. *Na-,are good enough to rank with those of
ture*8 Pictures drawn by Fancie's Pencil to Ilerrick and Mennis, though scari»ely with
the Life,' London. 1656 (some copies 1655), those of Shakespeare, as some enthusiasts
folio: second edition, London, 1671, folio, have maintained. The thoughts. when they
5. * The World's Olio,' London, 1655, folio: are not obscured by her ineradicable ten-
second edition, London, 1671, folio (Lowndes dency to philosophise, are geneTt)us and
treats the two forenientiontMl works as the , noble, and she is one of the earliest writer*
same). 0. *Playes,' London, 1662, folio, con- to hint at the cruelty of field sports. In a
taining twenty-one plays. 7. * Plays never paper in the* Connoisseur,' in which a fanciful
before printed,' London, 1668, folio, contain- , picture is aflbrded of the duchess mounting
inpr five plays. 8. * Orations of Divers Sorts,' her Pegasus, Shakespeare and Milton are re-
London, 1662, folio (in some copies the date presented as aiding her to descend. The
is 1663) : second edition, 166?^, tol. J>. * Phi- duchess then, at the request of Kuterpe, reads
losophicalLetters,or Modest Reflections upon . her beautiful lines against * Melancholv,' All
some Opinions in Natural Philosopliy main- , the while these lines were repeating ikiilton
tained by several learned authors of the age,' seemed very attentive, and it was whimpered
London, 1664, folio. 10. * ccxT Sociable Let- ! by some that he was obliged for many of the
ters,' London, 1664, folio. 11. * Observations ! thoughts in his *L'Allegro' and *I1 Pense-
upon Experimental Philosophy,' to which is
aclded the * Description of a New World,'
London, 1666, folio: second edition, 1668.
12. *Tho Life of William Cavendish, Duke,
^larquis, and Earl of Newcastle, Earl of Ogle,
A'iscount ISIansfield, and Baron of Bolsover,
of Ogle, Bothal, and Hepple, &c.' London,
1667, foL ; another edition, London, 1675, 4to.
roso ' to this lady's * Dialogue between Mirth
and Melancholy ' (('o/moiWi/r, ii. 265, edit.
1774). This suggestion of indebtedness is, it
is needless to say, futile. Her gnomical ut-
terances are often thoughtful and pregnant.
In her plays she is seen almost at her worst.
The praise accorded her by Langbaine for the
invention of her own plots is cheaply earaed.
Cavendish
357
Cavendish
since she could not have stolen them. Her
characters are mere abstractions figuring cer-
tain virtues or vices. In a scene in the second
part of * Youth's Glory and Death's Banquet,*
she appears under the character of Lady Saus-
pareile, and ^ves what may be supposed to be
a picture of her own reception at court. As
the Lady Contemplation in the play of that
name, as the Lady Chastity of the * Matri-
monial Trouble/ and in a score other charac-
ters, the duchess is recognisable. Not seldom
the speeches assigned the characters in her
plays are as scholastic and as voluminous
as her letters or her philosophical opinions.
She does not hesitate to introduce wanton
characters and to employ language which
goes beyond coarseness. Her philosophy is
the dead weight which drags her to the
ground. In these deliveries an occasional
Eiece of common sense is buried in ava-
mches of ignorance and extravagance. Her
life of the duke is in it^ way a masterpiece.
With it may be classed her autobiographical
sketch, the naivete and beauty of which are
equal. Not easy is it to find a picture so
faithful and attnictive of an English inte-
rior. Not all the respect due to her hus-
band^s services to the crown, and to her own
high position, could save her from some
irreverence in the court of Charles II. Her
occasional appearance in theatrical costume,
and her reputation for purity of life, together
with her vanity and affectation, contributed
to gain her a reputation for madness. Horace
Walpole, in * Royal and Noble Authors,'
sneers at her as a * tertile pedant.* The duchess
has been, however, the subject of the most
unmixed adulation to which an author has
often listened. A folio volume, entitled
* Letters and Poems in Honour of the in-
comparable Princess Margaret, Dutchess of
Newcastle, Written by several Persons of
Honour and Learning. In the Savoy, 1676,*
consists of poems and letters, in English and
Latin, written chiefly in acknowledgment of
the receipt of presentation copies of her
works by various people, including the senate
of the university of Cambridge. Among
those who are guilty of the most fulsome
adulation are Henry More, Jasper Mayne, Jn.
GlanviUe, G. Et herege, and Thomas Shadwell.
Adulatory poems in plenty are also prefixed
to her various volumes, a curious feature in
which is the number of dedications to her hus-
band, her companion the reader, philosophers
in general,and others. Among her encomiasts
are also Hobbes and Bishop Pearson. Por-
traits of the duchess, sometimes alone and at
other times in the midst of her family, were
appended to many of her volumes. These are
•roinarily absent, however, and are scarcer
than the volumes themselves, the rarity of
some of which is excessive. A portrait of
her by Diepenbeke in a theatrical habit, which
she constantly wore, is still ( 1887) in existence
at Welbeck. In the early catalogues of the
gallery it is erroneously ascribed to Lely. An
engraved portrait by Van Schuppen from
Diepenbeke, prefixed to the second volume of
her plays, exhibits her as a tall and strikingly
handsome woman. Her description may in-
deed be read in that previously given of her
family. Pepys gives an amusing account of
the performance of her * silly play,' * The
Humourous Lovers,' 30 March 1667, describes
her, 12 April 1667, making * her respects to
the players from her box, dwells upon her
* footman in velvet coats and herself in an
antici^ue dress,' and adds : * The whole stoiy
of this lady is a romance, and all she does is
romantic* Three folio volumes of her poems
are said to remain in manuscript, and volumes
of her works, with manuscript notes in her
handwriting, are in the British Museum
Library. Iler husband's poems are so mixed
up with hers that it is not always easy to sepa-
rate them. The married life of the duke and
duchess seems to have been exceptionally
happy. A story that the duke, in answer
to congratulations upon the wisdom of his
wife, replied, * Sir, a very wise woman is a
verj' foolish thing,' rests upon no very trust-
worthy authority — the ipse divit of a Mr.
Fellows, preserved by Jonathan Richardson.
Walpole's charge, that she did not revise the
copies of her works, lest it should disturb
her later conceptions, rests on her own au-
i thority, and must accordingly be accepted.
I An attempt to render into Latin some of her
I works, other than her life of the duke, was
! commenced but abandoned.
[Works of the Duchess of Newcastle men-
tione<l above ; Langbaine's Lives of the Dramntic
Poets; Ballard's Memoirs of British Ladies, 1775;
Walpolea Koyal and Noble Authors ; The Con-
noisseur; Ljwndes's Bibliographer's Manual;^
Letters and Poems in Honour of the Duchess of
Newcastle, 1676 ; Stanley's IIist<.^rical Memorials
' of Westminster Abbey, 1868; oilier works citKl.]
J. K
CAVENDISH, RICHARD (d. 1601 ?),
politician and author, was the second son of
Sir Richard Gemon, alias Cavendish, by his
wife Beatrice, (laughter of — Gould {Harleinn
MS. 1449, f. 96). He was a native of Suflblk,
and was for some time a member of Corpus
Christi College, Cambridge (Masters, Bist.
of Corpus Christi College, CarnhridgCy pt. i.
Append, p. 11). In 1668 and 1569 he was
engaged in conveying to Mary Queen of Scots
letters and tokens to further her marriage
Cavendish
358
Cavendish
with the Duke of Aorlolk (^LiODge, lUust ra-
tions of British History, ed. 1838, i. 478, 475 ;
Strypb, AnnalSj i. 630, folio). The earls of
Shrewsbury and Huntingdon in the latter
year vainly endeavoured to apprehend Caven-
dish and his writing. He appeared as a
witness against the Duke of Norfolk at his
trial on 16 Jan. 1671-2, when the duke * gave
liim reproachful words of discredit' (Jar-
dine, Criminal Trials, i. 176-8). To the
parliament which met 8 May 1572 he w^as
ri'tumed for the borough of Denbigh, in op-
position to the inclination and threats of the
Earl of Ijcicester, a fact not without signifi-
cance, as it has been surmised that he had
btren employed by that nobleman to entrap
the Duke of Norfolk (Pen'XAXT, Tour in
Wales, ed. 1784, ii. 46-8). He was created
^r.A. of the university of Cambridge on
15 Feb. 1572-3. The pace for his degree
states that he had studied for twenty-eight
vears at Cambridge and Oxford (Cooper,
^Athen(s Cantab, ii. 302; Addit. MS. 5865,
f. 47). He was a second time returned for
the borough of Denbigh to the parliament
which assembled on 23 Nov. 1585.
In 1587 a circumstance occurred of much
constitutional im|K)rtance (Hallam, Cmisti-
tnfional Hist. ed. 1855, i. 279). Cavendish
liad suggested to the queen that it was in
her power to create a new office for making
out all wTits of supersedeas quia improvidd 1
einanavit in the court of common pleas. Ac-
oordingly her majesty granted the office to '
him for a certain number of years, and the
judges of thn court received a verbal com-
mand by a queen's messenger to admit him. !
This they neglected or refused to do. There- |
upon he procured a letter under the sign
manual and signet to be directed to the judges,
wherein lipr majesty commanded them to se-
quester the profits of the office which had
become due since h»T grant, and which might
th<Teafter become due until the controversy
for the execution of the said office should be :
decided. The judges after a consultation de- ,
cided that they could not lawfully obey these
commands. The queen addressed to them |
another letter (21 April 1587), ordering them
in imperative terms immediately to 8e(iuester '
the profits of the office, and to admit Caven- |
dish. This letter was delivered in the pre- ..
p«»nce of the lord chancellor and the Earl of
I^eicester, who had been commanded by the '
queen to hear the judges* answer. After de- ^
liberating for some time the judges replied |
that they could not obey without being p«.»r-
lured. The queen thereupon commanded the '
lord chancellor, the chief justice of the queen's
bench, and the master of the rolls to hear |
the judges* reasons. The queen's serjeant j
argued lor the queen's prerogative, but the
judges refused to answer on the ground that,
as the nrothonotaries and exigienters of the
court claimed a freehold during their lives in
the profits of such writs, they, and not the
j udges, ought to be brought to answer. There-
upon the queen's letters were produced, and
the judges charged with not having obeyed
the commands therein contained, ^ey am-
fessed the fact, but alleged that the commands
were against the law of the land. The lord
chancellor reported the proceedings to the
queen, who wisely avoided the threatened
collision between the prerogative and the law
by allowing the matter to drop (Ajn>EBM)5,
JieportJt, i. 1 52 ; Petyt, Jus Parliamentarium,
203; Manning, Seriiens ^7^ X<!y<*m, 30^10).
Cavendish appears to have died in 1601,
as in that year a monument to his memoir
* promised and made by Margaret, coante«i
of Cumberland,' with a quaint inscription in
English, was erected to his memorv in the
south aisle of Ilomsey Church, Middlesex
(Addit. MSS. 5825 f. 223 b, 5836 L 83. 5801
f. 195 b).
He was the author of : 1. A Translation of
Euclid into English. 2. * The Image of Xa-
tvre and Grace, conteyning the whole course
and condition of Mans Estate. Written
by Kichard Caundishe,' London, John Day,
n. d. and 1574, 8vo, dedicated to * those who,
through simplicitie of conscience and lacke
of true knowledge, embrace the doctrine of
the papistes.'
A poem in the * Paradyse of Dayntie De-
vises/ conjecturally ascrilx^d to Thomas Ca-
vendish [q. v.], the famous circumnavigator,
was more probably written by his uncle
Richard.
[Authorities cited above.] T. C.
CAVENDISH, THOMAS (1555 F-1592\
circumnavigator, was bom at the ancej^tral
home, Grimston Hall, in the |>ari8h of Trim-
ley St. Martin, Suffolk, not far from the
port of Harwich. Like many other noblemen
and gent lemen of the period, lie took to piracv
as a menus to recover his squandered j>atri-
mony. His first recorded adventure at st'a
was in a ship of his own in the * The viage
made by Sir Richard Greenvile for Sir Walter
Raleigh in the year 1585' (IIaklfyt. 15**9,
iii. 251), in order to plant the first unfortu-
nate colony in Virginia. Tlie fleet of seven
sail left Plymouth on 9 April in the above
year. Sailing by way of the Canarit^s to
the West Indies, they waited at St. Juan de
Porto Rico for a fortnight, ostensibly i^-ith
the object of building a pinnace, but i>?ally
with a view of annoying the Spaniards, from
whom they captured two frigatesy one of
359
Cavendish
■which contnined ' good and ricli fruigUt, and '
diuurs Spaniiirdfl of aecoiint,' whom tbey j
* mosomiM for good round BummfB,' which '
-einploTmpnt was much more eongeoint to
■Cavendish than Haleigli's scheme of ' We»- '
'terms pl&nliug^ Proceeding on their courBe
to lasDolla in Hiapmiiola (Hayti), where they
'Luiiled, ihey saile<l through (he Brvhiunafl,
.and after sightinv the mautlund of Floridu
thev arrlriid on 36 June at I heir anchorage
ofWocokon in Virginia. OnJulyll Caven-
dish formed one of a select company who
landed with Grenrille, and, amotig olhers,
Thomas Hurriott and John White, the orriat
10 the L-ipedition, in order to ejiplore the
mabland of what is now known as North
<!»roliiui. After having discovered three towns
ond n gn'iil. hike, and industriouslj sown the
Mieils of future troubles by their lawless con-
^ui-st of the harmless natires during a period
of eight days, they retumeil to the fleet. On
27 July thufleet removed to Hitorasl(e(HBt-
lerM inlet) ; on 35 Aug. Orenrille set sail for
England, capturing on his way another richly
laden Spnnish ship, with which he arrived
At Plymouth IB Sept. lo85. That he was
AHwmpnnied by Cavendish on his return is
certain, as the name of tb« latter is omitted
from the list of 108 gentlemen ' thatremained
one whole yeere in Virginia ' under Ralph
Lane, the first governor of the colony (Hak-
XT7TT, l6M,iii. 2S1-4).
^K^ Jounediately after his return to England
^H^TCindiah began lo prepare on his own ac-
^^MDnt an expedition closely modelled upon
^(Wat of Sir Francis Drake of eight years
liefore. Of this famous voyage, by which he
is bt«t known, there are preserved I wo ac-
counts : 1. ' The worthy and famous Voyage
of Master Thomas Cavendish, made round
about the Olobe of the Earth, in the space
oi two years and less than two months,' by
N. H. (ih. 1589, p. 609). 2. 'The admi-
rable ond pnwperouB Voyage of the Wor-
shipful Mr. Thomas Cavendiah, of Trimley,
in the county of SuiFolk, esquire, into the
South Sea, and from thence round about the
-ciicumfenince of the whole earth ; begun in
tlu< year of our Lord 1586, and finishodl668.
"Written bv Mr. Francis Prettv, lately of
"Eye, in SuRolk, a gentleman employed in the
«ame action' (f6. 1699-11300, iii. 803). The
il«Ft of three ships, manned by 123 hands all
told, ciinsisted of the Desire of 140 tons, the
Content of 60 tons, and the Hugh Gallant,
abarqueof-lOIons. Cavendish departed from
London 10 June 1GS6, and, after calling at
Iirwicb, proceeded to Ptvmouth, whence
tg lailod 21 July. From internal evidence
nay be safely luierred that ibi- first and
Bfteronrativeby N. 11. was written under
ibeeyeofCavendisbon board the Desire; but
the second and more interesting^ one was
partly written by Prettv on board the Hiich
Ciullant barque before it was sunk near the
equator in the Pacific, for want of hands.
After an ineffectual akirmish with five large
Biacayan ships off Cape Finiaterrf, five days
out from England, Cavendish saih<d' by the
coiiat of Burbary and the Canaries t<i Sierra
Leone, where he anchored in the harbour
21 Aug. Hfirehiestayof ten days was varied
by an attempt to burn the natire town and the
capture of a sailor of Oporto belouging to a
Portuguese ship cast away in the inner har-
bour. On 6 Sept. he departed from Sierm
Leone, and, after a short stay at one of the
Cape Verde islands, he shaped his course for
South America, reached Cape Frio in Brazil
31 Oct, and anchored the nest day under the
island of St. Sebastian. Here, in order to
refit, lake in water and fuel, iind to build
a new pinnace of 10 tons, be anciiored for
twenty-three days. On 23 Nov. he set soil
lowardfl the Straits of Magellan, discovering
on his way (17 Dec.) a fine harbour almost
as lar^ as Plymouth, known to this day as
Port Desire, so named after his own snip,
where he spent Christmas in studying the
manners and arts of the Palngonians. De-
parting from Port Desire 28 Dec., Cavendish
went coasting along 8.S.W. until 3 Jan.
168", when he reached the opening of the
straits, where he lost an anchor in a great
storm which lasted three days. On the 6th
he commenced bis tortuous passage through
tile straits. The next day he observed travel-
ing overland towards the River Plate a party
of twenty-three poor starved Spaniards, two
of whom were women, all that remained of
the two unfortunate colonies of four hiin-
1 dred persons planted by Pedro Sarmiento,
and starved to death in King Philip's City,
built and fortified three years before to com-
mand the narrow^est part of the straits. On
9 Jan. Cavendish reached the ill-fated city,
which he renamed the 'Town of Famine,'
now known us Port Famine ; here during
his stay of £Te days he discovered, buried
within the four forts, six pieces of ordnanoe,
which he carried off. Cavendish was only
too '^lad to hasten ft^m this iilaee for
the noisome stench and vile sauour where-
with it was infected, through the contagion
of the Spaniards' pined and dead carcases '
(N. H.) Neiir the same spot a rescued Spa-
niard pointed out the hull of a small barque
which was judged to be the John Thomas,
probably abanaoned by Sir Francis Drake
nine years before. On 14 Jan. Caveadlah
resumed his perilous voyage through the
sttaite, which occupied him more than six
Cavendish 360 Cavendish
weeks ; wherein ' they hazarded their best the gulf of Guayaquil ; here they remained
cables and anchors that we had for to hold, eleven days, hauled the Desire and Content
which if they had failed we had been in on shore for repairs, sank a large Spanish
danger to have been cast away, or at least ship lying at anchor, with all her furniture,
famished/ For quite a month, adds Pretty, ana burned the town, out of revenge for an
' we fed almost altogether on muscles, and unsuccessful sortie of the Spaniards and
limpets, and birds, or such as we could get natives upon a foraging party wherein forty
on shore, seeking for them every day as the of the enemy were slain, with the loss of
fowls of the air do, where they can find food, ^ twelve English. Pretty describes the ' great
in continual rainy weather.* casique ' of the island, his Spanish wife and
On 24 Feb. Cavendish entered the South treasures, his palace with its chambers deoo-
Sea or Pacific and plied along the coast of rated with ofd-world hangings of ' Conifv
Cliili until 30 March, when he reached the van leather gilded all over ana painted veiy
Bay of Quint^ro, a little to the N. of Val- i rare and rich.' On 7 June Cavendish set for-
paraiso ; here Hernando, the Spaniard saved ^ ward for Rio Dolce, near the equator, where
DTom starvation in the straits, upon being he sank the Hugh Gallant for want of men.
landed to parley with three other mounted Five davs later they doubled the equinoctial
Spaniards, leaped up behind and rode awuy , line ani continuea their course northward
with one of them, and doubtless alarmed the until 9 July, when off the coast of Guatemala
Spaniards along the whole seaboard. On they captured a ship in ballast piloted by
1 April a handful of the three crews was ' Michael Saiicius, a Provencal, who informed
attacked by nearly two hundred horsemen , Cavendish of a great prize that was on ita
while watering, but the enemy retired with way from the Philippines. Cavendish burnt^
his ships, came athwart the Port of Mormo-
reno (Monte Moreno), where he landed. He
afterwards came to Arica, where he awaited
On 28 July he reached Aguatulco (Guatulco),
which town they also spoiled and burned
during a stay of five days. Weighing anchor
the arrival of the Content, the crew of which ' from this place in the night oi* 2 Aujr. he
had found in a bay fourteen leagues south- | overshot Acapulco, the Mexica,n port for the
wards of Arica 300 tons of botizios of wine ^ arrival and departure of the Spanish flevt for
of Castile buried in the sand, and she laded the Philippines, and came on 24 Aug. to
herself with as many as she could carry. In ^ Puerto de Natividnd, where he landed and
tliis place Cavendish bunied three barques captured a mounted mulatto, from whom he
and a large ship of 100 tons, which last the ' took more lett^^rs of advice. After setting fire
inhabitants refused to ransom in exchange , to the town and shipping he proceeded to
for English prisoners taken at Quintero. The a small island near Mazatlan, where he un-
SpanisTi authorities were now thoroughly ' chored to water and refit from 27 Sept. until
roused, for Cavendish inten'.epted two barques 9 Oct., when the ships weighed anchor for Cape
coming from the southward towards Lima, St. Lucas, the well-Known headland of Lower
25 to 27 April; the second, from Santiago, California, which Pretty remarks * is very
near Quintero, had on board letters of advice , like the Needles at the Isle of Wight.' Here
for the viceroy concerning Cavendish, which tlie Desire and Content were beating up and
were thrown overboard before they could be ' down the coast from 14 Oct. for a whole
secured. The contents were revealed by one month, when, between seven and eight in thi»
of the Spaniards, who, by the order of Caven- morning of 1-1 Nov., the crews of the two
dish, * was tormented with his thumbs in a ships wore roused by the watch in the main-
wrench.' Among the captured was also found top of t he Desire by the crj' of *A sail I ' wliich
* a reasonuble pilot for those seas,' who, ac- proved to be no other than the long-experted
cording to N. H., was also a Spaniard, but '■ prize fn)m the Philippines, the Admiral of
according to Pretty a Greek. From 3 to i the South Sea, owned by the king of Spain,
they captured three large ships, one worth , the neighbouring harbour of A guada S<.»gura,
20,000/., which had the chief merchandise in i where he proceeded to divide the treasure
it. Cavendish filled his ships with as much | among his (Jwn company and that of the
of this as they could carry and burnt the re- , Content, who were inclined to mutiny about
maindcr with the captured ships. On 25 May ! their share of the money taken, besides
Cavendish arrived at the island of Puna in j 22,000 pesos of gold the prize contained 600
Cavendish
36 >
Cavendish
• of the rieh«st merohandiw, of wbicU
Mvendish could only take fnrty tona for each
Vbie tbips, which were slieady laden 10 the
UL Accordinc to the uaiTBtive of N. H.,
^"ihia was one of the richest veasela that erer
B^Ied on the aeas; and was Hble to have
made man; hundreds woolthj if we hod had
moans to have brought it home.' CaTendieh
&1m took out of the Great St, Anna two
joothfi txim in Japan and three boys natives
of Manilla, the youngest of whom, about
nine yeurg aid, an^rwards found a home with
the CounleBB of Kbsps. Hb also took Nicho-
1a8 Koili^rigo, a Portuguese, who bad resided
in CautON &nd other parts of China, from
whom he probablj obtained the larce map
of China referred to at length by Hakluyt
(p. SIS), and Thomas de Ersota, a Spanish
pilot for the Pliilippines. On the afternoon
of lBNov.,iifl«?rhiiviiig burnt his great prize
irith its contents to the water's edge, Caven-
diah Joyfully *et sail alone towards England,
Imtuig' the Content iuthe road, whose com-
p»ny_ they never sawafterwards. Cavendish
continued his voyage across the Pacific until
3 Jan. 15SS, when he sighted the island of
Guana (<')uiijan),oneof the Ladrones, where
he met with areception from the natives strik-
ingly similar to that experienced by Magellan
on their first discovery in 1021. Eleven days
later, tallinn in witli Capo ^pirito Santo, on
the island of Tadaia (i^amar), he commenced
hia tortuous navigation of the Philippines
Utd Molnccaf, so evidently misapprehended
byMolyneui in his praiseworthy attempt to
trade and record it on his famous globe of
1S83.
On 15 Jan,, while anchoring off the small
ieland of Cupul, at the south end of Luion,
Cavendish was compelled for his own safety
to hong the Spanish pilot De Ersola, who, by
a secret letter, attempted to betray him into
the hands of the autnorities at Manilla, then
u) unwalled town guarded bj galleys. On
24 Jan., ufl^-r making the island of Masbate,
he passed lietween FananiB (Panay) and the
.illftnd of Xegrot;, and sailing west of Jlin-
Twioa, he directed his course 8,E, until
iFeb,,wln>n benighted Bat ochina (Bat tliiun),
"■ - of Ihn Mfduccus S. of Gilolo, Here we
geographical puiiles. Ao-
cnrding to N. H., Cavendish sailed down the
Stnvils of Mocotear to the "W. of the Culelies.
for he writes' we ran between Colebiis or Bat a-
ohhia and Boraeti until Ihel2thduy of Febm-
" "HiSLnT.lWl'.p.Sia). Inconsi-quence,
neux in his glul>e (see intra) aasi^tiB the
of Batacliiua lo the Culelws ; this error,
vcr, is correct<'dbv Pretty, who writes i
B Hth day of February we feU with
ifelvovery small islands, lying tow
■gMU
m
and Hut. Tbt-so ialuuda(,evidenlly ilicXullasj,
near the Moluccas, stand in three de^^es,
10 minutes to the southward of the line'
(ifi. ili. 820). Agdn, on 38 Feb. N. U.
writt's: ' We put through between theSlroits
of Java major and Java minor and ankered
under the south-west part of Java major'
(ib. 1589, p.' 812). The identity of Java
major with Java proper is undisputed, but
the hitherto unsettled questions have been,
the identification of the t^traits, Java minor,
and the nncliorage. Professor Arber (Evg-
lieh Qamer, iv. 125) holds ihat the Straits
were those of Sunda, W, of Java proper.
Colonel Yule, howpTer. suggests {jlfareo Pota,
ii. 267) that they were the Straitsof Baly, E. of
Java, and that the Java minor of Cavendish
was the island of Baly, Both these assump-
tions are, however, disproved by Thos.FuUer,.
the sailing master of Tlie Desire, who writes :
•From the W. end of Java minor unto the
E. end of Java major the course is W, and by
X. andE. and by S. and the distance bi'twevn
them is 18 leases : in the which course
there lieth an island between them, which
island (referred to in the margin as Baly) is.
in length U leagues' (ii, iii. f)82). Again
ho writes: 'Tlie first day of March wee
passed the Straights at the "W. head of the
island of Java minor (i.e. Lombok), and the
6lh day of Murch we ankered in Ibe bav at
the Wester (me) end of Java maior, where
wee watered and had great store of victuals
from the town of Pdamho' {ib. p. 834),
Pretty adds lo the confusion when he writra
that the king of that (i.e. the W.) part of
the island was ' Raja Bolamhoangi' wbo it is
lo be feared has lieen confounded with the
Raia of Balamboang, whose descendants were
to be found ut the E. end of Java down la
1788 (cf Van Der Aa). From this it fol-
lows that, after passing through the Straits-
of Lombok with Baly, on the E., Cavendish
sailed along the S. coast of Java proper for
five days, and that his anchorage for twelve
days afterwards was at Pali boa m-B aloe, in
■Wijnkoopers Bay, under the S.W. end of
Java, OS stated bv all the three narratives ot
N. IL, Pretty, and FuUer, Worn 11 March
and al! through April Cavendish traversed
the main between Java and Africa, whan on
19 March he sighted the lonL--wisb>!d-ror
Cape of Good Hope. On 8 June nc anchored
under the island of St. Helena, where he
stayed twelve days for refreshment, nnd was
the first to discover it lo the English nation.
Un^OJuneheshaped his course for England,
where, upon arriving off the Lizard 3 Sept.,
he was greeted by a Flenoish vessel with the-
news of the overthrow of the Spanish Ar-
mada. .Ifler encountering a violent storm
Cavendish 362 Cavendish
•of four days* duration in the Channel, N. H.
closes his narrative thus; * On , . . 10 Sept.
ir>8d, like wearied men, thiongh the favour
of the Almighty, wt» got into Plymouth,
w'here the townsmen received us with all
humanity * (Haklutt, 1589). Davis of Arctic fame [q.v.], the Black Pinnace,
The fiune of Cavendish as the second Eng-
lish circumnavi^tor of the globe was now
lalmost at its zemth. Popular feeling respect-
ing the voyage and its leader found expres-
with three tall ships and two barks. Writ-
ten by M. J. Jane^ (Haklutt). The fleet,
comprising the Leicester galleon, commanded
bv Cavendish, the Roebucke, his old ship
tLe Desire, commanded by Captain John
and the Daintie, left Plymouth on 20 Aug.
1591, and sighted the coast of Brazil at Sl
Salvador (lat. 12«» 68' 10" S.), or Campw
(lat. 2P 36' 30" S.), on 29 Nov., where tfcy
sion in ballads, the titles only of three of ' were becalmed four days. After a feeble at-
which are preserved to us imder their respec- tempt to take the town of Santos (lat. 23°
tive entries for publication (3 Nov. 1688) : 66' 1" S.) on 24 Jan., he set forward on his
' A Ballad of Master Cavendish's Voyaffe, who i voyage, but, owing to the lateness of the
by travel compassed the Globe of the World, I season and the unusually bad weather, Ca-
arriving in England with abundance of trea- j vendish was separated from the i^st of hi^
sure' (14 Nov. 1588); * A new Balla^ of the ' fleet until 18 March, when he rejoined Davis
famouf< and honourable coming home of Mas- i at Port Desire. Two days later they sailed
ter Cavendish's Ship the Desire, before the for the Straits of Magellan, where, after manr
•Queen's Maiesty at her Court at Greenwich,* , furious storms, they sailed halfway throu^
12 Nov. 1588, &c. (3 Dec 1688); * Captain the straits, and on 21 April 1692 the ships
Rol)ert's ArVelcome of good-will to Captain anchored in a cove four leacfues W. from Cape
•Cavendish.* This last, however, may nave Froward, where thev remained until 15 Maj,
>>f I'U either a ballad or a broadside (cf. Ak- ' enduring great har^hips, Cavendish all the
HER, lleg. Stat. Onnp. ii. 605-9^. Two of while being with Davis on board the Desire,
the rarest cartographicalrecordsot the voyage It soon became obvious that Cavendish had
■are to l>e found on the terrestrial globe by outlived his reputation as a leader of men;
Molvneux(see8upra), and an equally rare map unnerved probably by his own misery and
by Jodocus Hondius, who engraved the gores that of his crews, he resolved against their
for the globe. Respecting the first Blunde- ' wishes to make for the Cape of GfK)d Hope
ville writes : ' The voyage as well of Sir F. in his own ship, the Leicester, but being de-
Drake as of Mr. Th. Candish is set down and terred by the sound advice of Davis from
showed by help of two lines, the one red . . . ' attempting * so hard an enterprise with w
dorh show what course Sir Francis observed feeble a crew,* he determined to depart uut
in all his voyage . . . the blew line showeth of the Straits of Magellan, *and to return
in like manner the voyage of Master Candish.* again for Santos in Brazil.* On 20 Mav, the
A unitjiie example of this glolxj, the first fleet being once more off Port Desire alxmf
mnde in England in 151*2, the year of Caven- ' thirty leagues. Cavendish in the night alteriKi
•dish's death, is preserved in the library of the his course to seaward, in conse<£uence of
Middle Temple. The map of the world in which, the Desire and Black Pinnace being
h^-mispheres, engraved by Hondius in 1597, lost sight of in the darkness, he never saw
evidently co])iea from the globe, is also ac- Davis afterwards. Cavendish once more made
<jompanie<l by the accounts of Sir F. Drake's for Brazil. After several disastrous attempt?
voyage, and that of Cavendish by N. II., both to land at Santos and Espirito Santo, wheiv
translated from llakluyt (1589) into Dutch, he was deserted by the Roebucke, he mad*:
The allusion in one of the ballads to Caven- I one last eflbrt to reach St. Helena. Hf
dish's rece]>tion by the queen at Greenwich | * got within two leagues,* and afterward*
serves somewhat to confirm the tradition sought for an island in 8° S. lat. (evidently
that a greater part of his wealth, either in- ' Ascension). The last notice of Cavendish in
lierited or acquired by spoiling the Spaniards, i the homeward voyage of the Leicester is his
was squandered * in gallantry and lollowing own record of the death of his cousin, John
the court * (/?/o//. Brit.) The tradition also | Locke, in 8® N. lat. Cavendish died a few
serves to throw some light upon the causes days later, probably of a bniken heart. In
that led him to undertake liis last fated ' his last hoiirs he accused Davis of having de-
voyage, which was evidently meant for a
repetition of the previous one in everv par-
ticular, as proved by the heading of tlie re-
<?ord preser\*ed to us, which reads, * The last
Voyage of the worshipfull M. Thomas Can-
dish (sic), esquire, intended for the South
serted him, but from all we know of the cha-
racter of Davis this is not only unjust, but
also incredible. Long after the separation of
the fleet on 20 Mav previous, Davis not only
returned to Port l)esire to seek for Caven-
dish, but he also made no less than three un-
Sii&, the Phillipines, and the coa&t. oi C\im»^A^\iC9:«e&l^^^^^Am^Uto8^^^
<lowntothe(iadiif 1592. Such nern the hord-
«I)ip» they eDdured, that out gf it crew of se-
venty-six men who saili<d frum England two
jean before, only a 'dmall remnant' of fif-
teen lived to return with Davis in misery and
-weakneas so great lliar they 'could not take
in or he»ve out a saila ' of the Desire, which
.■rriTt^d off B«HrluiTen in Ireland on 11 June
1593, fiillv a y*^r aftt^r the death and burial
•ot Oavendiah at sea. For ec^ved portrails
■«f Cavendish, see Qrainger (l 247).
4]*riier,4. IZS; Arbtr's TmnBcript of RtgiHteni
■of SistionBrg' Compnny, ii. SOS-9: Bioe. Brit.
4. 1196; BkadeviUe's Exercistia, 1JS4; Darwa
VimgM (HidilDjt Soc), ISSO; EDcjelopedia
BritHim'm. Hrt. 'Globe,* Hakluyt, 1689-99,
toL iii. ; Uolland'a Horo-ologin, p. 89 ; Lodiard'a
Ksval History, 1T3&, p. 229; Yule's Murco Polo,
Sad cd. 187^1 CjU. Canw U3S.; Uiat. MSS.
■Ccmui. App. 4lh Kep. 372; Uurl. MS. 388,
* 161.] c.ac.
CAVENDISH, Sib WILLIAM {1G05P-
1557), stali-snian, horn about 1505, waa ae-
•cond eon of ThomaH Cawndtsh of Cavendish,
-diiectlv descended from Sir Jnhn Cavendish, '
the juJge (d. 1381) [q. v.] William's eldest I
brother was Oboi^ Cavendish [q. v.], Wol- ,
say's biogmpher. His father's last will is j
•dttt^ 13 April 1523, when his family was
residing in the city parish of St. Alban's,
Wood Si reel. His molher was buried in
^- Botolpii's Church, Bishopsgate. Probably
through the iufluence of his brother George,
Wolsey'sfrieud, William was first introduced ,
to court. In 1530 he wna oue of the com-
nUsiancrs who visited the monasteries to
■demand the surrender of their property to
the crown, and in that year seized the ahbey |
«t Sheen. In 1511 he was audil«r of the j
«iLirt of Riigmentatioiis, and received grants
-of lund in Hertfordshire formerlv belonging
to the dissolved monasleries. la 1546 he I
ttecBine treasurer of the king's chamber, was ,
inightMl,ond waaswomof theprivycouncil. '
Sdward \I showed aa much affection for '
•Cavendish as Henry VIII, continued him in ]
Ua olBcCi and largely increased his landed j
prapeRy by (Vesh grams of monastic estates.
Oavendtsh conformed under Mary, was reap-
-i)oint«d by her treaauwr of the royal cham-
ber, and died on 25 Oct. 1557, being buried on
30 Oct, {M*oiirjt, I>iars, -p. 156). Cavendish
lias otW been erroneously represented as the
Miidior of Ibe well-known ' Life of Wolsey,'
ihe work of his brother Geortre. On his
tDBrrlAue with hiM third wifa, Elizabeth, a
iJlirbfBliira heireM, Caveodiah sold most of
his estates in other counties to purchase
more land in Derbyshire, and began to boild
in 1533 a great mansion at ChatBworth, which
was completed by his widow at a total cost
of 80,000/.
Sir William married, first, Anne, daughter
of Edward Bostiwk of Cheshire, by whom
he had a son, who died young, and four
dauffhtera, two of whom died in infoncv ; se-
condly, Blaigaret {d. 16 June 1540), daughter
of Thomas Parker of Poalingford. Huffofk, by
whom there was no issue ; thirdly, Elizabeth,
a very rich Derbvahire heiress, dauifhter of
John Hard wick of* Hanlwick, DerfiysUre, and
widow of Boben Barley of Barley, Derby-
ehira. The last marriage took place ' at the
Blaek Fryars in London ' 3 Nov. 1541. His
tliird wife twice remarried after Cavendish's
death, her fourth husband being George Tal-
bot, sixth earl of Shrewsbury, and lived till
13 Feb. ia07-a [see Talbot, ELiziBtrra,
CoTTNTBSBorSHRBWSBCBr]. She built Hwd-
wickeHall and Oldcoles and finished Chats-
worth, making all three houses over to her
second son hjr Cavendish, William, first earl of
Devonshire Lq. v.] Cavendish had by her two
Other sons and three daughters. TTie eldest
son, HEifBT, was M.P. for Derbyshire 15"^;
won repute as a soldier in the Low Countries
inl578j travelled in the East; married Grace
Talbot, eldest daughter of his stepfather, the
Rarl of Shrewaburv, by whom he had no
issue; be&iended iiaij Queen of Scots, for
many years the Earl of Shrewsbury's prisoner
atHardwickeHaH,and afterwards in confine-
ment at Cavendish's own house, Tutbuiy,
StatFonlshire (8ib Amias Poflet, Zctu'r-
book, ed. Morris) ; died 12 Oct. 1816, and
was buried at Edensor, near Chat.sworth.
His account of his Eastern travels is still in
manuscript at Hardwick {Hiat. MSS. Comm.
3rd Rep.)
^ The third son, Charles, settled at Welbeck,
Kottinifhamshire ; was bnichted ; married
Cathenne, daughter of Cuthbert, lord (.)gle ;
died in June Ifll", was hurled at Bolsover,
Derbyshire, and wna the father of William,
first duke of Newcastle Ui, v.]
Of the daughters, franees married Sir
Henry Pierpoint of Holme Piorpoint, Not-
tinehamshire, and was the ancestress of the
Duuesof Kingston ; Elizabeth married Charlaa
Stuart, earl of Lennox, and was the mother
of Arabella Stunrt. ; and Jlary married Gil-
bert Talbot, the son of her stepfather, the Earl
of Shrewsbury.
[Biog. Brit. (Cippis): Rennet's Motaoin of
iho CttTOudish Family (1737); Arthur Collins's
Hist. Coll. of ths Noble FaniilieB of CaTsndiah,
&c. n7S2) : JiMeph Omve's Liven nfall tha 1^\a
Cavendish 364 Cavendish
CAVENDISH, AVILLIAM, first Eakl M.P. lur Derby in lt521, 16:>4, 1025, and
OF Devonshire (d. 1626), second son of Sir I 1026; lord-lieutenant of Derbyshire in W^
William Cavendish [q.v.lywas educated with ' and in 1625-6; and high baiblf of Tutburv
the children of Geor^» Talbot, sixth earl of ' in 1626. In April 1622 he introduced xt>
ShrewsburVf whom his mother married aft^r | audiences with the king Schwanenbnr?,
his father s death. The Countess of Shrews- ambassador from the Emperor Ferdintnd^
bury showed him special favour, and made him | Valerssio from Venice, and d'Arsennes and
a rich allowance in his youth. He was M.P. Joachimi from the United Provinces. In 162^
for Newport in 1588; high sheriff of Derby- he was present at Charles 1*8 marriage with
shire, where the estates of his family lay, in Henrietta Maria. Early in 1626 the death
1595; and justice of the peace in 1603. He ; of his father gave him a seat in the Hoiue
was created Baron Cavendish of Hardwicke , of Lords, and lie showed some independence
on the christening of the Princess Sophia in in resisting Buckingham's high-handed at-
May 1605. lie aided largely in the colon isa- tempt to toist a treasonable meaning on a
tion of the Bermudas, and one of the Islands ' speech of Sir Dudley Digges (13 May IftiM).
was called after him. His mother's death His lavish hospitality strained his ample re-
in 1608, and his elder brother Henry's death ' sources in his last years, and he procured a
in 1616, ^vo him a va^it fortune. He was private act of parliament to enable him to
in attendance on James I in a progress in sell some of the entailed estates in dischar^
Wiltshire in 1018, and on 2 Aug. was created of his debts (1028). His London house was in
Earl of Devonshire, while the court was Bishopsgatc, on the site afterwards occupied
staying at the Bishop of Salisburj-'s palace, by Devonshire Square. He died there (from
He was currently reported to tavo paid ^ excessive indulgence in good living, it is said ►
10,000/. for tlie title. He died on 3 March on 20 June 1628, and was buried in All-
1625-4J, and was buried at Edensor. ' hallows Church, Derby. H is wife Christ ianai»
I lis first wife was Anne, daughter of Henry sejMinitely noticed. Bv her he had three sons:
Kiffhley of Kighlev, Yorkshire, by whom he , AN illiam,' third earl j/j. v,], Cluirles [q. v.],
had three sons and three daughters. Of the and Henry who died in youth. His daughter
come second earl [q. v.] ; and James died ' is in the Sutherland collect ion at the Bodloian
in infancy. Cavendish's second wife was Library.
ElizalH'th! dan^'hter of Edward Boughton of I [K<^nm*t*» Memoirs of the C^renilish Fan ilv
Wah's iu KJIH. Sir John ditKl on 18 Jan. VCAVENDISH, WILLIAM, Duke of
1617-1«. Neavcastle (1592-1076), son of Sir Charle*
[r.iop. Brit. (Kippis); Life of Duko of New- ' Cavendish and Catherine, second daughter nf
castle, od.C.H. Firth (1886); DovIo'h IJaroDuge ; Cuthbert, lord Ogle, was >.>orn in 1592, and
Ganlinor's Hist, of Kngland, iii. 21o; Cal.SraTe | educated at St. John's College, Cambrid^^e.
Papers ( I )<>ni. ): Kennet'8 Memoirs of the (^avi-u- ' Xn KilO, when Prince Henry was creati^i
dish Family (1737)] ^- L. L. ; PrinceofWales,Cavendish was made a knight
CAVENDISH, WILLI A ^r, second Earl of the Bath. He was then sent on his fra-
OF Dkvonjshike (1591 ?'-l(>2^<), second son vels under the care of Sir Henn* Wotton.at
of William, iirs^t earl [q. v.], by his first wife, that time ambassador to the Duke of Savoy.
Anne Ki-ighlev, was educated by Thomas Un his return he married Elizabeth, daugh-
IIol)l»os, the ph!losoi)her,wli(>resided at Chats- ter of William Basset of Blore, Stutfordshire,
worth as hit* private tutor for many years and and widow of Henry Howard, thirtl son of
accompanied him in a tour through France the Earl of Suffolk. In 1(519 King Jame*
^. .*. . « .. . 1. ° TT. 1.1. .- -.i™:*....! \\' .iK««i, ^.,A :« 4.1.^^^11^...:.
Cavendish was kniphted at Whiteliall in ' of Newcastle, and in the following year t lie
1()(«»- married, about 161 L>, Christ iana,daugli- - barony of Ople was revived in favour of Lady
ter of Edward, lord Bruce of Kinloss, and ' Catherine Cavendish (4 Dec. Hi'JO), which
was afterwards a leader of court society, i title at her death descended to the Earl t»t
aud an intimate friend of 3ameiil. He ^«.i^\^«^«AVV. <^\.V^ Vvi^* ioumey into Scot-
Iftud liBWSS enTfrRainciiiit Welbeck'in Buch
a wonileTful msiiDer, nnd in such an vieesa
■of feasting, as had soai'ce ever before been
Isiomi in England ; and would Uavi! been
thought very prodigioua if the aame noble
person had not within a yew afterwards
made tha king and queen a more stupendous
■entertainment, which no man ever after in
-those diajs imitated ' (Cl A srndos, JMiellum,
i. 1(17). For the first of theie Tiaits Jonson ,
-wrote the mosque enlilled ' Love's Welcome
M Welbedc'for ihe second. 'LoWbWcI-
■cntne at Bolsover' The two enlurtainmente
together cost the earl 20,000;. (Life, p. lS-2).
A letter of Newcastle's to Srrafibrd, dated
& Aug. 163!t, ibowa ihnt thh expendilure van
in part dictated by the desire of oblaining
some important court office. ' I ba%'e hurt
my eatale with the hope of it. If I obtained
^wuBt I desire, it would be a more painful
life, and since I sm so plungpd in debt, it ,
-would help Tery well to undo me. Children
«omt> on apace, and with this weight of debt !
-which lies on me I know no diet better than
« strict diet in the country' {Strafford Car-
rMpondence, i. 101), The earl's ambition |
-wu At length KTBtified when in 1().S8 the
king appointed him governor of the Prince
ot Wales, and made him a member of the
privy council (Clarendan State Papere, ii. 7 j
^ouJSa, p. iJ7). For Prince Charles the earl
4iw up a very interesting paper of in si ruc-
tions, which hfla been printed bv Sir Henry
^Wi»{Ori!/inal Lfttm-e, Ut ser. iii. 288). The
prince ia warned not to be too devout, for
■one maybe n good man and a had king, bid-
den to be courteous toeverjbodv, and enjoined
to iememb>>r that he cannot be too cjvil lo
iramim. The earl succeeded in inakiug his
pupil an accomplished horseman. 'Our gra-
■eiouB and most excellent king,' he wrote in
ftflof years, ' is not only the handsomest and
most Qomely horsenian in the world, but as
Imoiving and understanding in the art as any
man' (flW Method and Rrtraordinary In-
itntion. p. 7). The outbreak of the Scotch
TcbelhoQ enabled the carl lo show his loyalty.
He lent the king lOflOOl., and raised a volun-
teer troop which onaisled entirely of knighl
A more likely reason is the discovery of the
earl's share in the firs) army plot which be-
came known about this time. Suckling and
Jermyn had selected him lo succeed North-
umberland in the command of the army, and
the earl, with the prince, according to the
deposition of Colonel Ballard, was to meet
the army in Nottinghamshire with a thou-
sand horse. 'Althoughtherewas notground
enough for a judicial proceeding, yet there was
ground of suspicion,' says the parlioment in its
remonstrance of 26 May 1&1§, and their sus-
picioue mode them resent the king's appoint-
ment of Newcastle as governor of Hul](ll Jan.
]fl42; Lordt Joumalf, 14 Feb.) The earl
■challenged the genera! of tlie horse, the Eurl
-of Holliaud, to a dui-I to be fought when the
war was over. Thekiug, however, intervened.
In Hay 1641 Newcastle resigned hisolBce as
governor of the prince, and retired from court
(17 Mav, WiiiTBLOCX, 144). According to
{llBrendon ,his resignati on was duetothe hosti-
lity of Essex and Holland, who thought that
"his infltteneu with tjie prince ' would not be
nable to their dtaigm' (&;6ftliim, iv.393).
i.
to the kmg on the 15th, ' but the town will
not admit of me by no means, so I am very
tint and out of countenance ' (S. 1'. Dom.
CharlGsI,vol.ccccl!uu[viii.No.65). Hestrove
to gain a party in the town, and, according
to the duchess, would have secumd the ad-
mission of the king's troops had not Charles
changed his policy and suddenly recalled
him. The Rouse of Lords, which had re-
quired his attendance, admitted the king's
commissifio as sufficient defence, and allowed
him to retire to the country. In the summer,
when the kin^ began to raise forces, New-
cast le joined him at York, and was despatched
thence in the middle of June to secure New-
castle-upon-Tyne and take the command of
the four northern counties. The lands and
influence he inherited from the fam ily of Ogle
enabled him rapidly to raise trrjops, while
I the noaaession of a port enabled him to for-
ward to the king supplies of arms and roonej
from Denmark and Holland, and facilitated
his correspondence with the tjueen. The ap-
peals of the Yorkshire roialists for help
obliged Newcastle lo marcli south, but ha
nrudently refused to move till the support of
his army was assured (A A'ew Ditcoiieni of
Hidden Secrete, 164S). At the end of No-
vember 1642 he entered Yorkshire, defeat ing
Hotham at Fiercebridge, and successfully
raising the blockade of York. A few dnys
later he attacked Fairfax at Tadcasler, and
though the battle itself was indecisive, Fair-
fax was forced to retreat and abandon lie
attempt to hold the line of the Ouse ("Sue
IS42). Newcastle proceeded to garrison Pon-
le&act, to despatch troops to occupy Newark,
and to send a strong division to invade the
'West Riding, but its repulse from Bradford,
and the recapture of Le«<ls bv Sir Thomas Fair-
fax (33 Jan. 1343), oblige<] him lo Ktuiv to
York and await reinforcements. In Februarr
he carried on an animntud eontroversv wito.
Lord Fnvriax on. \^« ^^^tv\'^ (A w[s<j\n<JAa%
Cavendish 366 Cavendish
catholicri and the rights of kings and subjects, their supplies. The severity of the weather
Each accused the other of permitting mdis- I was minoos to hiB forces. The defeat of the-
cipline and pillage, and Newcastle concluded I arm J left in Yorkshire (Selbt, 11 April
by challenging his opponent ' to follow the > 1644) obliged Newcastle to make a humed
example of our heroic ancestors, who used retreat to York, where the armies of Fair&x^
not to spend their time in scratching one an-
other out of holes, but in pitohed nelds de-
termined their doubts' (Rttshwokth, v. 78,
Manchester, and the Scots closed in upoa
him. On 1 July Prince Rupert successfollr
raised the siege, and on the following day the
, y - - . _y O' D — J
113). At the end of February the queen battle of Marston Moor took place. New-
landed, and was received by Newcastle and ' castle had vainly urged the pnnce to await
conducted to York. In April he made a se- j the arrival of expected reinforcements, or
cond attack on the West Riding, and, though ' the separation of tne three armies opposed to-
obliged to abandon the sieffe of Leeds, took ! him. He held no command in the battle^
Wi£eiield, Rothcrham, ana Sheffield. Again ' but fought as a volunteer at the head of a
Sir Thomas Fairfax, by the surprise of Wake- troop of gentlemen, distinguishing himself as^
field (21 Mav), forced him to abandon his ' usual bv his courage. The next day he an-
conquests. fiut though obliged to detach a ' nounced his intention of leaving England,
large portion of his troops to escort the queen Already in the previous April he l^d thought
to Oxiord, Newcastle returned to the attack ! of laying down nis commission to escape from
in June, took Ilowley House (22 June), de- the criticisms of his own party. ' If jua
feated the Fairfaxes at Adwalton Moor ' leave my service,' wrote the lung, ' I am surfr
(30 June), captured Bradford, and subjected | all the north is lost. Remember all courage
all Yorkshire, with the exception of Wressel ; is not in fighting, constancy in a good cau^e
Castle and Hull, to the king^ authority. He being the chief, and the despising of slan-
is generally blamed for not advancing south- ' derous tongues and pens being not the least
wards to join the kin^, and his action attri- ' ingredient (Ellis, Original Letfen^ i. iiL
but^d to jealousy of Pnnce Rupert. The king 298). But Newcastle, according to Claren-
had wished Newcastle to join him against ' don, was utterly tired of his employment as
Essex in June, but in August he seems to ' a general, and 'transported with passion and
have instructed him to attack the eastern as- ' despair' at the way in which the army he
sociation ( Grhen, Letters of Henrietta Ma- ' so painfully raised had been thrown away
ri«, 219, 225). In accordance with a design ' (JRebellwn, viii. 87). When Prince Rupert
which Newcastle had previously announced urged him to endeavour to recruit his forces,
to Sir Philip Warwick {Meinoirs, p. 243), ' * No/ says he, * I will not endure the laughter
he entered Lincolnshire, recapturing Gains- ' of the court * (Warburtox, Prince Kuvert^
borough on 30 July, occupying Lincoln, and ' ii. 468), Accordingly he set sail from Scar-
threateninjf to raise the siege of Lvnn. ' His ' borough a few days later, taking with him
orders, which I have seen,* says Lord Fair- his two sons and his brother, Sir Charles
fax, ' were to go into Essex and block up Cavendish, and man^ friends, but leavinc*
Loudon on that side ' (Maskres, i. 431 ; | the rest of his family m England. He landed
Clarendon, vii. 177). But the appeals of, at Hamburg on 8 July 1644, stayed there
the Yorkshire committee, the reluctance of tillFebruaryl645, and then set out for Paris,
his local levies to march further from their i where he arrived in April, and remained for
homes, and the activity of the garrison of the next three years. Here, soon after his
Hull in his reur, induced him to return to | arrival, he married Margaret [see Cavexdish,
besiege the last-named town. After lying Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle], daugh-
before it for sLx weeks, a destructive sally
forced him to raise the siege, while on the
same davthe division which had been left to
ter of Sir Thomas Lucas of St. Johu's, Col-
chester, his first wife, Elizabet h Basset, having
died in April 1643 (Letters of Queen Henri-
protect Lincolnshire was defeated by Crom- etta Marta, p. 188). When Prince Charles
well at Winceby, and that county entirely went to Holland in the spring of 1648 to take
lost (11 Oct. 1043). A few days later the | command of the ships which had revolted
king raised Newcastle to the rank of mar-
quis (27 Oct. 1643, Collins, Historical Col-
lections^ p. 31). In January 1644 the Scots
entered England, and Newcastle was called
north to oppose them. But he could neither
from the parliament, Newcastle was desired
by the queen to follow him, but did not arrive
until the prince had put to sea.
Six months he stayed at Rotterdam, bur
hopes of further opportunities were destroyed
revent the passage of theTyne, nor bring the | by the defeats of the royalists, and about the
Scots to a battle (Rushworth, v. 614). His end of the same year he removed to Antwerju
ovm army was greatly superior in cavalry, At Antwerp he remained for the rest of his
taid be custressea the enemy by cuUvn^ o&\ «Ij^^\Kb^^^ v^ ^^r^U pleased with the great
Cavendish
367
Cavendish
cU'ililiiM Iiu r^ceWtHi from tIiqI i^ily that he
WAS tgsoIvihI to cboose 110 other roalicg-ploce
all the tisae of his banishment ; be being not
only credited there for all manner of provi-
nmu and neceBsari^ for his Biibsisteuce, but
ftlso free both from ordinary and uitntordinBiy
taxes ondpayiniifeiciBe'tii/f. lis). InAprfl
1050 be -was made a memboc of the pnvy
rotincil of Charles II, and was one t>t the
party in it which urged the king I0 ' make
an agreement with his subjects of Scotland
upon any condition, and go into Scotland in
person himself, that he might but be sure of
an army, there being no probability or ap-
pearante then of Betting an army anywhere
else.' He pressed the Innff also to reconcile
the parties of Argyll and iloniilton. ' If hie
m&jesiy could but get the power into his own
hands, he might do hereaAcrwhst he pleased '
(Zj/e, 104). In August 1051 Newcastle,
whom the Scots had not permitted to ac-
comjmny his mncter, wns engaged in nego-
tiating with the elector of Brandenburg for
an auxiliary corps often thousand men, and
with the kiOjT 01 Denmark for ships to carry
them to Scotland ; but the battle of Worees-
t«T put an end l« these designs ( Oii. Clarendon
State Paper*, ii. 105-7). During the rest of
bta exile Newcastle seems to have taken no
part in political transactions. Probably one
cause 01 this wns the growing infiuenco of
Hyde, who opposed the policy advocated by
Newcastle with reference to Scotland, and
describes him in one of his letters as ' a most
lamentable man, as fit lo be a general as to
be H bishop' (ib. 63). Nevertheless, Hyde
and Newcastle continued outwardly on very
good terms, and when Hyde was accused in
11353 of betraying the king's councils, New-
castle wrote him ' a vary comfortable !ett<!r of
advice' (*. 280).
Newpasile had left. England in 1&44 with
not morn I haa 90/. ta his possession (Zi/e, 84).
As one of the chief delinquents, he hod been
excluded bv the parliament from pardon, and
his estates nod been confiscated without the
kltemalive of paying a composition being.
offared to him. He had been at times re-
due^ to creat extremities, and even obliged
to pawn (lis wife's jewels. The queen gave
bim 2,000/., and assisted him with her credit.
The Enrl of Devonshire and the Marquis of
Hertford lent, him another 2,0001., and Wil-
liam Ayli*bury 200/. (i"4.91, 97, 96). Those
resources were now ejchausted, and he des-
patched bis wife and his brother, Sir Cliarles
Cavendish, to England, to endeavour to raise
•ome motley. Tlie sequestration committee
nfitsed lo allow Lady Newcastle the cnsto-
vaarv share of her husband's estate allowed
P^tM.vina of delinquent*, on the plea that
the marriage hod tnkca place since the ne-
questj-ation (i"6. 109, 298). But Sir Charles
Cavendish succeeded in compounding for his
estate, and sent a supply to hia brother ; and
after the death of Sir Charles Newcastle ob-
tained the remainder of his e8t,atB (ifi. 125).
As Newcastle was also aided by his eldest
daughter, I*ady Cheiny, and by his two sons,
who had madeadvantageous matches in Eng-
land, he was suj&cienlly pr08pi<rous during
the latter part of his exile (;i.l25, 133). In
February 1868 he entertained with great
magnificence the king and the royal family
(d/. State Paperi, Bom. 1067-S, 2tW, 311).
About the same time he published the first
of his two works on horsemanship, ' La Me-
thods et Invention Nouvelle da dresser lea-
Chevaiut,' Antwerp, 1657, folio. Shortly be-
fore leaving Paris, Newcastle had bought a
pair of Barbary horses, ' resolving, for bis
own recreation and divert i?em en t in his ba-
nished condition, to exercise the art of manage*
(Life, 90). In these horses — soon increased
to eight in number—' he took so much delight
and pleasure that though be was then in dis-
tress for money, yet he would sooner have
tried all other ways than parted with any one
of them' (ib. 100). No stranger of distinction
?assed through Antwerp without visiting the
larquis of Newcastle's riding-house, and he-
has himself recorded, in the preface to his^
second book, the compliments paid him on
his skill. The ' Methode et Invention ' con-
tained the theory and practice of ' the art of
manage,' the results o? these nine years of
experiments and studies. The illustrations
by Diepenbeke are remarkable not only for
their excellence, but for the number of por-
traits they contain. Numerous diagrams
represent Newcastle training horses in his
riding school. In the large plates he is per-
forming various feats of horsemanship before
Welbeck,Bolsover,orsomeolherofhc8houBe8.
There are also two allegorical designs, in
which he is adored by a circle cf reverential
horses. The cost of this work was above
1,300/., in defraying which Newcastle waa
generously helped by his friends Sir Hugh
Cartwrigb t and Mr. living ftett^rtoNicbolas,
15Foh.ime, Slate Faperi,Dom.) A second
edition was published in 1737, London, folio,
and a translationofthedube's treatise is con-
tained in the first volume of ' A General Sys-
tem of Horsemanship,' London, 1743 or 1748,
folio. Lowndes also mentions editions pub-
lished at Paris and Nuremburg.
At the Restoration, NewcastlefollowHi the
king to London, leaving his wife at Antwerj>
as a pledge for the payment of his debts.
But soon after she arrived in London he re-
tired to the country, to order and re-establisb
Cavendish 3^^ Cavendish
>..- n'.T.-fl "-'hZk. T:.'.-r o: :.:•• "..iti* wb.:.?h h> cal-rf -irnsim in ihrm i* to dirul^ and
o:' ^' .-"ic. A :.'■> -- ri.:. ■ i.^*r r».--ror»itl th'-ni ro bc^rn &o:«:d wi:h applause at BlaekfiriAn, aod
■ ;.-!.- wiwf.l fi-.v::er ' />7^rfon -V.S'. X^. liooli. print»r*l a: the Ha^e and I^>ndon. P^*
I5 r r:.r,i»: -.vh;.-:! Ki-i J^en ali'-.-natisd bv hia term* h 'so silly a play as in all my life' I
■-'•n.i or be w^if--;- in r.rj-t, ev-n when "they nrv».-r saw' i Diary, lit* Oct. 1*561 1. 2. 'The
h.id arrt'Tfl -.vlrhMir hi* -arw.tion. he couM not Variety/ printed with the • Country Captain.'
r-o'iV'--r. Tr.v 'li;i:h-.-.*i C'jrapu'T* rha: he l>3r 3. 'The Hamo7^3us I>:*vers/ acted at the
in thi-i wjiv bin!"! w-irh ijf)Jj^Jf)l.. jind h- was Duk-r's Theatre, 4to. 1677. Pepy?. wh'>attri-
'.blije! ^o -:11 o* h-r-. to rh- valae ut ^VJ.fXjfJl., butes this to the duch*r?s, calls it • thf mo*:
To pay '1-br-! fon^rfict*:'! 'liirin;r t)i».* war and silly thin^ that ever cam«; uj^iin the stag^*
«'\ile.' Hi'; Will*!-, ha'l >j-en ctit flown, his (^J March 16«i7k 4. *The Triumphtni
hou.-*;'* find fariii- plun'I'rrtr^i, an'l he had lost Wid'iw. or the Medley of Humours/ acted at
.-ixteen y«;ar'' r«-nT-. The total of his lo5j?es the Duke's Theatre, 4to. 1677. The plays arv
it f:*r\mu'fA by tlie duchv.'^s to be about certainly not good plays. Tet they contain
{)ifK<jfjOl. ' amusing scenes. Shad* well ineorjorated i
r'hfirle-s II r»;W!irded his sutTerin^r^ and ser- larg»* part of the 'Triumphant A\ idow' in
\\r.t:n by nMorin:: him to the offices which *Bury Fair/ and a dri>ll,ent it let! the' French
h^flia/i held b»;ror#; the reb»;llion. He was, in Dancing Master,' was ma<.le uut of the * Va-
addition, mud»r chief justice in eyre, Trent riety/ and is printed in 'Sport upon Sport'
north (10 July IWl, Doyle ), and created (1071). The duke also trunslated Moliere'*
J )iike of Ne wcilht le ( 1 Man;h 1 6«55, Colli xs, * L'Etourdi,' which Drj'den converted into
j:j;. He wa- al-jo investe^l with the order of ' Sir Martin Mar-All/ This pldy, printed in
rhe Oarter ( 15 April Ui^Jl ), which had been I'iGS, did not appear with Drrden's name
fonfcrr'.-il on him during his exile (12 Jan. until 1^)97, and is entered in the * Stationers*
\*hA)f ih. '$^^, 42). During the remainder of Register' under that of the duke; but, ac^
his life he took no part in public affairs, cording to Pepvs, every one knew at the time
'Y\\t'. re.-t oration of liis estate occupied most that Dryden had assi?tted his ])atron {ih.
of liis time; hirf leinimj he emplovfd in lite- 16 Aug. 1667; ScoTT, Dryflem, i.)
rature and li'tr^'-mun-ship. Soon after his re- In the plays of the cluche^s occasi<mal
t urn hi'e.^ial^li-ili''il anic«,'Coursif near Welbeck, scenes are the contribution of the duke. His
ilrawiiig up liiinndf rules for the rare.** which pot-ms consist of some tales in verse, pub-
wen* tf> be runeverv innutli during ?*ix months lished in hLs wife's book em itleil 'Nature**
of the year, wliirli have Ixjen preserved by Pictures by Fancie's Pencil,' adulatory verse;*
till! nir«; of Aritlir>ny u Wood (^l)roadside in prefixed to her various publicat it ms, and S'iujr*
1 lie Uodleiaii ). In 10' J7 lie ])ublished a w'cond interspersed in her plays and his own. l$ut
bfjok n\\ \\\^ favourite subjj.-ct, * A New Metho«i he deserves praise rather as a patron than a
and lv\t ranrdinary I nvent ion to Drtiss Horses, jiroducer of poetry. * Since tlie t ime of Au-
;iiid Work them. arc<»rding to Nature; as gust us/ writes Langbaine, * no person better
siUr> to Periert Nature by the Subtlety of underst«.)od dramatic poetrj-, nor more gi-ne-
.Vrt ; which wjis never found out but by the rously encouraged points: sothat wemavtnily
thrire noble, hi^ih, and puissant Prince, Wil- j cull him our English Maecenas/ Jousim
liam C'avondi'^h/ ki\ In the preface he ex- wrote, Iwsides the two mascjues already men-
jilains that thi.^ work is 'neither a translation i tioned for his entertainments, elegies to cele-
ot' the lirst, nor an ubsrdutely necessary ad- ■ brate the duke's riding and fencing, epitaphs
(lit ion to it/ whirh ' niav be of use bv itself for his father and mother, and an interlude for
without the oilii-r, as the other without this; . the christening of his eldest son (JoxsoN, ed.
but both together will questionless do Ix'st.' ' Cunningham, i.cxx-xix). Shirley dedicated to
i )ther editions of this second book wen* pub- Newcastle his own plav of the * Traitor/ and
lished in 1()77 ( [,ondon, folio), in 1740 (Dub- assisted his patron in the composition of his
lin), find a Kreiwh translation in 1671. ' jday8(WooD,-/4fA<»/i«, iii. 7;ii); Dyce, iSAi>/«*y.
Althi)ugh Neweastle is chiefly remembered . i. xliii). Wood also states that Newcastle
bv his two works on horsemanship, he was invited Shirley ' to take his fortune with him
After the Reetoralion, DrydeD, Sliodwell,
and Flecknoe were otniiDjf the recipienu of
the duke's favours. Drfden dedicated the
* Mock Astrologer' to him, Shadweil the ' Vir-
taoBo' and the 'Libertine.' Flecknoe also
has poems addressed both to the duke and the
ducbesB, Nor did Newcastle confine his pa-
tronage to poets. 'Ihaveheard Mr.Edniund
Waller sny,' writes Aubrey, ' that W. Lord
Maiquis of Newcastle was a great patron to
Dr. Gassendi and M. Des Cartes, aa well as
to Mr. Hobbes, and tbit he had dined with
them all three at the marquis's table at Paris '
(Attbbey's Letteri, ii. 602).
Newcastle died on ^5 Dec. 1676, and was
buried in St. ^lichael's Chapel, Westminster
Abbey (CoujKa). His wife, in the life of
her husband, which she published in 1067,
de«cribe6 at length his person, habits, and
character. *HiB shapo is neat and exoctljr
proportioned, his statureof a middle size, and
his complexion sangnine. His behaviour la
such that it might be a pattern to all gentle-
men : for it is courtly, civil, easy and free,
without formality or constraint, and yet bath
something in it of grandeur, that causes an
nwful r^pect for him.' Clarendon, so severe
in bis juagment of Newcastle as u general
and a politician, sums up by describing him
as * a very line gentleman.'
[The Life of the DuVe of Newcnstlo, by hi»
second wife, was published in 1HQ7 (Londoa,
alio). PepyB,in his Diary (18 March 1868). re-
fen to it &B ' the ridimilous history of iDy lard
Newcastle, wrote by his wife, which shows her to
be a mad; ooueaitAil, ridicalous woman, sad he
an ass to aufier her to write what she writes to
him aod of him.' A latin veraioo, translated
by Walter Charltoa, followed in 1868, and a
seeond Eoglisb edition, in quarto, in 1675. A
coreftil reprint of thu first editioa. edited by
HL A. Lower, \s contained in Bussell Smith's Li-
brary of Old Authots. Another edition, with
notes and iUnitrative papers, edited by C. H.
Firth, was published in 1S8S. Letters of the
Dcke of Newcastle are printed in the following
oollectioos: ilis Strafford Papers, the Clarendon
State Papers, Warburlon'a Prince RupLTt. and
the Calendar of Domestic Stale Papers. Bosh'
worth's Collection oontaiaH the declaration of
the Earl of Newcastle on marching into York-
shire, and his declaration in answer to Lord
FUrfaxi also letters rotating to the siege of
York (T. 78, 133, 824). Other letters are con-
tained in H tin tot's Hallamohira and thePyttaauKO
Papers ; an intercepted one is printed in Severa)
Proceedings in Parliament, 18-36 Sept. 1S61.
and a number of unpublished letters addressed
to Sltofford are in the poMoswon of Lord Pita-
William. Sir H, Ellis girea aix letters from
Charles I to Newcastle in Original Lectors (series
I, iii. 291-303), twenty from th^ queen am in
Jb*. Gnen's collection of her letters, and four
fh>m Ben Jonson in Cunningham's edition of his
works. In addition to these sources may be
mentioned Collins's Historical Collections oftbs
Noblo Families of CuTendish. Holies, 4c.. tha
Calendar of Domestic State Papers, the Claren-
don State Papers, Cbirendoa's History of tlie
Rehellion. Mosire's Tncts, and the Memoirs of
Sir Philip Warwick.] C. H. F.
CAVENDI8H, WILLIAM, third Eabi,
OF DBvosaHntE (1617-1684), eldest son of
William, second earl [q. v.], was educated
bj his mother Christiana fq. t.] in conjunc-
tion with his fathers old tutor, Thomas
Bobbes. Hohbes's translation of Thucydides
is dedicated to Cavendish, and from I6%4 to
1637 the young man travelled abroad with
the philosopher. He was created a knight
of the Bath at Charles I's coronation in 16:25.
Cavendish was both wealthy and handsome,
and the Countess of Leicester was aiutious
for him to marry Liady Dorothy Sidney,
Waller's Sacharissa; hut the scheme came lo
nothing, and Elizabeth, second daughter of
William Cecil, second earl of Salisbury, be-
came Cavendish's wife. Cavendish was lord-
lieutenant of Derbyshire from 13 Nov. 1B38
to 22 March 1641-2, was high steward of
Ampthill -1 Feb. 1639-40, and joint-commis-
sioner of array for lieicestersbire 12 Jan.
1&41-3. As a prominent royalist he opposed
Strafford's attainder, was summonedt to a
frivate conference with the queen in October
Ml, was with Charles 1 at York in June
1&13, absented himself from his place in the
parliament, was impeached with eight other
peers of high crimes and misdemeanors,
refused to appear at the bar of the House of
Lords, was expelled on 20 July 1CU2, and
waaordered to stand committed to theTower.
He left England, and his estates were seques-
trated. He returned from the continent in
1645, submitted to the parliament, was par-
doned for his former delinquencv in 1046, waa
fined 5,000/., and lived in retirement with
his mother at Latimers, Buckinghamsliire.
Charles I stayed a nirht with him there on
13 Oct.. 1645. At the Restoration all his di»-
ahilities were removed, he was reappointed
the High Peak (1661). i[e was alwoys weU
affected to science and literature, was intimate
with John Evelyn, and was one of the original
fellows of the Royal Society {I'D May HM\3),
HewasacommissioneroftrudefiMarcbieeS-
1669, but lived mainly inthecountry. He died
on 33 Nov. 1684, at liis house at Roehampton,
Surrey, and was buried at Edensor. His wife
Elizabeth died Qve years later, and was buried
in Westminster Abbey. He had two eons :
William, his successor [q. v.], and Charles,
Cavendish
370
Cavendish
who died unmarried on 3 March 1670-1 . His
only daughter, Anne, married, first, Charles,
lord Rich, son of the Earl of Warwick;
secondly, John, earl of Exeter. She died
by three French officers of the king's guard.
Chie he struck, whereon they drew, and he,
throwing himself against the side sceneSyStood
on his guard, but would haye been oyerbome
on 18 «fuly 1703. A drawixig of the third | had not a Swiss of Mr. Montagu's taken him
round the waist, and thrown nim oyer into
the pit for safety. In falling his arm wii
torn so that he bore the scar to his death.
His assailants were arrested, but were lib^
rated on his intercession. How much thii
matter was noticed appears by a oomj^imen-
tary letter to him from Sir \Villiam Temnle
18 Jan. 1669. A similar affiur illustrates nil
earl is in the Sutherland coUection at the
Bodleian.
[Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ; Kennet's Memoirs of ;
the Cayendish Family (1737) ; Lords* Journals;
Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1640-1, 1660-7; Life
of Duke of Newcastle, ed. G. H. Firth (1886),
p. 212 ; Eyelyn*8 Diary, ed. Bray and Wheatley,
li. 89, 148, iv. 100.] S. L. L.
character after his return to his place in pa>
CAVENDISH, WILLIAM, first Dueb liament in 1675. A Colonel Howard hayinff
OF DEyoNSHiRE (1640-1707), eldest son of been killed in the French war, it was reported
William Cavendish, third earl of Beyonshire that Lord Cavendish and Sir Thomas Jieies
[q. v.], by his wife Elizabeth, second daugh- | had publicly wished ' that all others were
terof William Cecil, second earl of Salisbury, i equally served who acted against a vote of
was bom 25 Jan. 1640. The commotion of the
civil wars rendered his early education some-
parliament.' Howard*s brother Thomas het^
mg this report circulated a broadsheet attack-
what irregular, and after being brought up - ingCavenaish,and this onl4(>ct. was brought
chiefly under the eye of the Countess of i by a member before the House of Commons.
Devonshire, his grandmother, he was sent to I Cavendish, thus learning the matter for the
travel abroad with Dr. Killigrew, afterwards
master of the Savoy. Upon his return he
was chosen one of tour young noblemen to
bear Charles H's train at nis coronation
23 April 1661, and in the same year was
elected member of parliament for Derby.
Next year he went to Ireland, and on 27 Oct.
married at Kilkenny Lady Mary, second
daughter of James, Duke of Ormonde. In
1663 be returned to England, and was on
23 Sept. created an M.A. at Oxford, along
first time, was for quitting the house, when
Lord William Russell moved and carried
that he be enjoined not to leave, and thit
neither he nor Sir T. Meres do give or accept
any challenge from Howard ; and Howaras
print was also voted a breach of privily.
Howard, however, boasted that Cavendish
had not dared to take notice of it till he was
forced to do so by its publication in the house;
whereon Cavendish, in spite of the resolution
of the commons, posted on the palace gate a
with the Earls of Sufiblk and Bath, by special paper denouncing Howard as a poltroon,
command of the chancellor, who was then j This was on 20 Oct. laid before the house, and,
with the king and court at Oxford (Wood, ' the speaker having informed Cavendish that
Ath/!TUPf ii. 830 ; Cataloffue of Graduates), he had broken privilege, he was after debate
In 1065 he volunteered for service in the | committed to the Tower. Howard, too, was
fleet, and was present in attendance upon the summoned and called on to answer on his
Duke of York at the fight with De Ruyter on knees, and was committed ; but Cavendish
4 .Tune. * Lord Cavendish,' writes Sir Tliomas after two days, and Howard on 8 Nov., each
Clifford to Lord Arlington (5 June 1665, | on his own petition, were discharged, and the
Green, State Papers, p. 431), 'behaved very , house directed them and Meres to attend
well,andtheshallopthatbroughthimandthe | Mr. Speaker, to be by him reconciled. On
writer having six guns did much good.' In 1666 25 Oct. the house had, on Mr. Waller** mo-
he was in his place in parliament, and joined
in an address by the commons, praying to have
the laws against popery enforced, which pro-
duced a proclamation, but was otherwise fruit-
less. In the following year he gave proof of
the fairness of his disposition by seconding a
tion, voted it a breach of privilege to carry
the afiair further, and a bill was brought in,
though not proceeded with, forbidding duel-
ling.
From this time Cavendish engaged himself
in parliamentary opposition to the court
motion to fix a day on which Clarendon might ; party. When parliament met in 1676, after
be heard in his own defence upon the lords ' a prorogation of fifteen months, it was he
sending down their bill for his banishment. | who moved that the act of Edward IH for
In 1669 he went with Mr. Montagu, after-
wards Duke of Montagu, upon an embassy to
France, and was there engaged in an aHfair
annual parliaments should be la id on the table,
arguing that by the prorogation parliament
was ipso facto dissolved. In 1677 he pro-
w/iich attracted attention throug;hovLtEuxo^. i motea a bill for recalling the English forces
Beingon thestage at theopera\iewaAvn&\]\\fti^\ ovxX. ol \>;!k&l^'c«Qs;^ Vdao^a aervice, which was
nwd & 8«icoii(1 time 'J'J Fitb., nvWed in com-
niitt«e 21 May, and passed 27 May. On
'29 M»T the king ordered the house to adjourn
to 16 July, nnd when Beymour, the speaker,
bvl declared the house ndjoumed, he fairly
nui oat of the houw to avoid Cavendish s
quBation, by what authority save the house's
ootueiit tliHt could be done. AVhen thehouse
rmsMiOLbled on 16 July, GaTendieh moved to
read the iouninls to show how the house CAine
\t> havn been adjourned ; but the matter was
dUpoeed of bv further adjournments to 28 Jan.
J677-8, After the disclosure of the popiah
plot Cavendish was active in the protestant
tntereat, He was a member of commilteefl,
Ibr priritegtiD and elections, against popish re-
OuaantA, for inquirinK into the murder of Sir
Edmiiudshury Godfrey, and for bringing in
thn lords to concert means for secunng the
king and the protestant religion. Tn October
he was n member of a Beket committee to
tukv the examination in Newgateof Coleman
as to the plot, nnd to report on the plot to
tllHHouw> of Lords; and on !2 Dec. of another
to urge the king to n stricter observance of
the laws Hguinet popery. On the same day,
19 Dec, he was Dol.b chosen to attend the
king with the votes relating to an information
against Montagu, and to draw articles of im-
peacbmunt against Danby. A new parlia-
ment met on 6 March lBiB-9, nnd the king
refusing the reappointment of Seymour as
speaker, Cavendisli watLamong thechief mem-
baa who wailed on the king with the vote on
the election of a new one. tin IS April 1679
he was appointed a member of a committee
til draw a bill against the grovrth of popery,
and on 14 May he carried up an address
against papists. So Tigorous and jiopular
wnro his speeches that they got abroad in an
imperfect copy, and a pamphlet called ' A
Speech of Lord Cavendish ' was even referred
lo a commillee of the House of Commons.
Thti fall of Danby's ministry waa now in-
evitable, nnd the king determined to adopt
the sehiime, originated by Sir William Temple,
of raising the privy council into a counteqwise
to the House of Oommons. Shaftesbury whs
president, and Kustetl, Cavendigh, Essex, and
Halifax were sworn in as ordinary members.
In April and Mav the king and the new
tjnnvemmeDt brougtt in resolutions for pro-
sen-ing the protestant religion without inter-
fering with the hereditary succession, hut the
commons pressing their eicliieinn bill, in spite
of B remonstrance from Cavendish in favour
of ftrst trying milder measures, (hey were
hastily pnJrogiied on 27 May 1679. In this
vessioiiCa vendish had also been forward in pro-
citriogthe paasingof the Habeas Corpus .\.ct..
■ a shortly flfter disE«Ived, and
before the new parliament Met, on 17 Oct.,
the Duke of York had retiUTied from FUnderB
and retired into Scotland. The new parlia-
ment was at once prorogued to prevent any
legislation for his exclusion. Before it re-
j assembled the king, falling ill, recalled the
duke, 25 Jan. 167i>-80, whereupon the coa-
lition of the country and court parties into
one government broke down, and Cavendish,
Russell, Capel, and Powle praying leave to
withdraw from the council, their prayer was
very readily granted. Sunderland, Godol-
S'ltn, and Lawrence Hyde remained in power,
arliament again met 21 Oct. 1B30, and Ca-
vendish carried up articles of impeauhuient
against Sir William Scroggs, chief jiistiue
of the king's bench, While Ihe grand jury
of Middlesex whs eitling at Westminster
Hall, Lord Shaftesbury induced Hunting-
don, Russell, Cavendisli, Thynne, and others
to appear with him before them, to present
reasons for indicting the Duke of lork as
a popish recusant. While the grand jury
were deliberallug on this, they were hastily
discharged by the queen's bench. The com-
mittee of tlie commons which sat to con-
sider the conduct of the queen's bench re-
solved that the discharge whs illegal, and
the house directe.d Cavendish to prepare
articles, but parliament being prorogued the
matter dropped. He was also active in de-
bates upon the exclusion of the duke, and
promoted an address praying the king to
Parliament, however,
and dissolvol IB Jan.
parliament, which met
at Oxford on 21 Maret and was dissolved in
a week. Cavendish showed his nntura) fnii>
ness, when Mr, Secretary Jenkins absolutely
refused to obey the house's order to carry up
articles of impeachment against l-'itiliarris,
an Irish papist, then under arrest for a libel
on the Itmg. Tlie house was crying 'To the
bar I to the bar ! ' when Cnveudiah interposed
and indiicikl Jenkins to xubmit himself to
the house. Asimilar proiif of his superiority
to mere party spirit apjieats in his prolest
against the description of Monmouth, when
in favour, in commissions la ' the king's dear
and entirely beloved son,' showing that his
seal for the exclusion of the Duke of York
was not due to mere devotion to Monmoulli.
Afterwards, tn 1681, in grand committee of
the House of Commons, Mr. Powle in the
chair. Cavendish renewed hie efFnrta for the
duke's exclusion by moving for leave to bring
bill for the association of all protestant
religion, and the exclusion of the duke
from succession to the crowa. fti\\. -wWa,
after tlie fligVt rf ?ftiiiS\KAittTj,'ft.™«^fi. «»i.
Cavendish
372
Cavendish
others began to concert measures against the
king's absolutism, Cavendish, alarmed at their
expressions, early withdrew himself from
their meetings ; nor was he at a later date
in ainr way implicated in Monmouth's rising.
In May there was some talk of his quittin^^
the popular for the court party along with
Lora Howard of Escrick, and in October he
doore in the lobby, came Colonel Colepeper and
in a rude manner looking my lord intnefice
asked whether this was a time and place for
excluders to appear. My lord told him be
was no excluder ; the other affirming it agtin,
my lord told him he lied, on which Colepeper
struck him a box on the ear, which my lord
returned, and felled him ' (cf. Sllia Omt-
kissed the king's hand at Newmarket, and 1 spondence, ii. 289). On this an information
was received into favour (LmmtELL, i. 89, was issutxl against Devonshire out of the
133). Still he appeared as a witness for the
prisoner on RusseiFs trial, and even, according
to Burnet, offered, through Sir John Forbes, to
change clothes with him in prison, thevboth
being of much the same tall figure, though
otherwise unlike enough. Russell, however.
hinge's bench, and in spite of his plea of peer'ft
privilege the court, wnether witn or without
consultation with the king or chancellor,
sentenced him to a fine of S)fQO0Lf and com-
mitted him to the king^a bench prison till
payment. The countess, his mother, brought
refused, and when Cavendish attended him to James bonds of Charles I for 60,000/., lent
on the day of execution, Russell earnestly to him in the civil war by the Cavendishes,
exhorted him to a more christian way of life,
and produced a deep impression by his fare-
welL Cavendish was also a very intimate
and offered them all for the release of * her
son Billy ; ' but James was obdurate. Devon-
shire, however, found means to escape, and
friend of Mr. Thomas Thynne, and when the I fled to Chatsworth, where, when the sherif
latter was assassinated in Pall Mall by three ; of Derby and his posse came to arrest him, he
Germans, in Count Coningrsmarck's pay, he ' imprisoned the whole force till he arranged for
not only brought the assassins to justice, but his liberty by giving his bond for payment of
when Coningsmarck was corruptly acquitted, the fine. But the duke had his revenge. On
challenged nim to a duel at Calais. The , 30 June 1697, ' meeting Colonel Colepeper at
challenge only reached the count at Newport the Auction House in St. Alban*8 Street, he
in Flanders, and he replied that ho would caned him for being troublesome to him in
wait there three weeks. The reply was sent \ the late reign ' (Luttbell, iv. 246). After
in a packet to the Swedish president, who, the revolution the bond was found amone
mistrusting its contents, opened it and com- James's papers and cancelled, and the recora
municated them to the secretary of state. ' of the conviction was removed from the file
Thereon a writ of ne exeat regno was issued | of the exchequer. A committee of the lords
and was served on Cavendish and Lord i reported, 22 April 1689, that the * court of
Mordant, who also had sent a challenge, and king's bench, in overruling the Earl of De-
they were com|)elled to give security. Later vonshire*s plea of privilege of parliament and
on Colonel Maccarty, meeting the count in forcing him to plead over in chief, it being
Paris, told him of Cavendish's desire to meet the usual time of privilege, did thereby com-
him, to which the count replied that he was mit a manifest breach of the privileges of
in the employment of Louis XIV, and that i parliament;' the recordswere brought up, the
the French law rigorously forbade duels (ib. ' judges. Sir Robert Wright, Sir Richard Hol-
174, 210). Cavendish had been out before. I loway, and Mr. Justice Powell, brought to
In 1676 he fought and dangerously wounded I the bar (6 May), and after they had humbly
Lord Mohun, and in 1680 was Lord Ply- | apologised for tneir error, the legality of the
mouth's second in his duel with Sir G. Huet
{Hutton Correspondence f Camd. Soc., i. 142,
In 1684 he succeeded his father in the
earldom, and on the accession of James he
committal of a peer was argued, and the
opinions of the judges taken on 7 and 15 May,
and it was decided to be ille|^l.
For some years Devonshire remained in
strict retirement, and occupied himself with
was one of the peers who proposed to discuss the erection of Chatsworth. The work began
the speech from the throne. After Mon- 12 April 1687, and lasted till 1706 ; the
mouth's rebellion he withdrew firom court, architect was William Tahnan ; Verrio and
Having been insulted by Colonel Thomas
Colepeper [a. v.] he had forgiven him upon
the terms or his appearing at Whitehall no
more. But on Monmouth s defeat Colepeper
reappeared. Evelyn, who was present, says
(9 July 1685) : ' Just as I was coming into the
Thomhill were employed on the painting;
and it is said that tne wood carving, though
this is doubtful, was the work of Grinhng
Gibbons. It is a remarkable instance of the
purity of the earl's taste that at this period
and afterwards, in the time of the Dutch
iodging8atWlutehall,my\oidoiT)e£VOTka\dT«l^hio should, in his building andcoU
standing very neare his ma^efityBX^K^^anAMitY^^^ v&k^sraL tA the best Italiaa
Cavendish
nuum^r, but in ercliltectiire and fine axt he
WHS reputed a consunutmle judge. In the
result, says Bishop Kennet, 'though the
situation seems to be 80ioewhat homd, thia
really adds to the beauty of it ; the glorious
house seemH to be art insulting nature.'
But in his retirement he was secretly en-
safced in concerting plans for bringing iu the
Prince of Omnge. James, suspecting his
loyalty, first sent to summon him to court;
the earl excused himself, and his kinsman, the
Duke of Newcastle, whom the king sent lal«r,
could not change hiR purpose. In Ktay 1687
Sijkvelt left Enclsnd with letters from De-
vonshire, BedfoM, Shrewnbiiry, Nottingham,
and tlie H^des, a^ing WiUium to come over
to the nation's assistance. Communications
irere usually kept up iliroue-h Edward Rus-
sell and Henry Sidney, who were now in
London, now in Holland, and through Vice-
admiral Herbert, who remained at t he Hague-
After the birth of James's son, in 1686, the
invitations became more urgent, and Devon-
ahire was one of the whig loids who signed tlie
-cipher letter of 30 June. Ep was now recon-
ciled to Danby, whom he owned he had mia-
jndgied, and with him, Lord Delamere, and
Hr. D'Arcy, he laid plans for a rising. The
meetings took place at Sir Henry Goodrick'a
in Yorkshire, and at Wbittington, near Scars-
dale in Derbvahire, in a farmhouse chamber,
long known m the coimtry-side as the 'plot-
tina jiarlonr.' At first it was designed that
'William should land in the north. HeTon-
■hire was to secure Nottingham, and Dauby,
i'ork. Tbe attack on York was to precede
that on Nottingham, the former Itaving a
govumor and a small garrison, who might
take alarm if Nottingham, an open town,
■were first occupied. However, on hearing of
Wiiliatn's landing at Brixham, the earl at
<jnce moved on Derby, and, being always one
who kept on terms with the leaders of the ,
middle class, invited the mayor and gentry to |
join him, and read to them his 'Declaration J
in Defence of the Prot*stant Ueligion.' For
n short time he was in dangL>r; a courier
arrived with a letter iu bis boot-heel an-
nouncing James's flight and William's march
'41U London, hut it was hardly legible ; the
newH was not credited, and James's piirty took
liMtrt. The tiarl, however, presently moved
on Nottingham, and was well supported, and
there he issued aproclamatioa justifying the
rising and drille»l troops. He raised a regi-
ment of horse, afterwards the 4th regiment,
and one of tbe first to go to Ireland next
Tear, and was himself its colonel, and on
55 Nov., hearing of a plan to intercept the
Princeaa Anne, while on her way from Lon-
don to take refuge with him, ho marched out
to meet her, and conducted her to the castle,
For some time he entertained her at his own
charge, and then, his stock running low, ac-
cepted some contributions, and ' at last bor-
rowed the public money in such a manner
as to satisfy the collectors and please the
country.' When Anne removed to Oxford
to join Prince George, the earl escorted her
to Christ Church, and thence, with one or
two more, hastened to London, and met
William at Sion House. On 25 Dec. the
lords assembled at Westminster, and Devon-
shire was forward in procuring the address
to the Prince of Orange, praying him to cmtv
on the government till a convention coul^
meet. The convention met 22 Jan. 1688-9,
and the earl argued i^inst Clarendon and
Rochester for James's deposition and for a
king, not merely a regent. This was re-
jected, whereupon be andforty others entered
their protest, and finally it was carried. He
nowreceived the favoursofthe new sovereign.
On 14 Feb. he was sworn of tbe privy coun-
cil, on 16 March appointed lord-lieutenant
of Derbyshire and loid-steward of the house-
bold ; be was elected a knight of the Qarter
on 3 April and installed on U May. At the
coronation on 11 April lie acted for the day
as lord high steward of England, and bore
the crown, while his daughter bore the queen's
He now devoted himself to procuring the
retnission of bi.t own fine and tlie reversal of
ihe attainders of Lord Russell, Colonel Sid-
ney,audothe^. I In 18Jan.l089~90hesBiled
ith the king from ttravesend for the a
ture almost all the other nobles there as-
sembled. On 9 March he gave a banquet to
the elector of Brandenburg, the landgrave of
Hesae, and the Prince de Commeray , at which
tbe king appeared incognito, and in March
of the year following he was present at the
siege of Mons in attendance on the king, and
with him retttmed to Whitehall on 13 April,
Eorlv in July, after the battle of Beachy
Hea^, he and the Earl of Pembroke placed
themselves at the queen's disposal, and were
sent to Dover, and thence to Ihe fleet, to in-
Juire into its conduct under LordTorrington
uring that battle iffutton Corretpondenet,
Camd. Soc., ii. 155, l66). In tbe same year,
when Admiral Russell ol^ected to the plan
for a landing by Schombeig and Ruvigny on
the French coast, on the ground thai the
men-of-war were of too great draught for the
purpose, Devonshire was one of the II '
Cavendish
374
Cavendish
who yisited the fleet at St. Helen's to inspect
it) but the news of Heinkirk disposed of this
design. In May 1692 he went, with the Duke
of Richmond and the earls of Essex and Don-
caster, as a volunteer to the canip in Flanders
(LuTTKELL, ii. 463). On 12 May 1694 he
was, in recognition of his services, created
Duke of Devonshire and Marouis of Harting-
ton, and having been purposely omitted from
the commission of the peace on succeeding
his father in the title, was now appo'mtea
a justice in eyre, and in 1697 was further
elected recorder of Nottingham. W hen Wil-
liam q^uitted England, after Queen Mary^s
death m 1694, the Duke of Devonshire was
named one of tlie lords justices for the ad-
ministration of the kingdom, and he and Tcni-
aon, archbishop of Canterbury, were the only
lords who held that appointment on all the
occasions of the kin^ absence durinf^ the
whole seven years of its existence. While in
this office the case of Sir John Fenwick arose,
in which the duke, though convinced by re-
peated interviews (see ib, iv. 83, 11 July and
24 Sept. 1696) of his guilt, was so appre-
hensive of creating a precedent tliat, almost
alone of the whigs, he refused to agree to the
bill for his attainder.
The question of the Irish land grants had
long been a burning one. As eany as 1690
the king disposed of the forfeit^ estates at
his own private pleasure, and much offence
was given by the grants to Mr. Villiers and
to foreigners like Ruvigny, Bentinck, and
Ginkol. On 7 Feb. 1698 leave was given to
bring in a bill * for vacating all grunts of es-
tates forfeited in Ireland since 13 Feb. 1688,
and for appropriating them to the use of the
public,* and though the bill then dropped,
a commission was in 1699 appointed to
examine the grants, and on 15 Dec. their
report, containingan exposure of the intrigues
practised to obtain them, was laid on the
table. The bill to resume all grants and to
create a separate court to try all claims was
read a second time 18 Jan. 1699-1700, and in
April 1700 reached the lords. Devonshire
strenuously opposed it, declaring Hliat by this
bill the barriers between crown and people
would be broken down,' and by his influence
with the younger peers carried material
amendments. The commons, however, re-
fused them, and though the whig peers would
have stood firm, Sunderland induced the king
to beg his friends to give way ; the bill passed,
and parliament was prorogued 1 1 April 1700.
In 1/01 he strenuously opposed the partition
treaty, and on William's death ana Anne's
accession was confirmed in all his offices,
acted with the Duke of Somerset as supporter
to Prince Gborge, at the king's funeral, and
was again lord high steward at Anne's coio>
nation. In March 1702 he intiodaced to
the queen 127 dissenting ministers to oon*
gratulate her on her accession, to whom she
promised her protection (Luttrell, v. 153).
in May he was appointed, with Lords Somer>
set, Jersey, Marlborough, and Albemarle, t»
examine the late king^ papers, which wen
said to contain matter aaverse to Anne's
accession, and reported that the rumoarwu
groundless (ib, 169). This was a check to the
tories, who had originated the rumour. On
17 Dec. 1702, and on 19 Jan. 1703, upon tlte
bill against occasional conformity, ne wis
chief manager for the lords in the conference
with the commons, and reported in &voar
of toleration, and in March 1705 was again
manager in the conference arising out of the
* writ of error for the Aylesbury men ' (ib. 529),
He actively supported the protestant sucoea*
sion and the French war, and having been a
commissioner in 1703 to negotiate the union
of England and Scotland, without success, he
at last, in 1706, brought that ^preat measure
to a successful issue. In April 1705 he atp
tended the queen to Cambridge, and ther^
with his eldest son, was created an LL.D.,
but being borne down with dropsy, gout, and
the stone, and his disease proving incurable,
he treated with the Marquis of Dorchester
for the transfer to him of the lord high
stewardship in April 1707, and at length
died, professing repentance and firm faith,
at Devonshire House, Piccadilly, at 9 a.iiL,
18 Aug. 1707. He was attended on his
deathbed by the Bishop of Ely. The autopsy
proved stone and strangury to have caused
ids death (ib, 18 Aug. l707). His body was
conveyed in great state by the Strand to the
city, and thence to Derby, where it was
buried, 1 Sept., at AUhallows Church, llis
wife survived him, and dying 31 July 1710,
aged 68, was buried in Westminster Abbey.
He left three sons, William (who married
Kachel, Lord Kussell's eldest daughter, and
succeeded to the dukedom), Liord James, Lord
Henry, M.P. for Derby, who died of palsy in
1700, and a daughter, Elizabeth, who married
Sir John Wentworth, bart., of Broadsworth,
Yorkshire, and afterwards the second Sir
James Lowther.
The duke was addicted to sport, constantly
visiting Newmarket for horse-racing and
cock-fighting, now winning 500 guineas, now
losing 1,900/. (Luttrell, lii. 539-40, iv. 340,
505, V. 231; Evelyn, Memoirs^ 80 March
1699). He was munificent, giving 500/. to
Greenwich Hospital, a supper and masked
ball costing 1,000/L, and a ' fine concert of
musick at Kensington.' He lost heavily by
the fire at Monti^ Hoiue in 1686, and at
Cavendish
Wlutehall iu 1698 (Littrrll, iv. 32B, 631.
600; Etus, Curretpondencf, ii. U, 2S). At
Tftrioiu times lie was engaged in many law-
Buits; inlrtlMiwiththBafarquiaof Nonnanby
about the piKchuse of Berkrij House by him,
which, after liiBcuseion on the privilege of
poers in the House of Lords (10 Dec.), ha
eTBnlually won in the court of chancery by
judgment of the lord chancellor and both
chief justices, December 1697; in February
1698 and again in Juno 1699 against Mr.
Frarapton, about a horse-race, in which he
obtained a verdict; in 1699 as ranger of
Needwood Forest agiunst the Earl of Stam-
ford, who claimed a right to hunt there oa
chancellor of the Duchy of l^uicaster ; and
in 1707 at the suit of the Duke of Bucking-
faamalure for damages by a fire at Arlingtj
House, which he lost (LuTTRELL, '
298, aw, 174, vi. 187).
In person the duke was tall and handsome,
and of an engaging and conuunuding mien
»nd courteous address. He was n good Latin
Kholar, and especially a student of Horace,
■ witli Homer and Plutarch, "
[Bishop Kenneths Utmoir ; Grovu'i Lives
the Earls and Dukes of D«»oiiahir«; KBimot's
Funeral Sermon; Griffith's Funeral Sermon;
Monthly Miscellany, i. 326 ; Bcajbrooke's NoWa
to PspjH, T. asi ; GlovM^B DarbjahirB, ii. 223;
Akenude'a Ode to the Eltrl of Huatingdoa ;
Introduction to Danlij's Letters, 1710; Com-
mons' Journalu ; Vou Ranke's History of Eng-
liind ; Hazard ofa Daathbod EepentoncB. London,
1738; Jaoob's Compluta Peerogt. Ilfi6, i. 247 ;
Loiiga'a Portraits, vol. iv. (uttOT ihel»ittti"g by
liiUy); C'oartenay'sMamoirsof SirW. Temwe.]
acquainted i
CAVENDISH, WILLIAM, fourth Df KB
OF Devonshire (_ 17:30-1764), first lord of
the treastiry, and prime minister from No-
vember 1766 to May 1757, at the bepnning
of the seven years' war, eldest son of Wil-
151,224, I liani Cavendish, third duke of Devonshire,
K.G., and lord-lieutenant of Ireland from
1737 to 1744, was bom in 1720. He was
elected to the House of Commons as M.P.
for Derbyshire in 1741, directly he came
of age, and was re-elected in 1747, and on
20 March 1748 married Charlotte, baroness
fine a critic that Lord Roscoinmon entrusted Clifford of Laneaborough in her own right,
to him his poems for correction, and an ad- | only datighter and heiress of Richard Boyle,
mirable judge of art and music. The philo- | earl of Burlington and Cork, who broiu[ht
Sophy of Hobbea had influencwl his early I him Lismore Castle and large estates in Ire-
education, but in a work ascribed to him, imii_ Xhia marriage greatly increased his
' Keaaons for Passing the Bill for Exclusion ' I political importance, and on 13 June 1751
(1681), he uses the social compact aa an the Marquis of Hartington, as he was then
argument for submitting the will of the gtjjed, was summoned to the House of Lorda
monarch to that of his people, and is said by ; ;„ i,is father's barony as Lord Cavendish of
his domestic chaplain, Mr. Griffiths, ' to have j Hardwicke, and in the followmg month he
publicly disowned Mr. Hobbes'a principles ,rae made master of the horse and sworn of
as damnable.' He wrote an ode on the death the privy council. In February 1755 the
of Queen JIarv, which Dryden praised as Marquis of Uartington was made lord-lrea-
the best written on that subject, and a poem gurerof Ireland, and on 27 March constituted
called ' The Charms of Liberty ; an allusion | ]ord-lieutenant and general-governor of that
to the Bi.shop of Cambray's ' Telemachus,' | islBiid, and on 5 Dec. 1756 he succeeded his
written iu 1707, and published after Ivis father as fourth duke of Devonshire._ _ In
Aea.'Ch. Lord CWord'a character of him was, inland he displayed no very groat political
' a patriot among the men, a Corydon among ability, but succeeded very happily in pleas-
tha ladies.' I& was personally dissolute, I ingaU parties and making himself extremely
leaving many natural children, among' them | popular. In 1756 thesevenyenrB' war broke
ord tlunt- , ^^^^l^ gn^ ^\ England demanded that Mr. Pitt
should he placed at the head of affairs ,
vina many
ng Mrs. He
.eneage,who married Lord tl
ingtower, eldest son of the Earl of Dysart
aOTTBEl-l., 10 Dec, 1706; cf. Wmtworth
peri, 19 July 1709), and ia said to have
taken Mrs, Anne Campion from the stage
into keeping, but as he was then an old man
this may be ill-authenticated ; at anv rate
he erected a tomb to her memory, and gave
her a private fimeral. A poem. ' by a lady,'
upon nts death, asys of him,
Whose awful sweetnesj ohallengod onrealeem,
Our Boi'a wonder and our bbx's theme ;
Whoso soft cQtnmftading looks our breasts a»-
sallad;
W ami aair and at first sight pnraitBd.
absolutely decUned to serve under the Duke
of Newcastle, who had been prime minister
ever since the death of his brother, Henry
Pelham, in 1764, and the influence of the
great whig families was strong enough to
prevent the king from at once making Pitt
prime minister. In this dilemma Devon-
shire was summoned from Ireland, and asked
to become prime minister, with Pitt as se-
I cretaiy of state to manage the war. Ho
1 was eminently a fit man for the post j his
rank as a borii leader of tho wings, his ex-
I perience in the House of CommomB, and hia
Cavendish
376
Caw
popularity in Ireland all recommended him,
and he was sworn in as first lord of the trea-
sury on 16 Nov. 1756. He was not, how-
ever, a success in his new capacitv; his
leader of the House of Commons, Sir Thomas
Kobinson, only excited the risibility of Pitt,
and Pitt himself soon recoppiised the neces-
sity of making up his dinerences with the
Duke of Newcastle. In May 1767, therefore,
Devonshire, who had been made lord-lieu-
tenant of Derbyshire on 16 Dec. 1756, and
a K.G. on 27 March 1757, resigned to the
Duke of Newcastle, and was appointed lord-
chamberlain of the household, a post which
he held until 1762. His health was rapidly
declining, and he died at Spa on 3 Oct. 1764,
at the age of forty-four.
[Ck>lliD8'8 Peerage, and the histories of Eng-
land during the ei^teenth century.]
H. M. 8.
CAVENDISH, WILLIAM GEORGE
SPENCER, sixth Duke op Devonshibe
0790-1858), only son of William Cavendish,
fifth duke of Devonshire, and Georgiana, elder
daughter of John Spencer, first earl Spencer,
was bom in Paris on 21 May 1790. Ilis
education was received at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1811,
and proceeded LL.B. in the following year.
Shortly after attaining his majority he suc-
ceeded to the dukedom and took his place
in the House of Lords, where he assistea the
whig party by his influence and his silent
vote, for he never spoke in that assembly on
any of the great political questions of the
day. His tastes were literary", as he evinced
by his purchase in 1812 0/ the library of
Thomas Dampier, bishop of Ely, for 10,000/.,
and again in 1821 of John Kemble*s drama-
tic collections for 2,000/. In 1826 he was
sent on a special mission to Russia on the
occasion of the coronation of the Emperor
Nicholas, 25 April, when his retinue was of
the most superb character.
This mission is said to have cost the
duke 50,000/. beyond the allowance made to
him by the government. The emperor, in
acknowledgment of his liberality, conferred
upon him the orders of St. Andrew and of
St. Andrew Newski, and when in England,
in 1844, paid him a special visit at his villa,
at Chiswick, on 8 June {Illustrated London
Isews, 15 June 1844, pp. 384-5). He was
chosen a privy councillor on iX) April 1827
and made a K.G. on 10 Mav following,
acted as lord chamberlain of theliousehold of
George IV from 5 May 1827 to 18 Feb. 1828,
and served in the same capacity to William IV
from 22 Nov. 1830 to 15 Dec. 1834. He
was lord-lieutenant and custos rotulorum of
Derbyshire, high steward of Derby, and presi-
dent of the Horticultural Society. Mr. Rafter-
wards Sir Joseph) Paxton was employedDjthe
duke as manager of his Derbyshire estates,
and under his hands a gigantic 0(Mi8ervatoiT»
300 feet long, 145 feet wide, 60 feet high,
and covering nearly an acre of gtoxaii^ was
erected at Chatsworth, and served to some
extent as the model for the Great Ezhibitkm
of 1851. The duke was well versed in the
old English dramatic literature, and added
largely to his books from the library of the
DuKe of Roxburghe. Afrer 1836 he remored
many of his pictures from Devonshire Houee
and Chiswick to increase the interest of his
gallery at Chatsworth. His collection of
coins and medals, which is said to have cost
him upwards of 50,000/., was disposed of st
Christie's in a twelve days* sale, commencing
on 18 March 1844, and realised the sum of
7,057/. 1«. M, He died from the effects of
a paralytic seizure at Hardwicke Hall on
17 Jan. 1858; he was never married, and the
dukedom passed to his cousin, William Caven-
dish, second earl of Burlington.
[niastrated London News, 23 Jan. 1 858, p. 75 ;
Gent. Mag. Febroary 1 858, j)p. 209-1 ; Waagen't
Treasures of Art, ii. 88-96, lit. 344-71 ; Catalogue
of the Library at Chatsworth, 1879, 4 vols.]
O. C. B.
CAVENDISH-BENTINCK. [See Bo-
TINCK.]
CAVKKHMiTi, JOHN (d, 1781), phvfli-
cian, a Scotchman, was admitted a licentiate
of the London College of Physicians in 1707.
He died at Old Melrose, Roxburghshire, on
1 Sept. 1781. He wrote a * Treatise on the
Cause and Cure of Cfout/ 8vo, London, 1709,
in which he put forward the theory that the
matter of nerves was earthy, and descended
through the nerves to form the bones, and
that the friction of this earthy substance, in
its way to the bones, gave rise to animal
heat. He followed this by * Experiments on
the Causes of Heat in Living Animals,* 8vo,
London, 1770, in which he attempted to
prove his theory by a large number of bar-
barous experiments on rabbits, destroying
various nerves or portions of the spinal coro,
and awaiting the death of the animals. He
also wrote a * Dissertation on Nervous Gan-
glions and Nervous Plexus,' 8vo, London,
1772, and an * Explanation of the Seventy
Weeks of Daniel,' 8vo, I^ndon, 1777.
[Munk's Coll. of Phvs. 1878, ii. 281 ; Caver-
hill's worka] * G. T. B.
CAW, JOHN YOUNG (1810 P-1858),
banker and miscellaneous writer, was bom
at Perth about 1810, but passed the last
tUrty vean of hie life in M&nchesler, where
he died on 22 Oct. 1656. He was eduuled
■t St. Andrewi, whence he proceeded to
Tiinity College, Cambridge, but did Dot
Staj to take a degree. UU fint (houghts
irere of the A-nglican ministir, but this de-
wgn WAS abondoDed uDd he filled respausible
positioas in connection with tlie Bank of
Slanebester and the Manchester and Sal-
ford Bank. His leisure was deTot«d to
liteTOTj and archsological studies, and to
the extension of the oRertorj «vstem in the
church of England. He was a fi^Uow of the
SocieTj of Antiauariea of Scotland, a mem-
ber of the Roval Society of Literature, and
of various lo^l associations. He wrote;
1. ' Plan for the Endowment of the Church
of St. Andrew, Ancoats, Manchester,' Man-
cheeter, IBVi (anonymous). 2. 'The Neces-
eily and Advantwes of a Bankers' Clearing
House: addressed to theCommercial Public
of Manchester,' Manchester, 1647. 3. 'The
Dutj of Increasing the Stipends of the Man-
chester Clergy, stated and proved by a prac-
tical example,' Mnncheater, 1852 (anony-
mous). 4. ' Some Remarks on " The Deaerted
Village" of Oliver Goldsmith,' Manchester, '
1862. The poet Is here surveyed from the
etandpoint of a political economist, j
Caw had the reputation of an earnest- '
minded man of liberal disposition and intel- '
lectual fivmpathiea. He is buried at St. i
Luke's, Cheetbam Hill, and there is a me- I
morial of him in the church of St. Andrew, |
AncoaiB, of which be was a benefactor. i
[Orindon'f Manehnstor Biinks nnil Banken; I
Uancbntcr Courier, 30 Oct 18S8 ; ProcBedlngs
of I^turaty tind PhiloaophicBl Sucietj of Hnn-
ehsator, 1868; Ciitnlugue of the Alancheiitor
Public I'ete Librarj.] W. E. A. A.
CAWDEUi, JAMES (A 1800), drama-
tist, was the manager and chief rnmedian of
Totious thRBtres in the north of England, in-
cluding those of Scarborough, Sunderland,
«nd Shields. He retinjd from the Htage in
1796, bsTing disposed of his property to Mr.
Stephen Kemble, and di&d at Durham in
January 1800. He puhliabeJ a volume of
poems m 1764 or 176.~i, and wag the author
.of tlia following dramatic pieces: 1. 'Ap-
peal to the Muses,' 1776. 'J. '.Melpomene's
<)vertlirow,*a mock musijue, 1778. 3. 'Trump
of Genius,' 1785. 4. ' Apollo'^ Holjdav.' a
yrel ude. 1 792. 6. * Battered Batavians,' 1798,
[Bukvr's Biijgraphia BramAticB.^
CAWDRTT, DANIEL (15eS-l6(U), non-
fonformiat dirine, whs the youngest eon of
Robert Cawdry.not of Zacbarv(^wdry, vicar
of Melton Mowbray, na Mr. >'ichoLs supposes
ffittory Iff LtiMiterihire). lie wna edu-
caled at Peterhoiue, Cambridire, and was in-
stituted to the living of Great Billing, North-
amptonshire, in 1^25, ' in the presentation of
the king bv wardship of Cbiistopher Hatton,
esq.' He became one of the leading mem-
bers of the assembly of divines appointed by
parliament in IBilfor the regtilation of reli-
gion. He was one of the presby terian ministers
who signed the address to the Lord General
Fairfax remonstrating against all personal
violence against the king. At the Restoration
he was recommended to Lord Clarendon for a
bishopric. Instead, however, of coTeting fur-
ther promotion, he refused to submit to the
Act of Uniformity in 166^, and was ejected
from his benefice, upon which he retired to
Wellingborough, where he died in October
1064 in his Beventy-eixth year. He was an
able and voluminous writer of controversial
divinity, both against the Anglicans on the
one aide and the independents on the other ;
and be measured swordB with two of the ablest
advocatesof both, Henry Hammond and John
Owen. The titles of his works tell their own
tales. The pKncipal of them ate : I. ' Sab-
batum Redtvivum ; or, the Christian Sab-
bath vindicated,' 164.1, S. 'The Inconsis-
tency of the Independent Way with Scrip-
ture and itself,' 1661. 3. 'An Answer to
Mr. Giles Firmin'n Questions concerning
Baptism.' 1852. 4. 'A Diatribe concerning
Superstition, Will-worship, and the Christ-
maa Festival,' 1654. 5. ' Independence, a
Great Schism, proved against Dr. (.fohn)
Owen's -■ipology,' 1857. 6, 'Sun*eyof Dr.
Owen's Iteview of bis Treatise on Schism,'
1658. 7. ' .\ Vindication of the Diatribe
against Dr. nanunond ; or, the Account
audited and discounted,' IBSS, 8. ■ Bovriug
towards the Altar Superstitious; being an
onswer tji Dr. Duncan a " Determination," '
1661. He also published several deiotional
works, and a greot number of single sermons,
[BakerV BistJiry of Northaniptonehire, p. 23 ;
Duiiicl Cawdry'a Works ; Prtliiier's Memorial, iii,
27.] J. H. O.
CAWDRT, ZACH-iRY (1816-1084),
author of the ' Discourse of Patronage,' was
bom in 1616 at Melton Mowbray, of which
toim bis father, also called Zochary, wna
vicar. Hcwaseducatedforaevenyearsat the
free school at Mel Ion, and went thence, at the
age of sixteen, to St. .lobu's Col]*'ge, Cam-
Iffidge, where he was ' sub or proper siiar to
the then master, Dr. Humphrey Gower.' In
164^ be look hie M.A. degree, and in 164»
his death \a 1664, and was buried tliei
his wife, Helen, and bis verydear pupil, John
Cawley
378
Cawley
Crewe.' His one title to fame is his * Dis-
course of Patronage/ which, though little
more than a pamphlet (it contains only forty-
five pages), well deserves to escape oblivion.
It gives a very lucid and sensible account of
the subject, written with great vigour and
eloauence, and closes with an earnest ap-
peal for reform. Its full title is 'A Dis-
course of Patronage; being a Modest Enmiiry
into the Original of it, and a further Tro-
secution of the History of it, with a True
Account of the Original and Rise of Vicar-
ages, and a Proposal for the Enlar^ng their
Kevenues. Also an Humble Supplication to
the Pious Nobility and Gentry to endeavour
the Prevention 01 Abuses of the Honorary
Trust of Patronage, with a Proposal of some
Expedients for regulating it, most agreeable
to Primitive Pattern ; wherein at once the
just Rights of Patrons are secured, and the
People's Liberty of Election of their own
Minister in a great measure indulged. By
Z. Cawdry, 1675.' The little work is divided
into seven chapters, which treat respectively
of (1) The Original of the Evangelical Minis-
try, showing the Primitive Church to have
been not Parochial, but Diocesan. (2) The
Maintenance of the Clerjjy in Primitive
Churches. (3) Tlie Donation of Tithes by
Kings and Emperors. (4) The Original of
Patronage by Donation of Manse and Glebe.
(5) The Original of Impropriation and Vi-
carages. (6) Mischiefs of Simony. (7) A
Supplication to the Nobility and Gentry.
The only other publication of Cawdry ex-
tant is a single sermon preached at Boden
in Cheshire, at the funeral of Lord Delamere,
better known as Sir George Booth, whose
rising in 16o9 * gave ' (to use the language
of the preacher) * the first warm and invigo-
rating spring-beam to the frostnipt loyalty
of the nation.'
[Ormerod's Hist, of Cheshire ; Nichols's Hist,
and Antiq. of Leicestershire, ii. 269; Cawdry's
Discourse and Sermons.] J. H. 0.
CAWLEY, WILLIAM (1602-1666?),
regicide, was the eldest son of John Cawley,
a brewer of Chichester, who was three times
mayor. The date of his baptism, as entered
in the register for the parish of St. Andrew^s,
is 3 Nov. 1602. John Cawley died in 1621,
bequeathing his property to William, who
became one of the richest and most influential
men in Western Sussex. Soon after he had
succeeded to his inheritance he expended
some of it in the foundation of a hospital
outside North Gate, Chichester, for ten poor
and aged persons of both sexes. The house
was completed in 1626, including the chapel,
which was dedicated to St. Bartholomew,
and consecrated by the bishop of Chichester^
G^rge Carleton. There is a long account
of the ceremony in ' Chichester Cathedral
Records ' (liber K).
At the beginning of the reiffn of Charles I
persons possessed of lands to tne value of 40/.
per annum or upwards were ordered to take
up their knighthood under the so-called sta*
tute de milttibtu (6 Edward I). In January
1628-9 commissioners were appointed to ex-
tort a composition from all who declined to
obey the order. In the majority of cases a
composition of 10/. was accepted, but the
name of * William Cawley, gent.' appears in
the return {Book of Oompontion in Record
Office) as having compounded for 14/.
From the beginning of the civil troubles
Cawley was a €^ paniamentarian. He was
elected M.P. for Chichester in 1627 ; but this
parliament was dissolved in less than a year,
and throughout the Long parliament he sat
as member for Midhurst. When Chichester
was surprised hy a party of royalists in No-
vember 1642, Cawley brought the news to
Colonel Morley, one of the most active of the
parliamentary officers, and the successful ex-
pedition of Sir William Waller into Sussex
followed, in which Chichester was retaken
on 29 Dec. 1642, after a siege of eight days.
Cawley took the covenant on 6 June 1643, the
same day on which it was signed by Selden and
Cromwell. He was appointed by the House
of Commons one of tbe commissioners * for
demolishing superstitious pictures and monu-
ments * in Lonaon, and he was selected to re-
turn thanks to the divines who had preached
before parliament on the * fast day,' 28 Au^.
1644, for * the nains' they had taken * in their
sermons.' Unaer an ordinance of parliament^
made 31 March 1643, he was appointed one
of the commissioners for the sequestration of
the estates real and personal of those who
had raised or should raise arms against the
parliament or contribute any aid to the king's
forces. On 6 June in the same year the estates
of the Bishop of Chichester, Lord Montague
of Cowdray, and others were sequestrated
under this ordinance, and in February 1644
Cawley was empowered by parliament to
pay Hhree able preaching ministers 100/.
per annum out of the confiscat'Od estates
of the dean and chapter until the revenues
of the said dean and chapter in general
shall be fixed.' In 1646 this allowance 'was
augmented to 150/. Cawley was one of the
members of the high court of justice ap-
pointed by parliament in 1648 to try the
king for treason. He attended every meeting
of the court and signed the sentence which
condemned the kinff to death. He was made
one of the council of state in 1660-1, and
^^^^^ Cawood 37
II commiBeioDcr uid sequestrator for Sussex.
lie bought the manor of WnrtUng, nenr
Uastinge, out of the «it«t«8 of Lord Craven,
and two iQiinurs which had beloiiKed to the
crovrn in the parish of West Hampoett,
near Chichiiater. In the CouveDtiou par-
liament of 1659 he was one of the few reei-
cides who obt-ained a seat, beine elected for
Chichester along with Ilenty Pelham ; but
after the Reetoration, 1 600, hia name apiwara
among thme who wore absolutely excepted
from pardon, and he fled for refuge, £rBt to
Belgium, and afterwards to Switzerland,
where he died at Vevey in H(66. The place
of his burial was not certainly known until
a few years ago, when a tomb was discovered '
beneath the boarded floor of the church of
St. Martin at Vevey, bearing the following
in»CTiption:'Iiiejacettabernflculuniterrestro
Oulielmi Cawley, armigeri Angticani, nup.
de Ciceatria in comitatu Susbbzis, qui, post'
quam state sua inserrivit Dei consilio, obdor-
mivite Jan. 1666, mtat.suEc63.' There is a
tr»dition that his remains were afterwards
transported to England, and buried in the [
vault under the chapel of his hoepitnl at
Chichester. This W8« opened in 1883, and
A leaden case enclosing a male skeleton was I
found there, but it bore no inscription. His .
him, on the grounds that most of it had
been settled on him at his marriage, that his
&ther-ia-law's estate had been sequestrated
fi>r his loyalty, and that he himself had
earnestly entreated his father not to 'enter
the detestable plot,' meaning the king's trial.
The petition, however, does not seem to have
been succeasful, and moat of Cawley's pro-
perty was bestowed on the Duke of iork,
afterward!' James 11. The memory of his
name is still preserved in 'Cawley Lane,"
at Rumboldswyke, close to Chichester, and
' Cawley I'riory,' a house in the city which
stands on the site of his residence.
A portrait of Cawley has been preserved
in his hospital, now converted into a work-
housa. It was token when he was about
eighteen years of age, and represents him as
a dark-eyed and dark-complexioned refined-
looking youth, with a laced collar and laced
cuS'a.
[Noblo'g Histoty of the Regicides, i. UG;
History of tho King-KillflrB, i. oO; Daltnvny's
Western Sussex, vol. i. ; Journals of the Houm
of Oonunoas ; Sustcx Acclwolog. Journal, vols.
r. siii. xix. xxxiv. ; Fleet's Olimpues of our Ao-
eestors, Ixt series, p. 164.] W. R. W. S,
CAWOOD, JOnN (1G14-IG72), printer,
vu of on old Voikatiira iiunily, as set forth
9 Cawood
in a book at the Heralds' office, which has
the entiT, 'Cawood, Typographiis Regius
Regime Mariffi,' and gives the arms and de-
scription of the De Cawoods of Cawoud, near
York. He was bom in 1514, and apprenticed
10 John Kaynes, printer, whose portrait,
along with his own, he gave to the Company
of Stationers of London, as noted in the
warden's accounts, July 1561. Their place
of busineijs was the George Inn, St. Paul'a
Churchyard, When he printed for himself
he was established at the sign of the Holy
Ghost in St. Paul's Churchyard. The first
booksiven to him in the Lambeth list of books
is ' a Bible and New Testament,' 4to, 1 549, but
the authority is not stated. From 1650, how-
ever, to the year of his death, his successive
publications, fifty-nine in number, are fairly
recorded in the ' 'Typographical Antiquities ' of
Ames, Herbert, and Dibdin (London, 1619).
In 1663, in the reign of Edward VI, llichard
Grafton, being queen's printer, was employed
to print the proclamation by which Lady
Jane Grey was declared successor to the
crown, by virtue of the measures of the Duke
of Northumberland, her father-in-law ; but
on Queen Mary's accession, he was deprived
of his office and imprisoned, and Cawood wae
put in his place n-ith directions to print, at
the salary of 6/. lar. 4rf., aU ' statute books,
acts, proclamations, injunctions, and other
volumes and things,' in English, with the
profit appertaining, and also with the right,
on Reginald Wolie 's decease, to print and sell
books in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, when he
was to receive an additional 18*. 8d. per an-
num. On Queen Elizabeth's accessionlie waa
appointed printer to the queen, by patent
24 March 1660, on similar conditions, but
jointly with Richard Rugge, who was made
the senior. For this branch of the business
he and his partner rented a room at Sta-
tioners' Hall for ' IX*.' a year.
Cawood was elected warden to the Sta-
tioners" Company in 1564, and was re-elected
1556-7. On 4 May 1656 this institution {a
guild as early as 1403) received its first chat-
ter, HTHnted to the ' master and keepers or
wardens and commoneltv of the mystexr or
art of the stationers of Uie city of London,'
which gave remarkable rights over all lite-
rarv compositions, and power to search for
all books obnoxious to the stationers or con-
trary to law. This charter appoints Thomas
DocWray, master : John Cawood and Henry
Coke, wardens ; and ninety-four others free-
men. At the suit of Cawood and others,
1 Feb. 1560, the lord mayor created the in-
corporated fellowship of the stationers into
one of the livery companies of the city of
Loudon. Oawood was three limes master.
Cawston 3-^ Cawthom
in 'CA ''TjiZiCtirirf Companj. tlie ?»sifin^r3 b^ tiie ^nci^n: KASntiss 'zbmz e^di T«vlbr
^hr,T^ fritn •imft tr, ".iaift «;nii» ^:h:rv«i Tala«- ^^-tr La. TiLft :ir?ft z»ner&I ppxeaskiiu a fpecial
Ar,ii» gr.iTA fr;m h..3i. :nAiiui:n^ »bj^ ' paTiHir. r^om .TUffl iTa T'.c a ftiii:alid be mAtfe oC lu'
jr. 7»n V.y r.Ar-A<iA 'hi*r*irtj»\ vjoixnisa irawsi joiii * i -Ijir. .««^- 17± Jjlxes HztwoobVCJ-
tr, •j-»i% ^t;uv7r.n«^* H:a aaaift L«* jjuzui bus UKtiiig ^/ SriEtvt^ f^r Camandge^ p^ 175 l
f.r.r'.f: r.r. 'r.«^ hUr.ic IL-ir. aniri riutr i& l-SfS»3. * for C&'vscnn'' aiiuiilzciim» i^ al^o laui to bare
cr'l.>r^ of r.r.i% hr.Tr-<%/ whien hft acrt 4Lr:iiiia hl^ -La« ia. db* TxiT-raitV, hid oifu to their
fifh^ir^ x^r^^ tzfiA i^. rjrf. LTirarjis b<iii2 •p^ciAUr cijaunemorated. A
ff.* -c^A "hHfift marriert- Bj iiL* *myjrLd note ia. one ot *hi* ToLiiaies preaenredbyluB
ar.r! •K.r'i w:T*r*^ whc^i naxne^ ir* aiiioiown, to P*t*riioade -iiscnbe* Iiija a« holding, be-
hfz h;wi r.o ch.!fir*n- hj hU trsi: wii:, Joane *;«itr?* hij Caznbri<i«r» o&«. the prefenoeBt
. T.f: hA/i r.hr**: ViFji and four dau^atrrPL of lii^n. of Cbicix»ia«« (Cajctes. p.36t Hii
John. ba/':K*rior of La'w^, fellow of N;^w Col- nanifr iotaj net occur in Le N*ve'« li« lahi
l^*. fni\Tri ^d. 1570 1, -w-a.* prorAoij rhr *r^pra. i, :!.>$i; brir bepr thf»r» i« a gap of i
Jof.n Cawyl thft yoaii;r«?r 'who rrio* ^ip hL* n iaio^rr of t-ats becweirii the elcTation of
fr «:*^om ir; r\.^, T'^K'^Vxi^r^ Com pan 7 1- Mav l>pjin RiohArd l* Scrip* to rhe bishopric of
1-VJ-' : ^/*orl*:I, al.v* a prinr^r. "wm maA'rr -.f iVbichrstrr in 1-3*3 and the next name in
th^ ."^tAr.ioT*ftr«'' Company l-Sfc. I-'iCK): E«i- th* ■^rrl-rs, that of John de Mavdi*nhith. who
Tnf»xA(d, \-9li)\: Mary. wLo*<i yii^-^ to •hi.-- rn:»:rz»:« in 14<".0. Ic :? namral then to place
/y.-Tif Any ar<: r«?<';ord*;d iiiid^r ItJ<>*, IrJl^J. CaTTiTrin i
Tf.firr.trfi fi':fjr'/h l>i.-}:.op. dftpur j-pTinr*:r :o " ?i-: 1 acrordinz
in thi« intrrvaL He died in 13K
to Peacock. Oi^rratum$ on the
Uft:k ; and iSarbara, wife of Mark Norton. Le KErx. Lc.'l is apparent! v a misprint.
r:*wvjl di.rd ! April 1072 H-r wa.s buried rA^thori-i* mentioned a?oW] R. L. P.
at .V. pAitK ^ under .v. I'aul>. where a tomb ■- -•
'T;mf;';rl«;y'- Kr.ryclof/<#ylia. py>. 318, 321. 350. first s»rnt to the ShtrrtiHld frrammar scho.)},
.'i7S. 411, li?. i'f'i; hymtsr'-i fViid^ra, 20 I-ir.c where h*- displayed some litemri- talent by
I/7.*».'J; Ni'ii'ij^'H Li^. An*?*.-'!, iii. 5-51-2, ooo, 550. tryinsT to e.stablish a periotlical, "The Tea-
■Wi, iViH, 5H7 ; Ni'hol-*« Jllu*r. iv. 176,177.105. Table.' He wa.« removed to tin* grammar
2//!] AmiM\Ty^^,Lrr,\uUq. (l)i\A'm\ 1818), iv. g^-hrK,! ofKirkbvI^nsdalein 17:V): heinl7:36
:jH5; Wh#;nl«-rft M.cr ;uni and C-AwtMA (IS12); Jxrcame a>*istant-tearher at Hot herham school.
uK^i.ftant to a schoolmaster in Soho Square.
fJAWHTON or CAU8T0N, MICHAEL Abrmt 1743 he married Man, this school.
iir.id. 1 'fliri ), niOMt^T of Micha*4hon.se, Cam- mo.^^ter'r) daughter; wa^ ordained and was
bridjj*', wuH u Norfolk innn (('aktp:r, IliJttory elffCted head-master of Tonbridge grammar
of (*nmftrid*jfi/\. 40'{)t preHiimHbly a native school. In 1746 he published 'Abelard and
<if t \n\ villn^e of Cuw.ston, alK)ut twelve miles Ilelcise ' in the * Poetical Calendar ; ' in 1748
north-west of Norwich, lie Ix'cnme fellow 1 he published a sermon, on the title-pagv of
of I'ernhroke (.'ollcfjrr*, (/amhridge (LeKeux, , which he describes himself as M.A. He ej?-
Mt'TtutrinU of ('nmhridt/pj i. WJ, ed. C H. | tablished a library in Ids school and wrote
i/ooiM-r), d^Mrtor of divinity, and master of ' Annual Visitation Poems,* and other trifles.
MicliuelhoiiHe. HIh appointment as master ! On lo April 1761 he was thrown from his
wuM npnun'ntly made Hubsequently to 1859,
when Willifiiii of Gotham is mentioned as
holding lliiit otHce ((-AKTEU, p. .*MK5). In
VMW (or VMVI, as Lk Nkve gives the date,
J'fmfif iii. olW, «kI. linrdy) Cawston was chan-
ctillor of his university. He is famous as
horse and killed.
Cawthom was buried in Tonbridge church,
where a marble slab with a Latin epitaph
was put up for him, and verses were printed
to his memory hy Lord Eardler in the ' (Jen-
tleman*8 Magazine/ xzxL 232. His poems
1, wLen they wer
-vreTe not collected till
published by eubecripti
Cawthfim was included among ' Eiigliah
Poets* in Johnson's edition, though not tiU
1790 (toI. 1st.) ; in PnA's ■ British Poeta,' i
1808 (*-ol. iv.) ; in Piatt's ' Cabinet of Poetry,'
same rear (yoL t.); in Sanibrd'a 'Britisli '
Poe(a,M8l9(Tol.iiiv.); in the Chiawick ed. ,
1B22 (toI, k.); >n C;iialuier»'g ed. (vol.xir.);
in Amieraoo's, and others; while his ' Abe-
lard and Heloise' was also separately col-
lected, with Pope's ' Epistle,' twice at least,
vii. in 160.') and 1816. |
[Gent. Ha^. 1791. rot. lii. pt. ii. pp. 1081-3 .
(where is a hsC of the seliolsrH who cacitod tha
Viutation Focimg). vol. Iiii. pt, i, p. 68 ; Chal-
mera's Kocbsh PoeM. xiv. i29 -. MontUly Revisir. ,
iIt. 1-.%9. 33a.] J, H. !
CAWTON, THOMAS, the elder (160o- !
1659 1. divine, was bom st Rainhsm, Norfolk, I
inl6U5. HewaasentloQueens'Coll«(e,Cam- j
bridge, by Sir Roger Townsbend, and became |
eo remarkable forhiB piety, thst profane scho- I
lars used 'Cawtoniat ss'Simoonite' or 'Pu-
Beyite 'were used more recenily. Aft*r seven'
3'ears at Cambridge, he studied theology nt
the house of Herbert Palmer, the puritan I
vicar of Ashwell. He was then for four years
chaplain to Sir William Anoine of Chion,
Nortbaraptonshire, and in 1637 was presented
by Sir K^^ Townahend to the vicarage of
Wivenhoe, Essei, where he persuaded his
parishioners not to sell fish on Simday. He
married Elizabeth, daughter of William Jen-
kin, a prencher of Sudbury, and sister of Wil-
liam Jenkia, ejected in 1663. Seven years
laterhebecameministerof St. Bartholomew's,
Ijondon. He joined in the declaration of the
IjOndonministe rs against thedeathof Charles,
and preached a sermon before the mayor and
aldermen at Mercers' Chapel on 25 Feb. 1648-
1&49, when be prayed for the royal family
and Charles 11. He woa brought before tlie
council of stale, and, refusing to recant, was
committed to the Oatehonse. He was re-
leaaed with other prisoners on 14 Aug. 1649
AS a thanksgiving for Jones's victory in Ire-
land. He was concerned with his brolher-iu-
)aw, William Jenkin, and others, in the plot
to support Charles in Scotland, for which
Christopher Love [q. v.] was executed on
22 Aug. 1651. and escaped lo Holland, where
he woa chosen pastor of (he English church
in Rotterdam. Here he became acquainted
with many eminent men, and took paius to
encouragi- Cast^ll'.i ' Lexicon Heptaglotton,'
and Walton's polyglot bible. On* Nov. 16.>8
Charles H oddre^ed a letter to liiin, profesa-
' ~g his xeol for the protostant faith, and re-
'~*ing Cawton to defend him among the
!i tiiiniBt«rs (Nkal, Puritant, iv. 233).
ir Caxton
Cawton died at Rotterdam on 7 Aug. 16r>9.
He is said to have been a man of great leam-
tng as well as piety, but the only work as-
cribed to bim la the sermon above mentioned.
His son, 1'hoxab Cawtok the younger,
learned the oriental laugunges under his lather
at Rotterdani, and studied for three years at
Utrecht. He afterwards entered Merton Col-
lege to be near Samuel Clarke (1623-1669),
the orientalist, He graduated B,A. in 1660,
when he produced high testimonials to his
oriental knowledgu from Professor Leusden of
Utrecht. He wrote a copy of Hebrew verses
on the Restoration, and was ordained in 1S6I,
but refusing lo conform in 1 662, left the uni-
versity and bi^came chaplain to Sir Anthony
Irby. In the plague year Irhy retired to Lin-
colnshire, which did not suit Cawton's health.
He then became chaplain to Lady ( Mary) Ar-
mine [q.v.], and coUftoted a congregation in
Westmmster. He died on 10 April 167T,
aged about forty, and was buried iu the new
church at Tothill Street, Westminster. His
congregation obeyed his dying retjiiest by ap-
EnntingVincentAlsoprq.v.Jas his successor,
alamy and Kippiswerelater successors in the
same pastorate. Cawlonwrote: I. 'Philologi
mixti disputAtio nona, quoj est de Versione
Syriaca vet. et novi Teatamenli,' Utrecht,
1U57 fan elaborate discussion of the authenti-
city, date, and value of the Syriac versions).
2.'I>ispiitationuminTlieolojfiaNat,Hraliae!ec-
tarum Decima septa, continens Decisionem
Quffistionis: Au Deus creare possit creaturam
perfect issimam.^' Utrecht, 1668. 3. ' Disser-
tatio de usu lingufe Hebraicte inPhilosophia
Theoretiea,' Utrecht, 1659. 4. 'Life and
Death of . .. Thomas Cawton ' (together with
h is father's portrai tandsermon noticed above) ,
1662. 5. ' Balaam's Wish, a sermon,' 1670.
[LifeofT.Cuwlon. 1682; Wood's AthenffiOxon.
(Bliss), iii. I lOS; Puimer'K Calamy, i. 2S2; Nwl's
Hist, of the Puritans, iv. 233. 244 ; Brook's Idles
of the Puritans, iii. 32(Ui3; Bute's Elonehus, ii.
133 ; Calamv'a Abridgement, li. 73; Funeral ser-
^ moiisbyH. burst sncTW-ViQceat; Kippis'a Biog.
I Brit. ; Graugsr, iii. 47 ; Wilson's Biasanling
' ChuriJits. i. 335. iv. 50-DS.] |
CAXTON, WILLIAM (1432P-I49I),
the first Enghah printer, was born, according
to hia own account, ' in Kent in the Weeld.
The name was usually pronoimced Cnuxton,
and often written Causion, and Kentish an-
tiquaries connect Caxton's family with the
CuustOQS or Caxtons who held a monor of
the same name near Hadlow in the Weald of
Kent in the thirteenth century. Before the
fifteenth century the manor had passed into
other hands, but offshoots of the family ap-
Kor to have been still settled in the neigh-
urhood and in Essex. A William de Cuua-
^ . "^— IXZil
s* ::t
• ^ — m -•
i»r*-
in.
■^ • •^ — ^
% ..r
t •• (
:. EL Tin.—. ■^- "T-— ». LUTL^ "^^trcAi-A
l~' »1 UT'l -TT«
.:- ir-m-L "a
.^
•>•
V
.1*
'I-
V u
- 1
\"
V
- - - -■»
1 ... ..
> >
I. ■■
/
\
I.
» •■ « •
■ »
irU
« ■ « ^^ #•
« J ■ ■ ' r '
# ■/■•■!
■t.
V t «
__i ■ ._ .
• . - ,*,■_■•''. I * 1 * ■-— ZJi2. I ''^ *.• A . ■■< 1^ 14'.''*
• •.:-". :..-.::- i*: ■:.- >I-r>-r- •■ :r:*i:. 7.
:• ;. II : - • Lr.T.r-.-r^. T:.- i-i"h f I »:"»•?
." -.r!-- ":.' IV. ". i :".wv-i ~ !•••-?« -n d V-r!>r
-,-.- : . ■ -_• • T. o .Tir.. '. ■i'.-. E.i"5%ar! \W *:-'rr,
" :. -: > r i r J i r-r" . :r. >- rr:- : : Lr r . -w • : . i kr * t ] ir . ijrs
■>- i*. : .:. "?.- f ■'.:■'■»■• Tir '"o". V.-T Caxt'"^n. uirh
:•-.• •-*-, Hr.jl:-h -r.\ vi. Trn» al-le t*"* i^nrw the
i-!" ^I : *r\if\\x.z rr]:i*: r." Ij^'Wcr-n tli»- two i*oun-
r« • ■.. '. :i ..." ' .'-■..■ •' :. '-'.wf.- ■ . .... i.. * 'jix'onjipj^rar^T'i have f"un«i iim»?forTni-
l.i '»',/,•", fi j"'i f'.r *!'■ J/-.':' '/f .*.>^. vv.-*' in v-ilinfir and t'lr lit^-rarv pur*niTs in Th»*.se hii*y
»J.i 1^,7, '',.»•»,« ■• ' ;i\''.ri'-;ii»j.r-riM''-h p y-Hr-. II'* vi-iT»rd Utr»'oht in 144*4. l4t*>o,
|;..fi'l I. II I 11''. .'.K'h li'- w-nt into hii-ifi' -- Jirid 14*'i7, and in March 14ftS-9 befjan to
|i,f Jujii' K 'it Ufii^'i ■. fn I I.ViIh- li-'Jirii*! tpan«laTe intoEnpli#'h,asapreA-entiveairainst
iir. iv i»i l.« li'ill '.I iiri'iJ|j<r Kiij(ii'li [ii'-rrliiint \AV\\i'>^ iXw tells ii«), thn popular mofliaval
|.,ril.< i.iiviiH nJ ol 110/ II i^/ri'il'Mini" |in»- p.niiinre/ !>' Ilecu»'il des IlistoiresdeTrny,';
.„ , ,, . .,ii.l IN I I.VI li'- imi'l n l»riif' \ i-it In f-atiT in 14J59 he was called on to arbitrate
l.'.ii.l'iii In IniiiHilly 'ii»«r lli'-liviT\ of tin* in H romin«!rcial dispute at l^rujres betwtH?n
\I. f I. I ;■«■*. iiijiiiiiv.il irrnol, in H|»it«- of tin- ah- u (n-norsi' and an Elnplish merchant, but
.11111 1,1 iliii'i t dnriiini-nliiry '•vidfuci', ihat he "
liiid nlii ii'U Im rnni<- ii IVi'i'iniin of tli'* ^nild.
Mm im \|iiiI I hi** I'Mwnnl IV jfnmti-d ihi*
Ml iiliiiiil AdMiiluriTs nn HHMN'inlion of
t<'in]»orar}- alisenct; from IJruges preveut«-d
him from sifniin^ the final award (dattni
iL' May I4mM. On 13 Aug. 14419 he received
a ffiftdf wine, himoriM cauM, apparently in
Caxton
Caxton
Ub capadtf of governor. But this is the
lut d&te at wbich he appears to have been ,
fillfilliiie the duties of his commercial ofEce. I
Ths Ensliah princess who had become
DackcM nf Burgundv in 1406 showed Cax-
ton much attention from her ttret arrival in |
the Low Countries, and when lier brother i
Edward IV took refuge in Fknders in Oc-
tobio- 14T0 from the succewful rebellion of I
lh» Earl of Warwick, there is little doubt
tliAt Cnxton was brought into personal re-
lations with him. Before March 1470-1 Cax-
ton had whollv relinquished bis commerciul
Sursuits for tlie boueebold sen-ice of ibe |
ufilieas. Doubtless this change wae due to i
an increaaiug desire on his part for leisure in
-which to easay various literary enterprises.
In 1471, white at Obent, he busily emploj'ed :
himself in completing the translation of Le
Recaeil,' which he had neglected for two .
-veais, and on 19 Sept. 1471 the work was |
^nished at Cologne. Tiie book was in great
demand, and, in order to multiply copies with I
the greater ease, Cailon (as he tells ns in his
' Prologe ') resolved to put himself to the
pains of learning the newly discovered art I
of printing, I
Inall likelihood 1474 was tlievear in which '
'The Recuyell " was printed. iTiis, the first
English book printed, gives no indication of
time or place, and the date and the exact
dreumslonces of its publication have been,
in the alMeni^e of precise evidence, the sub-
i'ect of much controversy. At Bruges there '
ind a skilful caligrapher named Colard
Msnaiou, who set up a press in that city for '
the first time about 1473. Hr. Blades states I
that Caxton probably supplied Mansion with |
money to carry out his enterprise, andplaced '
himself under Mansion's tuition at Bruges. ,
Tliit OBXt<)n and Mansion were aciiuainted j
with one another is not disputed. But Ca.x-
ton'e esplicit mention of Cologne as the place
in which he finished bis translation in 1471,
and the remark of Caxtou's auccesiwr, Wyn-
liyn de Worde, that Caxton printed a Latin '
book, ' Bartholomseus de Proprietatibua Ro-
nun, at Cologne (W. de Wohde, Proheme |
to fait ed. nf florWo/offKBt«,n.d.), powerfully j
mppnrt the conclusion that Caxton was as- ,
•oouilcd with Cologne in his i-arly printing [
'Bfcuycir
in Cologne boiiks of tire time, and the pre-
Mncfl there of most, though not aU, the
technical jioinls found in the early boohs of
' 'spre!is,|Kiint to Ibe conclusion that
c
Caxton, having learned printing at Cologne,
returned to Bruges about 1471, and printed
the ' Kecuyell' at Mansion's press there.
On 81 March 1474-6 Oaxton states that be
completed another translation — 'TheQame
and Plsye of the Cbesse' — from Jean de
Vi^y's French version (1360)<'f J. de Ces-
sohs's 'Ludus Scacchorum.' Tliis was the
second English book printed. The same types
were used as in the case of 'The Recuyell,'
and although it also iawithout printer's name,
Since, or date, it may be referred to Colard
. [aniiicm's press at Bruges and dated 1475,
' I did do Kel [it] in imurinte,' writes Caxton
when bringing out a lat*r edition, and the
t!Xpressioii probably means that be caused it
to oe printed, but did not actually print it
with bis own hands.
In 147G Caxton left Bruges to practise his
newly acquired art in his native country,
and on IS Nov. 1477 be printed at West-
minster a book called ' The Dictea and Say-
inps of the Philosophers.' This work con-
tains a colophon giving for the first time the
name of printer, tlte place of publication, and
date. Lord Spencers copy at Allhorpe aun-
pliea the day of the month. ' The Dictea ' is
undoubtedly the first book printed in Eng-
land. Its type, though dissimilar from tbnt
of the two former Iwoks in which Caxton
had been concerned, is identical with that
used in Mansion's later books. It is there- *■
fore probable that Caxton brought to West-
minster his printing apparatus from Brutes.
Tlie translation (from the French ' 1*8 uits
moTDux des philosophes') was from the pen
of Knrl Rivers, but was revised at ihe earl's
request by Cuxt on, who added a prologue and a
chapter ' touchvng wymmen.' The 'History
of Jaaon,' an English translation of Rooul
Lefevre's ' Lea Fais . . . du , . . Che\'alier
Jasmi,* which seems to have been first printed
by Mansion about 1476, was another early
Siblication of Caxton's Westminster presa,
ut the claim of precedence over the 'Dictes.'
OS the first book [irinted in England, which
has been put forward in ita bchiilf, rests on
shadowy evidence.
From 1477 to 1491 Caxton was busily em-
ployed in printing and translating. His
later assistant, Robert. C-opland, in the pro-
logue to bis edition of 'Kxnge Apolyn of
Thyre,' speaks of Caxton ■ begynuj-nge with
small sloryes and pnmfletes and so lo other,'
but it would seem that Caxton was more am-
bitious from the first. Chaucer's ' Canterbury
Tales,' a large folio, was one of his early ven-
tures, and although be printed veij- many
'lIorR',' 'Indulgeuliie.' Siinim service hooka,
and other ecclt«iagrical handbooks, together
with many brief pamphlets of po«ms and
Caxton 3S4 Caxton
bi^fcif . -T --iT^T --r=i5 : ? bare e>p:±a^liim- of Woreester were not only intimate friends
L^ T/---T::: > It- : imc-i iif . L Lc4 f biVKs. many attentions. ' To Rfchaid mQixtaiX
F-: Lvi^tr aiLi «-^:Trrr. b-*.i-? Chaucer, dicated his * Order of Chivalrv/ HenirVII
-4^'. - i^ii i I>-:c:. version of in winter. Sir John Faatolf eagerly puidiued
•K,?yr.iri t'lt F.x' Uf 1 >. :>^ethrr with hi* hooks, and many rich meroen wete hift
piTijhr^ij^s :: "Lr * -Er.r:i.* jr. vr* s^^me li:e- fastest friends.
rarv :a*:t. I- :b- rpilvrir ::• Cnauovrs In the parish of St. Maiyaret's, Westmin-
• IVvk :: Fizir ' N.\ 47 1^1 >w -he printer ster. where Caxton lived, lie was from th»
crL::::>r> :*::- p-r: '.n & hiirhly hrprvoistive first a man of mark. He audited the paio-
<lir.-. Hif :::.•. ^Try wlIIt in Eturlisdalinost chial accounts for each year from 14*8 to
U=rrf vVUv-P- :..* Hr ir:-:e.:i:: fourteen 14S4. In 1490 his friend William Patt. a
years =:;r? :bin rL^i:-.--r:: :h..:>.»ni paii:^. mercer of London, died, and requested him
tven Tii-i^-:. 2i'.vhAi;:oa.l liK '.ir. covered, but the parish accounts record that
Thv am,v;:v: ot h'.> w:rk a> a Translator is fifteen copies of his 'Golden ].,egend* were
evrn '.n^r>. rtmarkablv. He stares himself 'bequothentothechirch . . . bv AViUiamCax-
:h:\: h:- translated :w-rn-y-%^nr t-^^ks mainly st on/ and other entries describe tbedistribu-
r;!r.anv.v<. :r .^ni rhf Fnn^ h ar.d '.v:e trozn the tion of the books. The printer was buried
b .:t..'h y^- Ki yr.anl : l;e Fox ' •. 1 1:- knowledire in the church of St. Margaret's, Westminster,
of Frenol: was ver\- ThoroiuL, and the num- and in lSi?0 the Roxbui^heChib erected there
Kt or" l.ii::n l>-»'»k> h-/ vindert-^ok leaves little a tablet to his memory. In 1883 a stained-
doubt iliA' lit" wa- :tl<^ acquainte-l with tliat fflass window was also set up in his honour
laniTuaire. A^ a Aohimin^uis tniuslator Cax- by the L^mdon printers and publishers, and
ton d-d s^^mftli-.n^: to tL\ the literary Ian- upon it is emblazoned an inscription by Lord
ffuage of the >'XT''enth tvntiirv. He was Tennysim.
never very I'tenil : he iiuerpola't d some pas- Caxton married probably about 1469. Maud
sHif^^s and pa^apll^a^ed otlieri. Not unnatu- Caxton, who was buried at St. Margaret'*,
rallv liis A^vabiilary lv^rn>ws miieh frmu the AVestminster, in 1490, mav have been his
wanl
matters
j^ve him '201. ' for certain causes and rangement Croppe received, out of a bequest
matters tvrf*irmed :* whether Caxton's ser- of CaxtonV twenty legends 'valued at l^J.-W.
vices in Edwanl's Whalf at Bruges are re- each (Academy, 4 April 1874).
femn^l to, or his magiiiticent enterprise at An interesting discussion has been held as
Westminster, is uncertain. Edward IV is to the exact site of Caxton's house and work-
known to have pa-isessed at least one of Cax- shop in Westminster. In the colophons of
ton's books (^No. .'31 below), and Caxton de- seven books Caxton describee himself as print-
scribes several works as printed under Ed- ing or translating in Westminster Abbey; in
ward's protection. Earl Rivers and the Earl 1 other books he merely states that they woe
minimi Bt WestminRer. Some uf Caxton'fi Bpecial meauine, atul was merely inUnded to
uiofcrnpheTB have stated that Gallon's offic* eimble the public to identiry easily Caiton's
■w«a the scriptoriuin of the abbev, lent to him , wares. The siuall letlere ' s. c' have l)een ex-
liy the abbot (John Eatenej). Then is, how- plained by M. J. P. A. Madden as the initiAhs
#Ter. no proof that Esteney showed Caiton of ' Sancta Coloaia,' i.e. Oologne ; and this
(iny spvL-ial tuTour. Caxton'dedicatednobook ' inlerpretatJon pkys animportanl part iu lii«
to him, and only mentioas Him once in the argument in favour of Cologne rather tbau
pmlr^ue of the 'Enevdofi' (1490), where the llruges as Cuton'sprintingachooL AUIioukIi
printer Blntea that tlie obbot had sent him , no othersu^geationliaibe^ offered, this luoKs
eomeolddocumentsof theabbey with aview too fantastic to be probable. Wynkyn de
to his translating tliem into modern English. Worda adopted Caxlon'a device ns his own
Stow sUle^, very inaccurately, that about afterCaxton'sdefith; buthemoditied thecut,
l471lBlip(whowa8notdeantilil500)erected I and often omitted the « and c, so that it is
'tJae first preaae of booke-printing' in thai parW possible for an cipert to detect the diffenmoe
of ihs abbey preciucts at Westminster imowii | between Carton's trade-mark and that of hie
■s the Almonry, and that Caxton practised pupl and successor.
printing there. In an advertisement sheet i There is no authentic portrait of Qaxton.
iMued tiy Ciutton about 1479, announcing] In Lawia's ' Life' and in Ames's ' Typogra-
■the wU of ' ony jiyes of two and three eo- ; phjoal Antiquities ' a supposed portrait ap-
g of ealisburi vse' (i.e. boolis of, pears, but it-s association with Caxton's name
wiastioal offices), thti printer bids the i j» unwarranted. The print from which it te
— vt 'oome to Weatminsler in to the I in both cases inaccuratelv copied belonged to
«rye at the reed pale.' Mr. Blsdws's John Bagford [q. v.], and is attributed to the
,. ..._ lion is that Caiton rented of the ah- I ■well-known engraver, William Faithome,
I htA'a chamberlain, in the ordinary way of Although Fnitliome and Bagford pretende<J
, 1 house wliich bore the sign »f a that it was an authentic representation of the
red pale, in the ancloayre 'west-simlh-west great printer, Dr. Dibdin discoyerud that it
I af the western front ofth'e abbey.' well known won in reality a reproduction of the portnut
! Almonry, and so called from the pre- of an Italian poet, Burchiello, which is pre-
lumtier of almshoases there, built liied to the 1554 edition (small octavo) of his
it Beaufort, motherof llenrv VII. i«>enia. Failhome is believed to have origi-
tyn de Worde, who occupied Cuxton's imted the fraud, and Bagford is regarded as
MFti
rlcshop for some years after his i
&MtJi, dates many books from 'Caxton's hoiis,'
or 'In domo Cajcston,' at Westminster and
acsr the abbey, but gives no more precise
Anolher difficulty is the meaning of the
device which appears in twelve of Ca\ton's
Imnks, all printed after 1487. The device is
ftnt met with at the end of a ' Sarum Missal.'
This book, of which a unique copy belongs to
Mr. W. J. Legh, was, unlike Caxton's other
books, printedforhimal Paris by W, Mnynayl.
On the arrival of the sheets at Westminster
(hjiton added a leaf with his device upon it,
■ndpubliahed the . - ^^ • ■ ■
iMtwnen the two letters,
The device consists of Caxton's initials
CKpitaU, with a strange interlacement of
vhile n<
rthe
ii Btroke Te$«inhliu^ a small i, and nt
TJ a atroke resembling a amull c. Toe
It is unclosed in floral oorders. The cen-
Blines have been assumed by the best critics
* l)e a fantastic impriui of tbe figures ' 74,'
■ j-^»l a refemnce to the all-important fact that
I t^'^^'' '^'^^° prin'^ii '■he Krst English bonk.
I ^>" cireurasiances attending the first em-
Wnrmcnl of the device prove that Caxlon re-
K*«lrditiLshispeculinrtrede-roark, and may
I *^l)pijrt the conclusion that the design luu no
the engraver's dupe. ^
Caxton printed on papermadeid most case* ~
in the Low Countries, and very rarely used
" " aployedfrom (irBtlt '
! Gothic character, b
closely from the caligraphy at
time tuai many of his books have been mis-
taken for manuacript. He often renewed his
fount, and each fount that he employed dif-
fered in some respect from its prudecesaor,
Caxton never mixed lus founts in his boolis.
The earliest fount, evidently imitated from
contemporary French handwriting, was only
used in Bruges. The second fount, used in
England fi^om 1477 to 1479, was also derived
from Mansion's office, and is known as ' gros
bilarde; 'anew varietyof this fount, employed
in 1479-80, has thinner facings and fewer or-
namantal strokes. Caxton's third distinct
fount, in use from 1479 to 148S, chiefly for
Ijutin books, is imitated from the church t«xt
of the scribes, and closely resembles the later
' black letter.' The fourth fount, in uiie from
1480 to 1485, is smaller than any of iu fore-
runners, and resemblea Caslon's standard
type ; another variety of this fount appeon in
Gower's ' Confessio' (1483) and ' The Knight
of the Tower' (1483). ThafiAh fount, in uh«
tigin 1437 to I491,bAS large Lombardic npi-
Caxton
386
Caxton
tals, and otherwise resembles the third fount.
The sixth and last fount, in use from 1489 to
1491, is not unlike the first fount. Caxton's
books have no title-pages, but prologues and
■^ colophons are not uncommon. Some of the
books, especially poetry and Latin works, have
no punctuation at all ; in others the full point
or colon is used exclusively ; in one (' Paris
and Vienne ') only the long comma ( | ). The
sign If or a coloured capital often indicates the
beginning of a new sentence. The semicolon
was unknown to Caxton, and commas are only
represented by short (,) or long lines (| ). The
Eages were never numbered, but bore at the
ottom a signature, a j, a i j, and so on. The
binding usually consisted of a stiff piece of
Sarchment with the edges turned in, and often
ll(ki out with waste proof sheets. Caxton first
introduced woodcuts into the third edition of
the * Parvus et Magnus Catho' about 1481,
and woodcut initials appear first in the ' Fables
of iEsop,' 1484. The same woodcut is oft«n
used in different books, and to illustrate dif-
ferent subject-matter. It is evident that
Caxton employed several artists. Sure signs
of a genuine Caxton are the absence (1) of
title-pages, (2) of Roman or italic type, (3) of
ordinary commas, (4) of catchwords at the
foot of the page. The British Museum has
no less than eighty- three Caxtons, but of Ikete
twenty-five are duplicates. Lord Spencer
has fifty-seven separate works at Althorp.
The Cambridge University Library has forty-
two separate works, many of them unique,
the Bodleian thirty-four, and the Duke of
Devonshire twenty-five. Thirty-eight of the
102 works or editions known to have been
printed by Caxton are extant only in frag-
ments.
Many fragments of Caxton*8 work have been
found in the bindings of old books in old li-
braries. Mr. Blades records a remarkable
discovery of the fragments of thirteen books
printed by Caxton in the binding of a copy
of Caxton's Chaucer's *Boethius,' found in
1858 in the library of St. Albans grammar
school. Mr. Henry Bradshaw was on many
occasions equally fortunate, and to his biblio-
graphical genius the Cambridge University
Library owes the possession of its many unique
Caxtons and unique Caxton fragments.
In 1877 the four hundredth anniversary of
the publication of the first English-printed
book in England was celebrated by a festival
service in St. Paul's Cathedral (19 June), and
by an exhibition of Caxton's books and early
Erinting appliances (June to September) at
outh Kensington (Bulleht, Cat of Loan
Collection f London, 1877).
The following is a list of the books printed
by Caxton. Asterisks imply that a copy of
the work is in the British Museum ; notes of
interrogation after the dates and places of
publication denote that no mention is made
of them in the book, and that they have been
ascertained approximately by internal eri-
dence ; the numbers enclosed in brackets at
the close of each entry stand for the approxi-
mate number of copies of the work nowJmown
to be extant ; a dagser (t) shows that Caxtoa
mentions in the b(K>k that he was its printer:
1.* 'The Recuyell of the Histories of Tm/
fol. Bruges P (Mansion & Caxton), 1474 ? fej.
2. < The Game and Flay of the Chess Mo-
rallied,' translated by CJaxton ftY>m Jean de
Vignay's French version ofJ.de Cessolis's * Lu-
dus Scacchorum,' folio, 1st edition,* Bruges P
1474-5 [10] ; 2nd edition,* with sixteen w)d-
cuj8,t Westminster? 1481 ? £13]. The second
edition was reproduced in uicsimile bv Vin-
cent Figffins in 1860. 8. * The Dict«s and Say-
ings of the Philosophers,' folio, " st edition,*!
Westminster, 18 Nov. 1477 [131, transUted
by Earl Rivers and revised by CBxton ; 2nd
edition,*! Westminster, 1480 P [4] ; 3rd edi-
tion,* Westminster, 1400? [6l. The first
edition was reproduced from Mr. Christie
Miller's perfect copy by Mr. W. ^Blades in
1867. 4.^ * The History of Jason,* transUted
by Caxton, Westminster ? 1477 ? 5. * Hot»
[ad usum SarumJ,' 1st edition, 4to, W^estmin-^
sterP 1478 P unique fragment in Bodleian;
2nd edition,* 4to, unique fragment, 1488 ? ;
3rd edition,* 8vo, 1488, unique fragment;
4th edition,* 8vo, 1490 P unique fragment.
6.* 'Chaucer's Canterbury Tales,' folio, Ist
edition, Westminster P 1478 P [9] r 2nd edition,
Westminster? 1484? with woodjuts [B], A
few leaves were facsimiled for priv&te distri-
bution by Mr. W. Blades (Beedua^x, Caxton
JReproductionSj p. 16). 7. * The Moral Pro-
verbs of Christyne de Pise,' translated by Earl
Rivers, folio,t Westminster, February 1478
[3]. Reproduced for private distribution by
Mr. Blades in 1869. 8. ' Propositio Johannis
Russell,' 4to [a speech delivered by John Rus-
sell, bishop of Lincoln, when investing the
Duke of Burgundv with the order of the (Surter
in February 1469^701, Westminster ? 1478 ?
[2]. 9. Lydgat^'s * Stans Puer ad Mensam,'
translated from Sulpitius's ' Carmen Juvenile
de moribus puerorum,' with ' Moral distichs'
and * Salve Regina,' 4to [unique copy ini
Cambridge University Library!, Westmin-
ster? 1477? 10. 'Parvus Catho: irfagnus
Catho/ a translation of Cato's distiches by
Benedict Burgh [a. v.], undertaken in behau
of William Bourcnier, son of Earl of Essex,
1st edition, 4to, Westminster ? ante 1479 P
funique in Cambridge University Librarv] ;
2nd edition, 4to, Westminster ? ante 1479 P
[unique at Chatsworth] ; 8rd edition, folio^
■witi two wiiodcuW, Westminster? 1481?
pi 11. Lydgates 'The Hone, the Sheep,
Uid tbe Oooee,' and other verses, let edition,
4lo, WpBiniiiisterP 1479? [unique copy in
Carubriilgf I'liivereilv Libraryf; 2nd edi-
tirtn, 4tn; \Ve*tmmster ? 1479? [unique in
Vork Cnlhedral Library ; framnent in Cam-
bridge Uaiverailj- Libmrj-]. Tbe spcond edi-
tion wna re^iinted fnr tlie Roibui^he Club.
IS. 'Infnncia .Solvutciri!*,' an adaptation of
•Ev(uigBliumInrantia.-"(pr.F*HBiciVB, OHfcj-
Apoeiyphiu NiK-i T'Kfamrrifi. i.l,4to, West-
I>Ultst«r? Uifl? [uiiiqiiv iti Oiittingen Uni-
Tcwity Library]. 13. ■ Tlie Temiil-i of Gla«>,'
ft poem attributed to Lydg]ilL'. 4tn, West-
minster? ]47(SP [unique in Cambridge Uni-
rereity Library]. 14. ' The Cborle and the
Bird,* a poem attributed to I.ydgute, lat
edition, 4lj>, VVestminslerP 1478!' [unique
in Cambridge UDivereity Library ; fro^ent
in British Mu9cum] ; 2nd edition, 4to, West-
minster P 1470 P [unique in York Cathedral
Ubtmry]. Tbe second edition was reprinted
fortheKoxburgheClub. 15. 'Temple of Brass,
or Parliament of FowU;' Ballada; 'Chaucer's
Envoy to Scojran,'4to, Westminster P 1478 P
[fragments in Cambridge University Library
ftnd British Muaeum]. 10. 'The Rook o'f
Courte^,' 1st edition, 4tn, Westminster P
1479 P [udique in Cambridge University Li-
bmry] ; 2nd edition, Westminster, 1491 P
[fragment in Bodjeiaiij. The first edition
lation, through the French, of Cicero's 'Dc Se-
nectute,' undertaken at the desire of Sic John
Fastolf, is attributed by Lelsnd to Tipiofi,
earl of Worcester,and by Anstis lo WynVyn
de Worde ; the two lost sections of the book
are assigned by Caxton himself to tbe Earl
of Worcester. 25. Carton's ' Advertisement '
(long 8yoJ, Westminster. 1478 P [Allhorp
and Bodleian]. 26. * Directorium sen Piira
Serum,' version i.,* 4to, 14T8P [unique frag-
ment] ; version li. (' Directorium Sacerdo-
tum '), with woodcut, lat edition,* t, WV-
We(
, 1467
' [unique] ; 2nd edition, t,
"■i9P [iiniijue in Bodleian].
Digue in C'ambridgt) University Library].
-iO-'Boethius's'lJeConsiJationfiPhilosophiK,'
translated by Chaucer, t'l ilio, +, Westminster P
147BP [IfS]. ID.* ■fordyale, or the Four
Iioat Things,' a translation from the French
ascribed to Eurl Rivers, folio, t, Westmin-
(Bier? 24 March 1479 [9]. 20. A Latir
Treatise on Rhetoric, by L^urentius Guliei-
mue de Traversanis of t!avons,' folio, Vk'
»rP 1479 P [i
i). 21.'
idwiihsij
minstarP 1481 [1.1]; Hud edition, fo]io,1490P
[IS], 2)1. 'The llislory of llevnard theFojt,'
trajiMlinedfromtheDu'tebbyCaxtonat Wesl-
mioster in 1481, Ist edition,' folin, Westmin-
«t«r P 1481 ? [4] ! 2nd edition, folio, West-
f 1489 f [unique In Magdalene Col-
Latin Letter
.ulho
ntj m 1460 for asaisUnce at the Siege of
Rhodes' {parc.bment), folio, WeniminsterP
SI March 1480 [3]. 22. 'The Mirrour of
llie World/ translated by Canton, tbrougb
Uw French, from Vincent de Beauvaia'a
'Speculiun Naturale,'at the request of Hugh
Bnce, for preaeiitaikm to Lord Hastings,
let edition,* folio, viitl. woodcuts, Weat-
gJMlw?
Psalterium,' in Latin, 4to, Wei
Bier F 1480 F [unique]. 28. ' The Chronicles
of England,' called ' Cixton's Chronicle,'
though it is merely an imprint of the popu-
lar ' Chronicle of Brut,' 1st edition, folio, +,
WcBtminster, 10 June 1480 [13] ; 2nd edi-
tion,* folio, t, Westminater, 8 Oct. 1482 [6],
29,* 'Description of Britain,'a translation by
Caiton of a chapter of Higden's ' Polycroni-
c-on,'folio,t,We8lminBler?18Aug.l480ri2].
39. 'Curia Sapienti», or the Court of" Sa-
pience,' an English poem by L^dgate, fol,
\Ve8tminflterF1481 [2: fragments in Bodleian
andBrit.MuB.] 31.*'TbeHistoryof Godfrey
of Boulogne,' translated by Oaxion from tbe
French,M.t,We8tmin8ler,20Noy.l481[12].
Mr. Holford has a copy inscribed 'This was
kingEdw.yfounbBooke.' 32.*'Lettei8of
, Indulgences for assistance against the Turks,'
in Latin, 1st edition, WestminslerP 1481, in
parchment [unique fragment] ; 2nd edition,
1481 [unique in Bedford Library; fragment at
Cambridge University Library]. 33.*' Polj-
cronicou, a revised version by Caiton of Tre-
visa's English translation of Higden's Cbro-
nicle,fol.^, Westminster, 1482[30]. 34. 'Pil-
grimage of tbe Soul,' a translation from tbe
Frem^, ascribed to Lydgate, t. Westminster,
» June 1483 [&]. 36. ' VocabuUry in French
and English, a book for travellers, fol. West-
minster? 1483Pr4]. 30.* 'TheFesiial(Libet
Festiatis),' on English Iraualation by John
MirkuB, fol. *, 1st edition, +, Westminster.
30 June 1483 [4] ; * 2nd edilion. with a few
additions, +, 1491 [01 37, ' Four Sermons,'
in English,* lat edition fol. t, W'estntin-
Bter. 1483 P [9] ; * 2nd edition, 1491 P [5], A
copy of this work at St. Andrews is carefully
described in ' Notes and Queries,' "tli eer.
ii. 264. It has been reprinted by the Rox-
butgba Club. 38.* • Servitium de Visitotione
B. Uariae Vii^nis.' Latin, 4to, Westminster,
1 482 P [unique], 39. ' Sex perelegantiasim»
Epistulk per Petnun Cormelianutn emen-
c a
Caxt:r. jss Caxton
ii.-» I.L- ix f^n. '.'. Z,*rr'. *.*-! - ?V"'r--fcTT Trir ^-^-ierv in 1*^1-2. 54/ *The Knight
1-s- t' " 'K -^zz^zs--^ '.k<'' 'u:_i2-- Ptr> an i the Fair Vienne.* translated f ran
-. : - .1 ri-: : --j=.r _"..-^i.i 1- : rtr: . Hl.'tt- Tr.r Frvnch romance by Caxton, foL +, W«t-
•-ti'' 4. * 7 v-r- ■ I- :.-~- .\j=.uz':>-" aiinsTf-r. iH Dec. 14-S5 'unique in Britiifa
Ll--.- i L ■'. '•Vr--— jL---r. 1 "v:--. l»v : "Lr Mi^-eam". R*^printe<lfortlieKoxbunrbeClid>
-—." .' iT.'--"- u- ■ t "> --sLZi: :■:•■.•: liirx..;.' & in !•*•»■». ."Vo. "The Book of Good Mannen,'
-— :• jrt:! -L. '— r:' -.iTii.- '.7" il ■ -T^r Tanrla'-rd by Caxton at the desire of hi
IL' I'j- -'Lr T TT--- :., i" :: -W.i-Irj: f^r frier. i Pratt, fol. +, Westminister? 11 Mty
i- :Li*"--r-. -rtJi-A--i ir =: -ir FrvnA l-t'?? "3". o»5.* 'Speculum Vitje Christii*
;.x- - :>.~ • Lr: L.TTr 5 . Ci.^'rblL-rT ir triniliTed by an anonvmnus liand frnm St.
Li 7 _• Lli irr.' : _ -. W-*-— .-i-r-^-r.:!;] Jan. B mavrnrura's Latin life of Christ, edit. A«
1»*T /■* -L- • -'.L--./ L- -It-i riTr 0- '31- f tl. •»•. A\V«Tminster ? 14*7 [^8]. Onecopjis
n-r.-Lr-.' :i vt- "i : *• iL-r*. •rs.r.4".t--i f-T British Mii«*?um is on v»?llum.' Edit. B,toL+,
C.-- ;n :r i. 'L-Yrr'-:. i lis?., f .. W^*:- AV^rmin-t-r J- 14^^? o]. o7.* 'The Rortl
i:..:_--rr - li'-i " 'li'. 44-* ' Tz.^ '^1 :-:; Le- B> 'k. or B>«)k for a King/ translated fiiw
r--. :.':ir.::.rs.— ': i* ■ >" t. : 4-:!: 'vt.ixvn thr Frvnch byCaxtondS Sept. 14^),fol.
Z". -z. Ji? . ' > i V rir:"r"« * Airvi Lr-jrn ia ' wirh >mallvi;^ni'ttewooilcuts!; Westmin'jter?
rr . •..-. : ^..n-.. -x :L :Lr l-.t x Kr.r.i^h 14->? >~. oS. * The Image of Pky,' 4to.
t:.i ¥t'T.:\. *ri- ^'.^'i ::-. '.irjr ::■'.. *. wirh br^idside. irith woixlcuts of crucitixion,
%v ..:-•-: :r-i:-::r.-.Wri-=:in^>r.l4-^r 14-9? 7,9. » The Doctrinal of Sapience,'
':>.« : I'r. 1 -ii': :: i4"*7r 'rrijTnrr.-j onlv translated fmm the French bvCaxtou, 7 Mar
!r: li.-:-:^L M.^!!-:. B>i:r'i.=, Cinibrlize 1 4^9, fol. + Westminster .M4S9? [10]. The
T.':. ".;»".* 7 Libnri-. aci I'Li'sworrh Li- copy at Windsor is on velUim. 60. *Cc«ii-
bri-v' : :'>ri -i>: n. tnT-'izh wirh c"l''»ph:»n, mnmnratii* Lamentationis sive Compassionis
' 14'U 'vr.T.'rV Bv mr. Wvllvam Caxton.' B. Murine in niorte filii/ 4to, Westminster?
<^.bv:rii-:y Tirint-i bv Wynkyn de WonK*. 1491 ? 'imiqui» in Ghent Library]. 01.* * Ser-
44. • D-.-a' L-V-d Prriv^-rs,' f."^l. br-'iad-id*^. 1 4^4 r vit ium de Transfitrnrat iono Jhesu Chri<ti;4in,
'Mni'^u-r a* Alth'-rji*:". 45. •Th'=' Fable* of t. Westminster?' 1491? "unique]. fii'/'Favts
- K"? 'p.'^ran-rlfit- 1 by <''axronfr»m the French, of .Vrms and Chivalry/ translated by Caxtoa
f'jl."*",W»-rmiii-r»-r.L'»5 March l4S4.withwiv>d- from the Fn?nch of Christine de Pisan, foL
CUT* "iiniqu*.- p^rf-i-T cr>])y at Windsor, imper- +, Westminster? 14Jiily 14*^9 '"IV. *>3.**Sta-
f.-ft c>>])iM> at Briti-ih Must'^um and (Xxforil]. tutesof lien ry VIT/ fol. Westminster, 14^?
4*1/ *Th*- Ord.-r of Chivnlrv/ translated by '4]. Reprinted in 18t)9. edited by John Rae.
(.'jixton Jind dndir'ated to Kiclianl III, 4to, ♦m. 'Tlie Govemal of Health: Me<licina Sto-
Wi-train*t»-r r 14^4 r '4~. 47.* * The Book machi/ the first part lK.Mnjr an early transla-
of Kani»' irifuh.' bv G»*tri*r»'vChaiic»T/ with an tion fnnn the l^itin. and the seomd a wnrk
••pil'iiriK*, ^'■ivinL'"tli»*print»T'3opinit)n of (Miau- of Lydpite, 4t<^, Westminstt»r ? l4SV)r T- •
c'Tu.* ajTH'sit |»oft,fol.+, W«*stmin<terr 1484? R'*]>rintedbv Mr. W. Blades in 1*<5S. tJiV'The
I" I ■. 4>^/ * Th«' Cnrial/tnmslatiM by Caxton Historic of Hlancharrliu and Eprliintin**,' foL
from tlw Kn-iH.-li of Alain Chart i»'r. fol. West- translated by Caxton at rtniuest of Mir-
niin-'t'T? 14x1 r Tii^. 41>." Chauc»'rs *Trovlus paret, duchess of Somerset. Westminster?
and (yp»sid«'/ fol. Westminster? 1484? [4]. 1489? [unique (*opy at Altlmrp, and one
7)(>.* Lydirat»'*s * Life of our Lady/ t, West- leaf in British Museum "*. 07. 'Four Soiw
niinstiT ? 1 |H } ? ""l)]. i}\,* < The Life of Saint of Aymon/ appan»ntly translatefl by Caxton.
WiiiifpMl/ translat«'d by Caxton. fol. West- fol. Westminster? 1489? Tnnique imj>erfect
niinxt IT ? HH."):" ["."Jl h'l. ^Tlio Noble His- copy at Althor])]. Re])rinte<l byEarlyEnc-
tnrii's of Kinir .Vrtliur, and of certain of his lish Tt'xt Society in lK»^iV6. t>S/* Enevdos,'
Kniplits/by SirTliomas Malory, fol. t, West- translated by Caxton (il'2 June 1490) fp>ma
niiiistrr, .'U .Inly 14x5 [unique juTfect copy French romance basetl on VirjLril's.Enf id and
foruierlv in ICnrl .b'rsev's library at ()sterU?y Boccaccio's * Fall of Princt\«/ fol. Westmin-
ParK, s.*)ld ill 1H<) to'a Chicajro merchant; ' ster ? 14i)()? [;>\\ 69. * A Book of DivrfS
lOarl Sprncrr has an im|HTft?('t copy, and a (Jhostly Matters, containing; tin* S»'venP«>int»
fra^^nirnt is in llritish Museum]. This bof)k ' of True Love or On^lopum Sajiientite: the
ha*' luM'u Vf'rv fnMpn'ntly n-printiMl, and is Twelve Pn.^fits of Tribulation, and the Rule
still ]»opular as the soun>» of all the Knjrlish of St. Bonet/ translations fnim the Latin ^
i»octie versions (»f tlu' .Vrthurian niniance. ■ Westminster? 14JK)? !'6l. 70.* 'Fifteen*^
No iiiMnuscript of Malory's b-H»k has been I and other Prayers/ printed by Caxton at the
uu»t with. .*»;i.' * The Life of Charles the commandof Elizabeth, Henry VI I's wife, and
Ini'ut/ tninslated by Caxttm, fol. +, West- of Marjran^t, his mother (the fifteen prayen
minster? 1 IW. l-iSo [unique in British i all begin with 0) t, Westminster? 1491?
UftnuuJ. RepriuttHl by the Early English | [unique copy in British Museum]. AlsoM
Caxton
3«9
Cay
toy Bradshaw^s * Notice of a Fragment of ,
Fifteen Oee ... by William Caxton . . . '
he Libranr of the Baptist College, Bristol/
idon, 18/7. Reproduced in photolitho- |
phy in 1869. 71. * * Art and Craft to know ,
r well to die/ translated from French by
rton,15 June 1490,fol. Westminster? 1491?
. A similar work, of which a unique copy
a the Bodleian, was issued by Caxton about
I same time, ' Ars Moriendi : the Craft for
die for the Health of Man's Soul/ appa-
.Uy translated from the Latin by Caxton.
a oriflinal has not been identified,
rlie few French works printed by Colard
naion before Caxton lett Bruges are not
luded in this list, although Mr. Blades has
unerated them among Caxton's books,
ere is no proof that Caxton was personally
loemed in their publication,
[mmediately after Caxton*s death Wynkyn
Worde, his assistant, began to print from
Kton*s fount and in Caxton*s house ; and it
lifficult to determine, with any certainty,
J printer of several books which appeared
)ut 1491, the year of Caxton*s deatn. The
lowing books, often attributed to Caxton,
more probably the work of Wynkyn de
wde, vi«. : * The Chastising of God's Chil-
n/fol. 1491? (with title-page); ^ATreatise
Love/ fol. 1493? ; /The Life of St. Ka-
izine, and Revelation of St. Elizabeth
Hungary/ fol. 1493; and* The Sieffe of
odes,^fol.(cf. Caius, John, ^.1480). Wyn-
1 de Worde states tliat Caxton printed, at
loffnCf a book ent it led * Bartolomaeus de Pro-
Btatibus Rerum,' of which Wynkyn issued
iter edition. No such work is known. In
I prologue to * The Four Sons Of Aymon '
uton says that he had translated, at the
uest. of John, earl of Oxford, * The Life and
racles of Robert, earl of Oxford/ but of this
hinff is extant. In the Pepysian Collec-
1 (2124) at Magdalene College, Cambridge,
k manuscript translation by Caxton of six
•ks of Ovid 8 ' Metamorphoses,' dated from
tstminster, 22 April 1480. No printed copy
been met with.
?he price of Caxton^s books mainly depends
:beir condition and on the number of copies
>wnto be extant. The highest price paid
a Caxton is 1,950/. This sum was given
Mr. Bernard Quaritch, in behalf of a Chi-
X} merchant, at Sotheby's sale-rooms, on
lay 1885, for the unique copy of Malory's
ing Arthur,' in the Osterlev Park Library,
the same time and place 1,820/. was paid
a copy of Caxton's * Recuyell,' the first
ik in the printing of wbich he was con-
ned.
The earliest life of Caxton is that by the
% John Lewis of Margate, published in 1737,
and later writers, up to 1861, depended almost
entirely on Lewis's work. Neither Oldjs, in the
Biographia Britannica, 1748. nor Ames, in his
Typogr. Antiq. 1749, nor Herbert, in his edi-
tion of Ames, 17S5, nor T. F. Dibdin, in his re-
vision of Ames, with the aid of new notes by
Herbert and Gough, added to Lewis's facts, al-
though bibliographical details are treated more
elaborately by Dibdin than by any of his prede-
cessors, lu 1861 Mr. William Blades super-
seded all existing lives of Caxton by the first
volume of his new life of the printer, which was
followed in 1863 by a second volume, treating
almost exclusively of Caxton 's typography. Ab-
breviated editions of this book appeared in a
single volume in 1877 and 1882, and it is un-
doubtedly the standard authority. Full reprints
are given of original documents, and numerous
plates give the reader the opportunity of study-
ing Caxton's varied types. Mr. Blades has also
issued a useful little pamphlet, *How to tell a
Caxton/ London, 1870, and a short Catalogue of
Books printed by Caxton, London, 1865. Mr.
Blades's Prefaces to his sevenil reproductions of
Caxton's books, mentioned in the list in the text,
are also of great service. M. J. P. A. Madrlen
has criticised adversely many of Mr. Blades's
conclusiuns in his Lettres d'un Bibliographe,
4th ser. Paris, 1875, pp. 12-38. Mr. Blsdes's
researches hate been largely used in this arricle,
and the writer has hIso tu thank Mr. Bernard Qua-
ritch for kindly supplying him with informatiou
respcting recent Caxton sales. See also Wyman
and Bigmore's Bibliography ( f Printing ; Beed-
ham'^ Caxton Reproductions, lows, 1879 ; T. F.
Dibdin's XAes Althorpianae ; nnd the Catalogues
of the British Museum, Cambridge University,
Bodleian. Chatsworth, and Huth Libraries. In the
early part of the eighteenth century an attempt
was made t^ deprive Caxton of the hononr of in-
troducing printing into England, and to confer the
distinction on C< rsellif*, a German printer alleged
to have settled at Oxford in 1464. For the his-
tory of the controversy, and the baselessness of
the contention, see art. Richard Atktns, 1615-
1677, supra, and Conyers Middleton's Disserta-
tion concerning the Origin of Printing in Eng-
land, 1735.] S. L. L
CAY, JOHN (1700-1757), editor of the
* Statutes,' third son of John Cay of North
Charlton, Northumberland, by Grace, daugh-
ter and coheiress of Henry WoliF of Brid-
lington, Yorkshire, was bom in 1 700 (BrKKE,
Landed Gentry, 1868, p. 225). Intended
for tlie legal profession ho was entered at
Gray*8 Inn on 3 Sept. 1719, called to the bar
by that society on 20 June 1724, and sub-
sequently made a bencher {Gray's Inn Ad"
mtsjnon Register), In 1750 he was appointed
steward and one of the judges of the Mar-
shalsea (Gent, Mag, xx. 429). Cay, as a clas-
sical antiquary, was admitted in August 1736
to the Society of Antiquaries. Toffether with
his brother Robert, a merchant at xCewcastle-
Cay'rv yjz Cayle\'
.:■ 1-1' -zs-. V : :.-: »: «i. _-l:^_ -'T-= — *t. i*:-:- Lii: ;:' ii-r i-:l::rral opinions {Biog. LieL
H' z-i-- ^-s- . 1- vu- 1.- zr-ni LJiii i-t- f Li » ••: -4--*.v-.-#. 1S16. p. o1*i. When the
"— - 1 :.--.- r r :.'. H -• .-- iz i .7' ■:. ri rv- '\zr.\-Z\..' \.z. iLevir:'"' ' wa* started in 1798,
'.- ' - 1 'i- : n. ." LI Lijr- ". " \:_ - :- :r -^-r- -^-.tz C i-^r-r :.r*?i:ae ah _o:&si'>iial contributor; he
..- .-jLt-.^i :■-- n - :- :" -r. ir-i" l.-- ■ t— cz.- r* il^.. \rr-.'=L~'rr. *■ :^r ?4tipe in the mmwrof
• ■ — i- r'-j-T-Z-- -JL- 'N-T La:! •T^ifdr." He subsequentlj
.-.i.i ?..-=- J-. I -■ " !i.--. H ^-1-- r '■•r^-iiT: ■-•:!£ i.-irr?. ir.i is 1^14 was presented to
►^'-'. 'r ir-T-r-f >;•:. "'--r z^r.-rr :: y::T!:an>«v. Yortshipe. He
-7 •- :.— 1 i"
■ t- :.-i i- :..- 1 _-T j: r>-Ti i-i \r. Yrk :: ri' April 1>4^, aged 7:1
1:11. -: :: .i-r^l':' :~»-._V.v. '>--. .v.-. I ■>*"?. X3ti. IOIl Cavlevmir-
""■-.. -*-r .1 J r \ 11"^. nrr- --£ L 1 rr. -1 :-?: iaajhtrr of his uncle, the
?- :_-:-' r-^7 - I'.z t.'. i r---:r • ^ j i-r l-r 1 t-:^ Ii-» ^lt :h.r- aurr. r of : 1. • The Life of Sir
H --_.—. LZ-i-T 1.1 :^i---- 71- -tlt: 1 t- Wi.>-r Ilil-rrh, Kr.t./i tmU. 4to, London,
\\z i_* i-i*-L "::--- 177--!::*-: Tl- '^'\r.rrr^ 1^ ' ?r-:- ri r-iition. i vM*. >vo, London,
a- I-trr- rr ~ >i'u:-.j. .'1.:.— 1 - 'l-. ■;».'"'- l"^.r' . & "»■ rk c-: ■ii^riniruished either for
•-- II. -.--•:'..:. 1^ :ii -. 1"'- r!i_s-L- It"! : r»r?^ir«:h or jrace of style. The
T -. T-l..i ii- >-:i /^-r'- ^^'i--^- -7 .** slzl-* =:\L-t t-e *A:-i of 2. • Memoirs of Sr
\-Lr- 'z LT- i v\'.iz\i~. Ti.. ■ --:_ii-: -7 T'l:^.-.* Mr^. with a nrwTninjlationof his
V T-T- r. .t":-:!: *■ '■ -- III. ■! - >. : 1. . V: Ti. il?-. L^IIiitorvof Kinc Kichardlll,
L - i.i- 1'-^:^*^ Ii- li: T---.-^rl- I ::- i=.i i-s Li'ii P:-rn.?. 2 voU. 4to, London,
-- - .-: T ..T :.----. T ^^ CATLEY. CILVRLES BAGOT (1828-
^ "- H-zrj I; 1- 'ZiT^ In l"'i \ ^y.-\ ISsi' .:r^r-5lA"or. th- it.'n of HennrCavlev.t
7--"-^- -- '^ ■ '• - -— ""T "*"-.' I -■^?'--- i-1 Kis-i-ii nirrchint. iad a yoiinirer brother of
i ''.'.< i iii:'.T-T--il T : :--. :■ -:i.-lrr .Vr'iir Civley. Sadleriaii pn^tessor at Cam-
" - ;" i' -"-- ='^ - 1 1 ' --^ II : : 1 •>- . IIL ' rl ipr. waj V^m on 9 July l>i'3 in the neigh-
« :v- -A'T. :m---' -^: • -.7 . -"-niT'i :. -l.-.i of S:. P»rr».-rsbunr. He was edu-
r ■ :1t i*'.<r^-.-r : 1 -^ : :> •:'— . ILL ir.-z -i--.- a- Mr. PoU-oary'* -chonl, Blackheaih.
V ;.. :'- y-r. -i 'It- j-:::^ r. ■' Tr.z:-:. K —/* < " iH-rrr. L ^n Jon. and Trinity Colleiare,
H z y ii F>. 71 : «.' it. -:^ ' . : -:jT--r : :.!s i.iz:' 7: Ir-i:. whrrv:- he irraduatvd B. A. in 1 Slo,
f ■"--'- -i'" -'-• "'-* -- •:'-"' \ '-"^r'j"* ■" "ikir.j i ^-oon-i class in the clas.«ical tripos.
*---• '. i^ir. :j-. -:v-^r- ^r rT--. : i^v-i I*. A. Hr Ir': th- -iui-rt and unpretentious life of t
-•- - ■ • -]^ i* Sr-. :-. : ~-7-iZj.-r-. -.r. : - • i.r.vi a sol Ijt. puiss^rii much ^'f his time in the read-
- - "^^'--T. '^- r.J"" ^' * '^" '^ "V^ .^■'" '•"*'-^- — '-'f *"»^ British Museum, and died
r :j'r. 1.1 Air->: 177 '. • M>- ^:i':rT' P:r«-.: •ull-r.ly of L-arr di*eas»f in the night of
• : Iji— .r.j'.' :rr.. 'lizV r. :jr*l:>^. '_"i' '.-•'!• :- Ty-r\ \u.^, lSs:3 at his kidirin^s in South
r:.- 'iri- :1t Mlillr: T-ni- '.-. :.r rir-rwiri- irv-M.-rr.*. B-dford rNjuare. He was buried
r.:.-: s-v^r^l =::r. r >r-tl rr >-. ^r.i iiri ri: a* Harinj*. His works are: 1. 'Dante's
h • rv-:irr..?r :r. C i-^i'T v>-r ■ n -4 Jar.. Divinr C- m-Jv. Tninslated in the oritrinil
1:.*-'.. l-ivir.r '-K : :i;jh--rs 6'>:?..Vtv. xl- :-rr.ary rhym^.' 3 vuls. Lond. l.N>l-4, i^TO,
:!i'*i'. l.xv. i. 171. Ixvi. i. !»:>:. with a f-urrh voL of notes.lN>>. Mr.W.M.
-xr^,.-,^^. , . : ,. If T» ,• .. :^ t r-^.-- Rosset ti remarks that * when all imperfect ioiu
;■ •.•".■ *\:r- : .-..: v ■ :' I: *;-'- \: -: j .JU. - . .- }^J:. h;iTe U-vn allowe^ilor. Layley s version mart
Ml* • Burk-i <■ • - ..'^-^ ■ \<\-h H-.^ -- be pn.inounct-d to be verv oonsiderablv the
J*-.:.'? Njr:.ar:.--r; ir. :. ::. i-. vo!. ii. 442: be.»l anii most I horoufrh rendering into Eny-
H r.obir.-on'- Nor.Lnr." ►Viae 1. i. l4>-9, 173. lish of the " Com media. " the one which, at-
11*1^; M;irvi::"s Ltjal B:ll:..rriphy, p. 1S»».] t'r-mptinsr most and aiming highest, reaches
G. G. also furthest.' '2. * Psvche's Interludes.' a
small volume of piems. I^:>nd. 1857, 8to.
CAYLEY, ARTHUR 1^. lS4Si. Vi-^gra- 3. -The Psalms in Metre.' Lond. 1^*60, i-TO.
jili'T. wu> the son of Arthur Cayley. third son 4. *Filippo Marmc^mtri. or Student Life in
<'• ' .Sir Grorge C'liylfy. hart., of Brompt«»n, Ven»*tia. An autobiography/ translated from
York.-hinf. by hi« wife Ann^ Eli^anur Shultz the Italian, 2 vols. Lond. lK)l. 8vo. 6.*In-
C Foster, PetlitjrceA of Yurk^hire Families, t rod uct ion to the Grammar of the Romance
s Persectttions,' L' vols.
% 8vo, conjoinlly with Fernando
6. 'The llUd of Homer, llomo-
IIt txMidUted,' Lond. 1H77, 8vo.
I Sonnets nnd Staniu of Fetrarch,'
ed, Lond. 1879. 8vo.
■. A. B. Hurrays Address to (he Philo-
tooiel7, 16 May 1881; Times, 10 Dec.
.tbcDBitmi. 1883, ii. 776, S17 ; Academy,
, 397; Cnt. at Printed Booke in Brie
'radooti Cantab. (1884), 1)6.] T. C.
I4EY, CORNELIUS (1720-1780?),
s writer, wasboru in 1729atllull. At
1 Lord Scarborough introduced him
ce at court as clerk in the treiwury of
Lce of Wales. Wilh a view to iiromo-
eamt foreign languages and practised
.nd dancing, and after a time made
ion to FO aH under-secretary to lie
Ldor to Paris; but superior iutereat
1 the place for another. Alter this
intmeut he attempted to indulge in
|M of London life; but a strongly
■■mpenunent led him into other
^^Bt) become acquainted with James
^■Rhor of the 'Meditations,' and
^utL he visited the Tabernacle In
ld«. There for a time he was in con-
tendance, read religious books of the
tan sort, and soon took to preaching
ondon. He printed a little treatise on
jCt.rinB of Jeans Christ,' for presentu-
''or B. time he made hie home in the
f Lady Cornelia Pl.-rs at MiU Hill,
« preached 10 very select company,
umn vacations were usually spent in
ig through the country and preachins
>t opportunity offered. He still held
) at the treasury, until he was told that
; give up preaching, when he resided
to devote himselfentirely to reli^us j
He then settU-d for a lime at Norwich,
leleftin 1761. Whilethere, in 1750, ■
losed a Christmas anthem, which was '
tly sung to a fine piece of cathedral I
.nd he published a letter in answer to |
ter, a clei^yman of Beymerston, who 1
ited a sermon against the methodists. .
autumn of 1772 Cayley started on a 1
'ough HoUand, Flanders, and France.
te au account of his travels on the
was printed in parts in the ' Leeds
Newspaper,' and afterwards printed
<ly in a l'2tno volume, tin arriving
I he set off for bis ' little retirement
ids,' There,inl778,hepublishedthe
.tionofhis' Life '(originally published
'ich in 1757-6), with enfuiwements,
h little further account of himself
U. A portniit of ' Comelius Cayley,
Ceadda
third edition. The book has Decn reprinted
four times in the present century, so recently
aa 1862 and again in 1863. Cnyley also pub-
lished: 1. ' The Seraphical Vouug .ShepLerd
and a Small Bunch ofViolets,' 1762, 2nd edit.
1769, 2. 'The Amethyst; or some Beams
of Eternal Light,' 1763. 3. 'The Day-Stai
of Glory rising in the Hearts of the Saiuts,'
1769, 4. ' The Olive Branch of Peace and
theShulamite: apoem,'1771. 6. ' AnEvan^
gelical Dialogue,' I780,and various othersmall
things. He also wrote largely on the ' Mys-
tery of tlie Two Adams,' but the manuscript
has not been traced, nor any further account
ofthe author after 1780.
[LifB of Cornelius Cayley, t
J, H, T.
CEADDA, Saint (d. 673), better known as
Chad, was a Northumbrian by birth. He had
l.hreebrothers,Cedd,Cynihill,andCaelin. All
four wereordained to the priesthood, and two,
Cedd and Ceadda, became bishops (Bbdb,
iii. 23). He was one of St. Aidan's diwiples,
but spent part of his youth in Ireland in
the monastery of Rathmelsige, now Melfbnt,
in company with Ecgberht, another young
Northumbrian of noble family, eminent for
Eiety and missionary leal. In tiHi Ceadda'e
rotlier Cedd, bishop of the Eaat-Saxous, died
at bis monastecy of Lastingham, in Deira [see
Cbddj, of which he was abbot, and by his ap-
pointment Ceadda succeeded himinlheoffice
(ib. iii, 23). In the same vear the synod of
Whitby had been held, which, through the
inBiieuce of Wilfiith, had decided to adopt
the Roman time of keeping Easier. Colman,
bishop of Lindisfomc, who adhered lo the
Scottish usage, resigned his see, and Tudtt,
his successor, died soon afterwards of the
plague. Wilfrith was then elected bishop,
and thesce,probabtynt1u8 request, was moved
to York, where there had been no bishop since
the flight of PaulinuB in 633 [see Cxo-
wiJtLA I and PiuUNUB]. Wilfrith went to
Gaul to be consecrated, and tarried there so
long that Uswy, king of >forthumbria, and
his people grew impatient, and resolved to
have Ceadda made bishop instead. He was
accordingly sent to Canterbury for consecra-
tion, accompanied by Endha-il, arterwards
bishop of Ripon, On their arrival thev found
The see just vacant by Ihedeath of Archbishop
Deusdedit, so they repaired to Wessei, where
Ceadda was consecrated by Witii, bishop of
Winchester, assisted by two British bbho
probably irom Cornwall (ii, ii
n
t
w^rtrt
tc !!» £ji>9!9K- ik'.iuy ' n.'tiz3ij«s ?t- •ii"wjiii cBdwdnL and a ihort diituiee'froB
Bz3 z. T 1 r . FnoL ij« Tzr^TTg laas i2»t ai-crk he bmh a dweUing for fciwi^
. %iii :z. 'M J^is. sinrntosj x»i^ hMZ iAd»-^<tsn>«^^iitbe«lireii,iriicret]ieymit
!«i "L^T v^i:^ :<f fija^u*- 3D:«aiftR p^- ^ jcisi*? And sodr tlie little leimre vuch
p m ' ti fricL 'v'.rji.'j Lmrf- uii KTr"r6Hgzi>a**£ r:*^£ te ra ajed from tlie ' ministiy of the
OfT'-o:* :•: irrj i:c Tiua. -Lr r-jw'j.j c<f •»-;c^' K^p Wialfhere also granted fifty
ih^ S'.r.r'ii.fi ffC^'xC -v«s» TozdnLtt^T zj^iss- Li5«5 nf luid'to ibe bi&hopric for estaUiihii^
gxjsij*iL H-'-^ii.iit -_3ir: -wTi iJTjie^d t»!?nrt«« & =iCBafT<?7 is a jlaee called * tlie grort,' ia
(rftj*?. f: ^fj. ftzif Ti«e t:&'.a:li:il :tf 15s £j> Ti>e p-^TiDoe of Lindeer. supposed to beBtr-
c«Mr '^: jrT*-ii ta£ 'r«.T(:L«^. Hi* v^^rarxs •»■«* mr hi Liaeolnshiie. vhere tTaees of Chad*!
a!l £».« :c J:t:r. li^e? :b^ troR-rti^ luu:c t». a:<zifcsTLe ral« nill existed when Beds wrote
Hi- ife . ^Vijiiri- :^ Li* rvrcn frai •jf-L •?'. :t. S l The fauhcp entered upon his epi-
diri Tk-r. Tfi^ssr, zhiT «T^:c=ti»^* c^ Crr^iis. •MTttl mod adaEMDazrlabonn with the tune
a&d co-rlr riTi?»c *:•> kv lmft cif Kh*::. fc>'jr: >Ii^ fimplSeiiv and seal which had du-
Sc^Q bfr-rT Tb€<«ic?^ h^i *««£ sa-de ars±.~ Tiririiisbed Lizn in his foiuer diooeee. He
bl*h:- :i C^rr.TT'.nrr. #irti». b* brli s r»=:rrTiI 5--I11 -.>:im*-T*d ererrwhere on foot, and oirt
TiK:*.::::: :i 'hr EiLnl*l cizrri- lti i-^^-et- of ■*5*l-:ii* lore of pious toil' xvsist«d the
ti:«ii* itt^v : ix^ :. r*i*rc tzt-r.r. '. Lr t :ciri:T»:: :r It i iiar of Ard^bishop Theodore, who oideml
of C-eaci* ait Ltxirx >:rs rrrv-irilir. T*r:!T. Lin :•:. rid-e when he had a longer circuU
r^ xt*T * •-i'T'".»«^. '^aTi^r: Wilfri:*:. Lti iZir'iA'iT -L^n u*^**! T> make. The primate, howervtf,
b*a fcTp:;rL:-ri ::■ <.'■=*£ ii"* s-r^. ani pi^Ij ii:>i«trd on Lavinff his way, and on oneoc-
b»cau*<«- •-«■: yz "iLr c'.nsnrfTiTiiVfc ri^i.r'j* l^r- o*ji:n with his own hand helped Ceaddsto
lon2«r«d :•. tirr Br-::*L cL'srr^L. irLioL dii n>: a? .in: : l«ecause, as Bede sars (iv. 3i, he
k*»t^ ELfcsr-rr accH'-r *:■:' '-r c*n:ii'?Al ril-e. ba<i 'assuz^dlT discoTered him to be a h(Jy
^^'L*Il TLe.^:-re:.::dC^*iiaTLa^ irr Lai n^*: mn ' Hrd<r relates sereral beaut ifiil in-
iie%'*rr 'i*rtrzir-d Liits^:: -»■ rr.Lr. and wLich be nasirrv at La«tmehanL If he heard a loud
v
u]«tn
his ni''.r.4.**rrA- at LasTinjLsin. aci Wihrith Li* facv in pray*T. It it rest* to a temiK-pi
On t bfr d»ra*ij -i^f Jaruman. bishop of : hr Mrr- -Vf:»:T having: ruled his church for two years
cians. in *>•<*. Wulfher^. th*^ kin^. rv^ju-srited and a hab*. Cradda fell a victim to a pesti-
Theodore ro provide a 5ucc->**or. Theodora lence which was fatal to many of his clergy
r^fiiswj to consecrate a new bi>h'-'p. but a?>ke«i before it attacked the bishop. Seven day*
Oswv. kin?of North umbria. TO let CVaddab*.' before he died he had an intimation of hi*
transplantwl to this South Humbrian diocese coming: end. A faithful disciple and frimd
(if/, iv. tjf. Oswy consented, and Theodore namtd Owin. who had once bc^n steward in
either r'^f-on-recrated Ctradda, or by some ad- the rival household in Northumbria, but had
ditional rites made po^/d the supposed defrcts forsaken all to become a lay brother at Last-
or irr»*;^ulariti*?< in the oncrinal act of con*e- insrham.was working in the fields hard hy the
cration (*Ip«e ordinatinn»*m ejus d»^nuo ca- bishop's house, when he heard the sw«*tH<t
tholica rati'ineronsiimniavit,' i"A. iv. '2 ». The sound as of songs of joy coming down ffm
langiiA^re of Wilfrith's biosrrapher Eddiu^. c. heaven to earth. It gradually reached and
15, is fftron^rer: * Per omnes crradus ecclesia- encircled the chamber where Ceaddn was
fiticos ad swjt.'m pnedictam plene eum ordi- sitting alone, the other inmates of the dw^ll-
naverunt.' IlHals^j impli*-s that it was AVil- inp havinjr pone to the church, and after
frith who recommended CVadda for Mercia, about half an hour it floated heavenwards
and with other bishops reconsecrated him. asrain. While Owin was wondering what
But h i H part i nl i t y for ^^' il fri t h prolin bly makes this might mea n. Ceadda opened t he windi)w
him lesK triir>t worthy on this point than IMe. of his oratory and summoned Owin and the
Ceadda fixf'd the Mercian see, which had rest of the brethren. He told them that * the
hitherto Ijeen uns«4tled, at Lichfield. Here lovely guest who had already visited eo many
he ^' "^ built a church, dedicated to St. of their brethren had deigned to come to him
from Ihe world.' ■ Go
back,' he said, 'to the church and bid the
btethrea b; their fTnynn commend mj de-
puture to God." After they had depm«d,
Owin ventured to ask him the meaning of
th« (train of joy which he hod heard, and
Ceadda told bnn that it was the song of an-
gels, and that in seven days thev would re-
turn uid take him with tbem. He speedily
sickened, and died seven daja after, 2 Starch ^
672. He was buried near St. Mary's Church,
but the body was aiterwards transferred to
the cbiirch of St. Pettiir. His shrine was
a wooden etructure in Bede's time (ii.),
roofed like a little home with a hole in the
side, through which devotees inserted their
bands and took a few particles of his dust,
which, when mixed with water and bo drunk,
w«re eupposecl to have a marrellous virtue
for the cure of divers diseases in man and
beast. The memory of Ceadda was revered
in ImliUid, where he had spent a part of
bis youth. Ik^berht, hie companion there,
bod remained in Ireland, ana some yenrs
aft«r Ceadda's death he told an abbot ^m i
Lincohishire (perhups from Barrow) who
Tieited liiiu, that a man then living in Ire-
l&nd had seen on the day that Ceadda died
th« soul of his brother Cedd descend from
heaven and return thither, bearing the soul
of the holy Ceadda with him (i£.iv. 3), The
number and beauty of these legends help us
to measure the real sanctity of Ceaddn's life,
wbich esi-ited so much love and respect. As
Bede> says (iii. 28): 'The things which he
bad learned from Holy Scripture ought to
be done; these he diligently strove to do.'
Ceadda became one of tlie most popular of
English saints under the name of St, Chad.
Bis day was kept on 2 March, and still has
■ placainthe black-letter calendar. A richly
decorated copy of the gospels, which is said
to hkTO belonged to bim, is preserved in the
oatbedral library at Lichfield.
[Then IB ■ short life of Ceadda in the Acta
SniclomiD, and nnother in Capgrsve's Nova Le-
gend*, pp. fiSi A9. but these and all snbseqneiit
bioaraphiw am reall; only compiUiiunB frutn
B«ao. Kiidiiijs. the friend and biagrsplier of
Wilfrith, wus I'ODtrmponuy with Bede, but Uia
nairative in not urarly so truslworthv.]
W. H. W. S.
CfEADWALLA. [See C^dwall*.]
CEALLAOHAK (rf,964),kingof Cashe!,
called in ]>oetry C coir, or the jusl, and
C. cmaidh, or the hard, is the hero of several
old TXHiular tales of Aliuister. He was king
of Cdshel from 936 till his death in 954. He
first appears in history as plundering Cion-
-n 936, and in S^ ravaged Meath ;
33 Cearbha
. in alliance n ith the Danes of \v uii-ihird. In
93U he raraged Ossory and the Deciec, but
later in tlie same year was defeated by their
tribes. Muircheartach, king of Ailech, in-
vaded the south early in 941, and cairtal oS'
Ceallachan as a hostage to Douegal, where he
kept him for nine months, and then sent him
to Donnchadh, king of Ireland, who set him
free. In 942 Deallachan defeated Cenneide,
father of Brian Boroimbe, in the battle of
Maghduin, and ever after ruled in compara-
tive quiet till bis death from natural causes
in 964. Ceallachan was chief oC the great
tribe called the Eughanncht, and is the an-
cestor of many families odco powerful in ihe
south of Ireland. TheO'CeallachansorO'C'al-
laghans of the south take their name from
(he great-grandson of bis Bon I>onnchadh,and
ihelrtst chief in direct line of the chief branch
of his race is believed to have been Donn-
ehadh (or Denis) O'Callagban of GUnu, who
died in 1760, having married hiB couaiu Mary
O'Callaghan in 1745, and left one daughter
of the same name. Cornelius, her kinsman,
though in what degree is not known, was
in 1T05 created Baron Liamore in the peer-
age of Ireland.
[Chronicon Scotonim {Rolls Serii!.), p. 201 ;
Tracts relating to Ireland (Irish Archieolog. Soc,
1811;, pp. 43. ice; Annnlii Rio^hucrhtH Eireanc,
vol. ii. : genealogical manuscnpte of the lute
B. C. Fisher.] N. M.
CEAEBHALL, lord of Ossory (d. 888),
son of Dunghal, was one of the most famous-
chiefs of the GaillGaedhel, aa the Irish cbriw
niclers call those native tribes who lived in
alliance with the Danes. He is called by the
Danish writers Kiarvalr,and firsl appears in
history as slaughtering the Danes of Dublin
in &15. Six years later he slew the king of
^tith Leinster, and in tiiie n^ar bad Danes
for his allies. Several of his clau intermar-
ried with the foreigners, and the alliance con-
tinued. In 856 they together plundered part,
of the present Tipperary, and m P67 marclied
into Weatb. Here, however, tbey made peace
with the king of Ireland in the presence of
the arclibisbop of Armagh and the nhhai of
Clonard. In 858 Cearhhall fought and de-
feated Ihe Danes of Waterford, and inB59 he
joined the king of Ireland in Meath and
fought against an invading army of northern
Irish. In 861 he defeated the Dunes at Fear-
tagh in Kilkenny, and in 862 he plundered
Leinster. In 868 the Danes atlncked his
earthen dun, but were driven oil' with heavy
losa, and Cearbhall wus sulHciently secur»
afterwards to go a foray into Waterford.
The nost year he crossed the Shannon, au J
drove otr the cattle of both Counaugbt and
Cea-vV I i n jm Ceawl i n
M ..^^^.*r. xtui •▼*. 7-»r^ liiri»r auii«i & 4ii<!niui vwc £;r%¥td of Wyrs uui .%jtieii oa tiie
n.il .'4' ',' .onn.'i'if n'. ^'j'hv^rj. aid a«~.ini». beins' ^.rrlu v^ *he Ainet of Meiuiip Aod the ht^
nt^u'i"? r. Ml* '*rr.r.-» -.f IrsLuui. t^.riivi 4 Axe on. tiii» ^oarh, the vhole coamrr. lare
-T J- ro««y;j'W •^.■*
*ri«i -ar-iiij*: of forest IazuI tliac rvi op to t^
pan or v^ aTi-T' VL^f^ '.f Malmeabuzj. fell znco th« h^ah >jf
f..;". ao-v -allrtri Ij^.-j». la r75 hi* ttw -a* invinier. The wide extent of Ceawlm'i
r .'»>ir. A..'.«<' -.f r/-;r«L.a rt-j 'z,jk InuiUa kiiLft- iociizuoiLi Led Betdx to r»ck':>« him amonz
ff •\«: -A*»* :•;? .^ntn',a!» .a laj l:j%cru:ti. tail
1/. -Tj .'.t» v/i.n. nTij»fi rht par: of Warrf-
.T.-r.. ir..l ..-/*7'^* >.i^ rilat=< & rjry.rr j'^'*t "ir ra^ kin;* who held a speciAl pre-^anioeiiee in
M :.-.4r^r:nt^n zAttr Cocai*%L A^f^ 4^1 tbefte Britalzu aiiti who vere described br the
W-;^ r.tr -i.*i p^yusBiOiT ia %>«. Hj 3ii>«r, .liir-^nlcLe-writftr, when, he copied B««U^i list.
/"> .r.<*4r.* ii'..'^ -^^Ti C&4 f>uiei» of Iriblin. bu: a^ Br^o-al'iae. In-SSS Ceawtin mi^le a fresh
hr- \i^ T-^uij '.'. join aLxiV^t laj ^>^ ajcaLaat tdv.uio«r alon^ the upper coane of the SeTen.
ttr.r •,r...^r -whi^r* -aer* ww hi'^pe of spoiL md Dr. Girwt hsLA «hown that the iziroed ca»-
vL-»4n Ir.Ah 'Z:^'7 ,f a :'?candlrjiTiaa roT^r. aneai-nte^i in Llrwarch Hen*« ^^^^ *
\.-. v...i P: .-■^v.-A :-:i.--aa-. t.L. :. : O D..!:.v- KvndjUn refers to this war. Tren ofUn-
7-. - Tr.v.'. I.-..: .>rr.-.-,r.^ of Ar.c-:.=t:- ''.s^crr. <xin: iai. the :ownat thefor,t of thr 1!\ refaa.
; - '> . . OvjT.:.-. • r>>ti:i.. r» O-ilUiii. E.:Lj ^r.-ri] ^a-"* d*.rroje.l; Pengwrm. thr forerunaer of
X. M- ' ??=^«sWifcarT. wad bomt ; and the like £iie
f-:Il on Ba&9a*8 churcheAr pp-ibably "soine
CEAWLl^S" 4. .!iC»;*', k>.^ of the Wr*t- .roup of churches lite GI^*ndalough.* of
ft:iX'>rM*. !ir-r app»rar* in •>>» ft^ taking par: which the memory i* still pr»rserTed in Bi*-
w.-tl-. h.^ farhrr flyRr.r. in the V^ttle of * Be- church, near Shrewsbury. Here, however,
ra ri r, jri ;r, ' p r ^ i-A h 1 7 Ba rh i ry h i II . ?o t he nort L- Cea wlin'* fart her projrnEss^ wa» at opped, for
vf,""- f.i MAriv^T^-.^r. I (jr:E^ 1, Hk *Tic- th*: Bhtons under BrochmaeL pnnct; d
4:t^f\.-f\ f.yr.ric :r. '^'4). The ha:. tie of Barhiiry Powy^, met him at FethanlMi^, or Faddiley,
fth^*: •r.-r Wfr*r-.Sa.xoTi.- the command of the at lh»; rnt ranee of Valr Royal, defrattdhis
doTrn* '.'.r*:*r.:,.ng towards the north-east. army, and slew his brother Cut ha. 'Wrath-
^.'-Jiwlin \*-A hi* ho*r ajniin.nt rjilcheiter » Cal- fiil," the chronicle says, 'he thence returned
1*:VA AT^rViatim-. • wh*:re the road.^ from to his own." In oOl his people ro^ against
WincJ.^-^rr htA Old rianim unitf:<l on their him. and «:t up Ceol. or Ctrolric the son of
w*iy fo I>,r.'ion" •'»£?:£??». The remains of hi* bn'ith'rr Cutha. William of Malmt'sburv
th- cir.y >;ear wiTi'^-^^ to ^h-i formidable .^ay^tliat t hi.'* revolt was cause<] by the ^enend
i:\.!irHfrr*'.T of 'h- invader-' ra-k. for it is still hatred with whirh he was regarded \ Gftta
flirt with if- korr.an wall of lVi70 yard= H^/nm, i. \7 }. It ha> b^n sUiTkrestHd with
*-;,-'-ii:t. and it- fr^-^ of V^) fe»:t width t Ar- considerable probability that tht? rev«dt was
rhoob^ivnl Journaf, \xx. \'2\. Xo written mad*; by the Hwiccas, thepe^iplt? •prttled in
re-'ord r»Tnain- of T'^awlin*-! niicce-ws. From th*.* n*:wly conquered country a lon^th*' lower
.<ilrh'-»*rOawlindoubtle-v advanc*-d, over- Sevf-m/ and that for a time it left Ceawlin
ninriin;.' tli«r c'liinrri' ♦oihe nouth of the jpreat the old»:r West-Saxon terriionr. In '»95,
B-rk-hire fnrt-t.and ke-pin;f to the ?j'>uth of how».'Ver, C'e^jlric attacked him tfiere also. A
tlj«- Tharne;* until, in .>!••, he encountered the league was made, so Malmesbury assert *tbe-
fr,n-.- f.f .VA\\t-\\tt-T\i\ , kinjf of Kent, at Wil>- tween the revolted Saxons and the Britons.
b;indiin or Wiiiibbf^lon. In thin firjit battle The armies met at Woddesbeorg, or Wan-
fontrlit liv th<' invad^T"! >j»rtwe»-n themselves l*<»roujrh, *the key of Ceawlin's ^hrunken
('•■awliu and hi-. )>rotlwr T'litha n^^uted the realm/ where the downs rise above the vale
•J uti"*. and drove -KthelU-rht Imck into Kent of the White Horse (Grees). The battle
(A,'S. Chron.\ (\kYsV:S). In the expwlition wa< fierce: Ceawlin was defeatt^aml driven
of lii- brother ditliwulf, who in 'u\ carriwl out of his kingdom. Henry of Iluntingilon
th»- W«-f.t -Saxon arm.- as far uh IWlforrl, brinf^s the part taken by the Wtds^h pn>mi-
('<-a\vlin had no shan*. Six yiMir.s Inter he nwitlv fomvard, and describes the battle of
bd hi:^ lio-t from Winchester, and marchefl Wanix)rough as one between Britons and
I0 Deorhain. Then^ he met, defeated, and Saxons. In 593 Ceawlin and his brother
hl<w thn-c ISritish kin^H, and as a conse- Cwichelm were slain. Ceawlin*8 son was
<|ii»nr«' of \\\t' battli; wrin Oloucofter, Bath, Cuthwine; his house was restoretl in 685 in
iiiiil ( .'irenc» -ter, over whicli one may riuppose the person of Caedwalla [q. v.]
tiny rub-rl. Tlio virtorv' forms an important [Anglo-Saxon Chron. ; B«da*8 Hist. EaL iu
era in tlie Instory of the conquest of Bn- c. 6 (Eng. Hist. See.); William of Mai mesburv.i.
tain. Indi'iH-ndently of the wealth and im- c. 17 (Eng. Hist. Soc) ; Henry of Huiitin«ion,
port a nee of the cities themselves that were Mon. Brit. Hist. p. 714; GuestVOrigiDes Celt ioe,
thuH gfiinfxl, thf'y were at the head of a wide- ii. 195, 246-314 ; Green's Making of EngUnd,
4*pniading district. From the borders of the . 128, 201-8.] W. H.
CECIL, Sib EDW ARD, ViacotrNT Wxm-
»LBI>oKtl5r:J-!G381,uavalaiidinilitiu-vcom-
nundor, wus the third son of Sir Thomas
<.'ecil, second lord Burghley and first esrl of
Exeter [q. v.], grandson of Sir William Cecil,
iiret lorn Burgnley [q. v.], and nephew of Sir
Robert Cecyll, first earl of Snlisbiiry, whose
' ' '' "rom the paternal spelling ol
vstemitictilly adopted, lie
deviation from the paternal spelling of the
unme be avstemitictilly adopted.
bom on 2a Feb. 1571-2, and entered the
n the Low CoimtTies about
]5Dt> ; in 150!) he was appointed captain of
« company of English foot-eoldiers, and in
ilaj' 1600 was appointed to a troop of cavalry,
"which he commanded at the battle of Nieu-
|Knt, under Sir Francis Vere. lu 1601 be
comtnnndedabody of one thousand men raised
in London for the relief of Ostend, then be-
fiie^ed by the Spaniards, and on his return in
SepWmberwHsknighled by Queen Elitabech.
In the springoflwS he was colonel of a regi-
ment of English horse under I'rinee Maurice,
And served in the expedition intoBrabant and
ktlhesi^eof Grave. He continued actively
•erving during the vears imniediat-ely follow-
ing, and achieved aliigh reputation for valour
And vonduet. In lulO he commanded the
Eii^lsh contingent of four thousand men
under Prince Christian of Anholt, at the siege
of Juliers, 1-17 July to 12-22 Aug.
At court bis credit slood at least as high
as it did in the camp. In March 1612 he was
•ent, as the prince's proxy, to stand sponsor
to the child of Coimt Ernest of Nnssuu; in
April 1613 he bad a commission to receive
and pay all moneys for the jonmey of Lady
Elizabeth and her husband, and in November
lie was ordered to request his lady to attend
Che electress at Heidelberg. In January
1617-18 he was a suitor for the comptroUei^
ship, and so also in February for the chancel-
lorship of the duchy of Lancaster; buttbouch
fliippcirted by the Duke of Buckingham be
■wn* unsuccessful. In 1620 he was nominated
liy lluchingham to command the English
troops in GermBnv>bnt was superseded by Sir
Horace Yere on the demand of Count Dohna,
the agent of the king of Bohemia in England,
A violent quarrel ensued between Cecil and
Dohna, in the couteb of which Cecil assured
his opponent that it was only his character
AS an ambassador wliich protected blm from
a demand for personal eatisfaction. He has
lieen credited with a speech in the House of
<'<immons (Cdl. State Paj-er», Hotu. 5 Feb.
1620-1) on the importance of granting an
immediate supply to the Palatinate; a good,
honest speech, which was published under
Cecil's name (1621, 4lol; but Professor Gai^
diner baa been reluctantly forced to the con-
is a forgery (JIUt. of England,
.^c^usiost)
iv. 29 n.) On 4 June, however, when Sir
James Perrot called on the house to declare
that if the negotiations then on foot failed,
' they would be ready to adventure their live*
and estates for the maintenance of the cause
of God and of his majesty's royal issue,' Cecil,
in seconding the motion, said : ' Tliis decla*
ration comes from heaven. It will do more
for us than if we had ten thousand soldiers
on the march.'
During all these years Ce:^ was markedly
supported by the Duke of Buckingham ', au^
in 1626, when theexpe<litiou against the coast
of Spain was determined on, Buckingham,
though nominating himself to the supreme
command, as generalissimo, appointed Cecil
as his deputv, with the title of lord maislial
and general of the sea and land forces ;
'the greatest command,' it was said, 'that
any subject hath had these liundred years '
iCmirt and Timet <f Charles I, i. 53). Buck-
ingham offered indeed to procure him an ap-
pointment from the king; but Cecil. ' not to
lessen the duke's honour, took it from him-
Bfelf {Cal. State Papers, Dom. 16 March
1620-30), Notwithstanding these high-sound-
ing titles the preparations were wretched in
the extreme. The men were raw levies, and
the otRcers, for the most part, no better; the
fleet was mainly composed of merchant skips,
hastily pressed into the service, and com-
manded by men ignorant of war and discon-
tented at the part they were compelled to
undertake. Even the general had never yet
held any independent cbmtu and, and was to-
tally ignorant of naval aB'airs, Nevertheless
Buckiughamanticipatedan easy success. The
king came down to Plymouth to review the
troops and the fleet, and it was officially an-
nounced that Cecil was to be raised to the
peerage as Viscount Wimbledon.
After many delays the fleet finally got to
sea on 8 Oct., with vague instructions to un-
dertake some operation against tlie coast of
Spain. Cn 20 Oct., after rounding Cape St.
\^ncent, a council of war was at lost held,
in order to determine on what point the at-
tack should be made. It wn.s decided to
land at St. Blary's (Tuerto de Santa Maris),
in Cadiz Bay, and from it to march to Sbji
Lucar, a distance of twelve miles. Orders
were therefore given out to anchor at St.
Mary's. But as the fleet arrived at its station
a number of ships were seen in the outer har-
bour of Cadiz. No orders had provided for
this contingency. Essex, who was leading
in the Swiftsure, atood towards them, inter-
changed a few random shot, and, with his
topsails brailed up, waited in hopes of being
ordered to attack ; but receiving no instruc-
tions, and the ships of his squadron showing
Cecil
39^
Cecil
nc signs of supporting him, he fell back to his
station and anchored off St. Mary's.
Meantime the Spaniards cat their cables
and fled up the inner harbour. Had the
Swiftsure been supported, the enemy must
liave been destroyed. Cecil attempt^ after-
wards to throw the blame on the captains of
the squadron, and especially on tne mer-
chant skippers. He alleged that he went in
among them and called on them to follow
the Swiftsure, but that they tacitly refused
to obey and let go their anchors, lliis state-
ment IS, however, at variance with that of
Essex, and almost all the other superior ofli-
cers of the army. It was suspected from the
flight of the ships that Cadiz was without de-
fence, as indeed it was, and it was proposed
to attack it at once. Essex, Sir John Bur^h,
and Lord Cromwell urged this measure with
vehemence ; but Cecil was incapable of any
resolution, and determined rather to attack
the fort of Puntules, which commanded the
entrance of the harbour. But even this at-
tack was made in a very half-hearted way.
Orders were sent to twenty of the merchant
ships to support Ave Dutch ships and to can-
nonade the fort. The orders were never de-
livered ; and though the oflicer sent with them
was Sir Thomas Love, the captain of the Royal
Anne, carrying Cecil's flag, Cecil was appa-
rently left m ijmorance till the next morning.
Essex with his squadron and some other ships
were tlion ordered in, but no care was taken
in stationing them, and the cannonade was
weak and desultor\'. It was not tiU towards
evening that the lort capitulated to a body
of trooj»s landed in its rear under the com-
mand of Sir Jolm Burgh.
On the following morning, 24 Oct., the sol-
diers were landed at Puntales. The general's
hope was vaguely to reduce the town by
blockade ; but on an alarm of an approaching
enemy ho turned to meet them. He had
given orders tliat on landing every man was
to carry provisions in his knapsack ; but no
care had been taken to see that the orders
were obeved, no instructions liad been issued
as to where the provisions were to come from,
and the pursers of the ships had refused to
supply tliem without proper warrant ; and
thus, though some few companies may have
had their day's ]>rovisiona with them, by far
the ^eater part of the force, consisting of raw
soldiers and ignonint ofticers, was absolutely
destitute.
As the English advanced, the Spaniards
fell back along the narrow causeway which
connected Cadiz with the village of ban Fer-
nando and the bridge beyond. The English
followed nearly as far as the village, a distance
of six or seven miles. And here it was appa-
rently that the superior officers iirst discovocd
that the men haa no proYiaiona. Cecil wai
informed of it, and answered angrily that tlii»
was no time to be thinking of proviaions with
the enemy in their front. But the men were
utterly exhausted : many of them, who had
been landed with Sir Jolm Burgh the day be>
fore, had been upwards of twenty-four houit
without anything to eat, and the march under
the noonday sun had completely knocked
them up. Some wine was found in the villagv^
and Cecil ordered a measure to be served out
all round. But no examination was made,
and it was not found out that the place was
the great store for the use of the ^ est India
fleet until the soldiers were all mad drunk.
Then, indeed, an attempt was made to stave
the casks, but amid riot and confusion in-
describable. Fortunately the enemy remained
ignorant of the condition of the army, and the
next morning the men, still without tood, were
for the most part sufficiently sober to stagger
back to Puntales.
The Spanish ships had meantime warped
into a creek at the head of the harbour, and
sunk a merchantman at the entrance. They
as well as the town seemed now unassailable;
the troops were therefore re-embarked, and on
the 29th the fleet took its departure. Two
days later the Spanish treasure-ships, keeping
well to the southward, got safely into Cadiz,
while Cecil with the English fleet was watch-
ing for them broad off" Cape St. Vincent. And
he continued to watch till 16 Nov., when,
his ships being foul and leaky, the ri{?&[ing
and sails rotten, and the provisions putrid, he
gave the order to return to England. But
before it could be carried into eflect want had
produced sickness, which assumed the pro-
portions of a pestilence. Many of the ships
thus left without men sufficient to work them,
were either lost or exposed to the greateist
danger. The Anne Royal, having buried 1 -iO
men, with 160 sick, and leaking like a sieve,
got into Kinsale on 11 Bee. Having partly
refitted, sent the sick on shore, and rec^jivt-d
the crews of some of the ships which had \)evn
cast away, she put to sea on 28 Jan. 16l*5-fi.
A gale of wind drove her to the westwanl,
and she got with some difliculty into Bert^
haven, where she lay till 19 Feb., and did not
arrive in the Downs till the 28th.
The failure of this costly expedition gave
rise to much popular indignation, the weiglit
of which fell, not undeservedly, on Buckinir-
ham. But no censure of Buckingham can
absolve Cecil from the blame which must
attach to the gross incapacity which he di:^-
5 laved under circumstances of no peculiar
iticulty. To his incompetence the Spa-
niards owed it that every snip in the harbnur
yrnii not Inlten or iiuml, tbat Oiidi* was not
•acked, and Ibat the Irtiifiure-ships were not
captured. The BurBrior offieere of ihe expe-
-ditioii, especially the Earl of Essea, did not
1)«it«te to prefer a formal char^ of roiwon-
duFt agUDAt Ihe general. It appuera to have
"bean Cursorily eiBmined by the king in coiui-
«il. but no eVidenee was taken; tlie favour
<.f the Diike of Buckingham and Cecil's denial
of every point were held to be Butticieat to
-wnrTBnV a full ocquitlal ; and thiiR, far from
receiving every censure, hii credit at cimrt rose
and cnntuiued ta nee till, a few yenre later nnd
after th« more ditstitroiiB failure ntthn Isle of
B£, ewQ tli»peoplebcfran to consider him as an
heroic leader of armiea. Hie elevation to the
peerage had been announced before thy flKCt
flailed, and he had since been even officially ad-
dressed as Lord Wimbledon, though his pat«nt
u Baran Cecil of Putney was not dated till
9 Nov., while the fleet was vainly looking out
fijr the treaaure-Bhips off Cape St. Vincent, nor
ira* heactuallv created Viscount Wimbledon
tillSSJulyloM OnlfiDeclfBOherecsived
« commission aa lieutenant of the county of
Surrey. In 162" he lield a command at the
tif^e of OroU, and at Bois-le-Duc in 162».
On 80 July IBSO he was appointed governor
of Portfmoulh, an office which he held till
btadtwih. 15N'ov.l63£i. During this time he
aeems to have been recognised as the highest
English authority on military afiWira. He
tras a member of numberless committees and
councils of warj even Buckingham did not
disdain to receive advicefrom him{Cal. State
I^pfn, Dom. 12 Oct. (?) 1627), and Sir Ke-
nelmDigby wrate{31-31 Jan. 1636-7) to the
«ifiect that ' England is hnymy in producing
persciDS who do actions wliich after ages take
for romances; wilnnan King Arthurand Cod-
wsllader of ancient time, nnd the valiant and
ingenious peer, the I»rd Wimbledon, whose
«pin1e eieeeds anything ever done by so vic-
torioua a general of armies, or so provident a
goreraor of towns.'
He was three times married, the last only
two years before his death (Clii. Statt Papen,
Dora. 163ft-r,p. 149); but leaving iseue only
four daughters, all bv the first wire, the title
became ejtlinct {ib. l'63e-9, p. 106). His lust
wife, Sophia, daughter of Sir Edward Zoiich,
who was described (27 Nov. 1638) as n rich
jonng widow, lived to a ripe old age, and died
in November 1691 (Colliss, Peti-age ( 1768),
iu. lit)).
rWiroWwIon's own scnaiint of ths Cadis Eipe-
dtUon is hi* Jintnul snJ Gelation, &e. (lfl2S,
Ml. (W) ; another ■pcoanl, wliich must bo Con-
•irl»r«d as to a grant extent alw) WimLlB-lou's.
U The Tm'aga to Csilii. by John Olimrillis
«dtla<i by Sm. A. B. Oromrt (Camdon i^ocicty,
_8B3). the introduclioi
nary of nearly all that ii kuown ve to Wirabls-
d.m'B Ufa; The charge delivered bj the Earl of
Essex and nine other Colonels ut the Couacil
Table against the Viscoant Wimbledon, general
of Ihe liutt Cales voyage, with his answer, oon-
taining a full rektiim of the dnreaC of the aame
voyage is printed in Lord LunBduwne's Worka
(ir32), ii, 249. The originHl manuKcipt. is la
the Brit. Miia. Harl. 37, f. 88. Copies of the
Jonmal of the Swiftaore are in Harl. MS. 864.
No, 34, nnd in S. P. Dom. Charles 1, li. 23 ; see
also Oiirdiner'a Hist, of England, vi. !-24, where
there iaaneKCBllBnlmBpofCft.ii». ALifeof Cecil,
Vi»count Wimblndon, by Mr. Charles Dnllon.wM
publisbod in two volames in 1885.] J, K. L,
CECIL, JAMES, third EiRL op Saus-
BTTKY (rf. 1683), was the son of Charles, lord
Viscount Cranboum. and Jane, rlaughf er tind
coheiress of James Maswell, ear! of Dirleton
in Scotland. He was educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, where one of his no*
quaintauces was Joshua Barnes [([.v.], author
of the ' Life of Edward HI,' who states that
for ' loyalty, generoBity, and affability ' he
was most likely to ' advance the noble name
of Cecil to the utmost period of glofv.' On
21 Oct. 1669hetookhi8aeatinthe House of
Peers, where he was a lealoua opponent of
the Duke of York's succession. In February
1676-7 he was committed with other noble-
men to the Tower for supporting the proposi-
tion of the Duke of Buc'kingbam, that ' the
last prorogation of parliament wiie null and
void in law' {Eachaeb, ffiXon/o/i'nyfcind,
3rd ed. 928). In January 1678-fl he was
sworn a privy councillor and took hia seat at
tbeboard(Lp'rrREti.,Z>iiiry.!.6). In August
16ftO he was elected a Icnight of the Garter.
He died in May 1688 fti. 260), By hia wife,
Harvsret, daughter of John Manners, earl of
Rutland, who died in France 30 Aug. 1683
(r'A. 216), he left five Bona and five daughters.
[ColJina'B Poemge, Bthed- iii, HR-9 ;LuttreU'8
Diary ; Eachard's History of EiiglandJ
T. F. H.
CECIL JAMES, ffiuitb Eael op Situ-
Buar (i. 1693), was the eldest srm of James,
third ear! of Salisbury [q. v.], and Margaret,
daughter of John Manners, earl of Rutland.
He married Frances, one of the tbrt-e daugh-
ters and coheiresses of Simon Itennet of
Beechampton, Buckinghamshire, when she
WHS only thirteen years ohl { LtTTTEEi-L, Diary,
i. 209). ' Salisbury,' says Lord ^MacHuIay,
' was foolish to a proverb. His figure was
BO bloated by sensual indulgence ns to he
almost incapable of moving j and Iliia slug-
gish body was the abode of an eq uaUy sluggish
mind, He was represented in popubr lam-
poons as a man miide to bx duped, as a miu
Cecil
398
Cecil
who bad hitherto been the prey of gamesters,
and who might as well be the prey of friars.'
In January 1688-9 he was committed to the
Tower as a popish recusant (ib. 493), but the ,
prosecution was finally waived (ib, ii. 123). '
His name was for^d by Robert- Young to I
a document purporting to be that of an asso-
ciation who baa bound themselves to take
arms for King James, and to seize on the
Prince of Orange dead or alive. On this ac-
count he was on 7 May 1692 committed to
the Tower (ib. 444), but nothing being proved i
against him his bail was finaUv discharged
in the court of king's bench {16. 629). He
died 25 Oct. 1693, leaving an onlv son, three
years old (ib, 388), who succeeded him as
fifth earl. He was buried at Hatfield on
29 Oct. '
[Luttrell's Diary ; Reresby's Memoirs ; Sprat's
Belation of the late Wicked Contrivance of 1
Stephen Blackhead and Robert Young, 1692 ; |
Macaulay's History of England ; Clutterbuck's
Hertfordshire; Chauncy's Hertfordshire; Col-
lins's Peerage, 6th ed. iii. 149.] T. F. H.
CECIL, KICILVRI) (1748-1810), divine,
one of the leaders of the evangelical revival,
was bom at his father's house of business in
Chiswell Street, in the narish of St. Luke's,
Old Street, London, 8 Nov. 1748, and was
baptised in the parish church on the 30th of
the same month. His father, Thomas Cecil,
a descendant of Cecil, lord Burghley, was
scarlet-dyer to the East India Company, a
lucrative* calling in which he had been pre- |
ceded by his father and cfrandfather, who es- |
tablishecl their dye-works on their freehold
property in Chiswell Street. His mothers '
maiden name was Tabitha Grosvenor. She j
was the only child of a I^ondon merchant, a
pious dissenter. Richard was the youngest '
child of his parents, and was born after his
mother was fifty years old. lie was allowed '
to relinquish business for literature and the j
fine arts. He wrote poetry and cultivated |
music, becoming a proficient on the violin,
but his chief passion was for painting, which
he pursued insatiably, attending all the pic-
ture sales in London and j)ractising at home.
He made a clandestine visit to the continent
to see the pictures of the best masters, and
would have gone to Rome if his funds had
proved sufficient. He acquired great influ-
ence among his youthful associates, and glo-
ried in being an anostle of infidelity and a
leader in everj' kina of profligacy. Like Au-
gustine he was brought back to faith and
purity by the prayers and holy example of hig
mother. On nis' conversion he resolved to
devote himself to the work of the christian
ministry. To this his father made no serious
objection, only insistinff that he should not
leave the church of England. If he connected
himself with 'diasenters or sectaries,* his-
father wonld ' do nothing for him living or
dying.' Cecil commenced residenceatQueenV
College, Oxford, 19 May 1773, and took hi»
B. A. degree, we are told, ' with great credit ' ia
the Lent term of 1777. His ordination, both
to the diaconate and priesthood, preceded hi»
B.A. degree, the former taking place in the
chapel of Buckden Palace at the hands of
Bishop Green 22 Sept. 1776, and the latter
23 Feb. 1777. His title was ^ven him by th»
Rev. John Pugh, the incumbent of RaucfW
and Cranwell, near Sleaford, Lincolnshire, it
that time one of the most influential membn^
of the evangelical party in the church, and one
of the originators of the Church Missionair
Society ; his stipend was 40/. From Lincoln-
shire he was speedily removed to Leice^tt^
shire, then also comprised within the dioct^
of Lincoln, to take temporarv charge of th»
parishes of Thomton-cum-bagworth and
Markfield, then vacant through the incum-
bent's decease. Early in 1777, through the
interest of powerful evan^lical frienas, he
was ofiered the two small bvings of All Saints
and St. Thomas of Canterbury at Cliffe in
the town of Lewes in Sussex, to the former
of which he was instituted 27 Feb. of that
year, the combined income of the two recto-
ries being only about 80/. per annum. Ilt^rfr
he took up his residence and fulfilled the du-
ties of his ministry with great zeal and ear-
nestness until the dampness of his rectorv
Eroduced a severe rheumatic afllection in hi3
ead, when he returned to I^ndon, making
his home at Islington. Cecil held his two
L(»wes livings for twenty years, and certainly
did not reside upon them or pert'orm the duty
personally for more than half that jteritMi.
He resigned St. Tliomas*s early in 17l>7 to
the curate who had done his work, and All
Saints at the end of 1798. His fume ns an
earnest evangelical preacher had prece<leil
him in the metropolis, and he was spetKlily
engaged to undertake various 1ectureshij»s,
one at St. Margaret's, Lothburv, at 6 a.m., aii
evening lecture at (hrange Street ChajH-l.
which subsequently became a nonconformist
place of worship, and others. He 8liare<l the
charge of l^ong Acre Chapel with the R»*v.
Henry Foster, another of the fathers of tlic
evangelical movement, a friend of Newt 4 m
and Scott, and in 1787 he undertook tin'
evening lecture at Christ Church, Spit a 1-
fields, which he held alternately with Mr.
Foster, the lectureship being only tenable f^tr
three years consecutively, till 1801. Tlie
sphere of duty with which Cecil's name is
most prominently oonnected is St. JohnV
Clinpe!, rVilfijrU How, in the pirisli of St.
Andrew's. Holbnm, now pulled down, which
eontioiietl to the middle of the present cen-
tury s stronghold of the evangelic«l doctrines
firitintroducedb^ him there. Tothischami
liewii9sppointedinSI»rchl780bySirEiirdley
Wilmnt, acting for the tmateea of Rixgby
School, the patrons thereof, on the recom-
mendntionntArchbiahopComwallia, Hewas
Wilberfbree, which, the speculation proving
Sttceeoeful, she was noTer called upon to iiilfil.
CSecil continuedroinisterof St. John's Chapel
till his dtiath. TwDyeareafterhiBregignation
of his Lewes livings he was presented by Mr.
Samuel Thornton on behalf of the trustees,
i& whom the presentation had been vested by ]
his folher, Mr. John Tiiornlon of ClBph»m, '
'with the luiited benohceof Chobluun and Bis- i
ley in Surrey. Here he spent three months '
in the Bummerof each year.to thegreat moral .
and religiouH benefit of the people, until ' ' '
health, which was enfeebled by ■-"'-='•■
miutsteriat labours, after one or two serioue
illnesses and a paralytic 8eLZUre,entirely broke
down in February 1808. Visita to Bath,
Clifton, TunbriJge Wells, and other places
afibrded him temporary relief, but no perma-
nent benefit resiuted, and he died at Belle
"Vue, Hampstead, after a fit of apoplexy,
15 Aug. 1810, in the sixty-tliird year of his
age. Cecil was married to a woman whom
heradntirablememoir of her husband proves
to iiave been in every way worthy of him,
and left behind him a large &miiy of sons and
daughters. Of the remarkable body of evan-
jfelical preachers who were his contemporaries
in I>ondon Cecil may safely be pronounced (he
intellectual chief. He preached from notes,
and wrote hut little for the press, and his
few printed sermons, though characterised
by great originality of thought and vigour
or style, can give no adequate idea of his
pre'Sminence aa a preacher. He was ' cap-
able,' we ore told, ' of rivetting the atten-
tion of a congregation by the originality of
his conceptions, the plam, straightforward
force of his language, the firm grasp of his
subject, and by a happy power of illustration
■which gave freshness and novelty to the most
fiamiliar subjects ' (Jbbium, Memoir, p. 267).
' Nature," writes Canon Overton, ' had endowed
him with an elegant mind, and he had im-
proved his natural pfis by steady application.
. . . There is a stately dignity both in hta
character and in his atvle of writing which
» ver» impressive" {The Englieh Church in
the ^igktrmth Cmtury, ii. 207). His * Ori-
ginal Thoughts on Holy Scrinture,' a posthu-
i£ publication of not«e oi hia extempore
Cecil
taken down by some of his hearers,
fully deserve the title given to them. The
truest estimate of the originality of Cecirs
mind is gained from his ' Reraaiiis,' which
might more properly be called his 'Table
TaU{,' being a collection of reminiscences of
bis conversation made by his friend and tbo
editor of hia writings, the Rev. Josiah Pratt.
Of these Canon Overton justly remarks they
' show traces of a scholarlv bahit of mind, &
sense of humour, a grasp of leading principleB,
sliberalityof thought, and capacity of appre-
ciating good wherever it might be found,
which render them, short though they are, a
valuable contribution to evangelical litera-
ture' (rt,) Thesame maybe said of his con-
tributions to the discussions of the ' Eclectic
Society,' which met in the vestry room of St.
John's Chapel, the notes of which were pub-
lished in 1866 by Archdeacon Pratt, under
the title of ' Eclectic Notes,' In his breadth
of view and freedom from prejudicehe shows
bimselfio advance of his age. His ministry,
we are told, was everywhere popular, and in
the best sense Buccesaiul. Both at St. John'a
and at Chobhnm he had to encounter a large
amount of prejudice. He lived down this
opposition, and in both spheres of duty ha
speedily gathered large and deeply attached
congregations. Hisperson and IMaring wero
dignified, and his sermons were delivcredwith
a conscious authority which silenced opposi-
tion. His decision of character and self-
mastery ia shown by his cutting the strings
of his violin when at Oxford, and never re-
t lacing them, lest it should divert him from
ia studies, and by his resolve never again to
visit an exhibition of paintings on discovering
i that his attention had been unduly diverted
from a sick person he was visiting by a picture
hanging in the room. The works of Cecil
were collected and published after his death
by the Rev. Joaiah Pratt, and have p)ne
through several editions. They include Me-
moirs of the Hon. and Rev. W. B. Cadcwan,'
' Memoir of John Bacon, the Sculptor, and
of the 'Rev. John Newton,' a collection of
' Miscellanies,' comprising 'A Friendly Visit
to a House of Mourning,' one of the best
known of Cecil's works, ' Short Hints to a
Soldier,' ' A Word on the Peace,' written in
1801, and other minorpieces. These are fol-
lowed by the only sermons, six in number,
preparedby the author for publication, thirty-
three sermons taken in shorthand, and, by mr
the most remarkable of tbe whole collection,
the'Remaina' already mentioned. To these
may he added the ' Original Thoughts oa
Holy Scripture,' published in 1&4S, also from
shorthand notes, under the editorship of hia
daughter,
Cecil
400
Cecil
[Memoir of Rev. Richard Cecil, by his widow ; | whom Elizabeth had made the victim of her
A View of the Chamcter of the Bay. R. Cecil,
by the Rev. Josiah Pratt ; Memoir of the Rev.
Charles Jerram.] £. V.
CECIL, ROBERT, Eakl op Salisbttbt
<1663 P-m2), statesman, was son of William
Oecil, lorJPBurghley [O; ▼•]» ^7 Mildred,
daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke. The place of
his birth has never been fixed with certaintv,
though he himself declared that he was bom m
Westminster ; the exact vear, too, has been the
«ubj ect of much doubt. ^When Thomas Cecil,
his elder brother, was travelling in France in
January 1563, it was deemed advisable that he
should return sooner than had been intended,
because his father*s * younger son ^ had recently
-died. It is to be inferred tnat Thomas Cecil at
this time had no brother, and hence the birth
of Robert, the future Lord Salisbury, must be humiliatii^ reverses in his protracted con-
set down at the earliest some time in 1563.
Beinji^ of a weakly constitution and a delicate
physique, he was educated at home under pri-
vate tutors. It is probable that Dr. Richard
Neyle, eventually archbishop of York, was one
of them ; it is certain he was one of Lord
Burghley*s chaplains and received his prefer-
ments through the aid afforded him by father
and son. When it is said, as it often lias been
«aid, that Robert, earl of Essex, was his ' early
playmate/ it is forgotten that Essex was his
junior by at least four years, and was actually
a member of Lord Burghley's household only
for a few weeks. It is said that Cecil entered
at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1581,
though if it were so he must have gone up to
the university four or five vears older than
statecraft and rained for his port in the exe-
cution of Marv Qoeen of Soots, was a friend
and prot6g6 of Essex, and the earl was beat
on restorinjB^ him to his old place of secretanr.
Though ElijEabeth woidd not so far gratify the
favourite, she kept the post vacant from year
to year, Cecil in the meantime doing all the
real work that was required. In 1591 (20 May)
he received the honour of knighthood on toe
occasion of the queen's being received at a
strange entertainment given by Lord Burgh-
ley at Theobalds. In August 01 the same year
he was sworn of the privy council, but it was
not until 1596, during the Earl of Essex's
absence on the Cadiz expedition, that he was
at last appointed secretary of state. In 1586
Philip it, wearied by his long succession of
flict with England, made overtures of peace
to Henry IV. If Spain and France should
unite in any friendly alliance, it might be a
serious matter for the queen and her people.
To prevent such an alnanoe Cecil was sent
over, with his brother-in-law, Lord Brooke,
the Earl of Southampton, Sir Walter Raleigh,
and some others, on an extraordinary embassy
to France, and arrived at Paris on 3 MarcL
Two despatches of CeciVs, giving an account
of this embassy, have been preserved. He was
back again in England on 29 April. Lord
Burghley, who was now in his seventy-eighth
year, was beginning to show signs of failing
health, and he died on 4 Aug.
After his father's death Cecil's position was
one of peculiar isolation. He had nothing
was usual at tliis time. In 1584 he was sent i like a caoinet to support him, or to share with
to France, and probably remained abroad ! him the burdens and responsibilities of his
during the next three or four years. We first ' official duties. In political sagacity there was
hear of him in an official capacity when in
1088 he was in Lord Derby's train on the oc-
casion of tlie sending an embassy to negotiate
conditions of peace with Spain ; and we may
assume that his familiarity with continental
languages qualified him to act as emissary to
announce to Parma the arrival of the com-
missioners. In the parliament that was sum-
moned to meet a few weeks after the destruc-
tion of the Spanish armada, but whicli did
not actually meet till February 1589, Cecil
sat as knight of the shire for the county of
Hertford, and this year ho served as high
sheriiFfor that county. It seems, too, to have
been the yeur of his marriage. Robert, earl
of Essex, was at this time high in favour with
the queen, and, intoxicated by the kind treat-
ment he had received, his vanity led him to
regard himself as a power in the state. He
actually hoped to supplant his former guar-
none to compare with him, none to look to
as a coadjutor who might be trusted, and
no friend to whom he could unbosom himself
with safety. His gifted mother had died nine
years before. Sisters he had none surviving ;
only one of them had left any offspring. His
brother Thomas, lord Burghley [q. v.], can
never have been much to him. He had been a
widower since 1591. His only son (William,
the second earl of Salisbury) was a child of
seven, his only daughter a year older. His
aunt, Lady Bacon, in one of her letters of this
date, expresses her belief that he would be
* better with a good wife ; ' but he never mar-
ried again. His cousins, Francis and Anthony
Bacon [q. v.1, had taken their side against
him, and looKed upon Essex as their patron
rather than their cautious and inscrutable
kinsman. Always in sore need of money and
always greedy for any advancement, they
dian. Lord Burghley, and to become the di- thought there was more to be ^t out of the
rector of the counsels of the nation. Davison, dashing young earl, who gave mmself all the
UTH of a bountifol sovereign, and perhaps tliev
(hiired in their patron's contempt fnr Cecil's
Bnol l>w«J Miiii provokiiijt tu-lf-comraand. It
l« muiU winder if this mnii of thirtv-five,
■VfttchinR thf> queen gTowiug old and know-'
ng hims If to he inloved, should at limes
'ia\ i pn tied b> a, «en«e of lonelinesn,
ricten n a cynical tone In
m L ood knight, tbsI con<
I to one thai halh Hoirowed
of arourt, and p>ne heavily
\ El -seem n^ fairground, t know
t brui|!<e h 1 I comfort on earth. an<) he h, \
[ vedton n n "p man tl at. looketh thie wav i
o hM-ien I
^ft^r I i olut on of the purliament in
[■fir ■< n new parliament was Buni-
hfT 1601 Meanwhile Essex '
* f Cec Ispath by being sent
Ir I I September l.i99 Essex 8ud- I
l«l>1> presenleJ htmsetfbefore the queen with- |
rat MtTing previously obtained any leave of ;
jfiaemee tram his province. Such nn offence i
»iitd not l>e passed over. On 5 June IfWO I
ihe earl was brought before eighteen commis- '
aoaete, numbering among them the chief of-
teen of the state, whose business it was to
MpOTtuponhisniisconduet. Cecil was omfing
lu> eommifsionera, of course, and it
JtTOUgli his discreet intercession and the (
[till forbidden the roynl presence. In the
Sfebrtiary t'oHowing Essex eagageil upon his
Bad outbreak, and' on 10 Feb. IBDl he was
Ua upon hiatrinl. Inlheconrseof that trial
1 Iiifblv cJhumHilc incident nccurred. 'Essex
K-r i-.l.--ii l:"iH'rt. Cecil of having said that
-|ij.in was therightneir to the
I . . ■■]■■■[. Thesecrelarr . . , stepped
'<:'ii "ii !':!- i"irtL^gaid,itndde8iringto speak
nniBteil ihiif Eisex should produce his au-
liorily, who only replied that Southampton
kild heard it us well as himself. Cedl then
Migiired the latter b^ his duty to Ood, by his
ihrWMiutj and their ancient friendship, to
itRWtbecoiincJUor to whom he was reported
ia ha,w made this speech. Ueing told it was
r feU c
, desired that Sir William Knollyi
a!^t be sent for, and sent, a message to the
nUeni vowing to God that if she would not
HlowSirWilliam to come he would die rather
han ever serve her again.* The baseless
ter^r^ was entirety disciwdifed, but it was a
nitical moment in Cecil's life. It was only
Anr Essex had suSered for his awkivard at-
itmpt at nn insurrection that Cecil allowed
kiraadf to t-nter into comuiunicatlon with
FvDM I, preciiielvas his fat her bad done with
BUiab(4L, and with characteristic caution he
began to prepare the way for the king of Scots
to sueeeed to the throne, as Burghley had done
for the queen. So well, however, was this
secret of state kept that it was not till a cen-
tury age) that the existence of any such cor-
respondence had been suspected, and not till
, Mr. Bruce published them for the Camden
I Society that the renl«ontents of those letters
were mode know^ to Ihe world.
! In the following October Queen Elixabeth's
I last parliament assembled, and Cecil repru-
I Rented Hertfordshire, as he had done in the
I three previous parliaments. In the ilebates
I that ensued he spoke with remarkable dignity
I and force. His business was tn obtain tho
supplies for prosecuting the war with Spain,
which now threstened to be carried on in Ire-
land, and to make the best of thegrievnnces.
especiallv ibose which had lo do with mouo-
polies, of which the popular party id the house
were dis|iosed to complain loudly. He managed
to obtoin the necessary subsidies, and the par-
liament was dissolved in less than two month*
af^er it had assembW. During Ihe remainder
of the queen's reign his work necessitated bis
keeping many secretaries: even his private
lett-ers it was difficult for him to attend to.
' not being able,' as he writes, 'to undergo
the continual multiplicity of the despatches
of state and the due correspondenees which I
owe.' Tlie accession of James I found him
prepared at all points for the new order of
things. Elizabeth died 24 March 1603, at I wo
o'clock in the morning. At eleven, in the
presence of some of (he chief nobility and
others, Cecil read the proclamation declaring
that James was king of England. He was
continued in his place as secretary by Jomesl.
and on 13 Mav made Baron Cecil of Elssing-
den, on 20 Aitg. 1601 Viscount Cranbome,
on 4 May 1605 Enrl of Salisbury, and on the
2Qth of the same month a knight of the Garter.
A large portion of his father's londed property
had descended to him by the deed of settle-
ment made when Burghley had married Lady
Mildred, Burleigh House and the bulk of
the Lincolnshire estates which had come
through his grandmother being entailed upon
hia elder brother, now Earl of Exeter. He
bad abo succeeded his father as master of the
court of wards, and in October 160.^ was
appointed lord high steward to the queen,
Anne of Denmark, His resources must have
been very large. From this time till his death
it is hardly too much to say that the whole
adminiatrat ion of t he country was in his hands.
The extravagance of the king and the greedi-
ness of the courtiers knew no bounds- Thii
Englishmen denouncedthe Scotchmen as ra.
pacious plunderers; but it appearsthat.theM
- little to choose between them, anil
Cecil 402 Cecil
addressed him in writing as his * little beagle.'
He made no sign of pain, but he felt the
sting of it. Perhaps there is no Europein
statesman who has occupied so prominent tnd
so commanding a position in liistory during
the last three centuries with whose puUic
i*j* ^ Y*.*Y 1**. .■
that the English actually absorbed the larger
share of the spoils. Every one seemed to be
bent upon enriching himself as speedily as
]);>ssible. Only Salisbury continued steadily
at his duties. He worked while others were
])laying each his own game. The policy of
Salisbury during James s reign and his states- life and political administration we are 10
manship are hardly w^ithin the province of ' familiar in all its details, and of whose pri-
such a biography as this ; they may be studied vate life we know so little, as Lord Salieburr.
in the pages of ilr. Gardiner's history. Salis- It is only when he is death-stricken and wlien
bury's last preferment was bestowed upon a few days of life remain t/> him that we find
him wlien by the death of Thomas, earl of the curtain raised which covers his priinte
Dorset, he succeeded that nobleman as lord character through life,
treasurer on 6 May 1608. From that time It has alreaay been pointed out that we
till his death the finances of the country came are ignorant of the exact place or time of hU
more than ever under his direction. The king's birth. Tlie same may be said <^f his marriap',
debts, notwithstanding the reckless profusion of the birth of his children, of his wife's
that characterised him, were greatly reduced death, indeed of anything concerned with
by Salisbury's dexterous management, and his boyh(X)d and early manhood. AVe know
the ordinary revenue of the country- nearly nothing of his tutors or schoolmasters. There
doubled itself in the first ten years of the is no record of his matriculation at Cambridge
king's reign. With regard to lii« receiving nor any evidence of his having taken a degree
money from Spain it was ])urt of that vile there, except such as is niforded by the fact
system wliich his father had established, and that he incorporated at Oxford in lfi06.
into which he was perhaps forced, of employ- Though there are many indications of his
ingever>' means that came to hand for obtain- having possessed a kindly and affectionate
ing information of the doinp of the catholics, nature, he seems never to have had a friend-
That he gave any information or that he ever ship. Life was to him a game which he
betrayed the trust committed to him there is was playing for high stakes, and men and
not a tittle of evidence to show. women were only pieces upon the b(«rd, set
It is said that he was an abler speaker than there to lx» swept off by one side or the «th«*r
his father, brighter and quicker. Certainly or allowed to stand so long only as the risk
the imprevssion made by his speeches in par- of letting them remain there was not tcwiji^t.
liament appears to have been very great. The immense tension at which he lived ren-
Yet he was a man of far less wide culture dered it impossible to cultivate any taste for
than the first Lord Burghley, and though art or literature, yet he certainly had an in-
chancellor of the university of Cambridge for . nate appreciation of grandeur and symmetn*
some years, and a liberal benefactor to Ox- in architecture, and he inherited fmm hia fa-
ford, in the shape of a valuable collection of tlier what amounted to a passion for building
books bestowed upon the university library- and planting. In 1607, James I, having taken
in 1605, he appears to have had but faint a fancy for Ijord Sulisbur>V beautiful hoiis*'
sympathy with learning or learned men, and ; at Theobalds in Hertfordshire, offered to fX-
had none of the instincts or tastes of the change Hatfield for it. Tlie earl could hanlly
student. refuse. He had no sooner got j)ossession '»f
He was in person much below the middle the new domain than he began to plan and
height, probably not exceeding five feet two construct the glorious mansion which remain"
or three, with some slight curvature of the a splendid monument of his gofrtl taste and
spine, the efiect of which, as Mr. Brewer says, magnificence. Mr. 15n?wer says he was hi*
was * exaggerated by the dress and fashion of own architect. This is true only so far as the
the times.' He was sensitive upon this sub- general conception was his own; thedraught^^
ject, as all are who labour under any defor- man of the plans and details, the real arehi-
mity. It is said that his cousin, Sir Francis tect was Robert Limminge, who afVens'nrd*
Bacon, aimed one of his most famous esvsays designed and built the hardly less l)eautiful
against this misfortune, and some of the most mansion of Blickling in Norfolk. Hatfield
cruel and scurrilous lampoons which were j was never the residence of the first Eari '^f
circulated to his annoyance by the hangers- Salisbury*; it was not completotl till after hi?
on of the Earl of Essex in 1600 did not I death.
forget to draw attention to his Svry neck, I-iord Salisbury married Elizabeth, daughi»'r
crf)oked back, and splay foot.' Queen Eliza- j of William Brooke, fifth baron Cobham, and
beth did not scjruple to call him her * little elf,' sister of the two wretched men, Henn*. lord
and James I called him his * pigmy,' and even Cobham, and G^rge Brooke, who wen* im-
Cecil
altcatwl vfitli Marklium, Walmii, mid Sir
Walter Raleiffh in Ihe ' Bye plot.' By this
jtdyliehadlwocliildnm; Fr&ucue,adau|;hteT,
R-boon 2S June IGIO married HBUiyCli^ord,
IoIt son of the fnurth earl of Cumberland,
IBd Wiliiom, his Hiiccessnr as second eurl of
Salislinry, who, on 1 D«r. 1808, married lady
[iBtheriiie Howitrd, y oiingOBt da lighter of Tho-
Bias, CiUl SufluUc, and aiarer of tlie infamoiu
Dauntcss otEanax. The earl seems never to
iiaTB had the sBtisfaction of seeing anv male
issue from either of these aUiancee. Of Lady
[Clifford's childrea only one daughter attained
t marriageahle aae; his aucceasor's eldest son
WM not born liU 1616. Of that successor
Dbiendon has left perhaps his most caustic
'character.' Lord Salishury'sconstitulion bad
begun to show signs of breaking <ip for a year
or two before his death. As eiirly as the
griiig of 1611 he was reported to be dying.
tbe summer Sir Theodore Maverne re-
nrded his case as hopeless, but he c<)ntiuiii.>d
Uuough the winter transacting business, and
in January there was some amendment.
In April Ifil2 he set out for Bath, where
the waters, it was said, were likely to restore
him. On 8 May he wrote hie last letter to
his son, whom he had eipreasly ordered not
ho come to htm ; but the young man would
not heed the injunction, and on the I9th was
tt hia father's side. Feeling that nil liope of
a cure was gone, and onxioiui to reach home
before the end should come, he left Bath on
rhe 31st. "I'he journey told upon his ex-
h«uited frame, and heonlysucciwiied in reach-
ing Marlborough, where he was received into
the parsonat^ houxit, and [here breathed his
lut on 24 Mav 161:i, Hedied owing nearlv
S8,0U(W.,Bt that limeanenormoussum.whicli |
it nNjuired the sale of an exteiuive territory i
to dear off. I
Two curious stnriea which have reached us
regarding Lord Salisbuty deserve to be no-
ticed, 'fhe first is to he found in Lodge's
' niuatmtions of English History ' (iii. 1 40), I
ind lias been more than once quoted or re-
ferred to as showing that Cecil was a ' man
■^ gallantry.' It apponrs that he had given
t picture of himself to Elizabeth, lady Di>rby,
wparently as a wedding present ; that the
ptctnre'was on a dainty tablet, and the ijueun ,
Hpjing it . . . snatched it away, . . . fas- I
Mned It to her elioe, and walked long with
it there.' Hereupon Cecil got one of the
xmrt poets to wnte some verses upon the
ncident, and some one eUe to set them to
nnuc Writers who are prone to draw hasty
nferencen frfini scraps of information, and
runders who are always ready to accept the
tfOnt rather than the simplest interjiret^tioD
^^fSUxf anecdote, require to be warned that
h
a told
by Dr. Donne in one of his letters, but nothing
like an allusion to the circumstances is to be
met with in any contemporsry writer. The
internal evidence which Donne'sletter affords
fixes the date to about 1 Aug. ltM)9. Accord-
ing to this letter, in consequence of a violent
Suarrel between Salisbury and Lord Hert-
ird, Salisbury sent the other ' a direct chal-
lenge by his servant, Mr. Knightley. , . ,
All circumstances were so clearly liandled
between them, timt St. James wa^ agreed for
the place, and they were both come from
their several lodgings and ujmn the way to
have met, when they were interrupted hy
such as from the king were sent to have care
of it.' Fifty years before this time Salisbury's
elder brother, the future Earl of Eiet*r,
hod been ordered to leave Paris to remove
him from the contaminating influence of this
same I.«rd Hertford, then a young man of
diasolute life and expi'nsive habits. He was
now considerably over seventy. Salisbury
himself was thirty years his junior, and had
been made lord treasurer the year before.
Donne, in telliiip the story, regards it assoim-
DTobable that his correspondent would hardly
be brought to believe it ) but that it can have
been a mere invention, or that an event so
e.ttraordinary should have been hushed up
and never found its way into the news-letters
of the time, seema equally inexplicable. Pos-
sihly when the Hatfield SlSS. which are con-
cerned with this period shall have l>een calen-
dared, some light may be thrown upon the
[The maiu sources for the biogrnpUy of Lord
Salisbury ore lo be fouud in the dociiaients aum-
marised in the CotsDilan of .Stale PaperB (Do-
inestiu) coveriug Che peiioJ butweiin l^Sl and
iei8. Next in imporunnvoincWiawood'sMB-
nioriali of State (3 vols. fol. 17*J5)>iadtheCuiirL
andTinuMof JsidbbI, printed in l$4S from tb>-
nianuBcripls which Dr. Birch left behinil him.
Bishop Goodmoa's Court and Times of Jsmea 1
WHS published by Professor Brewur in 2 vuU.
Stu, 1S39. It contoias some vnlunblc lectors
priaCed nowhsro o1»B, The biHhop'B ■ chunicter'
of Salisbury moaC be taken for wfial it is wurtli.
The best sketch of Lord Salisbary is to be found
in Brewer's English Studies ; the wricer hud tlie
great ndvantJige of having the HntHuld puperti
for years undur bin supervision. Nichols's Pro-
gresees of Elitalietb and James I are full of
eurioiu iarorm.iiioii, but the Index lo chesit seven
quarto Tolunies is altogether insufficienl. The
minute acfoaut by Mr. John Bowles, afterwards
bisboD of Rochester, of Salisbury'i last sickoeBi
and daath is to bo found ia Peck's Deaiilcrata
CurioHu, i. 30£. For all that comwrns Cecil's rcW
tioni with Sir Anthony Bueon, Birch's Memoir*
Cecil
burr vna chan
of tbs Reign of Quvon Elizabeth is inTnlu-
able. For all that TOncarns his dnilings with Sir
T'r&nciB Bbcqd, .Spedding'a Life nad LeCteT9 of
Biuon is exhaqatirp, an ]a Edwarda's Life uf Sir
WnllLT Bulcigh for all fhich coDcaniB his con-
DectioD with that uafortuDute genius. These
three IsHt-DHmed vorks are, each m its own wuy,
Ohsentiikl to the student of this period. Captain
Duvereux'a Lives of the Derereux, ElirU uf Ebmx
(2 volii. Sto, 1833). is a oircfiil and industrious
pioCD of tdvoaicy. The following works will Lo
found to support statemantB made in the toit : —
Collina's Peemge, ii. -186 et aeq. ; Lodge's lUua-
trations of British Hi^torj {-Ito, 1791), iii. 87,
134, 1*6, &c.; Collins'a Sydn^ Papere (fol.
1746), ii. 334 et scq. ; Fronde's Hiatorj of Eng-
lauU, voL lii. ; S. H. Gnrdiner's Hiatory of Eug-
liind. 1003-1642, Tola. i. mid ii.; B'Ewea's Jour-
uiila of the ParlianicDig of Queen Hiiabeth (fol.
lS93|i Correspondence of EinK James VI witb
Sir Robert Cecil, ed. John Bruoe (Camden So-
ciety), 1861 : Donne's Letters, 4ta, 16fi4, p. 213.
Thi-re are a few scrape concerning him in Wood's
AthcusOioii.nadiu thuFasli. Theflimi^f>owiip
which fnrma the staple of auch writers as >'auu-
lon, Weldun, Uabarne, and the ratholica, who for
the most part got their stories at second or third
' ' e smraly worth notice. Though Sulia-
a chancellor of the unirersity of Cam'
B appwiTB but once or twico in
('rwiMrr's Annals. The HatHeld MS:^., when
completed, may bo eipecled to giro some light
upon tarioiis incidftnta of his priv&ia life.]
A. J,
CECIL, THOMAS, fimt EiBLOPExBTBB, ■
neciind Lusu Bfroiixei (164:^-16:^2), eldest
son of William Cecil,lord Hiireblev, by Mary
Clieke [see Cecil, Wilham], was Iwm on
5 May 164:i. He se«ms to have been broug'ht
II]) under tutors at his father's liouse, nnd never
to have received a university education ; he
pave no signs of more thanaversgeability,ftnd
It Avas probably because his father knew him
to Im) deficient in capacity that he felt com-
iwlled to keep him in the bnckground during
Ms owii lifetimf . InJnnel561 hcwassent
witli Sir Thomas Windebauk to travel on
the continent, but he had hardly got to Paris
before he beran to exhibit a taste for dis-
sipation, and lie seems to have indulged that
taste with much freedom. His father was
greatly distressed by the reports be received,
and ill one of bis letters expri'sses a fear that
bis son ' will return home like a spending
sot, meet only to keep a tennis court.
Windebank, when he liad been in Paris
for more than a year, wrote home in despair,
saying there was no doinfr anything with
the young man, whose idle and dissolute
habits had quit« got beyond his control, and
recommended bis being recalled. To this,
however, his father did not af^ree, and we
hear that in Angusl 1502 they left Puis
« Cecil I
'secretly,' and slipped sway to ADiweFDini ,
thence made their way to Spireci, Heidelberg,
anil Frankfort. Young Cecirs conduct ahowMl
no improvement, and though his father visbed i
him to visit Italy and Swiiterland lie lud
no desire himself to prolong his stay abroad,
and returned in the spritig of ldU3. In lbs '
Eirliament of 1563 he was ret timed ts mem-
er for Stamford. In 1504 he married Don-
thy, second daughter and coheiress of Joha,
lord Latimer, negotiations for the miniap
having, it appears, been begun two yean be-
fore. During the next five years we hstf
little of him, but during the rebellion of tbs
northern earla in 1569 be showed a cota-
meudable activity, and did not fomt to
claim his reward. In 1570 the Earl of Siw
sex, under whom he had served, recommended
him to the queen as deserving some reoognt-
tion, and he wrote a letter of thanks, vihA
has been preserved. If it be a fair specimM
of his style of composition, he must iadcMl
have been a man of but small 'parts.' Kelt
year, on the occasion of the French ambassa-
dor visiting Cambridge, accompanied by hai
Burghley as chancellor of the universitt,
and other notables, Cecil was admitted MX
h^ n special grace of the senate. At a mif-
nificent tournament held at Westminster
during this year he took n prominent put,
and received a priEO at the hands of iIm
S[ueon for bis prowess at the barriers. H«
lud always had a desire for a militarir life,
which his father would never allow hus to
gratify J but in 1573 he volunteered for the
Scotch war without asking leave, and ««
present at the storming of Edinburgh «n
38May. In July 1575 henKeivedlheboDiW
of knighthood on the occasion of the quern'*
visit to Kenilworth. When Leicester went
in command of the English contingent to
the Iiow Countries, Cecil accompanied bin
and distinguished himself by his valour in
the cam]migti. In November 1685 he ww
made governor <if the Brillc, one of the ctu-
tionary towns. There was little cordiahtv
between him and Leicester, for whom heen-
t«rtuincd a scarcely disguised contempt ; on
the other hand, he was one of those wh*
showed a loyal admiration fur Sir Jobn
In August loB7 we find him amnnc the
mourners at the funeral ceremonies of jttatr
Queen of Scots, which were celebrated U
Peterborough. In 1688 he was among the
volunteers who served on board the flert
whicli was equipped to resist the Sp«iii*li
Armada. Dunng the next ten years we Iwar
nothins of htm. At his ftthn's fiineial is
1598 the queen gave order that he, as datl
mounier, should ' mourn as an euV
It W83 nol unlil tbe summer of 1599 thut firet wife. Lndy Dorothy, he had a family of
b« received his first preferment. He was . fire sons and eight daughters. His eldest
Cu^ president of the council of the north. I son, William, who succeeded to the oaridoui.
The iusiruotions addressed to him by the | wua the Cither of the despicAble Lord ICoox
queen give a most curious account of the ' who died before him, in 1618, and a» he hml
Eondition of Yorkithire at this time, and of ^ no other son the earldom passed tu Sii' Ki-
the widesyreud discontent that prevailed. . chard Cecil, the Sisl earl's second son, from
Lord Burghley is charged to resort to strong ) whom the present Marquis of Exeter is line-
measures (o reduce the recusant gentry to I ally descended. The third eon. Sir Edward
obedience, and to huntdown the pa^sts and Cecil, was created Viscount Wimbledon
tha priests. He showed no reluotauoe to i 25Julvli)2(),but dyiugia 1638witboutmali?
obey his orders, and before be bad been in heirs the title became extinct [aee CeciI, 8ib
office two months be writes to his brother, Edwakd, Viscount WmL&Doii]. Uf his
^i Robert Cecil, boasting, ' Since my coming daughters, Hlixabeth married, first. Sir Wil-
I have filled a little study with cojies and . liam nutton,und secondlySir Edward Coke,
maee-books,' In October 1600 he bad leave i The violent quarrel between this laily and
of absence, and being in London diiriua the her second husband was a caute rilrhrf be-
•o-called rebellion of Robert, earl of Essex, ' fore the law courts in 1017. Lord Exeter
in the following Febriutry, he took a leading | imitated his illustrious fiither in founding a
part in auppresstng the foolish riot and in i hospital for twelveooormenandiwowomeii
proclaiming Essex a traitor with due for- i at Liddlngton in IlutlandBhire, and was a
molities. In recognition of his service he | liberal benefactor to Clare Colleger. Cam-
was made a knight of the Garter, and in- bridgt. By his second wife he had a daugh-
fltalled at Windsor 20 May 1801. On tbe ^ ter, who died in infancy. His widow siir-
accesston of James I (1603) he was sworn of , vived him more than forty years. She died
tie privy council, and on 4 May 1005 he was in 1IM13 and was buried in Winchester Cn-
creatied Earl of Exeter. In April HXW his I thednil.
wife. Lady Dorothy, died, and about the same | .^^ ^f theautboritios for the lift of Thomas
time bir Thomas Smith, master of requests (.^,,^1 ^^^ ^^^^^ „„jgj (;gp,j^ Willuu. Lo!ii>
to James I, being carried off by afever. Lord | BuBQHLBT.Iotherainiistbeadded:CalflQdapi.Uo-
Eixet«r consoled nimself for his own loss bv niosiic, covering all the period of his life, pasniin ;
^ ir Thomas Smith's widow, thonali Birch's Court and Times of James 1 ; Nichols's
a Ihirly-eight years his junior; ani
>e daughter of William, fourth lord CTian
marrying 8
Progresaesof Eliz.and Jaa. I; Stiype's Annals,
i. as, and elsewhere through his irorksi Coopor's
Annals of Cambridga. ii. 278 ; Qaidiner'* Hisl. of
James I, tqI. iii. chap, iii.; SpeddiDg'a Bacon's
LifW and Letters, vi. at seq. ; Collics's Peeraga,
' Marquis of Kxeter,' ii. ; Li& and Timc# of -jir
Edmud Cecil, lord Wimbledon, by C. Dalton,
2 vols, 8vo, I8SS: Fmnde'a Hilt, of England,
vol. ii. ; Motley's United Xethrrlaods, i. and ii. ;
Col. Chester's WoitminBlor Abbey Registers.
p. 21, □. 5. There isacuriouadocnmi'nt quoted
upon aU of which be certainly did not serve. j„,i,^ ^^,^^^1, ^ „ ^f ^^^ m^t „sj,_ commi*.
The last years of his life were embittered by | .ioners. p. 125, which appears to throw some
the scandalous lawsuits in which he found joubt upon the marriage of Thomas Cecil to
himself entangled through tbe quarrels that Borolhj Navill. The fact of lliat marriogo
arose between his grandson and lieir. Lord [ go certaia that it is di
Boob, and the violent and wicked woman to , the mattor here.] A. J.
whom that son was married. Tlie story of
the hateful business may be read in Mr. Gar- CECIL, TIIOM..VS (^. 1630), engravrr,
diner's ' Hiatory of Prince Charles and the i has the credit, rare in artists of hia jieriod,
Spanish Marriage.' Lord Exeter died 7 Feb. | of being ati Englishman. ^ Beyond this there
1623, in his eightieth year, and was buried * ' ' ■■-■"■
He appeared hut little at court afli^r this—
indeed, he was nearly seventy at the time of
hie second marriage. He had suffered a great
deal from the gout for many years before,
and he spent most of his time at Wimbledon
House in c^imparative retirement, though his
name occurs now and then upon commissions, I "'I;, '''"^"^'^Tt,™"
n all of which he certainly did not serve, f . .
St rears of his life were embittered by \ ,
mdalous lawsuits i:
I lliiMUHS
_i Westminster Abbey three days after, in
the chapel of St. John the Baptist, where
B splendid monument to his memory st.iU
It is clear that the first Lord Eseler wna
A person of very ordinary abiliti'^s, and that
If he had beun bom of other •
■konld have heard nothing o
much to be said. John Evelyn speaka
highly of him, and be seems to have Ixiea
well thought of by his contemporarJKS. He
wEis working in London 1627-35. The poiv
trait of HeniT VUI prefixed to some copies
of the first edition of Lord Herbert of ctiet-
bury's ' History of Henry " is by Cecil. Hia
,. ,, . best works are portraits, often from his own
ly bis drawings,'executede»tinlywithUiD graver.'
Cecil 406 Cecil
His ' Queen Elizabeth on Horseback * is the ' before he was nineteen, but this is probaUj-
most im])ortant of these. * His works are a iwrversion of facts or a mere &Dle. Si.
neat in finish, but stiff and wanting in taste; John's was at this time the most famotu
his drawing of the figure weak and incorrect, place of education in England, and numbered
the extremities bad.* ' among its fellows several enthusiastic scbo-
[Vertue's Cat. of Engravers, 1794 ; Walpole's ^'■? ^'^^ were soon to win substantial recog^
Aneclotes of Pninters, iii. 875, od. 1849 ; Ked- nition as men of leammg. Foremost amon^
grave's Diet, of Artists.] : tli^m were the courtly Koger Ascham [q.vj
— five years older than Cecil — and the nn-
CECIL, WILLIAM, Lobd BmEtCHLET fortunate John Cheke, whom men esteemed
(1520-1598), minister of state, the only son the profoundest Grecian of his time. Cheke
of Richard Cecil of Burleigh in the parish was admittcnl to a fellowship at St. Jdui'ft
of Stamford Baron St. Martin, Northampton- in March 1529. His father, who occuped
shire, by Jane, daughter and heiress of Wil- the position of university beadle, died a few
liam Heckington of Bourn, Lincolnshire, was months after this, and left but a scanty pio-
bom at his grandfather's house in Bourn on i vision for his widow and their young familv.
1 3 Sept. 1520. Though immense pains were , Mrs. Cheke was driven to support her children
taken to construct a long pedigree of the fa- as best she could, and ^he kept a small wine
mily by no less a person than Camden the ----- _
nntimiury, and though Cecil himself spared
no cnort to prove his descent from an ancient
stock of notable personages, it has hitherto
proved impossible, and probably will always
shop in the parish of St. Mary's. Her 8onV
rt^utation increased from year to year, and
when Cecil came up to St. John's he threw
himself with eagerness and enthusiasm into
the studies of the place and became a devoted
remain so, to trace the origin of the family ' friend and pupil of the great Greek professor,
further back than thegreat statesman's grand- ' The intimacy between the two young men
father, David Cecil. This gentleman was early ' took Cecil to Mrs. Cheke's house more fre-
taken into favour by Henry VII, under whom
he held some oflSce of trust, the nature of
which does not appear. As early as 1507 he
quently than was prudent, and when 8carcelv
out of his twns he lost his heart to Cheke »
sister Mary, with a fortune of 40/., which
had founded a chantry in St. George's Church, ' was all her father could leave her. and no
Stamford, and was apparently then * yeoman j further ex])ectations in the world. It seems
of the chamber' to the king. On the accession ! that news came to Cecil's father that his only
of Henry VIII he rose in favour, became high ' son had become fascinated by the winesellerJ
sherifl'of Northuniptonshirein 1529 and 15^50, ' daughter, and the news was not pleasant to
and died in 1541, bein^ then in the enjoyment i him just at the time when he was actually
of various offices and emoluments which had : high sheriff for Kutlandshire, and a great fu-
beenbestoweduponliim by his sovereign. The ture might be in store for the heir of hi*
same astuteness in making the most of his op- estates. Young Cecil was at once removed
port unities and advancing his fortunes was from Cambridge, without taking a degree,
observable in his son Richard. He, too, was a though he had resided already six years at ^
courtier. In his youth he was a royal page; the university, and he was entered as a stu- '
in 1520 he was pn?sent at the Field of the dent at Gray\s Imi on ($ May 1541. If the
Cloth of Gold ; he rose to be groom of the motive of his abrupt departure from Cam-
robes and constable of "Warwick Castle. He bridge was to prevent a m^«i//MWoe, the plan
was high sheriff of Rutland in 1 539, and was failed. Two months after he came up to I»n-
one of those who received no inconsiderable don Cecil married Mary Choke, probably s*- *
share of the plunder of the monasteries, and cretly» for the place of the marriage has not
when he died (10 May 1552) he left an ample been discovered. Indeed, it looks as if the
estate behind him in the counties of Rut- union was concealed for a considerable time,
land, Northampton, and elsewhere. AVilliam for Thomas, the future earl of Exeter [q. v.]f
received his early training ut the grammar the only fruit of the marriage, was bom at
schoolsofStanifonl and Grantham. In May Cambridge on 6 May 1542, and therefore
15<^ he entered at St. John's College, Cam- prt?sumably in the house of his grandmother,
bridge, being then in his fifteenth year. He , The marriage was so distasteful to Cecil**
had already given unmistakable signs of his | father that he is said to have altered his
great abilities, was doubtless a precocious I will, or, at any rate, had intended to do so:
youth, and had acquired a certain mastery I but the young wife did not live long to enjoy
over the Greek language, which at that time 1 her married happiness or to seriously inter-
was an accomplishment few young people ! fere with her husband's ad^'ancement^ She ,
could boust of. It is oven said that lie | died on 22 Feb. 1544. This is the one romtn-
' read the Greek lecture ' in the college j tic episode of the great stateemanV lifie. It
Cecil 407 Cecil
should be added, to his honour, that he kept with by the party in power, and the eyes of
up the friendliest intercourse with his wife's ^ all the chief personages in the state were
family, and when his mother-in-law died in ' turned upon him. On 6 Sept. 1550 he was -
1548, she bequeathed all her * wine potts,' , appointed one of the secretaries of state, and
with her 'second feather bed,' to her eldest sworn of the privy council, and from this
daughter, but her * new bed, with the bol- time till his death he continued to occupy a
sters and hangings,' she bequeathed to her ! position in the aifairs of the nation such as
grandson, 'Thomas Sy8ell,'to be kept by her no other man in Euroj)e below the rank of a
executors in trust * untill the saia Thomas sovereign attained to, his transcendent genius
shall come to school to Cambridge.' and wonderful capacity for public business
As Cecil had been a diligent student at making him forforty-eight years an absolutely
under the notice of the king, but there is no , liest preferments indicate that he had already
indication that at this period he looked for , won some reputation as a lawyer. In Janu- >.
advancement to royal favour only; the pre- , ary 1551 he was one of a commission with
sumption, rather, is that his ambition pointed I Archbishop Cranmer, Bishops Ridley and
to a brilliant career at the bar. In 1547 he Goodrich, and others, for trying certain Ana-
became custos brevium in the court of com- , baptists {Fcederaj xv. 250). Shortly after
mon pleas, a valuable office, the reversion to this he appears as recorder of Boston, and in*
which he had secured by grant some years ' April 1562 he was appointed chancellor of "^
before. j the order of the Garter.
He did not long remain a widower. As In October 1551 he received the honours
his first wife was the sister of the greatest \ of knighthood, together with his brother-
English scholar of his time, so his second in-law, Sir John Cheke. In May 1552 his^
was the daughter of a man hardly less emi- ' father died, leaving him large estates in
nent for his profound learning. This was i Rutlandshire, Lincolnshire, and Northamp-
Mildred, eldest daughter of Sir Anthony 1 tonshire. He was now a rich man, and be-
Cooke of Gidea Hall, Essex, to whom he gan to live in a manner befitting his ample
was married on 21 Dec. 1545. Sir Anthony means. His ambition began to widen its
was preceptor, or governor, to Edward Vl. j horizon, but it never betrayed him into trea-
Cheke was the king s tutor, to which office he ■ sonable intrigues or tempted him to forget
was appointed in July 1544. Roger Ascham ' that the highest honours he could hope for
pronounced Lady Mildred and Lady Jane were to be won onlv by faithful service to
Grey the two most learned women in Eng- ' the crown. When tte insane scheme of the ^
land ; but Sir Anthony's second daughter, , Duke of Northumberland for altering tlw*
Ann, became eventually even more cele- I succession and setting Lady Jane Grey upon
brated than her sister, and, by her marriage the throne was forced upon the judges and
tvith Sir Nichola8jlac2Ei ^'*® ^^^ mother of nobility in June 1553, Cecil adcled his sig-
the illustrious Sir Francis. With the acces- nature to the document under protest, de-
sion of Edward VI a new direction was given daring that he signed it as a witness only
to Cecil's ambition. The lord protector So- (Froude, v. 500). He had already expressed
merset took him by the hand and made him himself very strongly against the measure,
bis master of requests. When the war with and actually resigned his post, as secretary'
Scotland broke out, Cecil accompanied his of state when it was persisted in (Tytler).
patron to the north, and was present at the When Queen Mary succeeded to the throne
battle of Pinkney, where he narrowly es- by the death of her brother on 6 July, Cecil
caped being slain* (11 Sept. 1547). He had was out of office, and the queen did not re-
scarcely returned to England when he was instate him ; she was already imder the in-
chosen to sit for Stamford in the parliament fluence of very different advisers. During
that met on 8 Nov. 1547. In the following the first year of Mary's reign he seems to ^
September he became the protectors secre- have lived in retirement, if that might be
tary, and when Somerset tell his secretary called retirement when he was attracting
was committed to the Tower. There he re- attention by the great expense of his esta-
mained for two months, and was liberated blishment and the large sums he was spend-
on 25 Jan. 1550, only after giving a bond for | ing upon his houses at Wimbledon and Bur-
% thousand marks to appear before the coun-
cil when he should be called. By this time,
however, it had become evident that his ex-
traordinary ability could not be dispensed
leigh {Saliffbury MSS.; Calendar y p. 127).
He was watching for his opportunity and
biding his time.
Meanwhile, on 23 July. 1554, Mary became
_-:/. 1^1 Cecil
- 1- T-;,- ■ r'i_l_- ■ —^r.^::. i:i i ~-Lrz irrxT- . Li.ia-rr l>Ti-. L2»i .-♦i-il Tce m'>xv> took his ,
L.-.-- -f:— - 1 -L- =-:— oj^- -r-i.- -_Li.- -^--^-s T'TiT fc* im^ri." "C *1- *lirv f:-r Lincoln. He
T-— ■"• — L_- -k^--: - -- ''t- > • Tr.*rti iiui i-jvaiiT A*-j*-i >=r:Air. iavoiritss as tothe
- - L- ■::_.:- i '' 2. zl- !■ j? ir -.i^ i^-zr.;"*! - aiL."-' c. .: -iLr'j-* :r tL^ o>untiT. TVw
M-i. —1 iJ7a--ir'- 'jTr t- I L~_ 12-1- i=-. "L -^z^Tz L^'.'LJTjrri i-z LI {.in* TO coui end With
- I ■ ;- — " ■:" "«"~-L 1- ""1 2 uTr'" till "^r T-^rr^-r i*r T-z^-*^ Li* *-Tr*5w In Dectraibff
L: v_-: Zj«=l;:^'- i i =_==: c ■: irji^ ~ lt- l i-im ~rrr c L-r:z.-=« 3*:: at the house of
-_:i^ ? ._- ■ «"" r ^"^'' Ls- iz.7i*~- ^ "-le !• Q*? '^^■ Tit =*LJi*- "mi-T*, tti-: Lad been vioe-ehtn-
7~:l22. 1^1 -r- Ti: ~~i-z. --. -•:• . t. " . -r-- c -v:l-5l J-kl1»-jj %'. CAznbridge in 1543,
•-- l-TIir- "li: L-LTUi^ T-J. ".l-Cl- Iz. "IL- Zl~">ri LZii W^T IT. TT Tlr TvfOTmAtion of
. ."«-.i^ .'i^L^"^ -^- -.-r'-^;'ir_- a. It^lz. -_l- -:t:_-rsji«".'!*l j.**^. Ai thr same time
i:^'! Id -r J-: '.'•'' 7 r-r- - :*- ir-- :c -Jie 2*^^: :z 'yzn^^ SAi-r 11? TUTTAf^oiupropoed
-Ci-T^-- r.1.- — ^•. Ti^ '.TTL— : 1* Si:-~-L:irLL •: zrAzr-tr-- "■".i-s:! rritif was a menace in
li Ili- lz. L—-CIT" '^L.-T ziLiii- "■ !■ iij-.L'i- L rxa^ c rif->iJ_ TbsTVTAe a ferious want of
♦•-■b/r ir'T—!! '^•17^ H LZ. i "I*- -ziiT-fr T ^■i.-- T-if* 7''T"r. "i.r Es^'.i*h catholjc liartT.
a:i'i iit:- =.■ tt .- _ t-i.- i»T-»-:»;- ii— i "r-.-iLi Jnzi-^ tz-i >.- r.iJiL ±11 wriv fact nrs m the
-I.- i-LTiJi.'^ T LmjLS' -^T '-t::.- T:- r-?- rrr'-i' '^ :--rzi* "■: •'i-r 'k-.'.'l. which the new
jT'-i." rLr .-1.^.- -: z.- ' ' ^ - L". i Lt '^"l- Tmiit: ZLZ .-""-T u.i-- :r4l Ellir*tPr:hwaaorf>wn«rd
uTL-i. *~ "-- -"-'■- ^ r — - TiK 7ii_*_a.z.T£L- "n 1: ~LZ. Tlt. i—T^z nir: •■^n the i-ith.
n-- /I il •:' . ill .V:_ -v-tj :i -^^ =T- "^.r yj:i Ll? 3a;- -. L-rcil'? bn-iher-in-Uw.
:: -«- iz-xi'-? :" *--^ ?-.:— ^ :' " 1-zi ■ -'. A tts.? "i:T-rT»:r :' rL-r r?*^: seal. (.>n 9 KeK a
n.—urU'z 1-1. i .r-z. :-*L^i- Ji : • :•; i±j.:-f- VI^i.Trer irjLrtir rryil suj-rvmacy wasin-
.-_^ -JL- r-f- 1-T-r :: "LI.- tt't-^" li" Tt: 1^^-- ~r>: . :-• : ^" ■ lir 1 . w-rr 1 :-u*e and refenvd to
•I-:., ir "TT-"-i i^i-Ji-" "^^ ^i_:_:-*7 : 'irr l :•:!:- u.rrr. :" -^-il:!! ??ir Anthony Cwk**.
'.T-.t-FJ-^z. L.zi r iT^-'L-* :!iA- .: Tij. vji^ r-et.JTfiiii-rr-js-liw.wi* chairman. In April
' : —.i zr --r. ".i-i" ■-- zirL? .re 'b-l- tIt* "s^ "1- :_11 -wt* TASar^i. McAnwhilr a {^eace bad
. " Li -It tilt i~--t -s^l_:z. ZL-"- ^ -"lz-- :•;-- r-zj:!.!-?-! witL Frinc»r : Scotland wa^
u^ 1V»? l-i*.:— Ill z ?rt-. r.- zTin'.j — fV r.^ -ti^z rv^r: :7«r* f t an alliance with
Zt- i 1 zu-.: il • : Li" -?^— 7- li £ "z-rr- .- ttL- T- j-j:. i . t-r- Ez^lijL oAiLolic* wriv di«pi-
i..-. '. ■.•:"_T- -r ".li" z- r-^j_-:-i -V .-z 5- zlt- r."-ri . "z- . 3zz.-:zi vied a »u£cirnt siili-
■_ z^ l_i-: z rr.r -z- i-:-:"ri It :r^-".---- : f. it . -Ir .-l-i r-TTrrwL-rr^ ^tvw clearer.
•It Ir.-rr-. I*. .Z "1. Z L-JT!..-'£ -< -.— Z MiTT • Iz T t " T-iTV C-r .'. Li Z h«-r-!l rl'rv-t'-d chanCrl-'
r^,jz. '•Vj":"' "J " -T : -.-T^z" : -■ t-"-. _r 1 r z '.'l- -juz.-rz^.'y :f Canibri-ij*? : in June
i-T-zLT ■ z.i-T — 1--1- : -• zz^": z' - :- — - '-r — i* i* "Zt Zr^ii ::' :hr ci~'mmi»»ion for a
iz_--.:i-.z ~ .*z 'jLf rr_z -s- zr._:.i>::z. .Tr- T->.-i-. - ■: :1- r-sr; :niYrr?i:ir«. Jiisr at
•:-z!- z- "zii " -Z z-r riiTz;-. :z : — z-- -"z.r * zi-r L.:ri R:Vr: Duil-y ap|v:-ai> up^n
Mi-r i.--; z 1" N. . 1-V--' "z- 2^ -"zt It^j: -Zt s.rz- i.-:z.r r-*:r.j:aT dhie. Foratimt?
T r-:-.-- i- _z., -iL~-: -XT>--. z ::' — '-rzz .: ?r-r=i-r': i.* :: L- hid itrpprd betwern the
T' :z '.Zt zt"^ . 1— z- ZLz.i>-"z i" z.- lz- : --r-z. izi '/.T «<-i.r^:dTy. and there wtrt ru-
y.-z'-ri ...21 :_--: ---. r-'ir;.- : Vi"-. >"z-: zi-r* :zj" LWil"? .ndurnce had re^vived a
TPLf i: Hi""-". i -^"z-- :zt Z-- • : "ztt *>:-T"i . z- k. N-vrrb^Ir^.*. p^rrLaps a: no jK-rioil
«;-:i"'z r^^t. 1- :_r"" S_t Lii ilrrdi"-z->'r.."'ri :" "zi5 li:e wi* -hr a=:"^iint oi* work which
*.-r .- z "K- *: i -. i- ; z. 'It -iAz:- z^y -'zi* zr r:: :b.r:urL n:orva*"oni<hinirthanduriDi:
Mir;.- iir-i _- Ir.i'r-l "Zt :' rzi .: -r«:li- *:. i^-r vrT}- =::r.tLi which paf*»-il while Li'rd
=:i*. r. -i^L: :z :• -s- :.i ii". .'c' ".-. ! >*zr. izi K.'.Tr I»zil-y wi^i s.ipp->=i-d to be ^upplant^
b.'*iTL-^i -':.r L.T^r: ZL .: z'zr *: v^rr.nirr.-. iz^ hz^:. J-^t in propsrtion a« the queen
*.».-. :"zr irrz PIl j-.V- -L j-i'. r z-r zz^' a-: i:rn.>r -.Lrew :Le c:ir>si' ox' business aside and chew
iz "Zt :. ill i* Hitr.-rlL C^.l. : ■ k-;.- itz* "^ a2:.>- Iirrfelf with her early playmate
a- T-rCrr'-ir-.-. ^:. i *: L:zz 'Le vji— r. ii ir^isei w-rr^ th- afair? of the nation left to Cecil
r}. .-^ w rir w:.:;:. Lavr r--rz «• ■ :r-rt;^.:rr.*'.y *•.> mana^re iicconlinj: t«> his judgment : and
*i : '-d :La* ;• !- Lardlv riT».r:i:ijrv :■ r^ri-ra*: if Elizabeth withdrew herself for a bri'-f
?:.-n: hTrv. Wh-;.': -r.r "^ii. 'Tl'.i* ju Ijturrn* peri'>d fr»">m the routine •"^f busine^^ the
I i.;tvr o!'y ..:;. rhat y.iuwill n---: >>r c ■rrjptird secretary had mor>f anxietv and rvsponsibi-
wirh any n:ar.r.»rr ui jif*?. and that y -ii will lity thrown upi.in him. Hi* health suffered
1/r fni^liful tm the *tiit»r.' .-"he pave pr»"n-»f of under the severe strain of all this c«^Mtant
h»-r i4iffar:irv. and showed that she kn-w the labour of mind and bndv, and he seems to
ch.'tritct*'r of th»r man wh-.>. thn^ugh evil r^ have been in dan^r of breaking down. In
Woltoii, aiid the trentv of Ediubiirgli wns
Wgned on B Jul;. The quetiD nas angry ■>'
the concessiuns that bid b«eu luuile, nnd
when Ct«it re[iirue<l tn court he found that
Dudley Itad gaiual irround and be liimfielf
fawl lost it. lu September Ain^ RohBU'L
«AO>e by her deRth. Uudlev wea in — "
perplexity, and applied to Cecil for
liia reply bos perialied. 8oon the
spread that tlm queon was icoing to ro&ny her
«(uly playmate, but graduitUy the reports
io«t credit. Cecil's star a^in rose. On
'IOJrq. 15111 Cecil wBfi appomted muster of
llie court of wards. It was bis first really
lucrative office, and a very important oiie;
but il was an office wherebv a great deal
■of vexntioiLB tyranny had been exercised
Xn the gentry for a long time. The court
irards was talked of with the aame nb-
hon^nce und <!r«id oe the court of cbanMrv
nai among ourselves thirt3'yearBB^. With
charncteristie energy Cecil applied uimsetf to
reform the abuses which were matters of
«oinmon scandal, and at the same time he
contrived to make the department a source
of increased revenue to the crown. Nor
was this all. Tlie country was suffering se-
■yerely from all the religious and social dis-
turbances of the last fifteen yearni. The
condition of the peojile needed to be looked
into, for there was disorder everywhere. In
July 1561 Cecil orgBJiised what we should
now call n cummiscion of inquiry into the
discontent that prevailed. At this tine be
appears to have been considerably embar-
MKed, insomuch that he was compelled to
.bbU his utllct: of custos hrevium, to lessen
Ilia eslftblishment, and borrow money of Sir
^ODiae Oreshnm for his immediate necessi-
tieo. The truth s«ema to be that his build-
ings nt Ilurleigb, which had been going on
for your*, were curried on upon a scale which
no ordinary incomu cotild siipport, and to
tbismuBt be added the grent demands which
about this time wpre made upon him by his
.Ma Thoina«, who occasioned him great
uuUety and disirtss by his dissolute way of
^living while on his travels abroad.
In the parliament of 1 563 Cecil was chosen
riker of the House of Commons, but be
lined the honour. The duties of speaker
''Were hardly to be discharged along with
thoet) for which he wan already responsible.
Ont) "f the Itioet important measures of the
seMion was that n'bich was intended to carry
'Out the domestic policy wbich liad been in
•Cecil's mind while he wa« formulating the
inqiiiriee circulated during the previous year.
■OnO July 1564 Queen Ehiabetli stood spou-
ir toCecilVdaughter lillini bet h, who became
sntuaUy the wife of William Wentworth,
eldest son of U.rd Weurworlh of Xellle-
sted. In August she paid her famous visit
to Cambridee. Cecil had cause for uneasi-
ness as to the reception the queen mi^hl re-
wive. Party feeling ran very high m the
imiversity, and there had been unseemly
disorders in some of the colleges, as well as
a good deal of strong language and insub-
ordination outside the college walls. Cecil,
us chancellor of the university, felt that
his own credit was at stake, and be took
the precaution to go down to Cambridge be-
fore the queen started on her progress, to
smooth the way for hei reception. By his
adroitness he brought it about that the
Cambridge visit was one of the most suc-
cessful entertainments of her long reign.
The university, in recognition of Cecil's
merits, created him M.A.,and the townsmen
presented bim with tome wonderful coufec-
, tionery ! In 1506 he was with the queen
i' during her visit to Oxford, and there ton he
was created M.A.
The neict. three years were full of events
which could not but have their effect upon
the line of policy that Cecil found himself
henceforth compelled to follow. 'Ilie long
and fierce struggle between the protestflnt
and catholic party in Scotland ended at last
in Mary Stuart's crossing the border and
becoming a prisoner upon Euglish soil in
May 1568. New complications arose, undtbi^
great question of how to deal with the cii-
Uiolic parly in England soon forced itself
into prominence. In March 1569 Cecil drew •,
up a most able paper upon the political situa-
tion (IIayseb, p. 579), in which he shows
cleorly that he knew what was coming, ami '
that ue was no less completelv master of the
intrigues that were going on in Europe than
he was of all that was passing ai home.
The great northern rebellion came upon him
as no surprise ; the attempt to crush him in
theconncil(FROi:i)&,ix.441; Salisburf/ MSS.
1319, 1S38) caused him no disturbance.
Tlie northern outbreak had collapsed before
Christmas, The ferocity with which the de-
luded victims were treated must be laid to
the queen's account, not to that of any of
her ministers. One thing had made itself
clear to Cecil — the northern rebellion had
been a religious war, and the calholica in
England were a far more powerful and for
more dangerous party than queen and mini-
ster had hitherto allowed themselves to be-
In February 1570 the bull of Pope PiusV
excommunicuting Elizabeth was published,
and on 16 Maya copy of it was nailed to the
door of the bishop of London's palace. It
was not only an insolent and wooton defiance,
Cecil xt= Cecil
''.-*:. .r*ii«r-r.:i:fi -j»- ■•■,rLj:«!a-ii;*? '.z "iitr ii!r. 'iin : ir-t-n. T. :">Ll>w hj career from thit
1*1' : i.i»*-v T*-*:?--? 'iiiia 1*17 o*- ---^ 'Oiir fr.ni ji'd" :■ :*:.■* :L:kk 'srifil-i he to write thehi»-
-f-':iTKE':rrii 'iirr-t :•'.»: !•: >r i: 3«u> -v:")! :-.rr -r Fr. jUr.'i : : -r br him. oi' ire than br
r:.-.r.i-. 1.1 -.ir icmii:". .:•• «r • li t.3i'>r l..--.iik. izt Tr^rr iiiiriw- nun iurinz the U*t thiriT
T.*iir» -.t els '^-T. "w^i zh-* biitonr of EnzUod*
?Lk>r>L H-^ :<iuIiT'=^ all th*>5ie who had ir
izd 1 3LIZ. : *i- TTL- orr-ti: laii '.niL.' i-iii *-ir"'ri w-.-h him in the race for power
A^ I. r.^'r 'r^K i»rii7^z Is.'Tr.Titri'.'zjiT.w-^r^zr'^'rTT' !-■: fLSrr. Aichis an4 Cheke and Sir
T^ii-r"- .':•■.•■' 17 ▼:•?!£. i:i«i '^f* ^eir^*: -tsl.*- Ti' ci;i--'f:r.:*ii-Tirh'i3ihf*haii l-"»Vi*da*faiinilitr
-ii.r-P! i ■:.if* Er-^'iidii -•»^ir?«-- *:ip^Lr«i "ar-.tii rr.-;i L- it ".' tnibrl i£»r ; Sir Nicholas Bacon.
X r.-7 rr-.m •htr:.' »7-:ira-iiJr^n i" i ae in-i t!^ *d- with hi ai iorlonz in the counciL noc
:r.Gi ^piLs i=.'i r:.:c:tr irr^-iLLCri::! frl" hizi- i1"*"it« iiT»r^iai wirh hU >>t'inion5:
^.:' ^-.mpr.lr-i V .>*:r: "■ -iL»^r wr-ip^^r.,*. izi WaL*l:uztij^ and:*LrChn*topberHati*MU
H.* llf-r -jit^z *: "r --rvjt'rnni; lAsLsr-.z.'? ir.'i =.1=." m-r^h-rr wh-.Rse name has brtx»in«ji
■Tr*- .rlv^i "■: »LiT h^zi li-i 'ir . :-^r- : r'^r "1 : i*rh. :ii w:ri. ail p&5<s«<l awaj befor* bin.
=: *.->f -.r s« «■;. r ri'L-r. .- wi* •ii^h*. I" «tr»rni»K£ li if h*? oo-iM d''> without any or
w . .1 : -»r •• ci-r:ii.=^ 3i-.rr 2: r.--jis •>ji- =:-7»r *il :: 'Zr-.zn : but i: is T.*rr «afe to assert that
; :-:.r-i-..- h..2:i.r. i-. .^.r^.-.-t thK n-?-*- io- tt-.:-:-:: him the >-:m -"^ Elizabeth would
T.-' i:i'i -"* i-rsp^-ri-r ii?«::il-:*, rr ■:«-^!i^ ■ :■• '.Ji'*T }L*rTii i* glorloiL* as it waii. norct^uld
rTr-zi Tr^n-'.il'r*.'? mi ::-:■;.* L4 tz-rir r^.l ir»r* t:"-T rLi'i-.-n Lav* em-erzijd frnm all the long*
::i ..'.pLT-i. .T *rr=:rii * C»rt;ii 'Li" -iTi:-:- *^r.T^ if -iiSoulrie* an I p«eril« thn^ujjrh whicb
i.r.ir;.- -.T'rt:*:'::"-'!- •^rre n-:r<ini. m-i f:r ••:- :" t.-L**r-i un-irr hi* vigilant and vifrorous
z^-rj.- ■•v-rn"y vrJir? Lr k-ipr a s^iall irmv ■ f i-:^ i'ini.>:. *«:» pr*>«i<*:r*>iia and stmnir and «lf-
ip.r- in-i irifjT^irr:^ :a Li* i-aj. wLo w-rv :h- rvlian*. :f rhen* had been no Cecil in tin*
■ir*r:i:^r:veptvli'>r. *:.*: L- ^.tj-i wl-'-'i* '•^rjplr •> :r.o:l ■•^f hi* wvepri^c, and if hi* greniu>
'■; iv irJ "rTniir-.o- wher. :* "»a* nr^ied :■■ l::i'i rx-n^ii-^i less paramount control. Only
krrp -aitoh. ip*::! :!■* ?avinz^ ind d Lru"* f ■•ncr in hi* career did ElizaUrth display tn-
• iap"=<rV'i -vhAri.rvrs 1" L-sr irA abr:--ii- war-U him any ?eriou* marks i>f her di*-
T r. Ty wr rv .1 v . 1- *. .1 r. I . an i -rnp l : y m-n *: f 7 Ir 1 r^orv . Ai: er : h»? ex i*out i' >n of Mary* St uart
- i:L ;r>:r iEirr.t- • :'.i r.:-: '■ :* brinr t- r.:-? slir d:*:ii;*Siril him Irom h»rr presence, and
rn-Ji-ir^ •.•! :>h"r. .7 'ip-.r. tr-Tlr ^hit' yrr. *T»rn: h-r fiiry up in him in wonis of .^at-
"^ ; -:. :::-:: li:::-.-' i.-v-r'-:* itd 'h;'.: or.L-l'j r'.*.-v-'ij* insult. He had carritrd out her -s^
■-.rA •.-•rucri^r-'v •!. , .; i >.•- -.vr 'i^r.t :n irr*hrr> cr»;t wi^h-r*. but ir suited her to have it he-
:. :ri i-. ftn : •?.•: :st t • irr-ire ar.i •••Iivr bur- iivv-ithat hrr had misinteqtretedher insinic-
'.•.ritir* in ti;- •7--<i::i:-n': :ind «i.:-ijL:vr -tf ti n*.
•:-•* ili.riiiri mi -?.■?;• ir.-:> and 'hrir *'ip>"-7trr* A> Iw oirLivtsl alm-^r all his old friends.
•.Tr rh*: *hjime ai: I ini-rliblv rnryr- irn??! which -i*' diil li»? »'.irvive all his children exct»pt hi:?
fi''';u:ii tr:».-m«.-!v.-*:.ii>c:r*i?iindu-;rnf atfair*. 'wi son*. Tlioma*. hi* fir^tb^m 'see Cecil.
utA -.vhich R 'r all tlieditficultirs of Ki* posi- ThuMa*. K\rl of Exeteb , and lloben. hi*
•; -n. or Th»- un-x?impl»:d pr-^vocati'^ns he en- .*ucce*>"r in more than one of hi* otficv* of
d ir*A, f:hn alt'»?»rrher exc'i**:. In the grim stare aiid the inheritor of no small |»ortii>nof
i"iriri;cr. thfjt en-ii»;d. h«ov.^v-r, he carri»:d out histrenius'seeCEi'iL. Robert, Eari. ok Salis-
li:.- puqKise and :rain','<l his end. JW'.»re the bury". Of five otht^rchildren hv Lady Mildr>;d,
d'rtVrat of th" Arrr.ada, all chance '}t' a r***^"*- three s^ms died early. His daufifhter Eliia-
ra*ion of the papal .-upremacy in Knjland beth married, as ha* lieen sii id, Willi am Went-
hiid i!on»- f<>r ever. worth, eMest s«>n of Lonl Went worth of
Ifithertn. thoii^rh the most jKjwerful man Nettlt-sted; the marriai^ to<.»k place in 1.V2:
in x\i^ kingdi^m. and far tlie ablest and most the hu*band died about a year after, and hi^
laUirioii" v.-rretary of the que^.-n, C»?cil had widow did not lonp survive. There wa* ni'»
r»'C«;ivtrd no gT»*at n.-ward. He had lived issue of the marria^re. His other daufrhter.
boiiiitifiilly and .six-nt lavishly, but lie was -Vnn» married Mward de Vere, seventeenth
-t ill a plain kni(?ht. On 'Jo I'Vb. 157 1 he was earl of Oxfonl, by whom she had three daui^li-
creatj'd Haron of Jiiirp-hh'y. ' If ynu list to ters, but no son. It was a very unhappy
writ*' truly/ he savs. addntssing one of his alliance; theearl treated his wife very badly,
frorn!-«pondt?nts, * tfi»i jK>orest lord in Eng- and she die*J in June 1588. Her mother,
land * ( WKi<iMT, i. .'{ill ). N»;xt year he was Lady Mildred, followed her daughter to th'-
iuHt ailed a kniglit of the Garter, and in July grave in less than a year ; she die<l on 4 April
1572, on the death of the Earl of Winchester, 1589. C'ecil mourned her loss with pathetir
hi* Ijf'came lord high treasurer of England, sorrow. His mother, who had been to him
Cecil 411 Cecil
through life an object of tender solicitude, | guest, and the cost of her visits entailed on
had already passed away in March 1587. In . each occasion an outlay which sounds to us
his old age Cecil must at times have felt his 1 almost incredible. II is gardens were cele-
loneliness. He had almost completed his | brated over Europe, and we hear of his ex-
seventy-sixth year when death came upon periments at acclimatising foreign trees, which
him at his house in the Strand on 4 Aug. 1 he imported at a great cost. For mere pictorial
■^ISQS. His body was removed for burial to art beseems to have cared but little, though
Stamford Baron, his obsequies being per- his agents were instructed to procure speci-
formed on the same day with much magni- | mens of sculpture for him from Venice and
ficence at Westminster Abbev. probably elsewhere. He had a g^reat tast^
/ Illustrious as a statesman, liis private life tor music ; there is no indication of his being
displays a character peculiarly attractive, fond of animals. His hospitality was un-
He was a man ot strong affection — gentle bounded, and he kept great state m his esta-
and tender to children, of whom he was very 1 blishments. He had a high idea of what
fond — an indulgent father, even when his was expected from the prime minister of the
son Thomas tried him sorely by his early queen of England. All this splendour and
dissipation and went so far as to remind his profuseness could not be kept up through
father that he could not be cut off from the life and any large accumulation of wealth be
entailed estates, which were settled upon him. ' left 1)ehind him. In truth Cecil did not die
He watched the education of his children as rich a man as might have been expected,
with constant interest, and made liberal pro- j and there is good reason for believing that if
vision for his daughters when they married. I his father ha!d not left him an ample patri-
His loyal fidelity to his early friends and mony he would have died as poor a man as
kindred showed itself whenever a legitimate many another of Elizabeth's ablest and most
opportunity occurred for assisting them [see
especially under Bbowne, Robert], and his
grateful love for hb old college and for
faithful servants. Cooper, in the * Athenae
Cantabrigienses,* has given a list of sixty of
his works. They are lor the most part state
Cambridge he never tired of expressing in ' papers, apologies, and ephemera, never printed
word and deed. The hospital for twelve old
men at Stamford still remains in testimony
of his kindly charity, and in his will he left
many legacies to the poor and the unfortunate.
In the midst of all his wonderful official
labours he contrived to keep up an interest
in literature ; he was a lover of books and of
learned men, and a student to the last. His
health was frequently impaired bv overwork
and never intended to be published to the
world. He had made large collections in
heraldry and genealogy, with which studies
he was much interested. He expressed him-
self with facility and precision in Latin,
French, and Italian, and he returned the
letters which his son Thomas wrote to him
from Paris with corrections of the mistakes
in French which the young man had made.
and mental strain. In 1580 he su^ered much The mass of manuscripts which he lefl behind
from his teeth, which had begun to decay. ' him is prodigious. In the single year 1596,
He was always an early riser, and writing to when he was in his seventy-lifth year and
a correspondent who wished to speak with his constitution was breaking up, no less
him at the court, he warns him that his only than 1,290 documents, now at Hatfield, and
chance of securing an interview was by being every one of which passed under his eye and
in attendance before nine in the morning, were dealt with by his hand or ihe hand of
The sums he spent on his buildings and gar- his secretaries, remain to prove his amazing
dens at his various houses were enormous, industry, his methodical habits, and his asto-
In defending himself against the attacks of nishing capacity for work. It must be borne
his slanderers in 1585 he thinks it necessary in mind, too, that the Record Oftice and other
to excuse and explain thus lavish outlay, archives probably contain at least as large a
Burleigh, the glorious palace which still re- collection of his letters and other writings as
mains as a noble monument of his magni- , his own muniments supplv. A very valuable
ficence, he says he had built upon the old * Calendar of the Hatfield NiSS.' is now in pro-
foundations, but such as he left it — he left cess of being drawn up ; only the first volume
it while it was his mother s property, and he has as yet appeared ; but a rough list of his
never presumed to treat it as his own during papers has been i)rinted in the 4th and 5th
her lifetime. It was not till after her death * Reports of the Historical Manuscripts Com-
that the queen was entertained within its mission.'
walls. It was at Theobalds and Wimbledon Cecil was of middle height and spare figure.
and Cecil House that Elizabeth was re- In youth he was upright, lithe, and active,
oeived with such extraordinary splendour, with a brown beard which became very white
Twelve times, it is said, the queen was his in his old age, brilliant eyes, and a nose some-
Cecilia 4" _^ Cecilia
what large for his face. His portraits are ^NEiyment of wliicli was afterwards secuNd on
numerous, and have all probably been en-
graved (Bromley, Cat, Engr, Portraits^ 28^ ;
none of them are of any conspicuous merit.
The authorities for his biography must be
sought in every work which has any bearing
upon the history of England during the latter
half of the sixteenth century. The sources
referred to below will be found to suijport
the account of his life and administration
given in the foregoing pages.
the sureties of the provoet and buigfaen of
Edinbui^h (i6. xii. 161). When, however,
James III, being at variance with his brotlier
Alexander, duke of Albany, who was then
staying at the English court, made an in-
cursion into England, Edward transiened
his dauf^hter*s engagement to his guest (Jane
1482), intending to make him king of Scot-
land (Hall, 21 Ed. JY ; Rymbr, aai. 16^-7).
After various delays all these Scotch pro-
[The earliest and, in some respects, the most P<?sals fell through. On the usurpation of
valuable life ofLordBurghley is that first printed Ifichard IH, Cecilia, with her mother and
by Peck in the Desiderata Curiosa, The author's j sister, took refuge in the sanctuary at
name is not known. The Lives by Arthur Col- Westminster (PoLTDORE Vergil, p. 175),
lius, Charlton, and Melvil (4to, 1738) are useful : and l)etbre long Edward IV's childi^n were
as far as they go ; but a really satisfactory bio- declared illegitimate by act of parliament
graphy is still a desideratum ; the materials are (CoMlNES, bk. v. c 20, bk. vi. c. 8). In
scattered very widely. In citing the following March 1484 Richard succeeded in inducing
authorities special references are given only in 1 \^^ sister-in-law to deliver her two daogh-
cises where in the text a statement or opinion ^^^^ j^^^. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ Letters; Hab-
putjbrwanl for the first time, or o herwise note- | 53^^ ^^^ ^^ ' ^ ^^^,^
worthy, may need verification : Collins 8 Peerage l**^ " .1 - ., ,. ^t t
(1812), ii. 582 ; Cal. Dom. 1609, No. 295, Cal. , °^arrying one or other of them himsetf. A
1513, No. 4597, Cal. 163i, No. 461, Cal. 1535, '"^^^.^^ next sprang up that he had already
No. 149 (61); Calendars Dora. temp. Eliz. pas- mamed Cecilia to a man of a far inferior rank,
«im ; Calendar of the Hatfield MSS. pt. i. (1883); and these reports had some effect upon the
Coopers Atheme Cantab, under * William Cecil* I movements of the Earl of Richmond, who
and' John Cheke;' Cooper's Annals of Cam bridge, had sworn to wed the elder or the younger
ii. 137 ; Baker's St. John's College, and Roger sister (Hardyng, p. 540 ; MoRE, JRtck. UL
Ascham's Scholemaster, both by Prof. Mayer ; I p. 93). On the accession of Henry VII
T}iiler's England under Ed. V^Ijind Mary (1839); she was receiv^ into favour, and carried
Burnet's Hist, of the Refonuation, pt. ii. bk. Jier nephew, Prince Arthur, to the font on
ii. ; Wright's Qu«en Elizal)eth and her Times, I the day of his baptism (Fi/teenth-centurv
1 838 ; Birchs Memoir=^ of Queen Elizalx'th froni ! Chronicles, p. 104). Somewhere about \^:
\^' t^^' i^^'' '/''^^'Pf ' Annals and Life of ^.^^^ , ^^^^ ^ fortunate as favre,' marri«l
Wh.tgilt; RvmcTs Foedem. xv. 250; Hayjies s , j^ 'j yr ^ ^ ^r ^ . j^g
Burehlev Pai>er8, fol. 1740, cover the ])eri()d be- I ,^ ' .. t ^ if • -^^ox t«
tween 1541 aid 1570 ; Murdin's Burghley Papers, (^«f ^^ ^^^^'^« Lelaxd Coll it, L>o3) hi
fol. 1759, cover from 1578 to 1596 ;CollW8 I l^^-^/^e appears as a legatee in the will of her
«vdnev Papers, fol. 1 746, vol. i. ; Forl)es'8 Public grandmother and namesake, Cecilia, duchess
Transactions of Queen Elizabeth, 2 vols. fol. 1 of \ork ( W't/^^/rom Doctors' CommoiUj2).
1741; Nichols's Progresses of Queen Elizabeth ; \ Somewhat later (1501) she was train-bearer
Jcssopp's One Generation of a Norfolk House, at the wedding of her nephew Arthur and
chap, i v.; Morris's Troubles of our Catholic Fore- Catherine of Arragon (Gkeex), and a few
fathers ; Naunton's Fragnienta Regalia ; Wood's months after her sister's death seems to havf
AthensB Oxon., and Fasti, by Bliss; Kemp's been married a second time (loO^W) toone
Losely :MS.s. ; Froude's Hist, of England, passim ; ] Thomas Kymbe, or Kvne, who, according to
Camden's Annals of Queen Elizabeth ; Nicolas's | ^£^8. Green, was a gentleman of the ble
Life of Sir Christopher Hatton. There are some ^f ^yight (Hakdyng, p. 472 ; Green). By
valuable scra^ of information in Burgon s Lite | j^j^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ child^n, a son and a aaugh-
and Times of bir Thomas Gresham (2 vols. 1839), , , . ^^rriaire seima nPVPr to have
a book which deserve* to be better known, and J^^' ^"^ ^"** marriage seems ne\er to myc
would be more frequently read and referred to ! ^««n recognised by her royal kinsfolk, and in
but for its want of an in<lex.l A. J. ^^"^ M^ntdiem claiisit ertremum issued on her
death, she is styled, * late wife of John, late
CECILLAorCBCiLY(14(>9-1507),thetliird viscount Wells ' (Gkben). She died :^t Aug.
daughter of Edward IV, was born towards i 1507, and her descendants can be traced in
the end of 1469. At the age of five she was , the heralds' visitations for a hundred years
betrothed by ])roxy to James, the eldest son | later. She was buried at Quarr Abbey in
of James III of Scotland, and arrangements the Isle of Wight, where her monument was
were soon made by which her dowry of twenty
thousand marks should be paid by yearly in-
stalments (Kymeb, xi. 827, 842, &c.), the re-
destroyed at the dissolution of the monas-
teries under Henry ATLII. Her features are
still preserved in the stained-glass windows
of Little Mnlv{ini('liiirch and the Martynlum
U Canlurliury CnthtMlrnl.
[Mm. Ureea's Lives of the Eagliiih Prinonuaii.
iii. it)*~36 : R^er's Fcedora. si. lii.; HdrdTng'a
Clironicle, cd. Ellis ; Hall's ChruDicle. od. Ellia ;
Blore's Eichsrd HI, e-l.Lmnby, p. 03: Polydoro
Vergil'B I]i>tton. ed. KUi* {Ouni. Soc.): NicbolU
Uld Brncv's WiUa frjin DoetDrs' ComtnonB (Ciirod.
Soc.): Three I'ifteenth-cenHify ChioiiifllM, ed.
Jkiiie*Gjiiidn«r(Ciimd.Soc.): Ouroines.ed.ClinD-
teUaw, PsrrB, 1S81. pp. 410, 462, 4T0 j UUiVn
LelMr^ and ter. i. 140.] T, A. A,
CEDD or CEDDA, Siinr (rf. 6ft4),
bishop of tht! Eflst Saxone, was tin Aiig:le
of Northumbria. He was apparently the
eldest of four brothers, all of nliom became
monks and priests under the iniluencc of
the great mi^ionary moTement which, early
in the seventh century, radiated from lona
throughout the North. The names of his
brothers were Cjnibill, Cuelin, and Cesddo,
the last of wliora, often called St. Chad, be-
came famous aa the lirst bishop of Lichfield
[gee Cbadsa], The close Bimilaricy both of
the names and the careers of Cedd ondCendda
sometimea makes caution necesaary to distin-
guish them (see Fuller's quaint remarks on
this point, Ch. But., 1S15, i. 213. They are
luipelessly confused in Henry of Hunting-
don and IJromptcm), Rotli were brought up
Bt Lindisfnme, under Bishop Aidan; and if
not, like Ceadda, once an inmate of an Irish
monastery, Cedd's reputation for leamtnK
and Banctity was wunlly great in Ireland
and in BrilAin. In 653 Peada, ealdor-
Hum of the Middle Angles under his father
Pends, requested his overlnrd and fathei^in-
Uw, Oswiu, king of the Northumbrians, to
Mtod biin four priests to assist in tlii^ con-
Tersinn of his subjects to Christianity. Of
these Cedd was one. Their mission waswry
fluoceasful. Everyclnssof the Middle Angles
ffludly listened to their preaching, and ^ressvd
tonnwd to receive baptism. Penda himself,
whose long life of antagonism to Christianity
wu now drawing to a close, permitted them
to preach in his own dominions to any who
chose to hear them. But in «n3 (Flor. Wto.
Jtt ir. B. :-<m d) Oswiu recalled Cedd from
the land of the Middl<! Angles and sent liim
with another monk to Kaavx to aid Sigeberht,
king of the East Saxons (himself a recent
convert), in the work of converting his sub-
jecte. Again the saint's endeavours proved
that on iiis return (o report progress lo his
master, Finon, he was consecrated bishop of
the East Saxons. Two other Scottish bialiops
liiteil Fiunn in the cooMcratiitu (65i).
jwx soon became thoroughly chrielioniacd.
^U»exso
i.
Cedd showed grout activity in building
churches and ordaining priests and deacons
lo assist him, He founded two monoatt'ries,
one at a half-forgotten place, Ithanchester
(Ythancwstir), on the river Penta, which
Camden has iaentified with the Komanstittion
Othona, situated on the Blackwater not far
from Alaldon, and the other at West Tilbury
on the Thames. Here his rude East^^xon
converts strove to imitate to the best of their
ability the austerities of a Columban mona-
stery. The iron discipline established bv
Cedd is well illustntted by the rebuke which
he hurled at Sigeberht himself for feasting-
at the house of a thegn who bad coulraeted
a union in violation of the christian law of
marriage. In vain the king cost himself at
the bishop's feet imploring pardon. ' Because
thou hast not refoiined from visiting that
lost and accursed man, thou wilt have death
in thy own house,' was the only answer.
The murder of Sigeberht by hii own kms-
folk (660) was universally regarded as the
fulfilment of Cedd's prophecy. Swidhelm,
the next king, was baptised by Cedd before
he was permitted to ascend the throne, or-
even cross the East-Saxon frontier.
was chaplain to /Ethelwald, son of Oswald,
the under-king of Deira, brought him into
close relarions with that monarch. jEthel-
wald requested Cedd to receive from liim
a site for the construction of a monastery
where jEthelwald himself might worship
during his life and be buried after his death.
Cedd chose for liis church a remote place
among the wild and desolate moors of north-
eastern Yorkshire. There tlie saint hallowed
the spot by long fastings and prayer*. The
monaaleiT was to follow the rule of Lindi»-
fame, Odd's own old home. Its name, Lfpst-
ingwu, is in its modem form Lasttngham,
a little village a few miles north-west of
Pickering (see Raise, fhtti Ehoracmtei, i.
4", for an account of Laatingham at the
present day).
Up to this period ail C-edd's actions were
baaed on the customs of the church from
which he bad reci>ived baptism and ordina-
tion. But at the council of Whitby, which
he attended in 664, ho played the part of a
watchful mediator between the Scottish and
Roman parlies. When the declaration of
Oswiu and the retirement of Colman secured
the predominance of the Roman champions,
Cedd's recognition of the catholic Easier pro-
claimed hhi conversion to the winning sidi^
Immediately after he seems to have viailed
Iiaetiughiun,wberethcwurkofoi^iiigui^his
Cedd 414 Celesia
EinASt^rv wi*. itill pr«*»<:n^ undt-r iw-ve* i"-e I>ictioDanr of Christian Biography andl>r.
•::'*:.:* ■'wns-rlr:^:':'!!- But iLr*vellowplft*:aie" Brigfat's chapters of Early Eogliih Chveh
vlich Wis Thrn devajiixiiu: Northumbria His-tory are i he fullest] T.F.T.
. Bei.e. :ii. iT . i^ne:«j«o ev.n :o lus s^lad^ CEDMON, Sautt. [See Cxdmo5.]
xLr ni^: vierisis. Iledir^i -aiWCKri. iFwR. CELECLERBCH, CILIAX, Saixt (7th
AVio. y[. H. /r. .Vijf/i. IILs tpiKiy, at drst cent.» "See Ciliax."
l.-^j-rird La thr choarLvaTri, wa.* afterwards
TvaiovT-d :o a iii»- ma^iiicent tomb on the CELESIA, DOROTHEA (1738-17P0),
rijhr •■! ihe hi*:!; alrar 'jf the siontr cbiipch i^vt and dmmatist.daufrhter of David MtUet,
iha: ti*>k thr platv of the on^rinal w.xiden the poet, by his first wife Susanna, waslxip-
buildinr. Ceadda *ucceed«=d his brother ti^e<l at Chis wick on 11 Oct. 1738 (Memoir
a: L.H>T:iu:ham. Thirty m^nk^ of Cedd's ear- of Mallet prefixed to his Ballads and Sotipff
lirr ioi;r.dati'-»n at £thanchr<ter hurried to by F. Dixsdale). As a child she wm re-
I^siin^rham that they mljht either live nr markable for briierhtness. Thomson, in a
die in th- n*-i^hbciurh«>xi -'f their -father?" letter to Mallet, dkted 9 Aug. 1745, «petks
l)atnc]
SO \. ^iding here as ambassador from 175o to 17'i^
A iucct-iviful mis^^ionarx- and a zealous had been hnnoured bv admission to the Moxnl
and oriranisim: the East-Saxon church. It residt>d at (venoa, except for one brief in-
i* remarkable that the copious narrative of terval in 17S4, when Celesia was gazetted
his life never speak? v"»f nim as bishop of ministerpIenipotentiar%' to the court of Spain
I>ondnn. Either the 4n>?at city was Mer- {WiX}DW\KDhndCATis,Encyclop.ofCkrono-
t'Keni E-isex t«"» tixini: his bishop's see in the l>een her fathers friend and her guest whiK-
bu>t liner city, loiter wrhers have put him tnivellincr in Italv (iV/tYi/r Correjtpttndmcf
second t.^ Melliiiis in tin- lone catalogue of of O'arn'rk, 18:J1-L\ i. ;V>4, .S70, ;i9!>. 41-"»).
London bishop? le.ir. Flor. AVig. M. H. li. After undergoing some modifications at th<»
p. ()17//; Will. Malm. Oeata Pontijimm, hands <»f (larrick the piece, under the title
bk. ii.^, but Bede only knew him as bisliop of* Almida/was brought out at Drurk'I-am*
of the East Saxons. on IJ .Tan. 1771, with a well-written prol<»pu*'
Cedd so.»n bt-came celebnit*^! ann^ni: thr by AV. AVhitehead, Garrick himsell contri-
saints of the old English cliun*h. IK- was buting the epilogue. Thanks to Mrs. BarryV
tile pattern of lift* and <l«>cTrine fi^r his more inimitable ]»erl'ormance as the liennne, aidVd
famous brother. YHar> afterwanls. when by s<»me excellent scenery, the play kepttht-
Ceadda also ended his saintly carrer, an IkxihIs for about ten nights, a success far
Anglian nnchoritf in an lri>h monasti-rx* b»*yond its merits, for while the number*
>aw in a virion the soul of (.'e<ld descending are uncouth, the plot where it deviates fr>n>
from heaven in the midst of the angel host the original is improbable (Baker, lii'Mfra-
TO conduct his bnnher's soul back with him phia Draniatica, 181:?, i. 97, ii. 20). It wis
to the celestial kinjrdom. printed the same year with the title •.^-
[All wo know of (.\»*M ^Nimes. fnun Ikile's His- mida. a Tragedy, as it is wrfiirmed at
tori:i I'^ecli-iastica Goiitis Anglorum. bk. iii. the Theatre lioval in Dnirv Lane, by a
. 21, 22. 23. 2.), bk. iv. 3. Beile gut his in- Lady/ 8vo,l>m(Jon, 1771. The year follow-
rmatiitn fr^im the niuiik> ff Listingham (Pn^- ing there appeared * Indolence, a poem, bv
CO to H. K.) Floronco of Wontstor is some- the author of Almida,' 4to, London, 177i.
00
form
frtc
cive nothiuff in addition. The Btjllandist ac- \ - ' ". \ a: • *i ' 1 • 1 * / k:^
couut. Acta S«.K-t.,runi, Januarii. torn. i. p. 373, 'mportont olhces in the lepslatuiv of h»
cfiHics from BeJe. It gives Cedd's day as 7 Jan.
on the authority uf the Martyrologium Angli-
caoum. Of more recent writings, the article in
native city, survived until 12 Jan. 180(1.
[Geoest's llistory of the Stag*, v. 295-7.1
G. 0.
^H Celeste 4>s Cellach
CELESTE, Madame, whose iiroper n
ii-D6CKi,KSTB-ELLH)TT(18U?-lea:i), actress, ■ she pkyed in Bayle
WDJ bom, iiPi^ordiiiK to stAtcments pKSum- . conge,' also written for her. Chriatmaa 18J3
ably supplied by Weelf, on Aug. 1814. I saw her ft»soci»led with llenjamin Webster
The triie dnte of her birth, which took place in the nmnagemeat of the Theatre Royal,
in Pttris, may Bafelv be accept^ as three or Liverpool. The following year she undertook
fonryeari earlier. tler{>arentagena8bumble the manogetnent of th>i Adelphi, at which
uid oheciire. At an early age ahe diqilayed house her firet speaking' character was in
histrionic capacity, whicn led to her accept- Bayle Bernard's drama ' St. Mary's Ere.' On
Aaee at the Couservatoire, where during tier -27 Jau. 184o she was seen for the firsl time
prabation aUe played with Talma in ' Le in wliat became her most famous character,
VieiiK CSlihataire' of Collin d'Harleville the Miami in the 'Green Busbes.' Ehnire in
ch»Tact«rof Armand.Hnd with Madame Puata 'TartutTe' and Harlequin it la Wuttenu fol-
in 'Medea.' She distin^Uhed herself as a lowed. and the Gipsy Queen in the'FIowere
dancer, and il was in this capacity that her of the Forest,' and other performances in ibe
finl engvgBment, which was for America, ' Willow Copse,' the ' Cabin Boy,' &c,, esta-
took place. At the Bowery Theatre, New blisbed her in public favour. In NoTember
Vork, she made, October 1827, her first pro- 1859 Madame Celeste began her management
fesaional apiiearance. In March of the fol- of the Lyceum with ' Paris and Pleasure,' an
lowing year she danced two pas seuls at the adaptation of 'LesEnferade Paris.' With the
Chestnut Street Theatre, PbJadelphia. The loss of her youth her attractiona diminished,
Scat spuaking character assigned her was M^i^ ' and the disadvantage of a singularly foreign
tillo in th« ' Broken Sword,' a drama wbich pronunciation became more evident. In
fcilad to win public approval. During her re- October 1874, at the Adelphi, in her favourite
Bidence in the Unites States she married a character of Miami, which she played for
'QMOg man named Elliott, by whom, before twelve nights, Madame Celeste to<^ lier fare-
lis death, she had a daughter. In 1830 she well of the stage, to which no inducement
quittodNewOrleansfor England.andlanded could persuade her to return. She died of
«tLiverpool,wheresbeplayedFenolla,amute cancer at half-piwt five a.m. on Sunday,
part, in 'Maiianiello.' Her ignorance of Eng- VI Feb. 1882, at her residence, 18 line lie
Ush at this pijriod was all but complete, and Cbapeyron, Paris. In gracB of movement
the representations she gave in various coun- and m picturesqueness Madame Celeste was
try towns were confined to ballet orjianto- surpassed by few actresses of her day. She
jmme. AtEasterl831,ftttbeQueen'flTheatre, bad, moreover, histrionic gifts, including
Tottenham Street, London, so named after command of pathos.
QiieenAdelaide,thenunderlheraanagement. [T.dlis's Dramatic Uagnrine ; Era n.wspsper
ofGeorgeMacfarrenjUiefatherorthe musical fo^ jj peb. 1882.1 J. K.
composer, she appeared as an Arab boy in
t^ • French Spy, a piece written usriecially CELLACH, BlsHOP and Saikt (6th cen-
to show her talent. In August 1832 she lury), of Killala in the county of Slayu, was
madearavourableimpreseioninapiececalled the eldest son of Eogan BSl, fourth cbria-
ibe' Poetry of Motion' at the Surrey. After tian king of Connaught. His story, t«ld at
a tour through Italy, Germany, and Spain, considerable length in the ' t«bar Brecc,' is
hhe was engaged by Bunn for Dublin, and interwoven with the political circumstanceB
afterwards by Murray for Edinburgh. Bunn, of Connought. Eogan reigned over the ter-
Bt that lime manageruf both Covent Garden rilory of northern Hy Fiachrach, wbich com-
»nd Drury Lane, then brought her to Lon- prised the modem baronies of Carro, Erris,
don, and she appeared in March 1833 with and Tirnwlev in the comity of Mayo, and
Duveruay in the ' Maid of Cashmere,' and Tireragh in ("he county of Shgo. There was
i>n 23 Oct. of the same year as Fenella in ' olso a small territoir' called Ily Kiachrach
• Mosaniello.' The following November she Aidbne, in the south of the county of Gal-
led at Covent Garden the famous d/iTUif det ' way, over which Guaire, who was descended
foUet in ' Giistavus the Third.' Slie also from the same ancestor, then reigned. The
mred ut Drury Lane in 'Prince Le Boo' I tribes of the northern and southern HyNeill
the 'Uevolt of tiie Harem.' A second hndmadeadescentontheterritory ofuorlhem
yiwt to America, extending over three years,
]t(84-7, was so successful, that the actress
returned with a fortune that has been esti-
motod at 40,aM/. On 7 Oct. 1837 she renp-
pnar«d ot Prury Lane, still in a non-speaking
- - ■ "'mciit-' '- - --'"'-J^ '-
appeaj.
And tbi
port, in Plonciiii's drama the ' Child of the
Hy Fiftclirocb, and collected a
spoil. Eogon attacked and defeated themin
the battleoTSligo, but was mortally wounded.
In view of his death a question arose as to
the succession. He had two sons: Cellach.
then a clerical student at Clonmacnois, and
*— ■ - 'i."'- •■ ^— T^ _^1 »'im "If- "i. IT" i J
-iin.— : • -^ •
- — *•
" h -
1
-. : r.
. - - --...-. -. " - _ . - " ■ 1. ■•• T j_- i.r'-"'"^ * ■> fi*". 'A'Ti
■ - -".' ':~l :.■ .■ ' ■- '-■"• '■*•■ '"''T ' ' I.~ ' - _':.* f •'.••
...... - • :.- V :.T r_'. ■_ *.■ " ■_ • •.•':~' H - *T V'.-r iv.r-
: -. . . \1 ... .: "-.".- Hi" J -_ *• "l" - . •."■- «»".v- 'v * "• *'.••
■'"■■—*" •"»■ L"" ' I- ••■-■. ■' '••■;" 'H
..- ■■-■••■
_" . _ ""u 1 ■* ' ■- ■ ~ :-• r-7 ..^— ■- * IT.'.. ; '.* .-T".J*.\, il'iW-
' * ^ _ ^ ^^ — ■ > > ■ ■ B^i^ * A— k ■■■• ■
. .. , •- "■-•■ - 1.- :.-T— •-•: 'i.-^ -"_-:. ir.* x:-:-.'- :. ourr:- l*h-m
. - ; • ■•-.-..-_•.- I :i-.r.- " - T.iir r.-.ir T' :r' i». '.vL.-r^ h"
. . - -. • 'T y. -' '-■"=" T-r. tI- .'-: •"'.- :". :r. crri-.j' ■ r" :h*ir l-.iuJ»-
_-. .• I" "■ ^' --'--^ "■ ■ •' * -'•■ """-^ -ivlr.j. C-->i!-.-r;il>!»' obr»-
. . - _- ■ • :...:--• — : : '. z -■ - "^^ ilv-r j r-i'.'^.r Th.-m>»-lv:-5 wh'.-n
...... }{- ^-.- ■.:-..■.- :.!:^. -'. - z.Lrr.'.vr ':? o-'r^Iy -.xam:ii»i?. For in-
. -..- - r* - _- " •':.■■' -• lt. ;r. * T :j.:r^. aocoiinz to Th»* • Four M.i*-
longer. Ilowever tliis nmy be exjilamed, tLe j
iarriB on which the niirmtivfi is based appear
to be niilheiTtic, nntl lo rhis tin* Iwai niinn-s |
bear wit nesH. Artl-na-riajh, 'th» hiUof t1ie |
exeout ions,' has given U« name to the village ,
of Ardiwren. And the cwimlech of Ard- i
na-maul, ' the liill of the MooU,' erected to I
B their execiilimt, is still lo be
Mra.Cellicr's tnvct reject-
ing tiie trealment of the prisonera in K«w-
Ste exposed her to a second trial (3 Sept.
80) for iibfi!. Slie was found ^ilty, and
condemned topa^afineto the king of 1,0001.
and to Dtund tlirice in the pillory. Accord-
ing to Roger North the real object of the
Mcond prosecution was to disable her from
Iwid hiatoricBlly identified. The chant of
Uuredacii im the discoverf ot tiia brother's
body and lh« death-wiiig of Celluch are full
of pathos. St. Cellncli's day ia 1 May. In
the ' Martyrology of Tnmlach't ' he appears as
St. Cellan.
[Lebar B«kc (pp. 272 h-27- a) ; Bollandist
Acta SS. 1 .May. p. lOl; O'Donomn's Oaum-
lof^es, TrilwB, Rnd CiiBtoins of Hy Fiachrofh ;tlw
SonftinsMMF(RoIlsed.).iii. Irii; AnnaU of Foot
M.iatPr»; Bceru's Adamnan, p. 346.] T. O.
CELLACH. Saint (.1079-1129). [See
Cei^us.]
CELUER, ELIZABETH (^. 1680),
' the Popish midwife,' was n member of the
Dormer family. She married Peter Cellier,
a Frenrhmnn, and became u noted midwife
in London. Ori^nally shi^ was a protestant,
1>Ut Ab Adopted the catholic religion, and at
the time of the popinh plot faoncated by
Tltiu Oates she visited the prisoners in New-
gat4i| and relieved them ihrouf^h the charity
of Lndy Powis and other persons of rank.
There she found the notorious Dangerfield,
whoso release she procured upon condition,
M ha afterwards alleged, that he would enter
int« an engagement to lake off tlie king, the
Earl of SuaFtesbury, and some others who
were obnoxious lo the catholics. Moreover
he pretended that he was to be employed in
concocting n sham plot, and he stated that
the document on which it was to have been
founded lay concealed in a meal tub in Hra.
CelUer's house. There the paper was dis-
covered, and from this circumstance the
whole transaction is known in history by the
niune of the Meal Tub plot. On U June
1680 Mrs. Cellier was tned for high treason
and acquitted, she having satisfied the court
that her accuser was too infamous in law to
bo admitted as a credible mtn ess, Shepiib-
lishedaTindicationofherselfiOntitled' Malice
defeated 1 or n brief Relation of the Accu-
Mtton and Deliverance of Elizabeth Cellier.
Together with an abntmct of her orrnign-
loentand tryal, writtun by heraelf Thisoc-
cndioned the publication of numerous pamph-
IbIs, inn of which was eulilled 'The Scarlet
favour of the lords ii
the Tower. Lysona says that she lies buried
in the chancel of Great Missenden Church,
Buckinghomsbi re.
She was the author of: 1. ' A Scheme for
the Foundation of a Royal Hospital, and
raising a revenue of 5,000f. or 6,0OW. a
year by and for the Maintenance of a Cor-
poration of Skilful Midwives, end such
Foundlings or exposed Children as shall be
admitted therein : as it was proposed and ad-
dressed to his Majesty King James II in June
1687,' printed in the 'Harieian Miscellany*
and in the ' Somers Tracts.' 2. ' To Dr. .
An .Answer to his Queries concerning the
Colledg of Midwives,' London, 4to. Written
'from my House in Arundel-street, near St.
Clement s Church, in the Strand, Jan. 16,
1687-8.'
[Cut. of Primed Bo..k9inBrit, Mus.; Dod.lV
Churxih Hist. iii. S2B: HHrlBiauUi8CPl1aDy(Fark),
iv. 143: Howell's Stnte Trials, rii. I0i3 soq. ;
Lingard'a Hist, of England (18491. viii. 461^ ;
Lipsuombs's Hist, and Antiq. of Buckingham-
Bhiro. ii. 3B6 : LuttrBll'B Hial. Relation of Stato
AflHir», i. 2i. aS, 20, >l. 31. 17, SI. SJS, 57, 00.
3*5 : Lvtones Miipna Brilannia. i. pt. iii. 698 ;
North's Eumpn. 260-4 ; Soiaen Traota, ii. 243 ;
I Watt's Bibl.Brit.J T.C.
OELLINO, Wn.LIAM, or perhaps more
SroperlvWiij.iA.MTiLLroFSBLi.ixo(rf.l494),
erivedhisname,uccordinii:toIielBnd,fromtlie
village of Celling, or SeUiDg,some two miles
distant from Faversham in Kent : Hasted,
however, aasicrns him lo a family settled at
Selling near Hythe {Hitt. of Kent, iii. S5).
He appears to have been a monk of Christ
Church, Canterbury; thence he proceeded
to Oxford, where he became a member of
the newly founded college of All Souls. In
the Orford Register (February 1457-8) Wil-
liam Celling, a Benedictine, figures as B.D.)
Tanner states that be wo^ a fellow of All
Souls at the beginning of Edward TV's reign,
but without assigning any authority for the
assertion. He must have left Oxford before
the close of 1472, in which year a William
Celling wna elected abbot of St. Augustine's,
Canterbury, but seems to have rosiijued im-
mediately. But whether this William Cel-
ling be the subject of this article or not it
I ia certain that the latter was elected prior
I of Christ Church, Canterbury, on 10 Sept.
Celling 418 Celsus
1472. It was in all probability later than
this that he made his first journey to Italy ;
if, indeed, Leland is ri^ht m his statement
ardent collector of manuscripts he wbh a gnat
patron of promising students.
^1 -. •* .„ +1,;^ ^^..-^^^ ♦!,«♦ r'^ii;*!^- [Leland's Catalocue, 482; Bale, De Script. Brit,
that It was on this journey that Celling ^^\ .. gg ^pj,,., ^^^^ [^^ Scri^.Brit.
became acquainted with Politian, who was , 851-2; Tanner's Bi 1,1. Hib..Brit.: Johnsin'slifo
bomm 14o4, and can hardly have established ^f ^j^^^^ {ISZ5); Li nacre's Galeni de Tempe-
when he returned to England brought these ^ Sacra, i. ; Bonse's Bcgibtrum Univ. Ozoo.]
treasures with him. Among other works a ■ T. A. \.
copy of Cicero's * Republic,^ of St. Cyril's '
and St. Basil's * Commentaries on the Pro- | CELSUS or CELLACH, Saixt (107»-
phets,' and the works of Syntisius are speci- , 11 29), archbishop of Annagh.andthegrsatest
ally mentioned. For the reception of his manu- of St. Patrick's successors till the election of
scripts he r»'Ston»d the library over tlie prior's St. Malachy, was the son of -Kdh, and gnnd-
olia{H.4. Unfortunately many of his books son of M»?iisa, who had held the same office
were destroyed some quarter ofa century later from 1064 to 1001. Hence he belonged to that
in the fire' caused by the carelessness of , powerful local family of which St. Bemtfd
Henry VI IPs* visitors.' At home Ct»lling was says that, though sometimes lacking in elerk^s
a careful steward of his convent's wealth, it had never for fifteen generations, or two hun-
He cleared tho priory of all the debts under dred years, failed U) find one of its menibere
which it had laboured ; ho built a stone ready to accept the bishopric at it* dispo«l
tower, afterwards known as the prior's study, {^Vita MalachifTj ch. x.) This statement,
roofed it with lead, and glazed the wind«)ws. though perhaps somewhat exaggeratt^d, i*
He also beautified the cloisters, bejran to re- partly corroborated by the Irish annals, when*,
build the * Bell Harry steeple,' and placed a to confine ourselves to the eleventh centorr,
new ceiling over the before-mentioned prior's we find Celsus's grandfather, great-uncle, and
ary' (Hasted, iv. 5o5, &c. ; Whartox). It great-grandfather all preceding hii
would appear t o be after his return from Italy see of Armagh {^AnnaU of Four Mn^tfi'M, sub
that Celling charged himself with the edii- aiiiiis llOo, 1064, 102()V ' r)n the death of lii«
eat ion of Linacre, who is said to have been his gn^at-uncle, Domhnall, Celsus was ehfteil \i\>
])U])il at Cnnterhurv, and who certuinly ac- successor, at the illegal age of twenty-f«uir'>r
<M)inpanied hi>old masteron his sttcond journey twenty-five, although, fnun the wortls iu«ed in
to Italy (1480), whither the prior of Christ recounting theevent.it is by no means iuip<»p-
(^hurch was sent on an embassy to Uome sibh' that he had not yet l)een ordaine<l priest
(Lf^lanp, and ♦•pitaph of Celling, (juoted in (A.F.M.and Afin. f7^ sub anno 11 Oo; with
Hasted, iv. 55.'), Szc; AViiarton, i. 14")-0). which cf. the ease of Gregor\' ap. KiDMKB.
Passing through Bologna, Celling left his 7//V. .Vor. lUolls Ser.), p. L>*.)!S). The prede-
vounjr friend there to enjoy th** society of cessnrs of Celsus s«»em, for the most part, tn
Politian. This embassy must have taken place have been married men, and tohavediM-liarjred
Ij4;tween 14>^5 an<l 14iM). In 141K) and 141U their e<'clesiastical functions by the aid '>f
we find (\*lling's name constantly assoeiate<l sutlnigans; but, despite the attempt that ha-
with that of the bishop of Exeter in the ne- been made to prove that Celsus too wtlsma^
got iat ions between England, France, and rit.'d, it is more likely that, in the pa^>ageon
Ikittany ( Uy3IER, xii. 431, &c.) Some three which this thecm- is ba<e<l ( J'it. Mai. e. 10).
vears laterhea])pearsto have died on tlie day the wj»nls ' uxor Celsi ' are to 1k» interpret*^!
of St. Thcmias's passion (l*0 Dec.) 14i»4,after of the church of Ireland (Lamoax, iv. .*>3<.
having rule<l his monastery for nearly twenty- Celsus, however, sei-ms to have retained Th«»
two vears and a half (Hastbh, iv. r).V> ). He , custom of appointing, «»r at least continuirur.
was buried in the martyrium of St. Thomas, the services of suifragan bishops (..-I /m. ('/'•
in a richlv blazoned tomb, on which was in- p. 371 ; A. F. M. sub anno lli?2K The n^-w
.scribed a longe])itaph narrating his embassies
to France and Itoine. A book from Ceiling's
librarv* is still preserved at the Bodleian in
Oxford (Laud, V 120). The same library has
also a letter writttin to him frt)m Home, and
dated January 14>^8 (Ash, MS, 17i>0). Cel-
ling was esteeme<i a great scholar in Greek
as well as in Latin, and besides being an
prehite entered on liis office with vip»ur
{'j:\ Sept. 1105). In 11 OH he made a visit«-
tion of Ulster and Munster, receiving his full
tribute of cows, sht?ep, and .silver from ev»*n
cant red {A. F. M.) 5liinster was revisited in
1108 and 1120, Connaught in 1108 {Annals
of Loch OS, i. 77) and in 1116, and Meath in
illO (A. KM. and Ann. UlL p. 374). <«
Celsus 419 Celsus
the treasure collected upon each visitation | minee — one Grein or Gregory — to be conse-
Celsus may well have made a noble use, as, | crated by Archbishop Ralph at Canterbury
for example, in the case of the great ' damh- ' (Eadheb, Historia Novorum, pp. 297-8). But
liag/ or church, at Armagh, which he fitted ; the influence and generosity of Celsus seem
with a shinfi^le roof (January 1125) after it ' to have restrained his rival (though appa-
had remainea without a coping for 130 years rently supported by the good wishes of Uie
(^Annals of Loch O, i. 119) ; or when he gave kin^ of England and of Ireland) from ven-
the precious silver chalice to the churdi of turing to assert his rights actively (t^. ;
Olonmacnoise (Chr. Scot p. 329). Besides his Usshbr, Sylhga, pp. 100, 101). There seems
ecclesiastical auties Celsus was constantly to be no authority for Dr. Lanigan's stato-
being called upon to mediate between the ment (p. 48) that Celsus ^ acquiesced in Gre-
rival kings and tribes of Ireland. So in gory's appointment.* This dispute appears in
1107 and 1109 we find him making a yearns j great measure to have been one between the
peace between Donald Mac Lochlamn, king | nominee of the Danish burgesses of Dublin,
of Elagh, and Muirchertach 0*Brian, king of who would naturally prefer to have a Teuto-
Munster — the northern and southern claim- " nic metropolitan — especially at so convenient
ants for the supreme lordship of the whole is- a distance as Canterbury — and those who
lamdi^Ann. Ult.^^. 372,373; A.F. M,) Again, supported the rights of the Celtic archbishop
when Donald came to ravage Down in 1113, of Armagh. Celsus's success led to the tem-
and the two armies lay confronting each porary severance of the close connection that,
other for a whole month at Clonkeen, it was since the first years of Lanfranc's episcopacy,
Celsus, with his ^Bachall-Isa,' or staff of office, had existed between the sees of Dublin and
who reconciled the rival hosts {Loch CS, i. Canterbury {EpUtoUe Lanfranci^ ap. Migne,
103). Many years later (1128), just before ' cl. 632-7 ; Freeman, Noi-m, Conq. iv. 526-
his death, he made a year's peace between the 530) ; Gregory seems, however, to have reco-
men of Connaiight and Munster (-4»/i. Vlt, vered his bishopric on Celsus's death (vl.Jl AT.
L894), and two years previously (1126) he , pp. 1157, 1162). If the king of Ireland,
i been absent from Armagh for thirteen 1 alluded to above, be Turlough O'Conor, who
months on a similar errand, 'pacifying the ! had become master of Dublin in 1118 {Loch
men of Erin and imposing good rules and | O, i. Ill), it is curious that Celsus should
customs on all, both laity and clergy ' {Loch j have succeeded in maintaining himself in his
O^, i. 121). new office. It was a little previous to this
As head of the church of Ireland, Celsus Dublin contest (1118) that Celsus was sub-
convoked the great synod of Fiadh-mac- merged in the river Dubhall (Blackwat^r in
.^nghusa (1111), sometimes called that of Armagh), and had to swim ashore, 'pro-
Usneach {Ann. Buell. p. 21, &c.) At this priis viribus/ with the loss of his treasure of
synod, Murtogh O'Brian and the chiefs of cloths and silver (ZocA C6/\, 109). In 1128
Leth-Mogha (S. Ireland), fifty bishops, three he was subject to a most unprovoked attack,
hundred priests, and three thousand students of which all the old Irish annals speak in
are said to have been present {A, F. M., with terms of the greatest horror — as of an insult
wliich,however,cf. the less symmetrical num- offered to Christ himself — a deed that, until
bers g^ven in the Chr, Scot, sub anno 1107). it was avenged, would bring down the wrath
Of this council we read that it made better of God on the whole land. Th»j O'Ruarcs
ordinances and rules for the conduct of all, and the O'Brians had set U])on Celsus and his
both laity and clergy (ZocA CS^, i. 1, and Ann. . retinue in a church, plundering him of his
Inisf. p. 98). According to Dr. Lanigan it goods and slaying his retinue, and among
was probably about this time that Celsus con- them a young clerk who had taken shelter
firmed Cashel in the primacy of S. Ireland beneath the altar. Next year Celsus died,
{Eccles. Hi^L iv. 30, with which cf. Vit. Mai. in his fiftieth year, at Ardpatrick in Munster
c. 15). The same authority tells us that Cel- (1 April 1129). Two days later his body was
3U8 was present at the council of Rathbreasil conveyed to Lismore, where it was buried on
(1117), over which Gilbert, the papal legate, the following Tuesday (4 April ).
presided, when the boundaries of the Irish Celsus seems to have det<ennined to break
dioceses were fixed (Laxigan, pp. 38-45). through the hereditary succession to the see
On the death of Samuel O'Hamgly, bishop of Armagh, and, with this end in view, drew
of Dublin, who had been consecrated by An- up a kind of will (Ustamentum or constitute}
ieLaty we read that Celsus was chosen his sue- , CeUi), in which he recommended St. Malachy
cesser by the election of both Danes and Irish , as his successor. From his deathbed he sent
{Ann, Ult. p. 1121). This appointment was, 1 his pastoral staff to this saint, whose career
howeyer, cnallenged by another section of - he had watched over from its earliest man-
the townamen, im> sent over their own no- | hood, and whom he had himself ordained
£ B 2
Centlivre 420 Centlivre
deacon (T'tV. Mai. c. 2), priest (c. 1119^, and rally accepted is that of Giles Jacob, which
bishop (r. 1123) {Vit. Mai. cc. 3, 8, 10). In states that her father died when she wib
fact, so great was his confidence in the dis- , three years of af e, and her mother when she
cretion of St. Malachy that he appointed the was twelve. Whincop, or the author, who-
young priest his vicar almost immediately ever he was, of the list of dramatic poetn
after ordaining him (' etiam vices suas com- , appended to ' Scanderbeg/ who wrote while
misit ei '), and a few years later recommended she was still living, asserts that her fiither
him for the see of Connareth (Conor). De- , survived her mother, and married a second
spite the dying wish of Celsus it was five wife, by whom the future dramatist wis »
years before St. Malachy made good his claim ill-treated that she ran away from home,
to the archbishopric of Annagh, having to , with little money or other provision, to seek
contest the see with Celsus's cousin and oro- i her fortune in London. Hiographers hiTe
ther (A. F, M, sub annis 11*34, 1129). In the . recorded various supposed exploits— one of
* Irish Annals ' tliis saint appears as Cellach, ' which consisted in aressing as a bov and
in St. Bernard as Celsus, but m Endmer under living in Cambridge under the protection of
the more j>er\'erted form of Ccelestinus. Tan- Anthony Hammond, then an imdergraduate
ner, quoting from Bale, gives a list of the of St. John's, and subsequently commissioner
works of Celsus, including a * Testamentum of the navy, the 'silver-tongued Hammond'
ad Kcclesias/ several letters to St. Malachy, of Bolingbroke. They also mention a mar-
certain constitutioneSy and a *SummaTheo- riage(P), which lasted one year, with a n^hew
loj^iai,' which in Bale's time was said to be of Sir Stephen Fox. Thev have neglected a
still presented at ^'ienna. St. Celsus appears biographical record supplied after her death
in the * Komaii Calendars ' on 6 April, by a j in foyer's * Political State,* xxvL 670, a por-
clerical error of VI for IV, the day of his ' tion of which runs as follows : 'From a mean
buriiil. parentage and education, after several gtj
[AnnHls of the Four Masters ( A. F.M.),tmn8l.;*^^:^"^^? (over which we shall draw a
O'Di.novnn (1856), vol. i. ; Annals of Inibfallen ^^^1)' «,*^« 1»?^1' ** \BsX,m well improvd her
and Annals of IJoyle (Ann. Buell.), Annals of | natiiral genius by reading and good conTer-
Ulster (Ann. Ult.), ap. C. O'Conor's Scriptores sation,a8to attempt to write for the stage, m
Eemm Hibemicarnm, vols. ii. and iv. The An- which she had as good success as any of her
sex before her. I ler fi rst dramat icperformance
was a tragi-comedy called "Tne Penur'd
nuls of Inisfallen are seventeen years in arrear
of the true dates. Eadnier's Historia Novorum,
ed. Kiile (Rolls JSer.) ; Annals of Loch 06, ed. Husband," but the plays which gained her
Henn«\s&ey(KollsSer.); Chronicon Scotomm, ed. most reputation were two comediei?, "Th*^
Hennessey (Rolls Ser.) The dat«8 of this work Gamester " and "The Busv Bodv.*" She writ
Wilkins's Concilia, i. 301 ; IJolIandist ActaSani^ this statement, which commands respect^ih.*
T. A. xV. not, was Hawkins.' A connection la<tin^a
year and a half, and rightlv or wronglv styled
CENTLIVRE, SUSAXNAIl (16G7?- a marriage, subsequently existed between her
1723), actn\«^s and dramatist, is said to have and an officer named Carroll, who died in a
been the daughter of a Mr. Freeman of Ilol- i duel. Her early plays, wlien not anonymou-s
beach, Lincolnshire, a man of some position, an? signed ' S. Carroll.' * The Busy Bodv,'
who suffered on account of his political and printed in 1709, is the first that bears the
religious o] unions aft or the Rest oration. After name of Centlivre, the previous play, *The
the confiscut ion of his estate he went with Platonic Lady,' 1707, being unsigned. Her
his wif(», the duupfhter of a Mr. Marham or first appearance as an actress was made, af-
Markham, a * gentleman of good estate at cording to Whincop or his collaborator, ai
Lynn Kegis in Norfolk,' wlio was also ob- Bath in her own comedy, * Love at a Venture,'
noxious to the authorities, to Ireland, where which was produced in that citv after being
Susannah is by some supposed to have been ■ refused at I)rury Lane. She tlien joined a
bom. At this early point her biographies ! strolling companVi and placed in di&nent
commence to be at issue. The account gene- j country towns. Wliile acting at Windsor,
about 1706, nccnrdiiig to the anme authority,
the port of Alextuiilor tJie Great in the tca-
gedj of tbat mune, or, mure prubablj, in the
' Riral Queens, or the Death of AleAiinder
the Qreat ' of Lee, she cuptivuCed Mr. Joseph
Centlivre, principal cook to Queen Anne
and Geoi^e I, whom alie married, and with
whom she lived till her deat.li. This took
place OD 1 Dec. 172.S in Buckingham Court,
^ringOsrdens, where, uccordinij to the rate-
books of St. Martin'«-in-the-FieldB, her hus-
ealla her ■ the cook's wife in Buckingham
Court.' She is usually stated to be buried
doae at band, in the purisb cburcb of St.
Martin's-in-f he-Fields ; but Mr. Peter Cun-
ningham discovered in the burial raster of
St. Paul's, Covent Giinlen, the entry : ' 4 Dec.
1728, SuHinna, wife of Joseph Centlivre, from
Bt. Martin-in-the-Fielda' ('^'ni'- ^ag- IS^i
pt. ii. p. 368). No record of her actinB in
London is preserved, and it is supposed that
her histrionic efforts were confined to the
coimtry. In spite, accordingly, of the romantic
ctories associated with her nnne, her life, like
that of most of her contemporaries, is practi-
cally the bistorv uf her works and her literary
fhendshipa. She enjoyed a certain amount of
intimacy with Kowe, Faniuhar, St«ele, and
Other djamstisls, some of whom wrote pro-
logues for her plays, and with Budgell, Dr.
Bewell, McboluE Amliurst, &c., with all of
wham she corresponded. Of her plays, eigh-
teen in number, fifteen were acted, generally
with success. The list is as follows : 1. 'The
Peijur'd Husband, or the Adventures of
Venice,' tragedy, -Ito, 170U, acted the same
year at Drury Lane, 2. 'Loveat a Venture,'
comedy, 4to, 1706, refused at Drury Lane, and
icted by the Duie of Grafton's ser\ants at
Uie New Theatre, Bath. It is taken from ' Le
aalantDouble'ofTbomasComeille. Gibber,
|iy whom the play was refused, is accused of
inDorporstiug it into his ' Double Gallant.'
». • The Beau's Duel, or a Soldier for the
Ladies,' comedy, 4to, 1702, act«d at LIncohi's
[nn Fields 21 Oct. 170-i, taken in part from
la^erMnyne's' City Match.' 4. > The Stolen
Smresa, or the Salamanca Doctor outplotted,'
jotnedy, llo, no dale (1703). acted at Liii-
sola's Inn Fields 31 Dec. 1703, and taken
sonedy, 4lo, 1703, acted ut Drury Lnn
I June 1703, and lakeii from the comedy uf
Holi&re of the same name, and from ' Le
Manage forcfi;* this phiy is sl^ed R. M. In
thededicnliontotheEarlof DdrseC. 6. 'The
Oameeter,' comedy, 4to, 170Q and 1708, acted
It Xdncolu'e Inn Fields, not for the first time,
2-2 Feb. 1705. In the ' lllogruphia Dni-
malieu ' (he play is sold to be borrowed from
' Lb Dissipateur.' This Is Impossible. ' \m
Dissi^ateur' of Destouchea, acted in 1753,
. was in part taken from Mrs. Centlivre, whose
I ' Gamester ' is an adaptation of ' Le Joueur '
I of Keninrd, played 1696, 7. ' The Basset
I Tahle,^ comedy, 4to, 1706, acted al Drurv
I Lane 30 Nov. 1705. 8. ' The PUtonick Lady,'
' comedy, 4to, 1707, acted at the Haymarkut
25 Nov. 1706. 9. ' The Busy Body,' comedy,
4to, 1709, acted at Drury Lane 12Muyl709,
This plav, one of the most successful of its
author, lirst introducing the character of .Mar-
nlot, woasocoldly regarded by the actors, that
, Wilks U said to have thrown down his part
of Sir George Airy,' and to have been with
difliuulty Induced to resume it. A portion of
; the plot is tukeii from ■ The Devil is an Ass '
of Ueu Jouson. 10, ' The Man's bewitched,
or the Devi] to do about her,' comedy, 4io,
no date (1710), acted at the Haymarkel
12 Doc. 1700. This clever farce is said,
without mudi just IKcat ion, to be indebted
I to ' Le Deull' of Hauteroche, which name
is in the 'Blograpbia Dramatica' erroneously
supposed to be a pseudonym of Thomas Coc^
I DBiIle. II. ' A BickerslaTs Burial, or Work
, for the Upholders,' farce, 4to, nn date, acted
I ut Drury Lane ^7 March 1710, al^rwards
I revived at Dtuty Lane 5 May 1715 as the
j ' Custom of the Coimtrv.' This play Is said
to be founded on one of Sinbad's voyages lit
I the 'Arabian Nights.' The publication of
' Les MUle et une Niiits ' by Galland, 1704-
1717, had very recently commenced, and this
source seems doubtful. A curious coinci-
dence, hitherto unnoticed, is that ' Le Nau-
frage nu la Pompe funebre de Crispin' of
Lsfonl, produced In Paris on Saturday,
14 June 1710, is all but Identical with th«
work of Mrs. Centlivre, who, however, is at
least earlier in date, Parfaic freres, the
historians of the French stage, suggest iin
origin for the plot earlier thou the ' Atabiim
Nights.' 12. ' 3Iarplol, or the Second Part
of the Busy Body,' comedy, 4to, 171 1, Drury
Lane 30 Dec. 1710, afterwards altered' by
Henry Woodward and called ' Marplot in
Lisbon.' 13. 'The Perplex'd Lovers,' comedy,
4to, 1712, Drury Lane 19 Jon. 1712, from lUe
Spanish. 14. 'The Wonder! A Woman
keeps a Secret,' comedy, 12mo, 1714, acted at
Driuy Lone 2i April 1714, and owing some-
thing to ' The Wrangling Lovers ' of Ravens-
croft. 15. ' A Gotham Election,' farce, 12mu,
1715, never acted, a dramatic satire on the
tories, dedicated to Secretary Craggs, who
sent tlie author by Mrs. HrHcegirdle twenty
fuineaa. A second editlou of this, 12mo,
737, is called the 'Humours of Elecliono.'
Ccntsrine 4^^ Centwine
.■•. "^ tr- T-:! aiiLiiJu:--!. iiTT**. l::mi}. ^Vr. .- l-j, rlmz tririr LFaLTrili.'* .^mt\
niv-. • mr-i-. "••■ . '.'.:". ur-'i ir Drir^ Lan« ri-r -.i'lis ^liiiT Sii'-jLrii : il>?n .EacWiae.
1' f^r. '.Tl'l. Tjtr^T "*• .r.« •\--r«- ^ritlrtirpfi in i 3i»fnib**r -.t laj.rii'rr hrinoh of 'se bicse i-f
Mr-r ■■• ! vjxt^. l-in--. '. '"il- in«i r-nr.nr^fi in C'lrlni. r^rumi. "inuil zn Li* i«^^ be is soc-
\<i .^wj*:ei hr ''>nTTniiT iz. riTo, "Hie rvl^a .f
T!i»- • ni^-::'r.- t" if.--. '. -n*ll-7«? i:** ■.r'-*n '"'-tn'Tinr is miiri-^i *-t i. r^Ti-r'aril o? :ie
.;-4r-*T:'.'i- »:'.•: -^r .-:!">. la'i "i:- ^■".nia; *ir»*nes '^■»*'-Swli:ii Tior-irirs -Tr-7*Iir WTljh."»-tii
i.v jf-T.-ri.i • ;r.-:i. .\l."a. •",»-;: '11" r- "miiriLeii a*-«:2i *■ iiii-- rtra."*^ i.z i tfL:It iTTcrCes:-
.■.»-r--t»i:' !.--.- I :«:»i- .n" -;::.•■ n- A B«.u: SrrvffiS -r-ill: .3.':.T'? lii-i ■ii;"i2.i:»ri:*J:T £r:cT:rr to :ir
:*. r I "^.r- •-in;! -.ir? r.l- -v-i-ii f. r -v'lurh Pirr-r. :' r in ^r- • •.'•siitTririr driT-e rh-; Br.-
<»!-.»f .' I' -.\f yv.T..'. r "Liuni izA^'Xir" :ri;r-- T'o ' "iir Tr:i ' . _i.-»S. Chrrta.^ '.T.'jL'yCuT
r.Jil."- "•■ :'i.' L* r^'.-ir-Lr "i:*r sr.ix-. -ii*? ^liij "v rL*. •■:!:«: :»rti TLe cc-a.*: irrsr ;:' rh-e FiTKr.
■■• »i.^r I -■ip*-ri-.--7 T-rr i.jn«;f»r ill ii»rr i^jin- in<: sia-ir ii.-j p«- pL-r nuL^t-fr^ c "he Qain-
.^„-^, ".'.K".. T.-ii'.- '-^ -.t .!»:?:■ niTfiirT* remain t-.iik Tir.jr-=-. .S'.«*z. Ti^r* tij aorxn implit*
.r. -i:r -i.-r .: i.-"..:^- v-i^--. ^C rv '>.Ar. :ce '^-.n.-i'i-riKL- irrvn;r'':i- md irtrn:* :o raik^ S
.rhrr-^ rc > 'iicji.'.i'-. T-^a "^^.m** iI'Tpir:':rj. .>r".i:n. *z.ir ■.:* BijeiLi L» ri^hr in &i<^7tiBj
■t h»rlr.r iir-T*:. A ii-r^r. c«'..-r.i:uir., *h.« iL»- rhiir -lie ii-ra'i !-iLn;r*fc.:p ■:' 'hr Wr*r Sax-?iL>
p-.i':'* .:'. -c:*- .r iif-r irizui'io •m'isira i ww ::t i ':;*:»: in ibt-TiE.oe.ti'ent'w-ine most bv
■«. .:r- :' r ' ■.- -• - .-s^: — . S"-^ir ir. ->.^ ■ i ir- k:::^-' !n>' r..i'r or>ryT*i him. Th-r i.<«rt:0D
ir. i -IT- -..i" •-;.-■ -i - i- i :-■?■.:--'- i:« ■ir^.^!lly :■ rrf-r.-urr?: by :h- ':n::=«::ri of tiie
i.i. i -r.- . -;..L" •.■"ir'.r : -'.ri* "vi. .^ii L- n.irr.- : i-t W-.-^s jj n kir.j- in :L- rwol
;.>-i ....'..". :-::-.:■--- .: -^i'. >n:- ■: .:-? zi- ^- -.: ".- :i.-.n.:- ■: ILirnrl-i n-.:-i :a »>^: it
- ..':i>r.--f.i T r\' —-.•■?• 7-: --i-tT'-': ir.*: r'Tvnoh. i.-. !i- •:«■■: T-r. ^. -•jiM- tIi.i: :L- o;rt*-inL5:anc<s
■ r-.-n-..i.-. :'. : V. -• ..ir..--:.u'-:-. Fr.r -:i:ni-r ri..^' !-< •■: 'h-r -x.it of '■-'•j mav Live giTdi
: i!T'V> • . ■^.■..- ..:...-: r. :- -.i:- .r. rf* ^r-r-r ^ :.^ :.r:i-:*I-_:p ■■: ti^r i:njd:ni t:- «. rCtwiL*.
■ F''.i:'.^:! ^•■-."r ' — i'.' T-: :-..i? r. ".' "vr^rn By -i. .- =r. ■rrrnir.r tLr in'ervil ■>: -lirids^
:.iO.-.-.v:. A - .p3-.o-.-. r. rr-.i* i' nii^-i.: h*; ki^r-:.;:'. :hr ipp:ir*rn-'.y c^-ntradiet'-^n- ic-
1 Tc-'-rA. • i-r:"--;- tr, i Fl--.i' - r. i*^v-rii a^ib- i:v.:n*- ji '■•.-:. by B^T-ia ;Lnd rhr 'tpi-nici**
/••■;•"-. I':..! -:/.'.::.. >I.r:i. Hi7"-r:oai, «''r:- ;i>- ir. i m-i-ure T^ro-ni'Il^^:. C-^n'wire mar-
• i ■ a . . A r/. ■ - '. - . ' .■.'■.. 1 r ■> 4. nir n : i • r.-e^i by ri- 1 -i -» : i* r r of E-i-rnir nl^ ' irh. t he wife of
r^i-w- r. i r * /; ■ ■'. '. M'.' . ' . : 1 -"il-? . n. ■i.?" r^ rr. i: r. PL.-k'tri • li ■ » f X'-r* h i La; h ria . a nd r !iir enemy of
'"'-inj-cr .r-:. .:- '..•=: V r>: > r.-.* ir. ".Lr Bri-i^h Wilfri'h. A ocnrdin;rly.wh-.-nWilfr:"h. having
Mii.-r'irr.. .S:.- !-!** .i' h^r !-.vh ni.:r*y -.^iluablr b»-*rn r'>r»>^i ' • Irave M-^rcia, tied f«:ir refui':' t)
o.TiA.T.-r.*- {.r---r.*»:«i ^■. l.-r by r-.yrilry -.r rhr Wf-i.-i-^x and wa> r»rOoived bv the king, the
ari.-ir'xriVi': p:*.* r.- v.- v. i-.-^m i?.-r d-^icatrd q'i»::r-n aft^i-r a lirtWu-hile per-uaded herhiis-
b*-r drarr.w-. band t'-k drivr him out ijf the land ^EPDir?).
[i:.:-. o: .M:-. r:.r::vr*r j-r.-fix*ii *.o h*:r works, I^- Fr»^man hMl-l* that Centwine i? the
Z vol". I7rl- M-r. '.t Er.;:r;:-h liram.jr.i? Po^.-* Kfnt*-n d«^scril>rd bv Fariciu* a? the fftil:rr
f .r-r,*-^ - .I'-'^.onnt oi rn*: h.nff.:-n ^^ll'H : isnfi'R AJdhHim to JJu^e^ « JLadburh). the dauihter
^Jl•.AJl^i^ vol. i. r^. rhalrr.frrji » : P»r.<-r Cunning- of Kfrnten (Centwine). In tliis w^m •Ken-
I irr/. H.md'.y.k to I»r.-!on : Po^r'^ Dunciarl; ten' is .spoken of a.* a mightv kinff, vervr^li-
.Nof^. ro IV;f !"al IUir:!»t^r ^«iiles Ja<H.bM723.] ^^^^^ ^.jj^ ^fter winning th'ree great battle*
• ^* retired from his throne to become a monk;
CENTWINE or KENTEN (d. 680 ), th*- writer, however, does not hint at inr
kinjf of tli»- \V#-«f Saxonf'y wa.-* the son of relationship between the king and hims^A
('jrn<;gilH niid tli*- brr^th#'r of Cenwalh 'q. v.] Faricius, indeed, says that .Vlohelm'^ father,
Accept irig tii«: Htat»*mf;nt of Rit'da '(Enel. Kenten, was the brother of King Ine. Wil-
Cenwalh 423 Cenwalh
liam of Malmesbury promts out that this is return to his land, built St. Peters at Win-
impossible, mentions it as one of the on- Chester, and on the death of Birinus per-
founded assertions of Faricius, and says that suaded Agilberht to become his bishop, and
in King Alfred's Handbook it is clearly established his see in his new church. In 652
stated tnat Kenten (or Centwine) was not the chronicle-writer says *Cenwealh fought at
the brother, but a near kinsman of Ine. It Bradfordby the Avon.' William of Malmes-
certainly seems impossible to refuse to be- burj- must refer to this campaign when he
lieve that the Kenten of Aldhelm's poem was speaks of a rising of the VN elsh, and of a
other than King Centwine, and equally im- victory gained by the West Saxons at a place
possible to suppose that Aldhelm could have called' Wirtgernesburg. The battle of Brad-
oeen writing about his own father. Cent- ford gave the West Saxons the long strip of
wine's retirement from the throne may have forest land extending to Malmesbury that was
been only a very short time before his death, left unconnuered by Ceawlin [q. v.]. On
which took place in 685. He is said to have the site of Cenwalh's victorv still stands the
been buried at Winchester. He was sue- little church built by St. Aldhelm [q. v.], who
ceeded by Ceadwalla [q. v.], in whose person has been supposed, though on insufficient
the house of Ceawlin fq. v.] regained the grounds, to have been his nephew [see Cent-
kingship. Centwine is claimed as one of the wineI. In 658 Cenwalh again fought with
benefactors of Glastonbury. the AVelsh. He defeated them at * Pens,*
[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ; Florence of Worces- and drove them as far as the Parret, making
ter; Henry of Huntingdon, p. 718, Men. Hist, that river the w^estem boundarj- of West-
Brit. ; William of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum. i. Saxon conquest instead of Ceawlin's frontier,
c.2f ^^ -. s. -!_
352,
fridi
'^}^utT'n^^\ ''^^^^'TTd' °»?^°'J" T well have feared lest thev should attempt to
Stnbbes CounciU and h^.l. Docs in. 141-4; ^^^^^^ ^j^^, ^^^^ territon' of the Hwfccas
i^reemans King Ine, Soniersen Arehseolo^ical yr^ ,\ t ^oi i 'i c *. ji n n
vi^v^^fxr'a T/.«^«oi ^,.;;; ;; lo ±1 ^^ ;; 01 1 (CiREEN). In 06I he defeated Cenwalh,
oooety 8 JournHi, xviii. 11. 69— io, xx. 11. z4. | ,^, '^ii'-ii *. Ait
W H I ^^^ ravaged his land as far as Ashdown.
! After a while Cenwalh, who knew no other
CENWALH, KENWEALH, or COIN- , tongue besides his own, grew wearv of the
WALCH (d. 672), king of the West Saxons, | foreign speech of his bishop Agilberht. Ac-
succeeded his father Cynegils [q. v.] in (U3. cordingly, about 660, without consulting
Although his father had been baptised, Cen- | him, he quietly invited a certain Wini who
walh still remained a pagan, influenced pro- , had been consecrated in Gaul, and who
bably by his wife, the sister of the Mercian spoke his tongue, to come to him. He di-
king Penda. Soon after his accession he put , vided his kingdom into two bishoprics, and
away his wife and took another. To avenge
his sister Penda made war u]K)n him, and
drove him from his kingdom. Cenwalh fled
to Anna, the king of the East Angles, and
gave Wini the see of Winchester. Det»plv
offended at this treatment, Agilberht left
Wessex and returned to Gaul, where he was
made bishop of Paris. After a while, how-
tarried with him for three years. From ! ever, Cenwalh expelled Wini, and the West
Anna Cenwalh heard and received the truths ' Saxons remained for some time without a
of Christianity. He was baptised by Felix, 1 bishop. The constant attacks of his enemies
the bishop of the East Angles (Flor. Wig. ' led the king to think that by keeping his
i. 20). In 648 he was restored to his king- ' kingdom without a bishop he was depriving
dom by the help of his nephew Cuthred, the ' it ot divine protection, so he sent messengers
son ofCwichelmrq. v.], ami gave him in return j to Gaul to prav Agilberht to return. Agil-
three thousand hiaes of land about .Escesdun berht answerei that he could not leave his
(Ashdown in Berkshire ), or, as William of bishopric, and sent over his nephew Leuthe-
Malmesburj^ says, a thinl part of his king- \ rius (illodhere), who was a priest, instead
dom (A.-S. Chron. an. 648; IIex. Hunt. 716; | of coming himself. Cenwalh and his people
Will. Malm. i. c. 29). After his restora- , received Lent herius with honour, and he was
tion he received a visit from the Prankish 1 ordained bishop in 670. Cenwalh died in
Agilberht, who had gone over into Ireland, | 672. On his death Bieda says that the under-
and had dwelt there for some time in order | kin^ rid themselves of the supremacy of
to study the Scriptures. Agilberht pleased their overlord, and divided the kingdom be-
the king by his energy- in preaching to his
people, for the accession of Cenwalh appears
to nave been followed by a general relapse
into paganism. Cenwalh, immediately on nis
tween them for about ten jears [see Cent-
wine]. The chronicle-wnter ana Henry of
Huntingdon, however, say that his queen,
Sexburh, reigned for a year after him. Cen-
Cenwulf 424 Ceolfrid
walh is said by William of Malmesbury to
have been a benefactor to Glastonbury, but
the charter which claims to be his is
spurious.
training his young relation, who appUed
himself earnestly to study and to moDBitic
discipline. After a while a ]>e6tilence, po-
bably the plague of 664, having carriea off
[Baeda, iii. 7, iv. 12 (Eng. Hist. Soc.); Anglo- JJ^jy ^{^^ °^onks of GilW Tunberbt^
Saxon Ohron. an. 643-672 (Rolls Ser.); Florence ' *"8 brethren were invited by Bishop \V ilfritii
of Worcester, i. 20 (Eng. Hist. Soc.); WUliam of to settle in the monastery of Ripon. Ced-
Malmesbury's GesUi Rugam, i. 30 (Eng. Hist. , frith accompanied his kinsman to Ripon, and
Soc.); Henry of Huntingdon, 71 6, M.H.B.;Gesta | there, at the age of twenty-seven, was o^
Pontificum, 158 (Rolls Ser.); Codex Dipl. i. 10; ' dained priest by Wilfrith. Anxious to leam
Guest's Origines Celtioe, ii. 245 ; Freeman fully the duties of the priesthood and of the
in Somerset Archaeol. Soc.'s Proc. xix. ii. 67 ; ' monastic life, he made a journey to Keat,
Green's Making of England, 295, 328, 339.] | fo^ the coming of Archbishop Theodore and
W. H. ! Hadfian in 669 had made Canterbury the
CENWULF or KENULF (rf. 1006), ; s^t of Iwirniiy and ecclwiasti^^ He
bishop of Winchester, on the appointment ^'^^^ East Anglia in order to observe the
of Afdulf [q. v.] to the see of York, was fP^*;^^"'^,^^^?^, ^/, monastic discipline fol-
chosen, in 992, to succeed him as abbot of lowed by Abbot IJotulf at Ikanhoe m Lm-
St. Peter'8,atiMedeham8tede (Peterborough), colnshire, and when he had learnt all he
He surrounded his abbey with a wall, changed ' ^^^ ?e made haste to return to Itipon.
its name to Burch (Borough), and added to The^«? '^ T^« ?J l."8 learning he cheerfully
its wealth. On the promotion of .Elf heah occupied himself m humble duties, and be-
fq. v.] to the archbishopric of Canterbury, ?a™e the baker of the house, employing the
benWiilf is said to have procured his election mter^-al8 m his labour in learning and prao-
to the see of Winchester in 1005 by simonia- V^^'^g ^^'^ "^^^ ^^%^' ?» » .P"^\ '\7^}^
cal means. ^Ifheah when at llome, whither : duty to ob^rve. When in 672 Benedict
he had gone to receive the pall, is said to Biscop was forming a new congregati^ for
have announced the dav of lis successor's , ^^^ V'W he wm about to build at W«ir-
death, which took place m 1006. By Uugh pouth, he invited Ceolfnth to help him. The
-Candidus,' the historian of Peterborough, invitation was accepted, and in 674 the abbey
Cenwulf is described as remarkablv learned of bt. Peters was begun. Ceolfnth held the
and eloquent,and is said to have carefully cor- office of prior m the new house, and ruled
rectedtlie books belonging to the monastery. '^ »« Benedicts absence. After a while he
It was probably on the strength of this state- ^^^^' weary of the cares of oftice, and, meeting
ment that Piti put him down as an author. ', ^^J^ c^'^^^^^'^^e annoyance from certain
No works have ever been ascribed to him. »\o^^^ members of tlie house who d^liked
Abbot y^:itric, ^ the grammarian » [q. v.], ^^f 8^"ct monajjticism he enforced, he left
dedicated his *Life of St. yKthelwold ' to , ^Veannouth and returned to Uipon. His
Bishop Cenwulf. This dedication, therefore, I thorough knowledge of regular discipline and
fixes the date of tlie work as 1005-6, the ' of the service of the altar made his ser^-ices
period of Cenwulf 's episcoi)at4j. ^JK^ly imiwrtant and Benedict went after
'^ ^ . "*™ *"^o persuaded him to return. In 678
.J'):"^^'*i^''?I! ^^''*'"- lu^^^V^*^: ^,^A' ??I he accompanied Benedict to Rome, returning
(Rolls Ser.); Horence of Worcester 1. 149 168 ^.j^j^ j^,^^ ^j^^ arch-chanter, who was peiv
<Lng.HiHt.boc.); WilhamofMalmesbury.Gesta ..^j^j to come over to England to tiach
Pontiff. 170. 317 (Rolls Ser.); Osl^rn de Vita S. . l^^^ ?^ \? % Jingiana to teacn
Elphegi. Anglia .W, ii. 130; Hugo Candidus. j the clergy there the Roman^^
Canobii BuVnsiH Hist^ma. 31. e<l. Sparke; ! When, in 682, King Lc^ith gave Bene-
Vita S. iEthelwolili ap. Chron. de Abingdon, ii. o^ct a second large grant of land, he dete>
265 (Rolls Ser.) ; Dugdale's Monasticon. i. 347 ; mined to buQd a second monastery at Jar-
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 175.] W. H. row. He committed the work to Ceolfritb,
and made him abbot of the new congrega-
CEOLFRID or CEOLFRITH, Saint tion, which at first consisted of seventeen
(642-7 16), abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow, monks. Ceolfritb carried out the work with
the son of noble and pious parents, became, energy, and made a second journey to Rome
at the age of eighteen, a monk in the mona- to procure what the new foundation needed.
sterv of Gilling in Yorkshire, which, until In the third year after he began the work
lately, had been under the rule of his bro- ' he set about building the church of his mo-
ther Cynifrith. AVhen Ceolfritb entered nastery, and finished it the year after. A
the house, the office of abbot was held J)y stone still preserved at Jarrow commemo-
rates the diedication of this church to St.
Paul. The inscription on it ib :
Tunberht, the kinsman and successor of Cv-
nifrith. Tunberht took a warm interest in
X Ueiliistio Ba«Lli«e ] SciPauliviiiKIMm |
RDDO IT Ecgt'ridi Itt>g. | . . . . Oollridi Alib.
ejutdem q. | q. Kecks. Veo Auetare | Can'llt'iriii
The tiro nionnsteries, Si. Peter's nt Wear-
month, Biid Si. Paul's nt Jnrrow, were aiitt^
houses, und the new convent remaJnMl in
ehe strictest connection with iJonudicl's ear-
lier foundation. The number of brethren at
Jarniw ajipenrs to have shghtly int^rensed
after tlie con^egution was tirst formed by
Benedict, and tweotj-two settled in Ctol-
fritfa's new house, of whom ten were already
tonsured, and the remainder were applicnntd
for the tonaure. During tbe progress of the
building tbe nbbot took no smalt pains to
instruct bis brethren how to reail and liing
the serricu, in order llmt they migLt chant
the psalms and say the responses and anti-
l^ouB as the custom was at St. Peter's at
Weftrmouth. His munks studied diligently,
a&d good progress vas miule. Tbe monas-
tery, however, was visited by the plague,
which carried ofl' all the monks who were
thus able to take part in the sen-ice save
the abbot himself and one lad whom ho bad
brought up and iniight, and who was not as
vet m priest's orders. When the history
ROm which this incident cornea was written,
the lad, grown then to munhcM)d, and in the
priesthood, was still a brother of the house,
equally famous for what he wrote and what
be spoke of his post life, and it is not too
fiuiciM to bt'lievu iliat he was Bteda [q. v.],
who tells us that Ceolfrith brought him up,
and that it was by his direction that he was
ordained priest (Ere!. Hitt. v. 24), Tlie ab-
bot and tlie lud for one week left out the
Ceolfrid
I Ceolfrith rule<l tbe two monasteries with
I diligence. While strictly enforcing the full
I Benedictineriilebenevertheli'sswonthelove
of liis monks. He took pains ivith ths ser-
vices, and ciiused tUi*m In ue held constantly.
I Nor was he oegledful of the welfare of bid
I monasteries in other ways. He obtained a
I letter of privileges from Poire Serffius, which
he had laid before a synod and publicly znnr
' firmed by King Aldfrith and the bishops who
were present. He enriched his churches
I with many precious things trom Itome.
.\mong other matters of good government
he especially encourageil the pvactice of
transcription, and, having already one copy
(if the Scriptures of tlie old version, which
he had brought from Home, caused three
I copies of the new version to be written out ;
one of these he yloced in each of his mouaa-
teriesand kept the otherto present In theHo-
. man see. A certain splendid cosmography,
, which Benedict had bought at Home, he sold
I to King Aldfrith for no less than eight hides
' of lanc^ with which he endowed St. Paul's
wonted autiphons, but the s
too moumfid, and with such help s
the
idd pve tbey kept the
ae it had been before tbe plague, though not
without great labour, until the abbot had
gclhered fresh monks, or taught those he al-
ready bod to take their part. Un the death
of likisteru'ini, whom Benedict hod admitted
to a share in the abbacy of Wettnnoiith, that
ho might take his place in his absence, the
monks of St. Peter's consulted Oeolfrilh as
t(i whom they should choose in his place,
for, as ii happened, Benedict was at Itome
at the time. ByCeolfrith's advice they made
^gfi^ith abbot, and Benedict, on his return,
Miproved the choice. Soon after tlus both
Bonedicl and Sigfrith fell sick. Benodict
therefore sent for Ceolirith, and committed
both the monasteries to liis charge. Ac-
cordingly he was conslilnted abbot of both
bouses, 13 May B8& Sigfrith died on22 Aug.
' Benedict on IS Jan. following.
_^1
succenled in convincing him that the Celtic
church was in error. Tbe result of this visit
was the conversion of the northern Irish lo
the Roman Easter in 704 (Ercl. Dwumentt).
At the request of NaJton (Nechtan Mac
Derili), king of the Picts, he wrote him a
letter in 710 on the disputed questions abtnit
Easter and the tonsure. When this letter
was translated lo Naiton and his councillors,
the king decreed that the Roman customs
should flienceforth be followed by his people.
Ceolfrith also, at the king's request, sent bira
architects tn show liim how l« build the
church He was contemplating in the lioman
style. InT16Ceolfrilll.feeUngthat ngehad
lessened his powers, determined to end his
days at Borne. Ue took a Boleum and affect-
ingforewell of his monhs^wbo were now uboul
six hundred in number in the two monaste-
ries, and set out on 4 June, taking with liim
the copy of the Scriptures he luid had pte-
Kred to present totbepoiie. While waiting
■ his ship to sail, he heard of the election
of his successor, Hwietberht, and conlirme<l
it. He set sail on 4 July and landed in Gaul
\'2 Aug. He was honourably received by
the ruler of the district, who gnve him a
commendatory letter \.o Ijiutprand, king of
the Lombnr<ls. He orrived at Langres cm
'2Tt Sept., nnd died there on tbe same day at
the age of seventy-four. Un the morrow his
iHxIy was buried with great honour in the
church of the Twin Martyrs. He had been
uccrimpanied on bis journey by eighty men
, from all parts, who reverence<l him asafather;
Ceolnoth 426 Ceolred
tte?r. '.•ypr'h.rT Tr::h. A l-irs»r number of "he prvsenc* ^f s*!t:ular clerks in religious hoiuet
pe'pl-r :f Laa*rv<. :':Ll':«wr»i him to rhe before the struggle between thetwooiden
jrrave. *Ji :hr ni'>nk* whom he t«vk with in thtr tenth century. On the overthrow of
him ^•>nL'T iv'.irs'rd to c&rry the ti-iing^ of the* kingdom of Kent it is probable that little
hi? irath 'o zhrrir m-ina^tche^ : <*?me went g»»l f^relin? existed between the see of Can-
on : -1 Rii^me. b-earinzthe jift* he had prepared terbury and Ecgberht, the West-Saxon con-
for th*^ p^p^ : and others, on willing t<> leave quep>r. and it iTas been suggested that Ced-
their ma.'S'ter'i rrave, stayeti at Lan^rre?. Ce«>l- ni>th was a West Saxon, and that his acctt-
th»r Script iin?> h-r inren-led. are a!s«^ extant the kimr*s wlicy was successful, for atth«*
« R.i:d.i: Op. Ili*t. .Vi'.m. 3:3i*t. c^.iunoil of Kingston in 8^^ Ceolnoth madi'
[The«rw: jTMcf <:. C*-.lfr:th,o-eev:.i-ct> * *^"*^^ ^^^ perpetual alliance between his^
t h-r w ?rk of i oocte::: wrarv monk ■>{ Wearmoatii. church and the West-Saxon kings, Ecgberbl
fvrm»i :h-? ri*.- * or th^ Lives jt" the A I b-:rs of and .Ethelwulf, i«?ei\-ing in return certain
Wc.4rmo7.:h :ia-i J.irrow wr.::e:: Iv RciU. The lands at Mailing*, which had been granted
lVeir!U'^u:hl-«>>k.U'?:onAAbt«vxi'n<TyiTv£:*iufn. to Canterbury by Baldred, king of Kent, on
c in hi* Baedx the eve of his final defeat. This alliance was
ff drst pri=re*l ". y J. Srer^nsoc
Opera Ui«. rioM M:i.>r.i. for :h« Elj. Hist. <..v,. c»>nfirmed in S:i9, the first vear of .£thel-
«-.,- .-ir • L. • .' T> ■--.-* an'i ^^^ heard in 810, was decidtxi bv
58: Surree.-. Durham, ii. 67: Hadd-.n and ^ ^^ noth m favoiir of the church at an as-
Stul.bs-9 ConnoiU and EcoL Documer.t.s iii. 2S6- ^J'^^h' ^^^ at Canterbun; m the presence
23^ 1 ^V. H. '-^^ ^"*^ kmir. In Nil the Danes took Canter-
bury, and in 8t>4 a Danish army wintered in
CEOLNOTH yfh >^:0), archbishop of Thanet : the invaders made p^ace with the
Canrfrb»r^^ i> s,iid bv Gervase to have be^'u ^^entish men. who pn^mised them money,
dean uf that clum-h: this statement. h..w- I'Ut during the pwffres.s of the negotiations
.^ver. pn>Uablv arises fn.m a onnfi^i.^u l»e- ^*^:'>" pl^^'l^ri*^? the countr^^ The measures
t ween Cenlnnth and .KtheliiotlMO-.n^-erate.! taken lor deteuci- and the i>avment here
HWK wh.. ovrtainlv \wh\ that .>rHoe t/T^v/. "'^t^^^ havr U^ii conne<;teil with the largt*
n.^.<^\\.ty\\n.^ He was elect ».-d 1>^» .Tune and nnniU-r of C eolnoth s coins that have been
cons^'crated 1>: Auir. n:« ,Gervasi:>. Tliis !'*""^^= '^ ^^ l^^ssihle that he may have
date, h.^wever. d-TH^nd< nn that nf tlu- death ^«^ ^9 !"™ ^'™*^ l»**'l,^* !*»*; treasure of lus
of FeoHr^W. and nn hi> bein^r aocvpted as chiin-h into monev. He died and wa^buncd
ail arehbishnp. Feolo^^^-ld api>^ars t.. havr "^ *"^^ ^^",^^:'^ «J I anterbur>- m s.O (AssEB.
died L>9 Aii^r. ^V2, and his o.ms,vration is Gkrvase\ tor the statement of the ^^npcester
mentinned bv the Camerhiirv version nf ih.> fhrnnicler that he died at Home is evidently
clironiele foHnwrtl by Williim of Malmes- incorrect.
bury and others ; on tlu' other hand, the [Ha^i^lan and Stubl«!.'s Councils and Eecl. Docs,
dates of the chnmiclHS do not auree with iii. 61 <>- 36; Anglo-Saxon Chn»nicle: A *8or. Mon.
tliis (■hn.>nolnt,ry, and 27 Auj^. did not fall on Hist. Brit. 476; Gcn-aw. Twysden. ool. 1643:
a Sunday in ><W. hut did so fall in >^^\. Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of CnnterK-air.
'Th»* point is very i)hscure. and it is not pnv i. 282-96.] W. H.
liable that it can ever b»^ comjjletelv cleare<l
uj)' {Erri. Ih^,,) It is said, on the highly CEOLRED (d. 716), king of the Mer-
doubtful authority of a Latin insertion in cians. was the son of .Ethelretl bv his
the Canterbury chronicle ( anno 90.")>, that in wife Osthr>th of Northumbria. < >n .I'-thel-
the first year oh 'eolnoth's archbishopric there nnVs retirement to a monaster}.- in 7iU he
wa< a gr»'at sickness among the monks of was succeede<l by his nephew, Coenrwl, an«I
Chri>t C-hurch, so that five onlv were left, Ceolred did not come to t lie throne until 7t>9.
and that, finding it difficult to supply their He then sent two abbots to Wilfrith to bee
places with other monks, he admitted secular him to come to him, promising to onler his
clerks into the monasteiy, Thisstorj', which life in accordance with the bishop's instruc-
fornis part of the account of the supposed tions. Wilfrith accepted the invitation, but
expulsion of the seculars by Archbishop /Elf- died soon after his coming into Mercia, and,
[q. v.], cannot be accepted as of much as it seems, without meeting the king. The
ight, though it illustrates the constant . revival of the West-Saxon power under
nc
O^adtcalln iind Ine hud caused the loss of
the Meccinn territory beyond the Thames,
together probably with Essex and London.
Ceolred made a ^"igorous attempt to win
back the atipremacy of the south, and in 715
led Ilia army into Weesei. He was met hy
Ine at Wodnesbeorg, probably Wanborough,
where a battle was fought so fiercely that
none could tell which eide Buffered the greater
loss (Hen. Htrirr. 724) ; it is ecident, how-
i-viw, lluit tho invaaian failed, Ceolred waa
jmloiu of Uis iMinBin jUthelbald, and perse-
cuted him so that he was forced to flee from
the kLngdom. The good intentions Ceolred
tiftd when he sent for Wilfiitb seem by this
time to have disappeared, for he greatly op-
|iFeseed the church and did much evil to mo-
na«terie» and nuitncries. In 710, as he was
fi^BstiIlg with iiis nobles, hu was suildenly
eeiied with madness, and so died, bis end, sc-
uordingloSl. Boniface, bein^ the worli of the
evil spirit that poesrssed him. Itis widow,
Werburh, is said to liave lived until 7B2.
Ceolred was buried at Lichfield. On his death
J!thelbald was chosen king.
[Bada'a Hiitoria Knlra. v. 19 (Eng. Hitil.
Soc); Anglo-Saxon Cbniuivle, 701. 716. TIS ;
Eddiua's Viu Wllfridi, cap, 63, a]>, Ilisloriana of
York, p. flfi {Bolls Serioa); Florence of WorCMler
(Kng.fiist, Soc): Ueai^of Hantiiigdaa.SIon.
Hist Brit.; Haddaa sod Stnbhs's Councils and
EmUs. Doci. tii. 381, 3S.), and 350, with letter
of St, BoniGice from Jn8£, No, 6S, given in B
ahorltincd fiirm b; Wilbam of Halmmbnrj.
Omta Segnm, i. SO (Eng. Hiit. Soc.); Vita S.
GDiblaci, Mabillon Act* S3, tmt. iii. I. 371;
Ramble's Ctxlez Dipl. i. 72; Oreen'i Making of
England, 392,] W. E,
CEOLRIC or OEOL (d. 597), king of
thf West Saxons, whs the son of Cutho, the
brother of Ceowlin. jVftec his victory over
bia uncle Cenn-lin [q, t,] at Wodnesbeorg in
SfQ he reigned for five vesrs. At his death
in 597 he left n aon, C'ynfgile [q, v.] He
was succeeded by hi« brother, Ceolwull, who
reigneduntiieUjWhcn, at his death, CjTiegils
Eucoeeded to the throne.
[Anglo-SuoD Chronicle ; Florence of Wnrces-
ler.i. 9, 258. 271 {Eng. Hifll. Soo-); William of
Malmcsbory. i. e. 17. 18.] W. H.
CEOLWIILF (rf. 764), king of the North-
umbrians, was the son of Cutba {A.-S. Chron.
an. 781; Symeos, Df Duiielm. Ercl.), snil
the brother of Coenrcd, king of the NorlL-
umbrions. On the death of Coeured in 71 8,
Oeric succeeded to the thronf. Before ho
died he appointed Ceolwidf as hia successor, '
Vho flccumingly began his reign on H ^Iny I
7£S). nis chief claim to rememhrnnce is that
' IIJHtoria EoolaaiMtioa ' \
to him (' gloriosissimo regi Ceoluuo!pho')ina
prefatory letter in which he says that he
has sent him his book that he may read and
test it and have it transcribed, and speaks
of the king's delight in the study of the
Scriptures, in Iiiatory, and especially in the
records of famous Englishmen, Bmda ends
his history with an account of the flourish-
ing state of the kingdom of Xorthumbria in
731, noticing the large number of men of all
ranks who at that lime retired from the
world to adopt a monastic life. It seems,
however, as though a strong party in North-
umbria disliked the increase of the eccleai-
Bsticol power, and was impatient of the ruls
of the studious king, for the next year na
insurrection broke out, and Ceolwulf was
seized and tonsured. He was restored to the
throne the same vear, the tonsure thus forced
upon him being held therefore to be no im-
pediment to the resumption of the kinsly
olfioi'. Aa BiKbop Acca[q. v.] was banished
at this time, it has been suggested that the
troubles in Norlhumbria may have been con-
nected with some change in the arrangement
of the northern diocases. Ceolwulf mode his
cousin Ecgberbt bishop of York in 734, and
Becda, writing to Ecgberht, remind* him that
he would find the King a ready helper in
the ecclesiastical reforms he was urging on
him, and especially in the increase of the epi-
scopate. Ceolwulf resigned the throne in
737, and became a monk of lindisfame. He
richly endowed the monastery with treasures
and lands. From the time of his entrance
into the house the monks were allowed to
drink wine or beer instead of water or milk.
He died in 764 (Stmbon, 760. A.'S. C*mn,),
and waa buried at Lindisforne, Uis body
was aftem-ards translated to Norham, where
miracli^ are said to have been wrought at
his tomb; his head wad preserved umn:ig the
relics d^sited in the church of St. Ciith-
bcrt at Durham. Ceolwulf has u plooe in
the calendar, his day being 15 Jan.
[Bieda's Hint. ICccI. prolog, v. 33, Epietolu ad
Ecglierctum ap, Op, Hist. Minora, p, 21* (Eog,
Hist, Soc.); Anglo-Snxiin Chron. ; Symeon Us
Dnni'lm. EcclMia, cul. 7. 9, <le Sto Calhlvrro,
col. 70. Jb GiBtis Regani. col. 100, lOB. Twys-
ilna; William of Mulmesbury, i. 64; Hiiine's
Historv of North Durham, p. 68; Ditna and
ltHina,'Faat; Hnr. 94.] W. H.
CEBDIC {d, 631), king of the West
Saxons, bore the title of culdormati when
in 49.^ be and his son, Cynric, came over to
Britain, and landed probably at the mouth of
the Itehin, at a spot afterwards calkMi Cer-
dics-ora. Theinvaderswere attackiid onlbo
day they landed. According to Henry of
BtutLingdon, wluaa liiakiiy Of tbaio gyoaiiv
Cer\'etto
-"■* *ii:."i.n. -r^j'. • m-^ j.rait-: *.iirair- icri_ t* l :r>-> ir Ti^t fcr^^srls. FoKign
o- -f ..T . L -..j1 Uifc~ !*i."i ■-'" "ij-." •ii-i'-- vij>, irr -»«.7»_s:-w >!t«r«i- C"=riic WAS foiwd
- ::: tv: 1 • -.1 .:i ^Jr ..-, ttij* 1 i <i-.-_-:..-i izi: nii-zi-^ Sr:^ i:ii WiLtirfcr. to at least
4.^'. « ••-*-/' liijut- .■.• "-"j- -^ '» tT/iijtO— LZii -!l- '" — «■ .""> <ATi: tai wiiir the stonr of
1 T -r ■ , ..It J. :f _-• :if<i ▼■=".•> •-»-^ --^ "J; "K'Ji-^TLj ^a^ sskTOrlv Wr fcccvrj-T-ed wiihout a&
/, :;,_-.•-.. -.^' --^--Jr- -.-t*. t:?-^-- L-- "A-r jT ■ -.jr _i^i *c .T'- -•- i-U:.i "B^ c*rr:ainiv colonued bv
wfcf .--tn-r: >'i--i.-_-st L* iiT L- l^ri ,vr--: ri" J-^ B^Ia, ^T. £ :. io . In .>a4 Cerdic
#. •• '•:Lf >■"- **- ' -Jr-_=^,zTt* - '-Tf • ""^b^ ■- '-—=-■ B».ia* Hi^-ona Eecl.
r^r*:-. -..-r ...-. t -^r *^ --■- -^ . =^i-r H --lS.-. : iv/rl^ft^-L ViS. .H -a. Hi<. Brit.;
.l*x.-.-. -.-.r r*r._-r -^-.prn-- .1. ,.^, t-i •.•r^--o-* C-.:i=». rl. lyi-&3 : •>r«*=»Makin«of
MahUfj \f K^f/Jiwi. < . H-lr .- p^.-v or.- CKRXACH, ^aixt. 'Sc* C ARiy tacts*";
•*/,••. --•*:. *:.•; -• cor-'.rir".' "o T-It a/.t^vir." ^."•■ra
V. llH:.r. All -:.-;r.;r^ .:.. * ■i.T-pr--r:.:-C-rr- (nE3tyErT0.GLVCCiBBE^16S2r--17tt3),
«i:': «i- ujLti.T^'j f>',:.\,z.\^',^''. \:,y^i. -'.o"»- j.r>- v: l,>:ic>rlll*':. w&* b>m in Italy of Jewish
^•r— .Xi o'/:*^'| .r-r. I4«9^1dr*.ri.'T :.-*]>.: -ri ".Lai paiva*- al^ju: Ui^^. Hia real name was Ba-
ttir«?«? -h-p* w*rrv ^i^i by "h*: Uvr atdriv- by vrvi, bat he had adopted the name of Cer-
th«: •Arj.«rr ^n*. i'i*:r- i- aIiL'.»rc fartl :o ".Le \>:t:o l^rfore Lis arnval in England in 1738
th'r'^r.' •}*A» Tfi*: ^-.j.wYw'jAi 'A C*:r*iy: in 45*-'i -'r 173£*. He played first at a concert in
wa- 'hr'lr rfi'y.'*- tLirj a pia-vi-r ral'i/ and H:ckf-.rd'« Rooms. Brewer Street, Golden
tiiAi i\t': triU- CJ»rft<: '/\*:r in .014. Ti.^r*: :* no Sjiiar^. where Festing Itrd, but he wa* so<»n
r»Ai^in ♦-> 'Ion Jit rh*? rhe •lowpr'^<r>-*- of the -nraff'^ for the Dnir\- Lane orchestra, of
invur.ftJi it. )♦"• '-arly -^^i^^e wa- 'i iv ?'» *.h»r fact '.vjii.-ji he wa» a conspicuous member until his
tliAt '.•rH:*:'- i'o.-'Mr- w»rr»r iio* -irJirienilv drath. Cervetto. with Caporale and Pasquali,
atronj^ to advanr-e inland until reinforced wa» one of the first to popularise the violoii-
bjr *'.x\MAitifm-i ?iich aij the on*r which now cello in England. His tone is described as
landed in Britain. If the account in the having Ijeen a>arse, and his execution n<>t
chronicle of r h«' comin^r of two Juti-h Iva/iers, remarkable : but Bumey stat€*s that he wat^ a
Hluf and Wihfj^ar, de-^rriU--*! as Cerdic's po^xl musician and a good man. At Drury
iK'ffheWh, ii trii-t worthy, their cf>-^;p*.'ration Lane, where his large nose and a huge dia-
miMt have con/^iderubfy ntn-iigthened his mond he used to wear on the forefinger of his
poi^ition. in 5H> he defeated the Britonn at bow-liandmadehimvery conspicuous, he was
Cxhiirford. Thi-* victory H.-cunril the valley very ]K>pular with the audience, and it is said
of 111" lower Avon, and at the same time that the gallerv cry, * Play up, nosey,' ow»-s
ojHMied a new field for invasion. Ak in other its origin to his appearance. Cervetto puln
cu'«4;n whfre a ]>«rople won an im[Kjrtant vie- '. lished a few trios, duets, and sonatas, mostly
tory, thiH KucceHs le<l to the e'^tablishment of for the violoncello. He was a constant frt-
liingnliip. r^rdic and his Non exchanged the quenter of the Oninge coffee-house, and in
title of i'Jildornmn for that of king, and their ■ the early pirt of liis London career he lodgeil
(xMiph-, from tliegttographical ponitionoftheir I 'at Mr. Marie's, tobacconist, in Comptou
iM'ttlenH-ntH, were culled Went Saxons. On Street,Soho,'but afterwards lived at 7 Charle.*
att.<Mnpting to follow ni) liiH victory in o20 Street, Covent Garden. He died, aged over
hv an advancre througn the valley of the
I'VonMt(OKi:KN), (ycrdic wan utterly defeated
one hundred, at Friburg's snufi'-tthop in the
Haymarket, on 14 Jan. 1783. Bv his will
til iMount Badon,or Badhury, in Dorsetshire 1 he directed that his body should \ie buried
((}iji:ht). While (iildas does not mention I according to the rites of the churcih of Kng-
t hi) nauH* of t lie British hjader, the victory is land. In the course of his long life Cervettu
uMi;rilN'(l to Arthur by the writer of Nennius
an<l tliM roni]Mlf;rriofthe ' Annales Cambritc.'
It iHevidont that Gildas looked on this battle,
had amassed a large fort une, which is variously
estimated at from twenty to fifty thousand
pounds. There ia a fine mezxotint of him by
439
Chabot
V.M.I'icr^il.afU'rZntliin;, published 16 April conjuDction with Uichnnl de Hemingti
1771, and aamn!!eriK)rtrBilinH. de Jttnvry'B lie died in the followinfr year, and was si
' Miniatures of Celenmted Musicians.' ' ceeded as master of the domut
[Grove'* Diet, of Music, i. 331 ; Baes's Kncy- ' ^ Th<itnn« de In Leye.
-n -.. 1. I. ... !_ ,-. . < [Ne« 11)11 rt'» Bepv:
eli^wedia; British MuBenm Music CntnIo^« ;
■art and BB^dn iu London. 61. be ; Musicid
QiuirtBTlj Mttg. yi. 3o4 : CarrBtto"* Will, ProbaW I
lUtfiBtry, communicitted by Mr. J. Challoner
Smith.] W. B. S.
338 ; Exorrpta e
les.'iea, iflS-ra, 475-78: Fosb'»
Judgua of EiigliiDd, ii. 294.] H. B.
CHABHAM or CH0BHAM,TH0MA8
BE (fl. 1230), tlieolopian, is mentioned bs
subJean ..f Puliab.iry in 12U and 1280
^Le Kbvb, FiuU, ii. 619, ed. Hardy : comp.
[eamt the violoncello from his lather, whom \ g^p^g,
1 ii„.i „.. .. — [rformer, hie *""" '- '
_ . excelled
CcuUr being renmrkably puw
first appeanmce took place at lue iitcie
theatre in the Haymarkot on 23 April 1760,
vben the adreTti^inent stated that his nge
wus ekveu. The other performers at this
concert, were Misa Bumey, aged eleven,
Mi» Schmaebling (afterwards celebrated as
Hme. Mnra), whose aae was »tat«d to be nine,
though she was really eleven, and Barron,
ftoed thirteen. AfterltOShe travellednbriiad,
plnjing in moetofthecapitala of Europe; but
an WB8 in London in 1765, when he played at imnwr
■ concert given by Pany, the harpiat. In „? j-i.p
J771 he became a membe'rof the queen's pri-
de pwnitentia ei
1,' which is still extant in manu-
ipt. Other works enumemted by Bale
(Script. Brit. Cat. iv. 98, p. 379) are ' Specu-
litm ecclesia',' ' Tractatus de baptisi
' De peccatis in genere,' besides ' Commen-
tarii and 'Sermones.' Chabbam has been
geiieraUy identified by biographers with
Thomas de Cobham [q. v.], who was biBbnp of
Worcester in the fourteenth century. But
it is clear from the manuscripts (Coxe, Catal.
o/0.>/ord MSS., Universitv, cxix. 35 h, Oriel,
xvii. 6 a. and Queen's, cccliii. S4 6) that the
writer of the treatise ' De p(I^nit«ntia ' was
only as sub-dean of Salisbury, and two
manuscripts cited date from before the
end of the thirteenth century. ' ' ""
In these the
between
-^ - it. , ■ , r. - i-Do ,^ . -'Chab^hani," 'Chobham,' and 'Ohebeham;'
tie FrofeMional Concerts m 1.83 Cenetto ^^^^ ^^ ^j,^ suWean is given bv Tanner as
was engapd as soloiflt ; at the firet wncert < ci,abaam; and bv Le Neve as' ' Chabaum.'
5l"nuJ'™'.i!°r™i'nF™S^«-^'r^«^; """^ ^^'•"P* ""^^.'«" 'he other hand, seems
. .„ - ID, ™, n m 1-ow.oi. oTve n ^ j^^^^ j^^ invariably spelled with a simple
J ; he ia described by contemporary writers
IS canon of St. Paul's or of York, both which
preferments he held, but not as sub-dean of
During the earlier part of his career Cerretto
wn» in friendly rivalry with Crosdill [q. v.] ;
but on his tsther's death he inherited a \a.ige
fortune and retired fron
of hiaprofe;
seventy-two years. He wrote a few imim-
portant pit-ces of music, mostly for Ihe vio-
lonoello, He died on Sunday, 6 Feb. 1837.
[Authortlieii an ander QuiCOBBK CervEttO ;
"-»c»l World. 10 Fab. 1837; Dictionary of|
'eiiUM,182T; AnnualRegister,1837.p. 17a; I
Isl'i Husikallsches Con rersatioos-Lei ikon.]
W. B. 8.
fore among the officers of Salisbury Cathedral,
found in Le Neve (^. r.) under the later date,
plainly In orderto suit Bishop Cobbam, mitet
be an error.
[AuthoriticH citsi above.] R L. P.
I CHABOT, CHARLES (1815-1882), ex-
pert in handwriting, belonged to a Huguenot
family, and was bom at Baltersea in 181fi.
t, 'OESTEETON, ADAM be (d. 1369), ! lie was originallya lithographer, but gradu-
i»one of the justices itinerant in thereign ally acquired a large private i>mclice as an
f Henry Til. Tl<> h said to have been the pxprt in handwriting, while his unswerving
fug's chaplain, and on 28 Nov. 1265 he re- integrity, no \e.ii than his skill, made htm in
cpived a grant for life of the mastership of much request in the law courts. He (fare
ihp domtm ranveffiivm, an establishment evidrnce lulheHoupellandTichbome Inale,
for convrrti-d Jews, which Henry III had and in some other important cases his teati-
EAnm^cd about 1231 in New Street. London, mony practically governed the decisions. In
ailed Chancery Lane. In t& Hen. HI 1871 Chabot examined professionally lb»
'8) ho sal as judge in nine different \ handwriting of tlie letters of Junius and
let, aomstlnu'S alone and sotneUmes in ', compared it with the handwriting of those
rr:Wt*r^' v
iTZ.
Z ~ JLa Tl- -
I HrrUlr. lil
•^r.
'^.'..'.yj?^.'^'
r. ;: _- -i:-sr.- i. . n- > "
— -_■- -J-
:^ « '*«
\ .
A.
- t" -■
V , -
»■■ ■
-.1 ^. V
- '4
: — "^_
• - •
1 ■
/ 1 : '
« > '
■ ■ *•
vr
• m - «
- - ■ a
•\ - - - - - •
. J
« . »
• • • * " ■
CHAD " CKADDA, -i:^: "^ ':. r :-^V-^^^
I
rjlAhKHJOS, L\riii:SCK (IV'/i'r- ii^l wi-.b -;:. i: K-rni*. carrrinr ou* hi*
'JiO/, rfifcA»>,r '/f Kmr/ian iftl Coll'r?*:, Cam- thrtii 'if i.5:ali*nun<» completely; and m
Chaderton 431 Chaderton
1576 he vacated his fellowship at Christ's by tliroughout, although his chosen iriends were
marriage with Cecilia, daughter of Nicholas , the leaders of the extreme party, such as
Culverwell, Queen Elizabeth's merchant for' ' Cartwright, Perkins, and Whitaker. In Oc-
wines. The Culverwell family were strong , tober 1022 he resigned his mastership, appa-
puritans ; two of Mrs. Chaderton's sisters rently under some pressure from the fellows,
were married to well-known members of the who wished to have Dr. Preston, a fellow of
same party, Dr.Whitaker and Thomas Gouge, Queens', as his successor. Preston was chap-
and her brothers Samuel and Ezekiel Culver- , lain to Prince Charles, and intimate with
well were famous puritan preachers. Chader- Buckingham; and the fellows thought that
ton continued to reside and preach at Cam- , his influence at court might secure to them
bridge, and to take part in university matters, the abolition of one of their statutes, which
He took the degree of B.D. in 1578, and in they especially disliked, and which Chader-
1581 was engaged in a controversy with ton supported, compelling them to reside and
Peter Baro [q. v.], who had published some to vacate their fellowships at the standing of
theses concerning * justifying faith,' which . D.l). The old man was persuaded that by his
Chaderton denounced in a sermon. Baro < resignation Preston's election could be se-
cited Chaderton before the vice-chancellor, ' cured, and the danger of an Arminian being
who heard the controversy, which was con- j put in his place by royal mandate be avoided,
ducted with less than the usual acrimony, lie accordingly resigned on 26 Oct. 1622,
In 1584 Sir Walter Mildmay, who had, like | and Preston was elected. He sur\'ived his
Chaderton, been at Christ's, and had since resignation eighteen years, living in the town
acQuired great wealth in a long course of near the college, and in spite of nis great age
public employments, determined to devote a continuing his devotion to his old studies,
portion of his riches to the foundation of a and especially to botany. His wife died in
college at Cambridge especially designed to 1631, but his only daughter, who married
train up * godly ministers.' Sir Walter, who i the son of Archdeacon Johnson, founder of
•was chancellor of the exchequer and a privy Oakham and Uppingham schools, remained
councillor, was well known to have sympa- I with him until his death. He preserved in
thies on the side of the puritan party. For the , a remarkable degree his bodily and mental
mastership he selected Chaderton, whose cha- , faculties to the last. His biographer, Dil-
racter he respected, and with whom he was
lingham, says that near the end of his life he
personally acquainted. When Chaderton hesi- saw him reading a Greek Testament of ver\'
t-ated (having been oflfered better preferment), small type without glasses; and that, thougli
he said, * If you won't be master, I won't be ' he watched for it, he never detected him re-
founder.' Chaderton accepted the office, and I peating himself in his conversation. Prince
fully justified Sir Walter's choice. Though i Charles and Frederic the Elector Palatine
a noted puritan, he was also a churchman, ! visited him in 1613, and insisted on his
and never joined in the cry against * prelacy,' | taking his doctor's degree, from which he
though he refused to accept a bishoprichimself. • had always shrunk. In 1615 James I visited
He ruled the new college with great credit | and conversed with liim, and two of his old
and success for thirty-eight years, speedily ; pupils who had risen high in political life
attracting to it fresh benefactions, and large ' took especial pains to show him honour —
numbers of students from all parts of the I Finch, tne lord-keeper, and Rich, the ill-fated
country, especially, of course, from families Earl of Holland. He died on 13 Nov. 1640,
who were in sympathy with the Calvinistic aged 102 or 103 years, and was buried in
puritans. During his mastership he was em- , the Emmanuel College chapel, from which
ployed on the Cambridge committee for draw- I his body was removed to the new chapel
ing up the authorised version of the Bible j built after the Restoration by Sir Christopher
of 1607-11 ; and, earlier, was with three Wren.
others chosen to represent the * Millenerary
Plaintiffs ' at the Hampton Court conference,
where he was somewhat rudely assailed by
his old fellow-collegian and fnend, Richard
Bancroft [q. v.], then bishop of London, who
denounceahim and his fellow-commissioners
to the king as * Cartwright's schollers, schis-
matics, breakers of your laws ; you may know
them by their Turkic grogram.' Chaderton
was moderate, and pleaded rather for conces-
sions to weak consciences than for radical
changes. This moderation characterised him
He does not appear to have published any
work except one small tract printed anony-
mously, and reprinted with others by Ant.
Thys of Leyden, * de justificatione coram
Deo et fidei perseverantia non intercisa.'
Baines, in his * History of Lancashire,' men-
tions a sermon and other works, which ap-
pear, however, to have been in manuscript,
as also some mentioned by Dillingham, viz.
the theses against Baro ; two treatises, ' De
Coena Domini/ and ' De Oratione Dominica ;*
and some lectures on logic and on Cicero.
Chaderton 432 Chaderton
[DilliDgham's Vita Chadertoni, 1700, trans- | The town was out of favour with the Duke
lated by E. S. Shuckburgh, 1884 ; Life in Clark's of Norfolk, then high steward of the town,
Martyrologj, part ii. p. 145. See also Ball's on account of some municipal squabbles, and
Life of Preston in same book. pp. 93-4 ; Gent. Chadderton was despatched to Cecil, then the
Mag. 1864. pp. 460. 688; Baines's History of chancellor, by the vice-chancellor and heads,
Lancashire, pp. 456-6 ; Barlow s Summe of the 7 Aug. 1669, to influence the duke against the
^fr^Ty^r::^^^^^^ ^^^ chadderton succeeded wS?^ as
ofCambii<&.] ^ E.S.S. "^ re^ ^fessor of divinitv at the close of
^ '' 1669. His place as Lady ^largaret professor
CHADERTON, CHADDERTON, or was filled by Thomas Cartwright, who at once
CHATTERTON, WILLIAM, D.D. (1640?- began to attack the existing form of church
1008), successively bishop of Chester and government. We find Chadderton speedilv
Lincoln, was bom about 1540 at Nuthurst, calling upon Cecil (11 June 1570) to use his
a hamlet of Moston in tlie ancient parish authority as chancellor to repress this ' per-
of Manchester. He was the younger son of nicious teaching, not tolerable for a christian
Edmund Chadderton, by his wife, Margaret commonwealth (State Papers, Dom. Eliz.,
CUffe of Cheshire. Tlie Chaddertons were Ixxi. 11 V In the bitter controversies be-
an ancient family, descended from GeoflTrey j tween the puritans and the moderate An-
de Traiford, the younger son of Richard de 1 glicans Chadderton actively sided with the
Trafford, who about 1200 received from his ! latter, and was charged by Bering with be-
father the manor of Chadderton. Chadder- ing * an enemv of Grod's gospel ' with * small
ton was educated at the Manchester grammar ; constancy eitner in his life or his religion '
school, and afterwards successively at Mag- ' (Strtpb, Parker, App. No. 78). He was one
dalene and Pembroke Colleges, Cambridge, of Whitgift's assessors when Cartwright was
He matriculated as a pensioner of PembrcSce brought to trial before him, and fuUy con-
in November 1663. He took his degree of | currea in his removal from his professorship,
B. A. in 1668, and in the same vear was chosen ' 11 Dec. 1570. Chadderton delivered the Lady
fellow of Christ's College. lie became M. A. Margaret lectures in Cart wright's place, and
in 1661, B.D. in 1666, and D.D. in 1668. On when, in the following September, Cart-
the visit of Queen Elizabeth to Cambridge in wright was deprived of his fellowship, he
1664 he was appointed, with Thomas Cart- was one of the heads who wrote to Cecil
wright (1636-1603) [q. v.] and others, to take entreating him to support Wli it gift in this
printed
by Nichols {Prftgrej^ni'A ttf Elizabeth , iii. 68, ed. application to Cecil for the deanery of Win-
1806). PerhapvS it was on this occasion that cnester, which would deliver him from the
he ingratiated himself with C^l as well as slaver}- of public lectures (Baker MS. iv. 190;
with the Earl of Leicester, whose chaplain he Searle, Ilv*t. of Queens' Colleffe, p. 308). On
afterwards became. He was chosen to sue- 16 Feb. 1674 he received the prebendal stall
ceed Whitgift as Lady Margaret professor of of Fenton in York Minster, to which on 5 Nov.
divinity in 1567. The next year, on the death 1676 was added a prebend of Westminster,
of John Stokes, the influence of Sir William [ Heresignedthearchdeaconryof York in 1675.
Cecil and the court procured his election as A letter printed by Teck (l)e4tid. Cur. bk. iii.
president of Queens' College, 7 May 1668. He
returned thanks to his patron in a servile Latin
letter. Stokes had also been archdeacon of
No. 7 ; Strype, ^n?w7/j», vol. ii. bk. ii. ch. 13),
addressed to Chadderton by some leading per-
son about the court, shows that he had griven
York, and on the 31st of the same month, by ofience by political sermons. A disageeable
the same influence, the new president was ap- ' story is preserved by Strype (Parker, bk. iv.
pointed his successor. Soon after his election ' ch. 40) about a sermon preached by Chad-
to the presidentship, being minded to marry, derton at Paul's Cross, reflecting on Dr. Cox,
he a])plied for leave to his other powerful I then bishop of Ely, and even on Parker him-
patron Dudley, earl of Leicester. The earl's self, for remissness in enforcing confonnity,
reply is printed by Peck (Desiderata Curiosa, with the view, it was said, of getting Cox's
bk. iii. No. 3), who finds much to divert him ' bishopric. It is more pleasant to leam that
in Leicester's gravity in* writing like a saint.' 1 during his residence at Cambridge he joined
The earl's permission having been granted, j with Dr. Lancelot Andrewes, Dr. Knew-
Chadderton married Kathenne, daughter of ' stubbs, and others in weekly conferences on
John Revell of London, by whom he had an holy scripture. Sir John Harington (Stat^ of
only daughter, Joan. Chadderton took a ^A« C^urcA q/'^y/amf) describes Chadderton,
leading part at this time in university affairs, whom he remembered well at Cambridge,
Chaderton
Chaderton
Bs • A Iparned and grave doctor, nble to Uv
aaide bis gravity, even iu thy pulpit : well
b«lovi?cl li; scholars for nol affecting any
aooi or austere fasbioD, either iu leachmg or
rerning.' Hia maatorship, however, was
from being a quiet one. Chadderton's
chief opponent H Hinong his fellows were W.
Middleton, whom ho removed from his fel-
lowship in IsrsforBowingdiflcord among the
fellows, and Edmund Rockrey. a popular pu-
ritan preacher, who refused to attend the holy
communion or conform to the ceremonies, for
which he was expelled the universitv. but
was nfterwnrds reel-ored to his fellowahip by
Burghlev's interposition (S&aklb, u.s. pp.
824-15);
la 1579 Chadderton was appointed, through
Leicester's influejic«,to the bishopric of Ches-
ter. He was consecrated in the church of St.
Gregory by St. Paura 8 Nov, by Archbishop
Sandys. He had already resigned the presi-
dentship of Queens' in the pTe>ceding June, and
he gave up the regius professorship of divi-
nity the following vear, and was tt])poiiited
to the nardenship o^ Manchester 5 June 1580,
which he held in commendnm with the hishop-
ricof Chester. He also held at the same time
the rectory of Bangor. He repaid his patron,
Leicester, for his elevation bv granting him
the nomination to the archdeaconry of Chester
al the next vacancy. He was at once ap-
poialedoneoftheecclesiasticalcoramissionera
for the discovery and conviction of popish re-
cusants. He took up his residence in Man-
chester as better suited for the execution ol
hbcoounission, and remained there until 'the
too frequent joninga between hia aervanta and
the inhabitanta of the town ' caused him to
remove to Chester (Lanttd. MS. 983, f. 129).
While resident at Uunchester the children
of many of the leading families of the diocese
irate placed under his charge, with the view of
gaaxeiag them from the seductions of papists.
%ie diocese of Chester included the whole of
XiUlCUhire and the north-western portion of
;S'oritahire. a district still strongly wedded to
cfae old faith, and containing more than a quar-
ter of all the Enrlisli recusants. We have a
rerv e>t.enaive collection of letters written by
Lord Burghley, Sir F.Walsingham, Sir Chris-
topher Holton, and other leading statesmen,
during his tenureof the bishopric of Chester,
I68I3 in Peek's ■ Desiderata Curioaa,' vol.i.
bliB> iii. i V . , ch iefl^ conceniing the mode of deal-
ing with the popish recusants, who were to be
proceeded roundly with by fine and imprison-
tnent, commending him for the care and pains
he bkd manifested to purge his dioceee of the
' dangoroua infection of popery,' by which it
was fondly hoped that taint would ' in a abort
tine be wholly driven away.' For hia dili
TOL. tX.
Lven by f
J). Thes
gent attention to this work lie was incused
attt>ndaiice in parliament in 1580. The bishop
was not allowed to rebis his vigilance for a
single moment without a reminder from the
privy council or from the primate Sandys
(STBrPB, AmuiU, iii. bk. i. c. 15, Parker ^o-
ciety; SAKBT9,6>r»n)>w, pp. 435-42). 'Pro-
phesyings or Exerciaea' having grown up
without any authority, Chadderton issued
' ns to regulate them, which are
Strype (AnnaU, iii. App. Nos. 88,
ise eierciaes were distasteful to the
queen, who ordered their suppression. This
order was communicated to Chadderton by
his metropolitan, Archbishop Sandys, 2 May
1581, witli a direct censure for 'yielding too
much to general fastings, and uU-the-day
preaching and praying, wTiich the wisest and
best could not lite, nor could her maieBly
Krmil it' (Pbck, bk. iii. No. 29, p. 102).
1584, when the puritans were once more
in favour at court, we find Chadderton cen-
sured by the privy coimcil for the scantiness
of the religious exercises in hia diocese, which
he was recommended to use more frequently
(ift. bk. iv. No. 41, p. 149). It appears from
the ri^isters of the diocese that he was Strict
in eniorcing the use of the cap and the sur-
plice, and suspended some of his clergy for
refusing to conform (Caovs^.AnnaU, ii. 482).
He is described as ' a learned man and libe-
ral, given to hospitality, and a more fi^uent
preacher anil baptiser than other bishops of
his time ' (Hollinowo&th, Manamiensta, p.
69).
On 5 April 1595 Chadderton was elected
bishopofLiucoIn.on the translation of Bishop
Wickliam to Winchester, The election was
confirmed on 24 May, and he was enthroned
bv proxy on 6 June and in person on 23 July.
His Lincoln episcopate was uneventful. On
Easter day 1S03, when James I was nmVin g
his progress from Scotland to London on his
accession, Chadderton preached before the
king and court at Burleigh. He continued
in his new diocese his endeavoura to reduce
popish recusants to conformity, and ap-
parenllv with better success, Ine registeiB
for 1006-7 contain frequent entries of lay
recusants, who had been indicted for not at-
tending their parish church, appearing before
him in his epiacopal chapel at Buckden and
taking the oath of conformity. He com-
plained on his accession that the revenues of
the see were in such an impoverished state
through the leases granted by bis predecessor
that he was hard put I-o it to restore one of
his epiacopal houses, maintain his household,
and keep hospitality. More than 1,000/, was
due for dilapidations, of which he could get
j^ot)nag (Cat. of State Bapen, IPJunc 1595),
Chads
434
Chads
He never resided at Buckden, but made his
home at Southoe, about a mile away, where
he had purchased an estate, on which, when
Sir John Harington wrote, he was * living in
good state,* allowing the episcopal palace to
fall into decay. He died suadenly at Southoe
on 11 April 1608, and was buried the next
day in the chancel of the parish church. No
monument was ever erected to his memory,
and the engraved slab placed over his grave
has been removed. He had only one child,
Joan, bom on 20 Feb. 1674, while he was
still president of Queens', who married Sir
Richard Brooke, in the county of Chester, from
whom she was soon separated. Her only
daughter, Elizabeth, bom in 1595, married
to Torel Joceline in 1616, was the author of
* The Mother^s Legacy to her Unborn Child,'
first published in 1624, and died in childbed
on 12 Oct. 1622. Chadderton's portrait has
been engraved by Woolnoth, from an original
portrait, for Hibbert and Ware's * Manchester.'
The only printed works he left are : 1. A
copy of twenty-two Latin elegiac verses pre-
fixed to Bamaby Googe's translation of the
first six books of the * Zodiake of Life,' by
Marcellus Palingenius, 1501. 2. * Oratio in
Disputatione Philosophite coram Regia Majes-
tate, 7 Aug. 1564,' printed in Nichols's *Progr.
Eliz.' iii. 68. 3. * The Direction of the Ec-
clesiastical Exercise in the Diocese of Ches-
ter,' in Strype's *Ann.' vol. ii. bk. i. App.
Nos. 38, 39. 4. * Interpretation of the Statutes
of King's College,' 5 April 1604, in Heywood
and Wright's * Laws of King's and Eton Col-
leges,' pp. 276-83. 5. * Letter of thanks to
Cecil on his appointment to the President-
ship of Queens College,' in Searle's * Hist, of
Queens' Coll.' p. 305.
[Le Neve's Fasti ; Pock's Desiderata Curiosa,
vol. i. bks. iii. iv. ; Cooper's Athenae Cantab.
ii. 482-4; Annals of Camb. ii. 196, 239, 251,
262, 309, 313, 367 ; Hibbert and Ware's Man-
chester, i. 101 ; Wardens of Manch^ter (Chetham
Soc.) ; Nichols's Progr. Eliz. i. 186, ii. 298. 434.
453 ; Progr. James I, i. 96, 594 ; Strype's An-
nals ; Lives of Parker, Grindal, Whitgift (in-
dexes); Searle's Hist, of Queens' College (Camb.
Antiq. Soc); Mullingor's University of Cam-
bridge, ii. 190, 214, 226.] E. V.
CHADS, Sir HENRY DUCIE (1788 P-
1868), admiral, son of Captain Henry Chads,
also of the navy, who died in 1799, was in
1800 entered at the Royal Naval College at
Portsmouth, from which in September 1803
he joined the Excellent with Captain Sothe-
ron. In that ship he served for the next
three years in the Mediterranean, and on
6 Nov. 1806 was promoted to be a lieutenant
of the lUustrious off Cadiz. In 1808 he was
appointed to the Iphigenia frigate, with
Captain Henry Lambert, and in 1810 took
part in the operations leading up to the cap-
ture of Mauritius. On 13 Aug. Chads com-
manded the Iphigenia's boats in the attack
on the Isle de la Passe, and on the death of
Lieutenant Norman succeeded to the com-
mand of the whole party. In reporting the
affair, however, Captain Pym erroneously
described tlie command as falling to Lieu-
tenant Watling, who was two years junior
to Chads ; a mistake which caused the ad-
miralty to withhold the promotion which
would otherwise have been conferred on the
commanding officer (James, Naval Hist.
1860, V. 148).
The capture of the Isle de la Passe ended
unfortunately. In an attack on Grand Port
three of the ships got ashore and were taken
or destroyed; while on 27 Aug. the Iphi-
genia was beset in the narrow passage by
a squadron of fourfold force, and on the
28th was compelled to surrender, the officers
and ship's company becoming prisoners of
war (t^. V. 167). When Mauritius was cap-
tured, 3 Dec. 1810, the prisoners were set
free, and Chads was again appointed to
the Iphigenia, which was recovered at the
same time. The ship was at once sent home,
and was paid off in May 1811. In the fol-
lowing December Chads was appointed to
the Semiramis, in which he continued till
August of the next year, when Captain
Lambert commissioned the Java, and at his
request Chads was appointed her first-lieu-
tenant. The Java was a fine 38-gun (18-
pounder) frigate, taken from the French
only the year before, and now under orders
to carry out to Bombay the new governor.
General Hislop, and a large quantity of
naval stores. Her crew was exceptionally
bad; an unusually large proportion of the
men had never been at sea before, and a verj-
pcreat many were drafted on board from the
prisons. She carried also a hundred or more
supernumeraries, and when she sailed from
Spithead on 12 Nov. 1812 she had on board
upwards offour hundred men all told. Owing
to the crowding, bad weather, and the rawnes.«:
of the ship's company, drill was almost en-
tirely neglected, and the guns had been rarely
or never exercised, when, on 29 Dec. 1812, on
the coast of Brazil, in latitude 13° S., she met
the United States frigate Constitution. The
Constitution was a more powerful ship, with
a numerous and well-trained crew. Under
the circumstances tlie Java's defence was
highly creditable. The action lasted for
more than two hours. Although, about the
middle of the time. Captain Lambert fell
mortally wounded, and though the heavy,
well-aimed broadsides of the Constitution
Chads 435 Chadwick
racked the Java through and through, while | squadron on the coast of Ireland during
the Java^s return was wild and produced Smith O'Brien's * cabbage-garden * rebellion,
little effect, her men stuck manfully to their = In September 1850 he was sent to witness
ffuns to the last. It was only when the ship a naval demonstration at Cherbourg, after
lay an unmanageable hulk, and the Consti- which he made a confidential report on tlie
tut ion took up a raking position athwart strategical importance of Cherbourg, which
her bows, that Chads gave the order to haul he thought overrated, and on the French
down the colours. i system of manning their ships, recommend-
English writers have endeavoured to show j ing the introduction into our own navy of
that tne loss of the Java is to be attributed continuous service. He also pointed out
to the size of the Constitution, the power the danger of Portsmouth, then without any
of her armament, and the number of her defence, and urged the construction of heavy
crew ; but notwithstanding these disadvan- forts.
tages the true cause was that the Consti- On 12 Jan. 1854 he attained the rank of
tution's men were trained to the use of their rear^-admiral, and served during that year as
arms and the Java's men were not. The fourth in command in the Baltic, with his
Constitution lost in killed and wounded flag in the Edinburgh. lie was present at
thirty-four, while the Java lost a hundred the reduction of Bomarsund, and was made
and fifty; the Constitution was scarcely K.C.B. on 5 July 1855. He was commander-
damaged in hull or ringing, while the Java in-chief at Cork from 1856 to 1858, after
was entirely dismasted ana sinking. which he did not serve afloat, though in
On his return home. Chads, with the offi- 1859 he was chairman of a committee on
cers and men of the Java, was, on 23 April coast defence. He became vice-admiral on
1813, tried by court-martial for the loss of 24 Nov. 1858, admiral on 3 Dec. 1863, and
the ship, when he was honourably acquitted was made G.C.B. on 28 March 1865. The
and specially complimented by the presi- latter years of his life were passed at South-
dent. On 28 May he was promoted to be ' sea, where he was known as a county magis-
commander, and appointed to the Columbia trate and a warm supporter of the local
doop, which he commanded in the West charities, especially of the Seamen and
Indies till the final peace, and paid off on ; Marines' Orpuan School. He died in April
24 Nov. 1815. He was then unemployed j 1868.
till November 1823, when he commissioned He married, on 26 Nov. 1815, Elizabeth,
the Arachne of 18 guns for the East Indies, ; daughter of Mr. John Pook of Fareham,
and in her was present during the opera- j by whom he had a family of two daughters
tions in the Irawaddy. On 25 July 1825 he and two sons, the eldest of whom is the
was advanced to post rank and appointed to , present Admiral Henry Chads,
the Alligator frigate, which he commanded i [O'Byme's Nav. Biog. Diet. ; Marshall's Royal
till the end of the Burmese war, when he Nav. Biop. ix. (vol. iii. pt. i.) 237; Memoirs of
signed the treaty as senior naval officer, after Admiral Sir Henry Ducie Chads, by an Old Fol-
which he returned to England and paid off lower (Montagu Burrows), 1869, with a good
his ship on 3 Jan. 1827. lie was nominated portrait ; James's Naval History, 1860, v. 409-
a C.B. a few days before, 26 Dec. 1826. He 423, is the account of the capture of the Javji,
afterwards, from 1834 to 1837, commanded told with all the bitterness aind one-tddedness
the Andromache of 28 guns on the East . ^^ich disfigures that author's account of the
India station, and froi? 1841 to 1845 the , transactions of the Amencan war ; Roosevelt s
Cambrian of 36 guns, also in the East Indies. . ^^^^^ ^*T f 1^12, p. 119 is a much fairer and
g^. , . . T „ • 4.^A oQ i „« more candid account of the same event, tboui^h
Chi his return Tie was apnointed, 28 Aug. ^^ ^.^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ colouring.]
1845, to the command of the Excellent, the , -^ J K L.
school of naval gunnery, at Portsmouth. In i
this command he remained for upwards of CHADWICK, JAMES, D.D. (1813-
eight years, and won for himself a distinct | 1882), catholic prelate, was descended from
reputation for the improvements which he ' an ancient Lancashire family. His father,
introduced into the detail of gunnery excjrcise . John Chadwick, who belonged to the family
and gunnery instruction. He was frequently ■ of the Chadwicks of Brough Hall, near
employed on committees and in the conduct ] Chorley, emigrated to Ireland at the begin-
of experiments ; and, though repeatedly ^ ning of the present century and settled at
offered other employment, he always begged ! Drogheda, where the future bishop was bom
to be allowed ratner to stay in the Excellent, on 24 April 1813. He was educated at St.
In 1848 he was selected to report on the , Cuthbert's CoUe^, Ushaw, near Durham,
Blenheim, the first screw line-of-battle shin, . and at different times he filled the chairs of
and at the same time to command a small I humanities, mental philosophy, and pastoral
' F F 2
Chafy
436 Chalk
theoloffy in that Institution. He also la-
boured as a missionary priest in the diocese
of Hexham and Newcastle for more than
seyen years, but being subsequently recalled
to Ushaw he remain^ there till 1866, when
1709, son of John Chaigneau, of Haguenot
extraction (Notes trnd Queries^ 3rd series, t.
507-8). He lived at Dublin, being, as Tate
Wilkinson describes him, 'principal ag^nt to
most of the regiments on the Irish establish-
he was appointed bishop of Hexham and | ment ' (Wilkhtsgn, Memoirg, i. 162) ; and
Newcastle, in succession to Br. William i having served in the army in Flanders he was
Hogarth. He died at Newcastle on 14 May ■ familiarly oadled * Colonel.' About 1740 he
1882. He edit ed Father Celestine Leuthners married, probably for the second time, and had
*Coelum Christianum,* London, 1871, 8vo, '■ an only child, a daughter, to whom he va*
and published ' Instructions on the Prayer of
Recollection,' London, 1878, 8vo, methodi-
cally arranged from the 28th and 29th chap-
strongly attached ; she died in 1749. In 1752
he published anonymously an Irish novel,
* The History of Jack Connor,' for which *he
ters of St. Teresa's * Way of Perfection.' would not have any gratuity fix»m his book-
[Tablet, 20 May 1882. pp. 791-3; Times, s^Uer ' (Caktbk, Ztf^fer*, ii. 86, and iwte, and
16 May 1882, p. 8 ; Men of the Time (1879), ^8). In 1767 Chaigneau lent ahouse to Tate
213, (1884) 1136; Cat. of Printed Books in ' Wilkinson during an engagement at Sheri-
Brit. Mas. ; Catholic Directory (1885), 140.] dan's theatre in Dublin ; he also showed many
T. C. ■ other kindnesses to the actor, and in 1765
CHAFY, WTLLIAM (1779-1843), mas-
ter of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, was
the eldest son of t'
M.A., minor canon
by Mary, the onl
(as he wrote the n
shire. He was bom 7 Feb. 1779 at Canter- [Not^ and Qaeriee, 3rd seriea, v. 11. 607-8 ;
bury, and was sent in 1788 to the King's ^«°^- Mag. vol. Ixvi. pt. il p. 611 ; Monthly
School in that city. He entered Corpus Review, 1762, vi. 447-0; Wilkinson's Memoirs of
Christi College, Cambridge, on 1 Jan. 1796, ^^ T'nlf^l' 'k ^«^'i\l^H^' ^^P"?*' ****?.'
migrating toSidney Sussex CoUegeon 18 Oct.. '7' ^» 261-2, 262-8; Mrs. Carter's Letters u.
of the saLe year. ^He graduat^ B.A. 1800, ^«' *°^ °°^' ^"^ «« 1 ^' ^'
M.A. 1803, B.D. 1810, D.D. (by royal man- pxTAUT qriiTAMFq TPT T noiMU
date) 15 Nov. 1813. lie was elected fellow CHALlt, Sir JAMES JELL (1803-
of Sidney Sussex on 4 June 1801, and in that ^.^' ^)' secretary to the ecclesiastical comma-
vear was also ordained and became curate of T"' second son of James Chalk of Queen-
(lillingham inKent. On 17 Oct. 1813 he was ^^^^f^Ji!! ^^nt, who married Mary, daugh-
elected master of Sidney Sussex, and held ^^^ ^f ^^"^^^ .^^S'T^^ «^ *^^ ^°^« P^'
that office until his death. During his mas- ^^s bom there m 1803 He w^s educated
tership the college was refaced at his expense; ^^ ^^f CoUe^e, Kent, and after passmg
many of his books were also present^ by several years 0! his early life m employmeiito
him to the coUege library. In 1813, anS J^^^^^P^f^^ character he entered, 4 Oct.
again in 1829, he was viceihancellor of the ^^^' .^"^.^^ ^^^^?Tu ^. ""^ .^^^ ecclesiastjcal
u^versity. He was also chaplain in ordi- commission, and in that position he spent the
nary to Oeorgo HI, George 1< William IV, working years of life that were left to him.
and Queen Victoria. He died at Cambridge ^l ^^^ f?'" «^°l^ ^'™? *^«. ^saistant secretair,
IH May 1843, and was buried in the cha^l \f ?J! ^^« enforced resignation m 1849 of
westwooa 01 tiiatteris in me isie 01 Jiiiy, * — " tt vVv^ tT-^^V 1 — • — iTj
by whom he had one child, a son, AVilliaii ^e^iple. On 4 Oct. 1871, having wmpleted
West wood. ^^!'"^>'-fiy.^, years of service, he withdrew in
^ . . ^ . ^ , . , , private life, havmg a short, time prenoiwlT
[Prn-ate inforrnatioii from his grandson the received the honour of knighthood. He died
Rev. W K. W ChHfy-Chafy M.A. of Rous ^^ qq Warwick Square, Pimlico, 23 Sept.
Lench Court, Woreestershiro ; Gent. Mag. vol. |g-g TJe was never married but his oldie
XX. (new series), 1843, May 16; Annual Reg. ^®'®' ^^^ waa ne\ermamecl, butmsoittage
Ixixv. 1843. 262; Gmduati Cantabrig. ; Sidt Yj^ ""^^^ ^l ^^! company of his mece.
botham's Memorials of the King's School, Can- JJ^« "*™® ^ entered in the Bntiah Museum
terbury (I860), pp. 94, 96.] W. W. Catalogue, owing to the circumstance tliit
many of the letters from the ecclesiastioti
CHAIGNEAU, WILLIAM (1709- commissioners to the corporation of London,
1781), novelist, was born in Ireland on 24 Jan. which are printed in a volume entitled ' Bud-
hill I-'ields Biirinl Orniind ; I'mceedings in
rs&i«nce lo its Pre^rration, 1867,' bear his
signiLture. For many years after the founda-
tion of tlie conunisBioii its actions did not
nie«t witli the apprOTol of the public, but for
some time before Chalk's retirement the in-
resourced at its commaad and the
uent which ensued in the pecuniary
1 of the clergy lad to a change in
'Me cautious and irapassjve de-
ls affected neither by ce«Bure nor
creB;4ed
improve
opinion.
^nftCimes,
CHALKHILL, JOHN i_j«. 1078), poet,
was the author of a work which was pub-
lished under the title of 'ThealmaandClear-
choa. A Pastontl History in smooth and
CRAie Vewe. Written long since by John
ChaUihill, Esq., an Acquaintant and Priend
<ifEdmundSpencer,'London,1683,8vo. The
|ioeti), which possesses considerable met^t,
was edited by Iiaak Walton, whose preface
IB dated 7 May 1678, though the work was
not published till five years later, when the
editor was ninety years old. Walton, who
had known the wiit«r, says of him : ' And I
have also this truth to eay of the author, that
he was in his time a man generally known
and as well belov'd; for he was humble and
obliging in his behaviour, a gentleman, a
Kholar, very innocent and pru<lent : and in-
deed his wnole life was useful, quiet, and ^
virtuous.' In the ' Compleat Angler,' pub-
lished thirty years before, there occur two
tongs—' O, the sweet contentment' and 'O,
the gallant fisher's life' — signed ' lo Chalk-
hil], S'>meagre were the facta known of the
author of ' Thealma and Clearchus ' until
a comnarntively recent period that the Hev.
Samuel W. Singer, in the introduction lo a
reprint of the poem issued from the Chiswick
Press in 18S0, advanced the theory, after-
wards adopted by a writer in the ' Retrospec-
tive Roview/ that Walton was its author as
well an its editor, and that Chalkhill was alto-
mther 'a fictitious personage.' But Mr. F.
Bomner Merryweather. in two letters in the
' Gentleman's Magazine ' for 1860, luis shown
from tlie Middlesex county records that to-
wards the dose of Queen Eliiaboth's reign
I von or Ion Chalkiill, Oent., was one of the
coroners fur that county, and that be siib-
aeribed his name ' Ion ' and sometimes ' lo
ChalUiilVjust as it U subscribed to theson^s
■ in Walton 8 • Angler.' It is conjectured,
fimfore, that the coroner may bavc been
ittieal with the poet. Moreover it is wor-
^of note that A'alton married Ann Ken,
^t«r of llishop K«n and daughter uf
jy, by his first wifo.
This Thomas Ken married a second wife,
Martha Chalkhiil, the second daughter of
John Chalkhiil of EJngsbury in Middlesex,
and of Martha his wife, daughter of Thomaa
Brown, great-aunt to Jolin Brown, who was
clerk of the parhament.
Chalkhiil has been conjectunilly credited
with the authorship of another poem, ' AJ-
cilia, Philopartheus Louing Follie,' but that
he did not write that work ia conclusively
shown by Dr. A. B, Grosart in the introduc-
tbn I-o his reprint of that work (Manchester,
1879) from the unique copy of the original
edition (15951 preserved in the town library
al Hamburg.
[Aildit. M8. 3-1493, f. 108; Ccloe's .Vnettlotea,
i. 39-74 1 Bibl. AuKlu-PoBUca, 54: Campbell's
Specimens of the British Pocis (1819), i. 171 ;
Cooper's Muses' Library, 315 ; Conei^B ColUet.
Anslo-Poetica, i. 10. 17. iii. ■i60: Gent. Mag.
leiii. (ii) 418. 493, uew aeriw i. 2S3. ccriii. 278,
388 : Gnianrt's Introd. to Alrilia ; A I^ymau'a
Life of Bishop Ken, i; Lowndes's Bibl. Man.
(Bohn), 403 ; Pedigree Of Ken family In Mark-
lands Life of Bishop Ken ; Nicolos'sLifsof luak
Walton, pp. iv, icvi, lovii ; Not™ and QuHTica,
4th Keries, iv. 93 ; Retrospective Review, iv. 230-
249 ; Ritson'B BibL Poelica, 156; Twlil's Life of
Spenser; Walton's Complelo Angler, ed. N> coins,
i. 126, ii. 2.^9, 422, ed. 18S1. p. 124.] T. C.
CHALKLEY, THOMAS (1076-1741),
qiiaker, the son of George Chalkley, a quaker
tradesman in Southwark. was sent to a iaj
school when nine years old. Chalkley wae
fond of gambling till, when he wus ten years
old, he was convinced of its sinfulness, and
burnt a pack of cards which he had saved
money to buy. When about twenty he wna
Sressed and carried on board n ship of war.
in his saying that he would not fight, the
captain ordered him to be put ashore. At
this time he was apprenticed to his father.
Wlien he was out ot^his time he spent some
months in visiting most of the quAer mecl-
ings inlhuBouthrif England, and then worked
as a joumevmnn with his father. In 1697 lie
paid a ministerial visit to IDdinbiirgh, where
he preached in the open air, as the Friends
bad been locked out of their meeting-house.
The provost returned the keys on the ground
that they would do less harm indoors than
out. Chalkley sailed from Gravesend at
the end of 1697, and landed at Viiginin in
January 1698. He seems to have visited
nearly every place of any size in the puri-
tan colonies, and on his return to England
married Martha Bctterlon in 1699. He then
> America,
le land in Philadelphi
.r he made a preaching
in 1700 bought
The following
Chalkley
badoea. According to Allen {American Diet,
of Biog.), in 1706 Clmlkley altt-mpted to cou-
viTl na Indian tribe, but hifl diary givea no
n-cord of tliia. In 1707 he had a murow es-
ciipe of being shipwrecked on the coast, of
Ireland, and during this Tear and the neit
he visitad Scotland and England, and after-
nurdit Holland and Oennanv, not leaving
fur America till 1710, having attended up-
wards of a thousand meetincB and travelled
more than fourteen thousand miles. On Iiig
arrival in I'hiladelpliia he was accused of
■^h
tl
fi home. Soon aft«r
, and in 171J he mar-
ried a widow named Martha Krown. He
nnide various preaching expeditions between
1712 and 1718. In 1724 he waa much re-
duced in circinnstances by unexpected Iobbch,
and about the same time he had a dangerous
illness, and altem-ards had an accident which
injured his eyesiglit. In 172>) he lost about
^.000^, but was not reduced t-o poverty-
Uuring the next two years he was chieny
engaged in hiwiness and in farming, but he
found time for preaching excursiouR and for
voyages to Uarbadoes. He was shot at,
17%, for advocnling kindness to slaves
ItiirbodocR, hut refused to prosecute his
Bailant. After thiptime he confined bis ei
lions to North America and the West Indies,
and chiefly resided at Frankfort, near I'hiln-
delphin. In the autumn of 1741 he
Tortola, one of the Virgin Island s, where he
wna whized with fet'er and diud after a few
days' illness, only one of his twelve children,
n girl, surviving him, Chalkley was pro-
bably the most inftuenlial quaker toinister
in America during the eighteenth century.
His position w^enis to have been nearly ana-
logous to that of a modem missionarj' bishop.
The narrow escau's he had are re^' nume-
rous, and in nearly every instance he insinu-
ates that he was saved by a miracle. His
' .loumal,' from its i|uuiHt simplicity, is still
intensely intercstinfc ; its popularity among
the Friends is shown by its tiaving been re-
printed at least a dozen times in England,
the last being in 1S42. His chief works
were; I. 'A Loving Invitation to Young
and Old in Holland and elsewhere,' liOfl.
y. 'Youth pers-unded to Obedience, Grati-
tude, and Honour to Qod and their I'arcnts,'
1 730. 3. ' Free Thnuglits communicated to
Free Tliinki'rs,' 1 7:)."i. IWr. works wen? pub-
lished in 1749 under the title of ' A Collec-
tion of the Works of Thomas Cluilklev,' and
republished in ITol and 1790.
[Allon'a Dictionary of Arocriciin Biojiniphy ;
Bmith'sCatnlogus of Fliends' Books i Chalkley's
Challis
CHA1.LICE, JOHN (1816-1863), phy
sician, wasbomat KoTsham, Sussex, in 1816.
He became a physician in London, and bf
sides attaining some eminence in hig profes-
sion was an active liberal paliliciBn, andaa
intimate friend of Sir W. Moleinrorth, Ad-
miral Sir Charles Napier, and other renr
sentatives of Southwark. He was one of tba
first medical officers of health for Bennoad-
eey, in which capacity he published various
reports in 1856 and subsequent years. He
alao wrote ' Should the Cliolera come, whst
ought to be done?' (1848); a cheap trsrt
' How to avoid the Cholera,' of which nuuij
tliousauds were sold; 'Medical Advice V>
Mothers' (1851); 'Letter to Lord Palmetaloa
on Sanitary Reform' (1854); and'Howdo
People hasten Death:-' (18r>l). He w*»
M.D.and F.liC.P. Edin. Hedied suddanlr,
U May 1863.
His wife, Akkib Kjima Chillice, whoM
maiden name was Armstrong, was bom in
London in 1831, anddiedthere in 1875. She
was remarkable for wit and aracefiU manneiSr
and was the author of: 1. 'The V'illaOB
School F'ete,' 1847. 2. ' The Laurel and the
Palm," 1W>2. 3. 'The Sister of Charitf,*
1857. 4. 'The Wife's Temptation,' 1869.
5. ' The Secret History of the Court of France
under I^uisXV,'l86i(anonyraoocl. " 'TIb-
Toes, Philosoiihers. and Courtiers ni ' ■ le
of Louis XVI,' 18t!3. 7. 'Freud, > ra
at Home," IR64. 8. 'Memories .-; :h
Palaces,' 1871. 9. 'Illustrious Women of
France,' 187.3. She also edited ' Recollections
of Soeietv in France and England,' bv LodT
aementi'na Davies, in 1873.
[Information from Mr. W, B. Chtillice,]
CHALLIS, JAMES (1R0:M882>, astro-
nomer, the fonrth son of John Challis, wm
born at Hraintree, Essex, 12 l>ec. 1803. He
rapidlv acquired all the knowledge locally
available, obtained by competitive examina-
tion a pn'sentation to Mill llill School, near
London, and thence, in October 1821, entered
Trinity College, Cambridse, as a siur.
Elected a scholar in 1824, he graduated in
the following year as senior wransler and
first Smith's prizeman, and became fellow of
hiscoUege in 1826. On hisordinationm 18.10
he was presented to thecollege living of Pap-
worth Kverard,andlield it until 1852, vaot-
ing, however, his fellowahip by his marritg*
in 18^11 with the second daughter of Sunuel
On Airy's appointment as astrtmnmer royal.
Challis
439
Challis
he was elected, 2 Feb. 1836, his successor as
Plumian professor of astronomy and experi-
mental philosophy in the university, and ;
became at the same time director of the I
Cambridge observatory, where he resided,
and exercised a genial hospitality during
twenty-five years. He resigned the latter
post in 1861, but retained the Plumian pro-
lessorship, and continued to live at Cam-
bridge. He was re-elected to his fellowship
in 1870. There, after some years of impaired
health, he died, 3 Dec. 1882, at the age of
nearly seventy-nine, and was buried with his
wife at the Mill lload cemetery. A son and
daughter survive him.
Courteous in manner, kindly in disposi-
tion, simple and unassuming in character,
Challis was nevertheless thrown into a posi-
tion of intellectual antagonism to many of
his most distinguished contemporaries by the
peculiarity of nis scientific views. A strik-
ing proof of the amiability of liis disposition
i«» anbrded by the fact that he never lost con-
sideration for an opponent, or allowed dis-
agreement to degenerate into hostility. For
some slight acerbity in the mode of carrying
on a controversy with Mr. Adams in i8o4
on points connected with the lunar theory
(Fhtl. Mag, viii. 98), he, fifteen years later,
{mblicly expressed regret, while acknow-
edg^g the justice of the criticism he had
then repudiated (Introduction to Principles,
p. xxiv).
His aim was a lofty one. It was nothing
less than the co-ordination of all the known
facts of science under one general theory of
physical action. Certain hydrodynamical
theorems, which he believed himself to have
demonstrated, admitted, in his firm convic-
tion, of application to the observed laws of
light, heat, gravity, molecular attraction, and
electricity. The conclusion pointed to was
that the physical forces are mutually related,
because all are modes of pressure of the
same ethereal medium. The work in which
these views were most fully embodied, and
for the sake of concentrating all his facul-
ties on which he resigned, at some pecuniary
inconvenience, his position at the observa-
tory, was published in 1869, with the title,
* Notes on the Principles of Pure and Applied
Calculation ; and Applications of Matnema-
tical Principles to Theories of the Pliysical
Forces.* It cannot be said, however, to have
reached its aim. A generalisation akin to,
though of far wider scope than Newton's,
rendering all physical phenomena mathema-
tically dcducible from a few simple laws, if
attainable, has yet to be attained.
Challis's name must always be mentioned
in connection with the discovery of Neptune.
To him, in September 1845, Adams commu-
nicated his first results, which he conceived
the idea of testing on a favourable opportu-
nity, by a search with the Northumberland
Xatoreal for the unknown body. Regular
ervatory work, however, was pressing ; and
it was not until Leverrier's strikingly concor-
dant indications became known in England
that Challis wrote, 18 July 1846, in answer to
a suggestion from Airy, * I have determined
on sweeping for the hypothetical planet.* The
plan adopt^ was a highly laborious one. Its
preliminary was the construction of a map
of all stars down to the eleventh magnitude
contained in a zodiacal belt 30° long by 10°
broad. The work was begun on 29 July and
continued diligently until 29 Sept., when the
places of 3,1 50 stars had been recorded. Chal-
lis was arrested in his preparations to map
them by the news of the planet's discoveiy at
Berlin on 23 Sept. It was then found that,
after only four days* observing, its varying
positions among the stars had been twice un-
consciously noted, 4 and 12 August. ' I lost
the opportunity,* Challis wrote, * of announc-
ing the discovery, by deferring the discussion
of the observations, being much occupied with
reductions of comet observations, and little
suspecting that the indications of theory
were accurate enough to give a chance of dis-
covery in so short a time * (^Monthly Notices^
xliii. 171). The elaborateness of his pro-
ceedings, in fact, while securing, postponed
success, and left the prize to be grasped by
a competitor, whose possession of Bremiker's
map of that part of the heavens (Hora xxi.)
rendered the planet*s detection a matter of
simple inspection and comparison. Three
Eapers detailing the history of the discovery,
y Airy, Challis, and Adams respectively,
were read before the Royal Astronomical
Society on 13 Nov. 1846, and printed in the
sixteenth volume of their * Memoirs.' Challis
further drew up, at the request of the syn-
dicate of the Cambridge observatory, a report
on the subject, dated 12 Dec. 1846 {ib, xliii.
165) ; and a second, on his subsequent obser-
vations of Neptune, dated 22 March 1847
(AHr. Nach. xxv. 309).
The early sets of lectures delivered by
Challis as Plumian professor (of which a
syllabus appeared in 1838) were devoted
to hydrodynamics, optics, and pneumatics,
special attention being directed to the ma-
thematical theories of light and sound. In
1843 he published a syllabus of a course on
practical astronomy, which he continued to
deliver until within a few years of his death,
and issued from the University Press in
1879 with the title ' Lectures on Practical
Astronomy and Astronomical Instruments.
Challis
440
Challoner
!
ThiH work w&B fi^higned for general utility,
but Applif^l more particularly to the in-
MtrunieniH exinting at Cambridge. It is per-
va^J«'d by tbe effort towardH accuracy wnich
diHtiriguifllied Cliallis aA a practical astro-
Tlnj chief iicope of hia twenty-five years'
laU)UrH at the Cambridge obser^'atory lay in
determinations of the places of sun, moon,
And planets, with the immediate object of
increHHing tabular accuracy, and the more
remote one of testing tlie aljsolute and un-
disturlxKl prevalence of the Newtonian law.
lie followed the methods of his predecessor,
but (]('viH4;d valuable improvements. The
€r>llimHting eye-piece, amended from Bohnen-
l>«!rg<;r's deHign at his n^iuest by William
HiiiiniM, wan inlroductMl by him in 1850, and
<|uickly ado])t(;d at (ireenwich and elsewhere
{Jx'rfureMf p. fti)). 1I« invented in 1849 the
* Transit- Keductor,* distin^ished with a
bronzf) medal at the exhibition of I80I {ib,
,). IW ; Monthly Notices, x. 182). Also, in
K4H, th(» * Mf*teoro8Cope,'akind of altitude-
and-iixiniulh instrument in the form of a
throdolitojdesigned for ascertaining the vary-
ing (liinenHions and positions of the zodiacal
light , for meuHiiriiig auroral arches, and de-
terniining ra])idly the points of appearance
and (liHappcarance of shooting-stars {lieport
Jirit. Ampc, IH-IH, i)t. ii. p. \l\).
( 'hallis nu})lishe<i, l8.*<2-tU, twelve volumes
(i X \x.) ol ' AHtronoinitral ( )l)8ervation8 made
at 1 lie ObMervutoryofCumbridge,' each with an
•idalMinitt* intnxluetion, the first two contain-
ing descriptions of instrument sand methods.
lie lirst inthiseouiitrv noticed the division of
Hiela's comet on lo Jan. 184(), rtvobserv'ed
both nuclei in 1 Holland at tentivelv studied the
physical ap]MMiranees ])resente<l by Dimnti's
ctn'net from UTSept. to lUOet. 18581 J/(wM/y
SotUrs^ xix. ItJ). He was admitted a mem-
ber of the Koyal Astronomical Society on
^ April ls;U),of the Uoyal SiK-iety onOJune
ISIS, and was ap]H)inted one of a committee
of llm'e to ^u^u^^inteud the publication of
the Hritish Assiu'iation Star-Catalogue after
Haily\s death in 1S44. besides the works
alivady lueutioniHl he wrote: 1. *Cn»ation
in IMau and in Pnign'ss, InMug an Eswiy on
X\w First Chapter K^i Cenesis/ Cambridgis
IStJl. originally designeil as an answer to
IJihhIw ill's • M\isaie tVsinogoiiv ' in * Kssavs
and Ke\i«ws.' -. *A Translation of the
Kpistle of the Ajn^sile Paul to the Kou
with an luinHluction and Critical N(
liomans,
lOtes/
l'niubridkix». lv*^7l. W, • An Kssavou the Ma-
thenmtical Principles of Phvsics, with re-
feriMuv to the Studv of ThysVal Science by
Candidates for Mathematical Honours in the
I iii\crs&itY of Cambridge/ Cambridge, 1873.
4. ' liemarks on the Cambridge Mathematical
Studies, and their relation to Modem Phv-
sical Science,' Cambridge, 1875. 5. 'The
delation of the Script lural Account of tbe
Deluge to Physical Science,' London, 1876.
6. ' An Essay on the Scriptural Doctrine of
Immortality*' London, 1880. 7. * The Count-
ing and Interpretation of the Apocalyptic
Number of the Beast,' London, 1881. He
drew up an elaborate ' Report on the Present
State of the Analytical Theory of Hydro-
statics and Hydrodynamics ' for the British
Association in 1883 {Report, p. 131), and
one *C)n the Theory of Capillary Attraction*
in the following year {ib, 1834, p. 253). His
contributions to scientific publications on
various points connected with mathematics,
physics, and astronomy numbered 225. He
had thoughts of collecting into a volume a
long and unbroken series of papers of a some-
what remarkable character, prepared by him
as examiner for the Smith's prizes, 1 836-78, but
desisted, and they remain scattered through
the university calendars for those years.
[Monthly Notices R. A. Soc. xliii. 160; Royal
Soc.'s Cat. Sc. Papers, vols. i. and vii. ; Nature,
zzvii. 132; Engineer, liv. 474; Challis*s varioas
works.] A. M. C.
CHALLONER, RICHARD, D.D. (1691-
1781), catholic prelate, son of Richard Chal-
loner, a wine cooper at Lewes in Sussex, and
his wife, Grace ^\ illard, was bom on 29 Sept.
1091, and baptised by a minister of the dis-
senting sect to which his father belonged.
Soon afterwards the father died, leaving his
young widow with her infant child totally un-
provided for. Fort unately she found a refuge
for herself and her son first in the family of
Sir John Gage of Firle in Sussex — a family
distinguished by its fidelity to the ancient
form of religion — and afterwards in that of
Mr. R. Ilolman, who resided for some time
at Long>v(X)d, near Winchester, and 8ubs»»-
(luently at his own seat of Warkworth in
rsorthamptonshire. In both these families
Challoner was instructed in the tenets of the
catholic church, of which his mother was at
I that time a member. It appears, however,
• that he remained a protestant until he was
I about thirteen years of age. At Warkworth
he had the celebrated controversial writer
I John Goter for his tutor. In 1704 he wag
sent to the English college at Douay, and he
to<.^k the college oath in 1708. The annaL«
of that seminary relate that ^ in all his exer-
cises, whether private or public, he showed
an excellent genius, quick parts, and sohd
judgment.' So diligently did he apply him-
self to his studies that althoudi twelve
. years was the time usually allottca, he went
Challoner
Challoner
dirongh ail the schools in eight jeurs. lie
taught poelrf to 1712, was aleo professor of
rhetoric, and was chogen pfofeiisor of pliilo-
«pphyonBOct.l713. The Utter office he held
Ibr seven years. He wat ordajned deacon on
9HuchlTl5-ie,iLudpnegCon28Mareh]716,
bj EniestuB, bishop of Touniaf. InApr)11719
he WM innda bachelor and licentiate in theo-
logy, and on 13 Jidy 1720 ho became vice-
rident of Bouay College in the room of
DiccossoQ, who in tUal year joined the
English missinn. He took rhu degree of D.D.
*tDouayon27Miiyl737. The office of vice-
president he held for ten years, together with
the profeceorsbip of divinity, and he was
liltewiae prefect of studies and confessor.
After naving been twenly-six years at
DouHjr he left the college on 16 Au^. 1730
and joined the Loudon miseioa. lie was
most lEeolous in preaching, particularly to
the poorer elassee, and he helped to make
numerous conversions. With his pen also
he was inde&tigabli?, and he did not hesi-
tate to enter into a controversy with Dr.
Conjers Middleton, n-ho had published 'A
liettiT from Home, showing an exact con-
formity between I'opery and Paganism, or
the religion of the present Romans derived
from their Heathen Ancestors.' In aapirited
introduction to the ' Catholic Christian in-
Btructed' (1737), Chatloner, while paying a
tribute of admiration to Middleton^ elegant
Etyle and knowledge of pagan literature,
sought to show tliat lie was by no menns so
well acqiiainled with christian and Jewish
antiquities, and that his modeofealumuiating
the catholic church must inevitably prove
fktol to his own communion. Mi'ddleton
invoked the aid of the penal laws and eo-
deuvoured to prosecute nie antagonist as a
person disaffected to the sovereign because
tut had observed that the established church
had ' introduced dead lions and unicoma into
the aonclusrv instead of the cross of Christ.'
Challoner was exposed to so much danger
that, yielding to the advice of friends, he
Trithdrew&omthekinffdomforafewmonths, '
liU time and cool reAection had mitigated
Uiildleton'srancoiiragainethim. Pleavailed
himself of the opportunity ro visit Douay. |
About this time the English ColleKewas de- j
prived by death of its president. Dr. Robert !
Witham (20 May 1738), and as the mem- '
bersof thecommunitywishedlliat Challoner j
might be their superior, ihov sent a petition
to llame. Theso efforts were defeated by ,
Dr. Benjamin Petre, vicai^aposlolic of the I
London district, who was growing old, and I
whopetitionet) the holysee to appoint Chal- j
lonar to be his coadjutor. A ooutroversy I
« concerning the ^ueeii™ yflii'tUer. Chal-
loner should be promoted
ip or sent to Douay, an<
l)r. Petre's threat to resign the London
district altogether if his request were re-
fused. The pope gave his approvalofBishop
Petre's appucalion on 21 Aug. 17Sfi. Thq
briefs were acoordinply issued — one of them,
appointing him to the see of Debrn in parti'
6™, bearing date 12 Sept., and the other for
(he coadjutorship bearing date 14 Sept. 1739.
A memorandum in the propaganda says that
these briefs were not carried out (' aaa ebbero
effetto ') ; but in November Lorenzo Maye^,
proctor of the English vicars, supplicated
propaganda for adispeiuation to enable Chal-
loner to be consecrated. It was stated that
the lather of the bishop-elect ' lived and
died in the Anglican heresy, and Richard
Challoner himself, until he wosabout thirteen
years old, had been brought up in that sect,'
and therefore a di»pen»a was required to
avoid scandal. Accordingly fresh brie& were
issued on 24 Nov. 1740, and Dr. Petre con-
secrated Challoner as bishop of Debra, and
communicated to him ihe powers of coadju-
torship in the private chapel at Hammersmith
on 29 Jan. 1740-1.
On the death of Dr, Petru, in December
1758, Challoner succeeded to the apostolic
vicariate of the London district. At the
beginning of 17&9 he became extremely
ill, and his life was in danger. He there-
fore obtained from the holy see i» coiuljutor
in the person of the Hon. James Talbot,
Challoner was moat zealous in the adminis-
tration of his diocese ; he established several
new schools, and he was the founder of thu
CTharitable Society. At first he was accus-
tomed to preach every Sunday evening to
this society, composed of the poor and mid-
dle classes, which assembled in a miserable
and ruinous apartment near Clare Market.
Thence they removed to another room, almost
08 wretched, among the stables in Whetstone
Park, Gate Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, and
lastly, after the bishop hod preached for a few
weeks in the Sardinian Chapel, until he was
silenced by the ambassador at the instance of
the ministry, the society removed lo n place,
rather more commodious, in Turnstile, Hol-
bom. Occasionally the biehop held meelJnftB
of his clengr from necessity at some obscure
inn or public-house, where every one present
had his pipe and sat with a pot. of beer be-
fore him to obviate all suspicion of the real
character of the guests and the purpose of
their assembly.
In 1764-6 efforts were made to let loose
CJjalloner had chosen as his co^utot, Waa
Challoner 4+2 Challoner
'•.r— i ir -"■►- ' ''li Piii:!-'- -n 'li»- -Muinr*- ■;! B*imjiri '•ra:»*s thnr ( 'hal loner. « Tersion lir>:
Iviriii I or»->r. FLiT-r-r. i.s "Hk ^'V-mment ippt^ir^i in 1744 < ^/^ *j_^ f%allonfr, p. !Sy i.
inii r-.^ri-Miit-f-ju.'-r.rK ^fda.-tieiil *f*r Trheir 3. ■AProtrt»-ion >jt' rbe Catholic Faith, ex-
:*ai--* »;.i;:;.-r -;u« pnf»»M!'irirn.-i. t :;:«!•! -v**r»- !ii- trruTr?-! iiir i)r* the Co«incil of Trent bv Popp
it-.r r-i ','- I !?• mnii n !nr^rm»-r niiuiri*: P:ivnt-. Piiw F^". Wirh th^ chi»»f srounds of the
I \i:— i»-".r-»r ■)'- -."nit*, BUiiop T.ilh«^r 'vru io- -!i">nrnjr»?rt**il .irriole*. By w'av of nae^tion
vw"-^\. L-i ^-r--- lil "iie TjrHrir.i wiio ^-m** and ■ins':r^r*ian->n.». 173!j- 4rh edit. «l^>nd.?»
-;i»-Ti *.•■»**•■*';.— Tir nr?. -III? ftt-r. J; Im Bapridt I7;i4. lJini>; reprintf?<i iimW rhe ritlp of
>f-,t'>n^. v::i. .nriily " nf»*^>^i 'li-ir lit* wu» -The 'Tr-.iimL- of rhe t'arholick l>)crrin€.'
i nr.»*^r. in«: ^-'i. . -vi.* ■.'oniiemntnl -■■ im- 4. • A »h«'*r' Hi.-r.>ry nf the first beffinnin^'
pr'x.r.r.i^rn" :'■ r !>. « lialli-nrr liiais^Lt^w and prMir^-sja of rhe Pn^restant Reliji'in:
pr"-'*ivi-^i :-,y Pi^Tit*. iiiil mirmrvLr .*Miapefi j;i:a»tr»ni our of ""hr be-st Protestant i^Tirers'
L 'rill ir -he • 'M Buiie^. P^e hu-b-p. t-Tiir uinon. i. 17:W. Loml. 1743. 1742, 17.>;},limo.
;r!— '.'•. m<i i viit •■i:iiiL«r-»r -r^r* :r.iilrrr-ii .-.n and. ^irh an Iralian tranibiri>>n. Aresso.
''i*t '.ixm*- '.,VT r'.r i\\iC.\\nz "iit^ir r--ip*M?riv^ 17»C '•v ^: Sirn:u 1790, 12nio. 5. "A K»>maii
:' ir.-'-.i r-.-5. iriii j-iv- 'jai". rV.r "iir*ir ipptrnnnof:. < 'arlii.-Liok'"* H^a*ijn.'i why he oann«"»t conf'^nn
Pi'i* Pit.*-. •■ 4jiv- ".lirj.-i^L: -^xper.**-. iiiiil *:."* rli*: Pn:)re>Tanr R»=rli/:on,' 17:J4. ^. ' Thr
:' r^f-i : 1. ■ ni»- - V 7 ' ''i f -j > r . pi t- na.-*. in* i :'■ 1 1 r • f T *« wc\\*t o ne •■ f the new Rf?l i ji-^n ; or. SixtT
"ii^=-^»- "Spur:- •*> •■■o::nienr.'» •x^r*' .n "lir wirr- A-s»-r"Li;n* of Pr'^rrr^irant:? trv'd bv th-iir "wn
4^-i- r. f->.r h ':":>»-' i n^^ra^in.'. Piyn.*-. tear- Rul*^ -.fS«!ripriir»r ali)nr' ( anon. i. 1734. Lmd.
in J -l-r .r'T.-- f. ir-'-.i:*-^ :f a pr-jvivr .n ror 174"*. 1 -!!:'> : Dublin. I»?l»5, l»>ni«">. 7. • Th«*
: r_'-7^. ur^-^rd "v-."!: "/.r- '-.i.-iii.p'-i irr-mev. =in-iT'.n;i' aiirhi-rrr i-^f the Carh'>lick Church
Ti-"- Ti.'i.i'^ri':' n f ii:.'* :--rh**?ir:r.j:"'" pr js^cu'r* -n nia^rrr? --'f Fairli : maintain'd a^ain^t the
hin: :*t "'i" -:i;".pivr.;L-. "■ w!-l:iiriw 'he- in- •rXir»rp''i-^n* •■■f a late a«ithi>r 'Mr. J. K., a
i ; .^ r v.- r. - ^ I*- 1 : r. .-r - > ^- hi? ii- . p an. i ' h - ri vr m in i -r ^ r •-. f * h- k i rk '. i n h is an "Twer to a Ut tr-r
p»=-ri*:r.- ir-dii-r»*ii ir '"he -an:-* "i:i:e. < ^r.-r r^ on the ^ribjetrt ■''f tnfallibili^v. To which
-iii": vf -K»- p»-r-M*iri.:r. ir -hi.- ^.»*r!t.-i ^a.« are p^-rix'-l -rL'hr preliminaries bv wav of
•bar "he h.-.L-ie in which <7hallon'*r rc-'fidni in inrr-iiiirti'in r.i the rru^* Church of Chri-r '
I-air.h'- •'■-.n-i r* Srr^-er wis purrha.-iMl ov-r il-«n<i. r». I7-i7i. ^r.i. **. • Tht- voung <3vn-
i.i.- !>aii. an-i heha i "■■ "akr^ r»rfu;r'- in ir.irli-r tL^rnian in-rrijoreil in rhe Gp-»und< of rhe
h-.-i.^. ..-i rrl:.'i,v--r "^"r^:. •^'•.— n >'i".ar*r. « 'hri-tian Heliii--n." 17:J-"». 0. -A Specim**n
r»i:Tinj ^;.- 'r r I r. ri-.r^ . f :7'^:» '\\r i-ai-^r- -.f 'h- Spirit ".f rh»: Diss.^n-inc Tracher*/
:' 'h- "1 '. !n'-'-. :-i * ■■ ■.li.i-r '.in: ir. n:- ok-ry. 17;!»'. in rK['lv -n a -t-rirs i^f anri-ca'h'Isc
h'.' h- •'. ■' ■»-.•'. :.-iv;; - -.-:-. ir. i -r:».T-r*'d 'ii-HNrirv- w'-ich ha'i b^'cn d»?liverh7i bv lis-
-.1 :>:■::■•'- ":: >»■ .n v.- -.-.jiin-- ir::- ""1 ■■! -•^r.-'.r..,-niin:-V r* in .Salt^rs' Hall. 10. "Tlif
ir.j-._-iV. H- 1. : n - i!v- I r.j ar^r hi- Carh- l.-^k '.'hTi.-rian in<tnicred in Uir Saora-
:■ * . 7. • I,. '. i ■■.. If- 'v::.* -r:;7r-.i T*.-!:!: pan- m-n""S.'^.iC7irIo»-.Cer*-m"ni»=^.*. aniiHb*r;r\-aTii-..i
;■-- i\' '..■ -:* r. "iKirr. an L -xp.r-ii t^ ■ ofrh-.* Church, by way nf tjiirsri-in and .in-
'i.-v- ]:r-r ::. l.ii ;.- ..i- in '^ i-=*^n Si'iar"-:' on -'A^r,* 17''^ 7: -"'ft^^n ni-printe*!. II. A n«»\v
'..: J ::\. 17"!. 11.^ r-:.: -in' ':v-7- intfrrr^ril in and nn- -liition. prepare*! in r«>njiincT:nn
' .- r'.::;..I;. V:.;- f Mr. Ur.in Rirr-r. ar wiMi Fnnois Blyrh. 1».I>.. a di^caloul Car-
^^!*■lr.. nr.ir .Vi-.nji n. IV-rk-'.-ir"-. ;tnl rhe m-lite. of the liheiai-atnin'jlarion of th">Vw
•■■*"'■ r :'*h.:* p I.'.-!., ri.- li-v. .fmi— Ovt.ri:- T':'*ri!m»=-nr, 17.*i*'.wirhann'ifarion"5 auii prn.^1*
^^ I.T.-7. v:.*-"- i *:.!- -:n«*ii!ar r»=-cor'l -jf tj.m i'jf rh- d'^itrin*"^ i^if the car h'vlic church tak».'n
r'.-n* it; *!.'• -■ ^.-''-r : -Ann-' !»■ Juini 17'*!. fr-'in thr* writing* of rht? fathers. IJ. 'The
J fT.i.ir'.- I'l:. ^ ir!" i *:.- I^:v-:r-n«l I>r. ll:i;!iani G:ird»rn of th- .*N>al : -ir. a ^[anuaI of Spiri-
( li dIor;-r. i !*■ pi-!: ;Tir>-r. .md 'i'ular '-i-h-p f.i.d Ex»»rris*/s and Instruction for < ■hri:-T:ans
' f Li/ri'l'.Ti ur.'l ."^^ri'.i-'.urv. a v^rv piou- and who. livini: in t!it* wnrld. aspirv to d'-v-iri..n/
.' •■d riir^n. of jT*-'t* Ivarninj and vx^^-n.-ivv print»fil in iir Ijefnre 1740. T]ii> wurk. -.vhii/h
r.liiliriM-.' has pa^-eil ihrouifh rdmo<^t numberl-.** t^li-
f*lia]I'in»T :r.-i!ijiira*^'d a r.r'v v-ra in Knif- tion*. rontinuesiolj^th»»mo«t pi^pularpraver-
li-h ciitiittWf: lir-Tat'ir*.-. an-I miiny nf hi- pub- b«x)k in u.«e amon? En:rl:sh-?peakiiii: cath'»-
ii'vi'I'in.- a:-- r-. ?.!ii.- li.iv n-irard'-d by hi- o- lie*. lo. * Memoirs* of Missmnan- Pri ►.**:>.
r*-l!/i'Uii-»- Ji- -'ftn'iard work.- of dMi-rr".ri»=' or a.s well .<».'cular as roirular. and of rirh--
d-voMon. .V \\-* i)f l.i- wririnLr?'. »?xcludinir cur holier of lx>th 5exe« thar have sutf^TH*!
ii f-w f.raii-hiiion- and niiii'ir tr».*arii^'*i. i* d»*arh in Knpland.on r»*liiriousacc»TMnt>. fr-iij*
.-nbjoin«-'l :- -1. 'Tliirik w*!! on'r : or. Ktf- the year of our Lord 1577 to l»i<4/ i* vol-.
tl'-xion- on t}i»' uT'-ar Tnirlia of Ktemity.' (]x>nd.b 1741-2. >vo: '2 voU. Man«*hi-,-t»rr.
'J. 'Th'- Iniirjitjon of Jesu.«Chri.*r,' translate'l 1^*03, 8vo : '2 toU. Jjond. 1:^42, Sm. An
fn>Tn th*^ Latin, 17(>J. Thi?» isth*; date tdven edition entitled * Modem British Martyro-
in fhi; Briti.sh MiL^veum catalogue, though ■ logy * appeared at Loudon in 1836, Sro /and
Challoner
443
Chalmers
another called ' Martyrs to the Catholic
Faith ' was published in 2 yoIs. at Edinburgh,
1878, 4to. This is a valuable historical and
biographical work, which may be regarded
as an answer on the catholic side to Foxe's
' Acts and Monuments/ 14. ' The Grounds
of the Old Keligion ; or, some general argu-
ments in favour of the Catholick, Apostolick,
Koman Communion, collected from both an-
cient and modem controvertists, by a Con-
vert,' Augusta (Lond.?), 1742, 12mo; 5th
edit. Lond. 1798, with a memoir of the
author by Dr. Milner prefixed ; Dublin, 1808.
]2mo. 16. * A Letter to a Friend concern-
ing the Infallibility of the Church of Christ,
in answer to a late pamphlet, entitled *' An
humble Address to the Jesuits, by a dissatis-
fied Roman Catholic ** (Mr. J. K., a minister
of the kirk)* (anon.), Lond. 1743, 12mo.
16. * Britannia 8ancta ; or, the Lives of the
most celebrated British, English, Scottish,
and Irish Saints who have flourished in these
Islands, from the earliest times of Christianity
down to the change of religion in the six-
teenth century ; faithfully collected from
their ancient Acts and other records of
British history ' (anon.), 2 vols. Lond. 1746,
4to. 17. * The Rheims New Testament and
the Douay Bible, with annotations,* 6 vols.
I^nd. 1749-60, 12mo. Challoner undertook
to revise and correct the language and ortho-
graphy of the old version of Gregory Martin,
to adopt the improvements of the Clemen-
tine edition of the Vulgate, and to add such
notes as he judg^ necessary to clear up
modem ^ntroversies. The Kew Testament
was printed in 1749, having been diligently
revised by the most able divines with whom
he was acquainted, viz. Dr. "William Green,
afterwards president of Douiiy College, and
Dr. "Walton, aften\'ard8 vicar-apostolic of the
northern district. The four volumes of the
Old Testament were all published in 1750.
In that year he also issued n second edition
of the ^ew Testament, revised. This differs
fr^m the former one of 1749 in about 124
passages of the t«xt, but none of them are of
material consequence. Two years afterguards
he published a thinl edition, again revised,
with most extensive alterations (Cotton,
Bhemes and Doway, p. 49). This modernised
version of the Douay bible is substantially
that which has since been used by all Eng-
lish-speaking catholics. Cardinal Wiseman
was of opinion that although Challoner did
well to alter many too decided Latinisms,
which the old translators retained, he weak-
ened the language considerably by destroying
inversion, where it was congenial at once to
the genius of our language and the construc-
tion of the original, and by the insertion of
particles where they were by no means neces-
sary. 18. ' Remarks on Two Letters against
Popery,* 1761. 19. * Instructions and Medi-
tations on the Jubilee,* 1761. 20. * Conside-
rations upon Christian Truths and Christian
Duties, digested into Meditations for every
Day in the Year,* 1763, often reprinted.
21. 'The Wonders of God in the WUder-
ness; or, the Lives of the most celebrated
Saints of the Oriental Desarts ; faithfully
collected out of the genuine works of the
holy fathers, and other ancient ecclesiastical
writers' (anon.), Lond. 1766, 8vo. 22. 'The
Life of St. Theresa,' 1767. 23. * A Manual
of Prayers and other Christian Devotions,
revised and corrected with large additions,'
1768. 24. *A Caveat against the Metho-
dists,' 1760. 26. * The City of God, of the
New Testament,' 1760. 26. * Memorial of
Ancient British Piety,' 1761. 27. 'The Mo-
rality of the Bible,' 1762. 28. 'The Devo-
tion of Catholicks to the Bles-ed Virgin,
truly stated,' 1764. 29. ' The Rules of a
Holy Life,' 1766. 30. ' Short Daily Exer-
cises of the Devout Christian,' 1767. 31. 'Pious
Reflexions on Patient Suffering,' 1767.
32. ' Abstract of the History of the Old and
New Testament,' 1767. 33. ' The Scripture
Doctrine of the Church.' 34. * Abrid^ent
of Christian Doctrine; or, first Catechism.'
[Life, by Barnard, 1784, with portrait ; Life,
by Rev. John Milner, F.S.A., with portrait, pre-
fixed to Cballoner's Groands of the Old Reli-
gion, 1798 ; Ftmeral Discourse on the Death of
Bishop Challoner (by Dr. Milner), Lond. 1781 ;
Addit. M8a. 28232 ff. 91, 99, 28234 f. 264.
28235 f. Id4 ; Brady's Episcopal Succession, iii.
164-76 ; Catholic Magazine and Review (Bir-
mingham, 1832), i. 641, 715; Gent. Mag. U.
47 ; Scots Mag. xliii. 54 ; Husenbeth's Life of
Milner, pp. 8-9, 12-13, 70; Dublin Review,
new series, vii. 237 ; Month and Catholic Re-
view, January 1880 ; Cardinal Wiseman's Essays
on variouu Subjects (1853), i. 425; Cotton's
Rhemes and Dowiy, with Olfors manuscript
notes ; Notes and Queri*^s (4th serif h). vii. 513,
viii. 14 ; Evans's Cat. ot Engraved Portraitii,
1967; Flanagan's Hist, of the Church in Eng-
land, ii. 184, 193, 364 et seq., 370, 375, 385;
Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. , Butler's
Hist. Memoirs of EInglith Catholics (1822), i v.
432 ; Bromley's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, p.
354; Gillow's Bill. Diet. i. 447; Uistoncal MSS.
Commission, 2nd Rep. 201 ; Catholic MiscellaLy,
vi. 255.] T. C.
CHALMERS, ALEXANDER (1769-
1834), biographer and miscellaneous writer,
was bom at Aberdeen on 29 March 1759,
being the yoimgest son of James Chalmers, a
learned printer, by his wife Susanna, daugh-
ter of the Rev. James Trail, minister at Mont-
rose ; and grandson of the Rev. James Chal-
/
/
Chalmers
444
Chalmers
merSy professor of divinity at Marischal Col-
lege. Having received a classical and medical
education he left his native city about 1777,
and never returned to it. He had obtained
the situation of surgeon in the West Indies,
and had arrived at Portsmouth to join his
ship, when he suddenly altered his mmd and
proceeded to London, where he soon became
connected with the periodical press, and was
appointed editor of the ' Public Ledger ' and
' London Packet.' At this period he acquired
considerable fame as a pobtical writer. He
contributed largelv to tne * St. James's Chro-
nicle ' and the ' Morning Chronicle,' and at
■one time was editor of the * Morning Herald.'
Chalmers was early connected in business
with George Kobinson, publisher, of Pater-
noster Ilow, whom he assisted in examining
manuscripts offered for publication . He was
also a contributor to the * Critical Review '
and the * Analytical Review.' At this period
"he lived almost wholly with Robinson. During
the largest portion of his life he resided near
the Bank of England, and having, after his
■settlement in the metropolis, become a sincere
member of the church of England, he was not
only a constant attendant at divine service
on Sunday, but for thirty years was scarcely
«ver absent from the Tuesday morning lecture
-of the Rev. W. Wilkinson at the church of
St. Bartholomew by the Royal Exchange.
He made frequent visits to the libraries of
the British Museum and of both universities.
In 1805 he was elected a fellow of the So-
ciety of Anti(iuuries ; he was also a master of
arts, probably of the university of Aberdeen.
In 1783 Chalmers married Elizabeth, widow
of John Gillett ; she died in June 1816. He
died at his residence in Throgmorton Street
•on 10 Dec. 1834, and was buried on the 19th
in the same vault with his wife in the church
of St. Bartholomew by the Royal Exchange.
No man ever edit ed so many works as Chal-
mers for the booksellers of London. Among
them were : 1. * A Continuation of the History
of England,' L> vols. 1793, 2nd edit. 1798, 3rd
edit. 1803, 4th edit. 1821. 2. ' Glossary to
Shakespeare,' 1797. 3. * Sketch of the Isle
of Wight,' 1798. 4. An edition of the Rev.
James Barclay's * Complete and Universal
English Dictionary.' 5. An edition of * The
Brit ish Essayists, with prefaces, historical and
biographical, and a general index,' 45 vols. ;
this series begins with the * Tatler ' and ends
with the * Observer.' Tlie papers were col-
lated with the original editions, and the pre-
faces give accounts of the works, and of the
lives of such of the writers as are less gene-
rally known. 0. Lives of Bums and Dr.
Beattie prefixed to their respective works,
1806. 7. An edition of Fielding's Works,
10 vols. 1806. 8. An edition of Warton's
' Essays,' 1806. 9. ' The Tatler, Spectator,
and Guardian,' 14 vols. 1806. 10. An edition
of Gibbon's ' History,' with a life of the au-
thor, 12 vols. 1807. 11. Prefaces to the
greater part of the collection loiown as
^Walker^s Classics,' 45 vols. 1808, and fol-
lowing years. 12. An edition of Boling^
broke^ Works, 8 vols. 1809. 13. An edition
of * Shakespeare,' with an abridsinent of the
notes of Steevens and a life of Shakespeare,
9 vols. 1809. 14. Many of the lives m the
* British Gallery of Contemporary Portraits,'
2 vols. 1809-16. These memoirs, thouffa
short, are authentic and valuable. 15. An
enlarged edition of Johnson's ' Collection of
the English Poets,' with some additional
lives, 21 vols. 1810. 16. 'A History of the
Colleges, Halls, and Public Buildings attached
to the University of Oxford, including the
Lives of the Founders,' 1810. 17. * The Pro-
jector,' 3 vols. 1811, a periodical containing
essays originally publisned in the 'G^ntle^
man's Magazine.' 18. An edition of the au-
tobiographies of Dr. Pocock, Dr. Twells.
Bishop Pearce, Bishop Newton, and Burdv's
life of the Rev. Philip Skelton, 2 vols. 1816.
19. ' County Biomphy,' 4 No8., 1819. 20. Tlie
ninth edition of Boswell's * Life of Johnson,'
1822. 21. A new edition of * Shakespeare/
1823. 22. Another edition of Dr. Johnson s
Works, 1823.
Chalmers, who was a great friend of John
Nichols, contributed many obituary notices,
especially of printers and publishers, to the
* Gentleman's Magazine.' But the work on
which his fame as a biographer chiefly rests
is his enlarged edition of the * New and Ge-
neral Biographical Dictionary,' which was
first published in eleven volumes in 1761.
Other editions of this useful compilation a]>-
peared in 1784 and in 1798-1810. The latter,
in fifteen volumes, was edited as to the first five
by William Tooke, and as to the last ten by
Archdeacon Nares and William Beloe. Then
followed Chalmers's edition, which is en-
titled *The General Biographical Dictionarj- :
containing an historical and critical account
of the lives and writings of the most eminent
persons in every nation, particularly the
British and Irish, from the earliest accounts
to the present time.' The first four volumes
of this work, in 8vo, were published monthly,
commencing in May 1812, and then a volume
appeared every alternate month to the thirty-
second and last volume in March 1814, a pe-
riod of four years and ten months of incessant
labour and of many personalpri vat ions. The
preceding edition of the 'Dictionary' was
augmented by 3,934 additional lives, and of
the remaining number 2,176 were rewiitten;
while the whole were reviaed and corrected.
The total number of articleg exceeds nine
thousand. For many years Chalmers wan
employed by the booksellers in revisiug and
eii]ar)(ing the ' Dictionary ; ' but at the time
oth'u dentil only about oa»-third of the work,
as far as the end of the letter ' D,' was ready
for the press. A competent authority, Mr.
Chancellor Christie, remarks that ' Chalmere's
own articles, though not without the merit
which characterises a laborious compiler, are
too long: and tedious for the general reader,
andahow neither sulBdent research norsuffi-
deat accuracy to satisfy the student.' John
Nicliok,bia intimate acquaintance, at«tes that
~ " 'as ' a warm and aflVctionate friend
a deliffhtfiil companion, being very con-
jfivial, ana his conversation replute both with
irtt and information.' His portrait has been
JObdI. Mag. new mr. iii. 207 ; Nichols's Illustr.
Tiit, ; Nicholi'fl IJt. Anecd. ; QuBrt*rij Re-
. r. d»ii. 203 i Pojnder's Literary EitntitB. i.
JS; Evans's Cat. of Kng^mred Portraits. Noh.
13874, 13973; J. R. Smitli's Cut. of Bnfrraxeit
Portmits(l8S3). Nwi, 1323,1323; Biog. Dict.of
Living Anlhors (1818), 6B.] T. C.
CHALMERS, Sib GEORGE (d. 1791),
portrait painter, was bom in Edinburgh. The
fortunes of his family had been forfeited ow-
ing to a connection with the exiled Stuarts,
sothat he inherited the bare title. He studied
painting under Ramsejr, and afterwards trs-
Telled, staying some time in Home. On his
return he settled first at Hull. Between 177.!)
and 1790 we find him exhibitinncat the Royal
Academy twenty-four portraits in all. One op
two of his paintings have been engraTed in
mezzotint. He died in London, 1791.
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Qraves's Diet,
of Artists.]
^ CHALMEBS, OEOROE (1742-18^5),
''eottish antiquary and historian, was almost
A last of the extinct race of authors who
re antiquarians rather than historians, cul-
„ . iora and publishers rather than minute
Intics of liistorical antiquities. They existed
% aU oountriea, but Scotland produced seve-
1 notable examples. The life of Chai-
ns is compciseil in a record of the works
wbicfa he compiled with indefntienble in-
dustry, and issued without a hreaK during
the last M.y years uf his long life. His fame
reets on one of them, the ' Caledonia,' which
he ealleil bis standing work. The rest have
Ijeen superseded by better editions, •
antiquated through hix want of originality
or mistaken piews. Even the ' Caledonia'
has no) stood the test of time. It is below
the standard of Camden's 'Britannia' or the
works of Dugdale, the English antiquarian
treatixes which can most fairly be compared
with it. Still, to have composed what is,
though never completed, the fullest account
of the antiquities of a nation which has spe-
cially cultivated that department of history
is a merit not to be despised, and subsequent
writers have borrowed from Chalmers without
Bcknowled^ng their obligations. Bom at
Fochabers m Moray, a descendant of the family
of Pittenseur, Chumers was educated at the^
tariah school of Fochabers and King's Ool-
;ge,AI>erdeen. He afterwards studied law in
Edinburgh. When twenty-one he accompa-
nied his uncle to Maryland, and practised as
a lawyer at Baltimore. Returning to Great
liritain at the outbreak of the civil war, he
settled in London in 1776, and devoted him-
self to literature. His first publications were
political,andchie8y connected with the colo-
nies. An answer from the electors of Bria-
tolto Burhe's letter on the affairs of America,
Eublished in 1777, appears to have been the
Uest, and it was soon followed by ' Politi-
cal Annals of the present United Colonies,'
1760; an 'Introduction to the History of the
Revolt of the Colonies,' vol. i. 1782 ; ' Esti-
mate of the comparative Strength of Great
Britain during the present and four preced-
ing Reigns,' 1782; 'Three Tracts on Ireland,'
1785. In 1786he was appointed chief clerk
of the committee of privy council for trade
and foreign plantations, and in 1700 he is-
sued a ' C-oUection of Treaties between Great
Britain and other Powers." He next turned
to biography, and published lives of Be Foe,
Thomas Paine (under the pseudonym of
Oldys), and Thomas Ruddiman, the Scottish
Cmmarian and printer, one of his best
rwn works, containing much interesting'
matter conveyed in a style copied from Dr-
Johnson. He was one of the literati decdved
by Ireland's Shakespeare forgeries, and pub-
lished several tractsonthat controyersy. In
thebeginningofthis century he was attracted
to the poetry and history of his natiye coun-
try, which had been too much neglected, and
he printed editions of the noems of Allan
Ramsay and Sir David Lyndsny, with lives
of these poets. In 1807 he issued the first
volume of his ' Caledonia,' designed to em-
brace the whole antiquities and history of
Scotland in six volumes, but only three were
jnibliahed, the second in 1830, and the third
in 1824. Scarcely a year passed without
some new work, but none of them have now
any but a bibliographical inlerest except hia
* Life of Mary ijueen of Scots,' with subsi-
Chalmers 446 Chalmers
diary memoirs, not of much value, but useful with a Life of the Author,' 1804, Sva 20. ' life
till better memoirs app^r, of the lives of the of Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount, Ljpii
re^nt Moray, Francis II, Damley , BothweU, Kinff-at>-arms under James V/ London, 1806,
and Maitland of Lethington. Besides his 3 vols. 8vo. 21. ' Caledonia ; or an Aoooont,
and a ' History of Printing in Scotland,' most 4to. 22. ' A Chronological Account of Com-
of which are now in the Advocates* Librarv merce and Coinage in Great Britain from the
or the library of the university of Edinburgh Restoration till 1810,' 1810, 8vo. 28. ' Con-
(Laing Bequest). He died on 31 May 1825. siderations on Commerce,' 1811, 8vo. 24. 'An
A list of his works is appended; several of Historical View of the Domestic Economy of
them were issued anonymously or pseudony- Great Britain and Ireland.' New edition of
mously . ' The Commurative Estimate ' corrected tnd
1. * Answer from the Electors of Bristol to enlarged,' Edin. 1812, 8vo. 26. * Opinions rf
the letters of Edmund Burke, Esq., on Af- : Eminent Lawyers on various Points of Eng-
fairs of America.' 2. * Political AnnaJs of the lish Jurisprudence,' 1814, 2 vols. 8vo. 26. A
present United Colonies from the Settlement : tract, privately printed, in answer to Ma-
to the Peace of 1768. Compiled chiefly from ' lone's account of Shakespeare's 'Tempest,'
Records. Ending at the llevolution, 1688,' ; London, 1816, 8vo. 27. ' Comparative \ iewB
I^ondon, 1780, 4to. 3. *The Propriety of al- j of the State of Great Britain and Ireland
lowing a qualified Export of Wool discussed ! before and since the War,' London, 1817,
historically,' London, 1782, 8vo. 4. * An Intro- 8vo. 28. 'The Author of "Junius" ascer-
Britain during the present and four preceding 4to ; reprinted in 3 vols. 8vo. 31. * The Poeti-
Ileigns,' London, 1 1 82, 4to. 6. ' Opinions on cal llemains of some of the Scottish Kings
interesting subjects ofPublic Laws and Com- now first collected,' London, 1824, 8vo.
mercial Policy arising from American Inde- 32. * Robene and Makyne and the Testament
pendence/ London, 1784, 8vo. 7. * Three of Cresseid,' by Robert Henryson, edited and
Tracts on th«» Irisli Arrangements,' London, presented by Mr. Chalmers as his contribu-
1 785, 8vo. 8. * Historical Tracts by Sir John tion to the feannatyne Club, Edin. 1824, 4to.
Davies, with a Life of the Author,' 1786, tiS. * A Detection of the Love Letters lately
8vo. 9. *Life of Daniel De Foe,' London, attributed in Hugh Campbell's work to Mary
1786, 1790,8vo. 10. * A Collection of Treaties Queen of Scots,' London, 1825, 8vo.
between Great Britain and other Powers,' [Chalmers's own works ; Anderson's Scottish
London, 1790, 2 vols. 8vo. 11. * Lite of Nation; David Laing's bibliography in Lowndes's
Tliomas Paine. By Francis Oldys, A.M., Manual.] JE. M.
of the University of Pennsylvania/ lin-
den, 179.S, 8vo. 1'2. * Prefatory Introduction CHALMERS, GEORGE PAUL (1836-
to Dr. Johnson's " Debates in Parliament,'" 1878), painter, was bom at Montrose in 1836,
London, 1794, 8vo. 13. * Life of Thomas ; and educated at the burgh school of th.at
Uuddiman, M.A. To ^vhicb are subjoined town. Notwithstanding a juvenile precocity
new Anecdotes of Buclianan/ London, 1 794, in drawing, he was apprenticed to an apothe-
8vo. 14. * Vindication of the Privilege of car}', and afterwards became clerk to a ship-
tlie People in respect of the (.Constitutional chandler. P'inally he determined to be a
Kijrbt of Free Discussion,' London, 179^), 8vo painter, and abandoned these base pursuits,
(anon.) 15. * Apology for the Believers in lie studied at Edinburgh in the Trustees'
the Shakespeare Papers which were exhi- i School, and maintained himself the while by
bited in Norfolk Street, London,' 1790, 8vo. I painting portraits. His first exhibited picture
1(J. * A Supplemental Apology,' London, | was ^\ Boy's Head 'in chalk. A portrait head
1799, 8vo. 17. * Appendix to the " Supple-
mental Apolog}'," being the Documents for
the opinion that Hugh Boyd ^vrote Junius's
Let ters,' 1 800, 8vo. 1 8. ' The Poems of Allan
Ramsay, with a Life of the Author,' London,
1800, 2 vols. 8vo. 19, * Observations on the
State of England in 1090, by Gregory King,
of J. Pet tie, R.A., was exhibited in 1863, and
a subject piece, *The Favourite Air,* in the
following year. In 1867 he was elected asso-
ciate of the Scottish Academy, and in 1871
a full member.
To the Royal Academy of London he sent
six works between 1803 and 1876. He painted
Chalmers 447 Chalmers
portraits, subject pictures, and landscapes —
the last especially m his later years. ' These
were remarkable for their richness of colour.'
In general he was a careful and even fasti-
a silver claret jug, a salver, and a purse of
fifty sovereigns for his successful enbrts in
reducing the time required for the transit of
the mails and for his plans of a uniform
dious painter, taking hiffh rank with his bro- j postage rate and an aahesi ve stamp. He
ther Scots. On 15 Feb. 1878 he attended was an excellent man of business, and in all
the Scotch Academy dinner. Returning his commercial transactions was well known
thence (and ' from a subseouent engagement for his integrity and upright character. He
with some brother artists j evil befell him. died at Comley Bank, Dundee, on 26 Aug.
Apparently he was attacked and robbed. At 1853, aged 71, and was buried in the old
least he was found by the police in an area ' burying-ground on 1 Sept. He married Miss
* with his pockets rifled.' He never recovered Dickson of Montrose. After the death of
firom this accident, and died on the 20th of ' Sir Rowland Hill, in 1879, Mr. Patrick Ghal-
the same month. Appreciative notices of mers, son of James Chalmers, inserted adver-
Chalmers appeared in the 'Art Journal * and tisements and letters in newspapers and pub^
in the ' Acaaemy' at the time of his death. | lished several pamphlets in whicli he stated
Shortly before that event tbe 'Portfolio 'pub- that his father anticipated Rowland Hill in
lished an etching by Paul Rajon after one ' suggesting the use of adhesive stamps, but
of his pictures. had been fraudulently deprived of the credit
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Graves's Diet. ' ^^ \^^ invention. Mr. Pearson HiU repHed,
of Artiste ; Art Journal, xvii. 124; Academy, and satisfactonly showed that his father ^Sir
23 Feb. 1878.] E. R. Rowland HilH had contemplated the possible
use of the ndnesive stamp before Chalmers'
CHALMERS, JAMES (1782-1853), plan was made known. Chalmers was the
rtstroffice reformer, was bom in Arbroath on nrst inventor, but it does not appear how the
Feb. 1782, and at an early age became a plan was suggested to Rowland Hill. Mr.
bookseller in Castle Street, Dundee, and was Patrick Chalmers has published several pam-
for some time the printer and publisher of phlets endeavouring to prove the importance
the * Dundee Chromcle.' He took a promi- of his father's sug^gestions, especiaUy * The
nent part in public matters, first as dean and Adhesive Stamp : important additional evi-
afterwards as convener of the nine incorpo- dence in behalf of James Chalmers, in papers
rated trades. At a subsequent period he was bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum
returned to the town council, and held the Library by Sir Henry Cole,* 1886.
office of treasurer for several years. In local , [James Chalmers, the Inventor of the Adhe-
charities and in every philanthropic move- ' sive Stamp, by Patrick Chalmers, 1884 ; The
ment he was ever ready to lend a helping Citizen, 16 April 1881 ; Athenaeum, 30 April
hand. In 1825 he appUed himself to the ac- ' 1881, p. 67a, Mav 14, p. 664, May 21, p. 690 ;
celeration of the mails, and mainly through I Philatelic Record, iii. 194-201. iv. 27, 68, 167,
his efforts the time for a letter to travel be- 1^9-72, 184-6.]
tween London and Dundee was lessened by
a day each way.
CHALMERS, Sir JOHN (1756-1818),
ijor-general, bom in 1756, was a younger
major
Having turned his mind to the subject of son of Patrick Chalmers of Balnaciaig, and
.. ^« r ni,.!-. *.j : . x_t_j- • ^ j^ the Madras in-
romoted lieutenant
post-office reform, Chalmers suggested a uni- \ went to India as an ensign in the Madras in-
form rate of postage, and drew out a sample fantry in 1775. He was prom
of an adhesive stamp, had it set up in tvpe, j in 1780, and first gained his reputation by his
and a few copies printed and gummed ; these , heroic defence of Coimbatoor in 1791. In that
he exhibited to several merchants in Dundee | year Lord Comwallis, finding it impossible to
in August 1834. j advance at once upon Serinsapatam, the capi-
He laid this plan before Mr. Robert Wal- talofTippoo Sultan, ordered MajorCuppage to
lace, M.P. for Greenock and chairman of i abandon all the fortresses held by the English
the fifth committee on post-office reform, in ^ in the Mysore country, except Palgaut and
December 1837, and he also corresponded on j Coimbatoor, which commanded the passes of
the subject with Josenh Hume, M.P., Patrick i the Ghauts, and even to abandon Coimbatoor
Chalmers, M.P., and with Rowland Hill | if it could not possibly be held. Major Cup-
himself, in 1839 and 1840. His letters to , page therefore directed Chalmers, who held
the latter gentleman show that Chalmers ! Coimbatoor with only 120 topasses, to aban-
laid claim to the invention of the adhesive : don it and to join him at Palgaut ; but the
label, but he finally admitted that his claim young officer, finding that two three-pounders
to priority of publication was not tenable, j and one four-pounder were fit for use, begged
On 1 Jan. 1846, at a public meeting of the , Cuppage to send him five hundred shot, and to
citizens of Dundee, he was presented with j give nim leave to defend the fortress. He was
• . .. ■
- ' ^ * *-
V
■ . -■ • » .
*• ^
• ■
J '
'. ' . '■
■ • i"
■ »
• I . -
V. ': • ■-.;■•■•<-'; ■• f •-. ■ "■ ' r ••->■.■ :-• V ■ * Ai.* ■
Chalmers
449
Chalmers
* On the Use of Masons* Marks in Scotland '
(xxxiv. 38), and * An Account of the Seal of
the Chapter of the Holy Trinity at Brechin '
(xxxv. 487). He was also a fellow of the
Society of Antiauaries of Scotland, to the
* Transactions ' of which he made various con-
tributions. He joined the British Archaeolo-
gical Association in 1849, and wrote for its
* Journal' (vi. 323-9) a paper on the * Resig-
nation of the Kingdom of Man to the Pope,
A.D. 1219.'
In the spring of 1854 Chalmers left Scot-
land for a tour on the continent, but an
attack of small-pox, from which he suffered
on his arrival m Italy, was followed by a
renewal of his spinal complaint, and he died
at Rome on 23 June 1854. His body was
taken home to Scotland and buried in the
ancient church at Auldbar, the rebuilding
of which he had just completed. Besides
occupying himself in antiquarian research,
Chalmers ' spent time and money in improv-
ing the dwelnngs and gardens of the labourers
on his estate,* and wrote various * pamphlets
on the improvement of statute labour, roads,
and other county matters.* He married the
daughter of Herbert Foley of Rudgway,
Pembrokeshire, widow of Thomas Taylor
Vernon.
[Jonmnl of the British Archfeologicul Asso-
eiation, xi. (1855) 164-70; ArchaeologiailJour-
nal, index to voIh. i-xxv. ; Proceedings of the
Soc. of Antiq. iii. (1853-6), 182; Annual Re-
gi^ter. vol. xcvi. (1854), 23 June.] W. W.
CHALMERS, THOMAS, D.D. (1780-
1847), theologian, preacher, and philanthro-
pist, was bom at Anstrutlier in Fife 17 March
J 780. His father, John Chalmer8,whose family
had been connected with Fife for several gene-
rations, was a general merchant, possessed of
good abilities and high character. Thomas was
the sixth of fourteim children, and the family
being so large, and both parents busy, the
instruction of their children was committed
chiefly to other hands. At the parish school
he was* one of the idlest, strongest, merriest,
and most generous-hearted boys.^ At the uni-
versity of St. Andrews, during his first two
sessions, he had the same character. His
excess of vitality displayed itself in frolic
and adventure. When he entered the mathe-
matical classes, however, his intellect awoke
and the vigour of his nature found a new
outlet. Pure geometry had a strong attrac-
tion for him and exercised a great influence
in moulding his mind. From his childhood
he had for some reason desired to be a minis-
ter of the gospel, and this wish he carried
out, though his worthy father could not but
deplore his want of adequate seriousness. Ma-
TOL. IX.
t hematics and other branches of science had
such a hold of his mind that he did not enter
into the study of divinity con amore. Even
after he was settled as minister of Kilmeny in
Fife (May 1803) he continued to give courses
of lectures on chemistry at St. Andrews,
and before he was twenty-five he had been a
candidate for the chair of natural philosophy
at St. Andrews, and for that of mathematics
at Edinburgh. In his parish the question of
pauperism, and of social economy generally,
engaged his attention from the first. hIs
pulpit work at Kilmeny was also remarkable
from the beginning. His ability as a preacher,
original, independent, profoimdly convinced
of all he said, and striving with immense en-
thusiasm to inspire his audience with his
views, soon carried his fame far and wide.
His own mind had already been the scene
of great religious conflicts. For some time,
when a student, he had been attracted by
materialism, but having emerged from that
view of things, the French ' system of nature'
had cast its spell on him, and he had long
hovered on the confines of atheism. His
misery under that state of mind, and the
* sort, of mental elysium ' in which he spent
the first year of his emancipation from it,
were ever afterwards vivid remembrances.
But in his thirtieth year he underwent a
more profound religious change. Partly
through his bein^ employed to write the
article 'Christianity* for the 'Edinburgh
Encyclopa>dia,* then coming out under the
editorship of Mr. (afterwards Sir David)
Brewster; partly from his reading Wilber-
force*s 'View of Practical Religion;' and
partly from the effects of a severe illness and
family trials, he accepted with great earnest-
ness the evangelical view of the gospel, and
from this time (1810), being now in his thirty-
first year, he became a pronounced, though
still independent, evangelical preacher. iSe
tone of his pulpit ministrations was elevated
greatly, ana his fame was such that in No-
vember 1814 he was nominated by the town
council of Glasgow minister oi the Tron
parish there, removing to it in 1815.
Before leaving Kilmeny, besides a contro-
versial pamphlet, he had published a book
entitled * An Inquiry into the Extent and
Stability of National Resources,' of which
the object was to show that even if Napoleon
succeeded in his endeavour to shut all Euro-
pean ports against British merchandise, the
effect would not be, as many mercantile men
dreaded, to ruin British trade, but only to
cut oflf certain superfluities, and turn to other
and perhaps better purposes the fund out
of which tnese luxuries had been supplied.
His article on ' Christianity ' appeared m tho
Chalmers
4SO
Chalmers
' EncyclopaBdia ' in 1813, and was soon pub>
llslied in a separate form. A pamphlet on
the * Influence of Bible Societies on the
Temporal Necessities of the Poor/ and some
reviews and other articles in the * Christian
Instructor' and the * Eclectic Review/ were
among the published result* of his literary
activity at Kilmeny.
The rapid rise of the commercial city of
Glasgow nad fostered a large amount of what
Chalmers used to call ' home heathenism.' To
rescue the lower classes from pauperism and
degradation was the ruling effort in Chalmers's
mind. To this, rather tlhan to the ordinary
work of the pulpit, his main energies were di-
rected ; yet the power of his natural eloquence
soon caust»d him to be acknowledged facile
pn'yiceps among the pulpit orators of his day.
He preached in London with as great
effect as in Glasgow. In London in 1817
"Wilberforce wrote in his * Diary : ' * All the
world wild about Chalmers. Off early with
Canning, Uuskisson, and Lord Binning. . . .
Vast crowds. ... I was surprised to sec how
greatly Canning was affected ; at times he
was quit« melted into tears.' John Gibson
Ijocknart, in his well-known * Peter's Let-
ters to his Kinsfolk,' after a very elaborate
description of Chalmers's appearance and
manner, both of which were rugged and un-
couth, proceeds: *At first there is nothing
to make one suspect what riches are in store.
. . . There is an appearance of constraint
about him that afft'cts and distresses you.
. . . But then with what tenfold richness does
this dim preliminary curtain make the glories
of his eloquence to shine forth, when the
heated spirit at length flings from it its chill
confining fetters, and bursts out elate and
rejoicing in the full splendour of its disim-
prisoned wings. ... I have heard many men
deliver sermons far better arranged in point
of argument , and have heard very many de-
liver sermons far more uniform in elegance,
both of conception and style ; but most un-
questionably I have never heard, either in
England or Scotland, or in any other coun-
try, a preacher whose elotjuence is capable of
producing an effect so strong and irresistible
as his.'
Chalmers delivered on weekdays during
his Glasgow ministry two eminentlv cha-
racteristic sets of discourses. One of these
was his * Astronomical Discoiu^es,' in which
he sought to bring science into harmony with
Christianity by showing that the comparative
insignificance of this globe in the universe
of God gave an incomparable moral glory
and significance to the incarnation and atone-
ment of the Son. The * Commercial Dis-
courses ' were designed to imbue the life of
commercial men with the spirit of the gospeL
In both these directions CnalmeTB set asida
the current traditions of the evangelical pul-
pit, enlarging both its scope and itis methods.
His indepenaence exposea him to the suspi-
cions of some of the more narrow-minded of
his brethren, who thought no man safe if lie
did not keep to the old-established methods.
By his boldness Chalmers adjusted the pidpit
to the exigencies of the age.
His extraordinary success in the pulpit
did not for a moment divert Chalmers from
his aim of elevatiujB^ the w^hole body of people
that inhabited his pariah. The parochial
system had fascinated him in Kilmeny. His
Glasgow parish was more than ten times as
populous as Kilmeny, and certainly ten times
as difficult to work. But this was to be
met by subdivision and increase of agents.
AMien he was translated in 1840 to the new
parish of St. John's he found his opportu-
nity. St. John's was the largest ana like-
wise the poorest parish in the city. Chal-
mers succeeded in getting from the town
council leave to administer the fund raised
by church-door collections for the poor, and,
in consideration of this, undertook the whole
mana^ment of the pauperism of the parish.
Dividing the parish into districts and sub-
districts, he placed laymen of christian cha-
racter, office-bearers of his own church, over
each, established day schools and Sunday
schools wherever they were needed, and st rove
to raise the people to a sense of their moral
dignity, especially in the light of the gospel.
He was highly successful in all respects, but
especially in his pauper scheme. Instead of
1,400/., which the pauperism of the parish had
formerly cost, the outlay at the end of the
three years and nine months during which
he ])resided over the experiment was reduced
to 280/. This result was accompanied not
by a diminution but an increase of comfort
and morality. Drunkenne^ decreased, and
parents took an increased interest in the
welfare of their children. Chalmers was
intensely attached to the old Scotch method
of dealing with pauperism, not by assess-
ment but voluntary contribution, believing
that to give the poor a legal right to paro-
chial relief was sure to destroy the spirit of
independence, and to impair the readiness
of children to help their parents in old ajre.
Afterwards, when, at the instigation of the
benevolent Dr. AV. P. Alison of Edinburgh,
a compulsory method of supporting the poor
was contemplated, Chalmers, who had aln*ady
expounded and enforced his own system in
the 'Edinburgh Review' and in separate
writings, vehemently opposed the new pro-
posal. His opposition proved ineffectual^
45'
Chalmers
and in lt*4?i llie oew eyalem wna intro-
duced fee*) Alibos, William PclteshtJ.
During Ilia reaidence in Glasgow, besides his
astrontumical and commerciu discoarseB and
a volume of miscellaneous itermons, Clialmets
published an elaborate work on the civic
and christian ecoDomj of our large towns,
In 1816 fae received the degree ot D.D. by
the unanimous vot« of the sonata of the uni-
rprsity of Olaagow.
During two years ofhisminiatryinSt.John'e
be hod ior his ai>«iataiit Edward Irving, the
bosom friend of Thomaa C'arlyle. Irvini^hsd
deemed himself a failure in the Scottitib pul-
pit, and, despairing of success, was on the eve
of setting out in a inoat chivalrous spirit
he a missionnrv t.o Persia, when Chalmers,
t&er hearing liim preach, offered to lake
him an naaisiant. The two were very happy
t<^ether. Through Irving, Chalmers came
into contact witb Corlyle. They were very
tmlike^ but thej^ appreciated each other.
Speaking of their itst meeting, Carlyle
aays: 'The great man was truly loveable,
truly loved ; and nothing pereonall^ could be
more modest^intent on his good industries,
not on himself or his fame,' Nearly thirty
Ca elapsed before they met again, a ■very
weeks before Chalmers's death. 'He was
t, man,' says Carlyle in the ' Reminiscences,'
'ofmuch natural dignity, ingenuity, honesty,
and kind affection, as well as sound intellect
and imagination. A very eminent vivacity
lav in him. , . . He had a burst of genuine
fun too, I have heard. . . .' But ' be was a
man essentially of little culture, of narrow
sphere all his life. ... A man copabie of
mucb soaking indolence, lazy brooding and
^lo-nolbin^sm, as the first stage of liis life
WhU indicated ; a man thought to be timid
almost to the verge of cowardice, yet capable
-of impetuous activity and hlaxing audacity,
as- his latter ^ears showed.'
The work in Glasgow wi
o raultifarioua
and exlmusting that, huiing triumphantly
jirovi^d by the experiment of 8t. John's the
•uccess of Ills ideas on the parochial system,
be was glad lo escape from the crowded city
bv accepting an Hi'|)ointment in 1923 to the
«tiftir of moral phiiosciphy in the university
of Si. Andrews. He hdd this chair for five
years. In thi> special department of ethics,
the position which charmeil him most, and
which he was at most pains to establish,
was tlie authority of conscience. He cor-
'dially acknowledged the merits of Butler's
' Sermons on Human Nature.' Chalmers,
however, advanced on Butler by showing
bow the conclusions of ethics harmonised
with tlie teaching of Scripture. Natural
«thica sbowin] man to be a sir
theology took liim uji whore ethics left him,
and discovered to him a mode of reconcilia-
tion. On the fact of human guilt as shown
by conscience Clialmers laid much more
stress than liod been done by most writers
on ethics. To a lai^ extent his view com-
mended itself to the religious teoobers of
Scotland, and influenced their line of preach-
ing. At St. Andrews he did as much as
the circumstances allowed to exempliiy his
principles of parochial activity,and initiated
many students into bis methods. He en-
couraged the rising spirit of missions to the
heathen, and it was one of his pupils, Alex-
ander BuiT, who, on a miseion to bidia being
resolved on by the general assembly, became
the first India missionary of the church of
Scotland.
In 1626 Chalmers was removed to the
chair of theology in the university of Edin-
burgh. He held this ollice till 1&13, when,
leaving the established church, he became
principal and professor of divinity in the
New College (of the Free church), Edin-
burgh. In the theologicol choir he was
more distinguished for the impulse which he
KVK to his students than for original contri-
tions to theological science. On the bor-
der-land between philosophy and theology,
I embracing ethics and natural theology, be
'was thoroughly at home. In theology, while
I strongly Calvinietic, he differed Irom many
of that school by taking his departure from
the needs of mon rather than from the pur-
pose of God. His 'Institutes of Theology'
present in mature form the views be pro-
pounded from the theological chair. Ao-
cepting the Scriptures as the record of a
divine revelation, he held that true theology
was simply the result of Bacon's inductive
method applied to the book of Revelation, as
true science was the result of the same
method applied lo the book of nature. On
this basis his whole theology was reared.
On lU June 1630 Chalmers became chap'
lain in ordinary of the Scottish Chapel Baj^,
apoet which he held till his death. In 1832
Chalmers was invited by the trustees of the
Duke of Bridgi^water.on the recommendation
of the Bishop of London (Blomfield), to write
oneof theei^ht treatises on natural theology
provided for in that nobleman 'swill. The sub-
ject allotted to him was 'The .\dapt8tion of
External Nature to theMoral and Intellectual
Constitution of Man.' The volume was puV
Ushedin 1633, and after a successful aale
(notwithstanding an unfavourable critique in
the 'Quarterly Review') was recast aa a pop-
larger work on ' Natural Theology,'
~ few years after his settlement
inburgh that Chalmers found himralf
Chalmers 45^ Chalmers
'->at.- :.-^" '-"r^lpT irrrsjz.'. :^' — i. =.:'— =<*??- ""^i* w^cn: v^er li* cooatTy AdvocAUs^
iLtlt — '- »"^^* T— ^ ki*i>-T:L: ^r.*- .•:,.-.:- :: ItZj^ :pp:'5..-^:s"«-4ff nj«*i ro this «nd«Avoiir
iLi .Sy>-*_*i ^iir:i pr.r.irii :.r "ill-- "t^ by iLr *>iT>::;^:«s of the * ToiiinTArr' sT<t«m,
bT lirr »•■.• :f Q---r:i A-.'r: z*isr.'jzi=^ pii- *=.i ;jLer d-9l;\:C &:-i ir&£ noc '^buuiedr The
;r>aA^r 171:: "Ji*r rl^*: •■^i pni?"L.:aLlv " Til^n^Arj <»ncroT«*r/ directed again*: ill
f.2^riKdr:*L 1=. Isit:: l'L&Izl't^ Lki '>-rn cril v&^aili^Lmenif of nrli^on. became tctt
i :o ".ir cLilr : f : 1-: z»riL-rT\I *Sfl^=.blT. lirrlT. ac £ Cialm-rr? caz.? out a^ the cbampioa
terJix ":L:i.r br.^ii^: n'^r«: i3>t'> <M-i':4«^ of e^^cablisLei chxx?ciie». A coorseof kcturvs
wiiL *ci;jirtU«:l.-:al !i-i:'>r». ic ScjTtiii in -.br deliv-rrsd by him in l^yad\xi in l5^ in ibeir
aMi=skolT vf Isi;::^ in £at -^ir .f as. -rnacz.-^:.!. C£:f^:icn wki a iriumphant 5ncc«a«. * DoJuss,
rlifh. iLoxfii rvrj-scr.'^i :i.7:i. vas carrl-=d zzuc^uise^. e&rls. iriieoimis. baP3n«« bazv>nciSy
D!%z* jK!/tz 'jZl '^k TEtjziiz. of l^'jTd. MoHcr^Lf^ bL«L>ps. and niembpirR of parliament wcr« xo
' Lf 'mji.'j-k^ a* tirr T-j-.o Iat. It was -rn- be -iifen in evcrr diriciion." " Ix>ndp>n set-med
tirtlT in •OT'^rd tI-.-i Li« ri^Ti of thr: m: ral iiirre*! to it* tctt deptlu. . . . Priobabir Lis
dizr-'J v: :i:r j^'-pl*^. i-i '':-r :=:pjr.Ai::sr of Ivicii-n l-ctares asori^i the m<>«t tvmark-
qiickecin; •.L.rir ii»r**. ::: :b.r wvrk of ih.-? ab'.^ illu^iTa:ion* of hi* «rxrra»>rdinarT p>ver.
cbixrcii. tL^: tLt? £l>^i LaT-: an ^f-rctive aci z:.**: be 7ank«»i amonz the mc«t eijoal
Toio: in tLt cL-.;.>t of tL-rir pa*:or*. The iHistritli.iii of oratorv in anj afv-.* I: has
veto Utt dJ : no: wliLdraTr frja the parr'^ns oftea. bwrn rvprv^nted as inconaist^n: in
the rli'Lr o: i::;2Lr.i:ljn : :: onlrjav* to the CLalmer? to ar^^ru* so p>werfuilv for wti
male head* ji i^3:lliT•^ a ri^L: of veto. The hki*hrrient& in ls3S. and dre jeazs after h^
m-ra^'irv: workrd r-rSLairkab'T ■arell dirinjrthe the largest withdrawal £n:>m an establish-
f»rw vear^ wLen :: Lai a fair trlaL But it ment ever known. Bat &om the beginning
wiA this law that ;rave 'jccasion to the liti- he had alwav* maintained that it was ee-
gration wLicL en led in :h-s diarjption of the senrial for a christian church to pMe<r>« the
cbirch t^n y^AT't a:t-:rwar»ii. TLe v-to wa* rijii: jf self-^ovemm^rn:. undisturbei bvihe
tben deijlar^d to t>r v/'ra rire4. Chalmers is intr:isi >n of anv secular power, and tha: the
Iprlieved to have w-iLrd that thi* question pir'-rple should not be subjected to the minis-
should !>: Ivifiilv ifrf.led k«fore the act wa« trations of clerzymen to whom thrv had a
paffre'l: but I>jrd Monc^ridT and o:her emi- decidrd antipathy. It was because: hr be-
n^nr lawyers tLo:!^-:-: :hi: i:? Iezi»i:ty could lieveii that iLr^e conditions b-;onr«ed !■• the
O'it \^ qw-stiorirri — in -^pinion arerwards Sco'.ch church that his advixracy oi it* es*a-
a>^:er.Aine'l to L;ive l«en unlounie^i. blishment was ?*"• stp^nj in ISiS; and be-
Fr*»?h honour-? contir*ued i-j liow in. In cauii-e he beIi«rv»:«J that it wa» deprivt-i of
]%.'>4 h»: wa- •rl-cte^l a Ivllow. and in lS.3o & these conditions by what f«:tllowea. he (Az
\ice-pr»;-i'ien^.'.'f the Rovtl .Sooietvof Edin- constrained in 1S4^3 to abandon it. It must
bur^ii. In ls>4 h-: wa* bl-^j •ilect'rd a cor- be said -if Chalmers that he wa^ accustomed,
r»;ip'jndin^ member of the Institute of France, in maintaining the two principles of *rlf-
ana in 1 '^•>o th».- university of 0x1* jrd mad»: government or spiritual mdependence and
him a D.C.L. non-mtrusi':»n. to dwell much le?^ than s<«me
\Junn;r his yearr of calm academic work of his brethren on the direct "divine ri*:hi'
Chalm*;rs had never be*.-n unmindful of the or scriptural obli^tion of thesv principles^
'Xindition of the country', and especially of its and much more on their Ijeing indispensable
larfre town.?, nor cea-^ed to desire the erec- to the efficiency of the church. Deprived of
tion of new churches and parish*;* wher*:- in- the»e attributes he thought that an esta-
i:reas«^d population demanded it. In ]*i'2l bli shed church was not worth the maintaixir
he ha^l prop'jse'l a .-scheme for the en.'Ction of ing, and that it was better to quit the esta-
twenty new churches in Glasgow, but the blishment and seek them elsewhere,
propo.sal wa.s .'^couted as visionarj*. In 1^34 Scarcely had the L*)ndon lecture* been
the prrjp«>Tal wa> renewed bv an eminent citi- delivered (April IS^S » when the controversy
zen of Ola^-gow — Mr. W. Collins, publisher in the churcli, commonly called • the non-
— and Chalmer- thrr.'W him.sell'most heartily intrusion controversy.' assumed a new form,
into it. It» 6ucce.«*j led to a larger scheme — A few weeks, indeed, before their delivery
the erection of two hundred new churches (8 March) the court of session had delivezed
and panshes throughout Scotland. Though a judgment in the * Auchterazder case/ in
greatly eclipsed by fiub.«e(|uent achievements, which the veto law was declared illegal, and
thiji WHH ri'garded at the time as an enterprise the church courts v ere virtually called on to
of extraordinar)' boldness, but it succeeded | disregard it, as a i ct mm. The general as-
Cha
aimers
setublj, however, determined that an app»il
aounet tbisdecision ahotUd be carried In the
Uoiui' of Lonis, so that it was not yet fina].
But it became final Lu May 1839. lii the as-
Bembly of 1839 ChaUnere, who had not been
a member for six years, apoke emphatically
s^iuat the claims to control the spiritual Ju-
rudiction of the church put forth hy the civil
courts, and thereafter he took a moat active
p«rt ill negotiatioiu desired to terminate
the colliaiou through a legislative enactment
recognising, in dome shape, the rights of the
poopte. All the efiorta thus made to heal
tbeorvaob, though continued for some years,
proved in vain. The church having sub-
jected to discipline certain ministers of the
presbytery of Stnilhbogie who had disre-
gardea ber orders hy obeying the court of ses-
aion, and Chalmera being among those who
for this reason were held rebels atfuiust the
Uw of the land, parties became so Keen that
all efforts at coDciliation were encompassed
with very great diiBculties. Meanwhile tbe
civil courts gate fresh decisions, impugning
more and more the principles held to he in-
diapensahle hy Chalmers and others, denying
among other things the right of the church
to form pioad laci-a parishes, or to make tbe
ministers of new churches members of church
courts, thus aiming a heavy blow at the
church extension enterprise of Chalmers,
which had added two hundred ministers and
C.d laera parishes to tbe establishment,
result is well known. Nettlier parliament
nor govemment would admit the claima of
tbe chun-h. On 18 May 1843 a formal eepa-
ntiou from the estahliuied church took place
on the part of those who were opposed to the
pretensions of the civil court. Four hundred
and seventy ministers resigned their livings
and joined the Free church. Chalmers was
elected first moderator of tbe free protesting
church of Scotland. Tbe disruption was ' a
sore, bitter, crushing disappointmeut— the
blasting of all his fondest hopes.' The step
on bis port was prompt-ed by the conviction
that under the fetters of the civil courts the
church could never grapple eifectually with
the grunt work of reclaiming and elevating
the whole population of the country, and ha
Uwtask, that thus the homefaenlhen would yet
\» rwilsimed, and the desert and solitAry place
be made to rejoice and blossom aa the rose.
But it was necessary to find means of
support for the disestablished church. To
this questiou Chalmers bent his mind a year
btdbre the catastrophe occurred, The ruauU
was his devising the well-known euatenta-
tion fiind, with which tbe history of tlie
Free church has been identitied. It was
founded on a very simple arithmetical priiw
ciple. On the basis of a contribution from
each member of a penny a week, Chalmers
showed that a stipend of 150/. a year might
beprovidedforfivehuudredministers. Qreat
incredulity fallowed his announcement of lus
plan, but Its foundations were on solid rock,
and ultimately it found favour. Though noc
without weak points, it was adopted by tha
church ; it has been substantially carried out
ever since, and though tbe number ofminieterB
is now double what Chalmers contemplated,
the amount paid to each exoeeds considerably
what he proposed.
This matter being disposed of, Cbalmers
now returned to tbe great scheme which he
had cherished so warmly since his entry into
Olssgow, The home-heatben problem was
still unsolved. In tbe great cities especially
there were yet many thousands att^iding
no church, many of them in a condition of
fearful dE^radation. In hia eyes there was
just one way of dealing efl'ectually with this
problem — the territorial, aggressiTe system.
After the recent ecclesiastical changes, be
could not booe to carry out any undertaking
directed to this object on a scale corresponf
ing to the extent of tbe evil. But be might,
bv an ejyerimentum crudi, show the possi-
bility of eilccess under his scheme. He se-
lected the West Port, one of the woral
districts of Edinburgh, for a territorial ex-
periment. Markingoll'a district with a pcipti-
lation of about two thousand souls, he divided
it into sub-districts, as in Glasgow, and ob-
tained the aid of a body of lealous christian
friends as visitors, each to labour in a sub-
district of a few families. Engaging ail old
malt-ham, he procured tbe assistance of s
zealous and able student to hihour among
the people and conduct sabbath services in
tbe bam. A dav school was opened for the
children of the district, and, contrary to tile
remonstrances of many friends, a fee wa« ex-
acted for their education. Tbesabbath school
was added to the day school. By-and-by a
plain church and school were built, Begun
in 1846this enterprise had become a great suc-
cess beibre his death in 1847. Its subsequent
history has been most encouraging. "Wlmt
Chalmers desired was that similar churches
should be built in every suitable locality, till
the whole destitution of Scotland should be
overtaken. It wasanunspoakableioy tohim,
after the loud sotmds of long and hitler con-
tj^iversy, to return to this practical outcome
of all bis eccleaiastical ideas, and &how the
beoring of all on the good of tto country and
the elevation of its lowest class, and thus on
the solution of the moat dilhcult of lUl ilw
, z^mtzTr -^7- ^^rPAT
■J
l:*. »r..: ;■:..-;-. t :l ';: i:iaLiT#^. imi xmxr' -i?*ni n.- in. i^irJtr'f * AaAlrrcj."" * it<L To
uv. .^.- ;■-'':'.=:: ---1.— T i-J5 ^r-^i!?:* v. l-rn. »:> -^ :_»» *rii-3-li^. "*" Hjc^u LIU*-,
..,-. 1.:.: .--r: t..- c ..- --uT^-»ija. -r^iu.- --r---::: •■**^ ■-: " J»KT»7--.r I^.-r*I^::*3
»■:■' ■* -^ -. -'-:. ,:- i-i.-^. - -'->r .ij^-ir-i _■ * • — ■ T _-' :^*^- : r*!:-*.'*
X.' '. ^u -• 7": l.:X- .11- St— <,:«^ ks-^OXtr'l - " "~ ' -^r^xr "'^'-' '^ ^'.'**'r^^
•.' I-.-. . . J. ^ . ULTtT— -J**-- -.^^ „ _^_ i--»-.-4T-^T. : *-: 3- J^ir 1^I9:
*". ' .'- ' .;' . '.J. '.^
..t
I
CHALMERS. W. A. ,#f. ir'>ii. watrr-
:''. "*-■. ri-i .- L =: s • .-w^rd-i the rnd vf
ii\rf r-. •,•>* ' -* '•-■*-.'' !=:•.- "t-".. 21 '.IT
,, T-.r In-rrmrn* of The lar*r Pn=-*ideiit iSir
••• ' '. '^' "■-• ' •^^- ' ; -•'^y;"-r=- JvO. .1 Krvrold., at <:. Paul's ; ' in 1793
-. ... ',: -■.<:.'.-. ^. . :. .'. -v •.-.:.:. tr. -.Lr -Ji:^ i^-..^^^^^ of H^nrv VITsChiH wirh the
//...;..•;. ./.;:;• :. ' . .* T .,.»... v-r .r.^r.^Trr. r>-.^.,nvofthr Install ar ion:' and in tb-ii«t
v^r -he • NWt Front of the Ab^iev. Bath/
f/.',.'.. r^.f.:.-:. .v. .-»- .r/K.w- .41 ;,r.': mor^ Af->:r an inrerval of four vears he exhibited in
J,::,.....!. I- :.-..r v.;.- a,.o-*-l -o ..^ it- i7i,..Mr. K-mblea. the -Stranger.-Hnd the
.-:} .f, .,v-,..v.',n. or to ?-r^.:na-*: in d^^?- . j,. ^^^ ^^f jj^^^ ^-^j . jj^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^
lf.f,;ij l■.;1^/,r;J• ',,'1-. It ro ,.rl n»rV«:r foWt ^jj^^j vounff.
lh«- ti-rnumt.* nil nnt-yfi la favonrit*; phra^-i: of fTj'j " • T»--* «>_..•. i^ - T^^
... , / . .1 .• -.1,!. [li'.-d^raves Diet, of Artists : Orare&s Diet
v«i»j'ifi of III" iridr. idiial. and lh«-n th«; r**?*?- ■•
lii-rfition II nd i-l«rv;itioM of wK-iirly at lar/e. CHAXiM£RS, SiB WILLIAM 0787-
'I Imi writifi;/''. of riialrm-r-t fiill into two 1W5(J), lieutenant -general, eldest son of Wil-
rliiK.-<-)< tfioff: p'lbliwliffd during hi»t life and lium Chalmeni of Glenericht, near Blair-
biK |»'>nl.liiimoii> w'»rkH. Of tlw firrit, liiH prin- gowrie, Perthshire, was bom at <ilenericht
n|iiii workM, in t w<!nty-fiv<; vol umcH, were: in 1787. He entered the army on 9 Jul?
1. ' .Nfitiiriij TlH'oJofrv/ :^ voU. "1. * Evidences 1H03 as ensign in the 52nd foot, becoming
ofMiriNtiiinity,':^ vols. .T 'Moral and Mental lieutenant on 23 Oct. of the same year.
8 regiment, o! |
■ ■ ■ g;
I order wss issued directing that eleven '
Bri tisli regiments then stationed in that island j
should he augmented each by a company of
Sicilians Milisl^ for seven yeara' general ser- i
yice under the British crown, it fell to him, !
•s simior aubaltem, Co raise the regimental \
quota of uieu for that purpose. lie became I
captain in the second battalion in 1807. He
MTveil with his regiment in Portugal and '
Spun in lyOS-S ; in the Walchertai expedi-
tion, including the bombardment of l-lusht ng ; I
and subsequently as a regimental officer and |
ftsbrigade-majorof various infantry brigades .
in the Peuinsular camjHiigijs irom 1810 to
1814, in the course of which he was present iu i
aerejiteen engagements, including tlie battles
of BBrossa,Siilttmauca, and Vittoria, and the
TBjiouB actions in the l^renees and on the ,
Nivelle, and at the eieges of Ciudad Rodrigo,
BadajoE, and San Sebastian ; had altogether
ax horses shot under biu; and on one occa-
sion — the attack on the entrenchments of
Sarre in 1813— was himself very severely .
wounded. He received a brevet majority
for service lu the field in 1813, oud a lirevet |
lieutenant-colonelcy for Waterloo At the i
latter period he was sen'ing as aide-de-camp
to his uncle, Major^neral Sir Kenneth Mac- |
kemie, afterwards Sir Kenneth Douglas, bart., i
of Glenbervie, who was commanding at Ant- j
■wenii which was in a very critical slate, hut
golleavetojoinhisregimentbefore the battle,
where he conunanded the right wing of the '
62nd, and had three horses killed under him. |
He was also present at the capture of Paris,
Uid with the army of occupdlion in France
until 1817, when he retuvd from active mili-
tary life. He married in 1826 the daughter
of Thomas Price. He became brevet colonel
in 1837, wns mnde K.C.H., and C.B. the
year following. He became a major-^neml
ID 1846, was created a knight-bachelor in
1846, Hjipointed colonel of the 78th high-
landers in 1S53, and became Leutenant-gene-
nl in 1854. He was in possession of the
Feninsulnr medal with eight clasps, and the
Waterloo medal. Chalmers, who had been left
a widower in 18fil, died at his seat, Glen-
ericht, on 2 June 1860. His age appears to
Lavi' been given incorrectly in tlie ■ Qentle-
II)aii*H Mngaxine' and other obituary notices.
[Army Lists; Moareom's Hi«t. Eec, 62rid
Light Infantry ; Leeke's Lord Seuton b It«gt. at
Wnierloo, vol.!.: Dod's Knighlago ; Geiit.Mng.
ard MriBS (in.) p. 101.] H. M. C.
CHALON, ALFBED E1IWAR1I(1780-
1660), portrnit wid suhjecl paiulur, joiuijfer
brother of John James Chalon rq.v.l, was
born at Geneva on 16 Feb. 1780. He was
intended, like his brother, for a commercial
life; but he took early to art, and entered
the Academy schools in 1797. In 1808 ho
became a member of the Society of Associated
Artists in Water Colours. In the same year
he founded, with his brother John and' sis
others, the ' Evening Sketching Swiety," the
meetings of which were mntiuued for forty
years, and of which a full account will be
found in the ' Recollections of T. Ewins,' and
in the 'Recollections and Letters of C. R.
Leslie.' He exhibited his first picture at the
Royal Academy in 1810. In 1812 he was
elected associate of tliat body, and became
a full member in 1816. ' Ho (hen and for
many years afterwards was the moat faahion-
uhlf portrait painter in water coloura. His
full-leI^[th portraits in this manner, usually
about fifteen inches high, were full of <ihB-
racter, painted with a dashing grace, and
never commonplace ; the drajienes and acces-
sories drawn with great spirit and elegance.'
In his younger days he painted eome good
miniatures on ivory. Chalon was the flrat
to paint Queen Victoria after her accession
to the throne, and received the appointment
of painter in wateT colours to the queen. As
a portrait painter in this medium he had an
extraordinaryand almost unparalleled vogue:
but he survived his fame. In 1856, tho year
following his brother'a death, he exhibited,
at the rooms of the Society of Arts in the
Adelphi, a collection of his own and of John
Chalon's works, hut it does not seem to have
attracted much attention. Leslie, hisfricnd
and warm admirer, writes : ' It was to aie a
proof, if I had wanted one, of the non-appre~
cifttion of colour at the present time that the
exhibition of J. and A. Chalon's pictures
failed to attract notice.' If water colours
were the medium bei^t suited to his genius,
Chalon nevertheless painted a vast number of
works in oils, having exhibited altogether
upwards of thnw hundred oil paintings at
the Royal Academy and elsen^ere in the
course of his life. Among his best-known
subject pictTires may be meatioued 'Hunt
the Slipiter,' 1831; 'John Knox reproving
the Ladies of Queen Mary's Court,' 1837 ;
'Serena,' 1817; 'Sophia "VVesteTU,- 1867.
He was clever in imitating the styles of other
painters, and particularly of Watteau, whose
pictures he greatly admired.
Chalon had made a large collection of his
own and his brother's drawings and paintings.
In 1869 he offered them to the inhabiianls
of Ilompstead, together with some eiidnw-
menlsfor the maintenance of the collection:
but the scheme fell through. He then olTcrtTd
Chalon 456 Chaloner
them toth*f nation, with a Mmilarly unsati.s- or attained to so equal an excellence, in lo
factory i^jiiilt. I^te in life he retirwl with many departments of art. He painted land-
hU Virother to an oM hou-^e on Campden Hill, scapes, fijBrore and animal subjects, and ma-
Kfrnsinizton. and then? died, 3 Oct. \¥^. His rine pictures with equal fiacility and succew.
numeronA fri»?nd* V>re unanimous testimony He belonged, with nis brother Alfred Ed-
to the delightful social qualities of the man, ward ''(^, v.", to an evening sketching club,
and were ungrudging in their recognition of which" included Leslie and Clarkson Stans-
hi.4 genius. fi^ld among its members.
I860, pp. 487. 7.'»6. 792: Art Journal, 1860, 1854.]
p. 337, 1^62. p. 9, an article upon A. E. Chalon ^^rr a ▼ r^-M-Em rj i^io l* ^
l.v Jam«. Daffr.rne: AutobioffraphioU RecoUee- CHAM^NER, -— ■ {d, 1«3>, a chief
tiona of C. R. Le»»Ii-, ed Tom Tavlor. 2 voU. actor in Edmund \\aller8 plot of ld«, is
pa«!*iin; Re.yjl Inrt ions of T. Ewins,''2 vols. 1853, descnbed in contemporary accounts as 'an
pamim.] E. B. eminent citizen * and linendraper of London.
rvTTATi^v rr.iix' t * Afx-o /i— a lo-i^ ^^^ lived in Comhill, near tne Roval Ex-
CHALON JOHN JAMEM1m*-18o4) ^y^ ,„^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^ named Xorton.
lamlscape ami p;rnre painter, born ^' March TofTHther with Xathiniel Tomkins. secretarv
1 , , H was of a tr.rncfi tam.ly wh.eh had re- ^^ 7,,^ ^,^„., ^„„^^;, ^^^ Waller » brother
M at Gf:n*,va s.nc« the revrKjation of the i„.^^^.\ „rp,„ised. earlv in IM9, a societv
erlirt of N..nt,s In 1..h9 the family came ^,,ieh'wa« intended to^brinp topether all
to hnKl«n<I and Chalons father was a^ citizens desiroiL. of effecting a peace tet ween
pr.inte.I prr-fessor of l-n?nch language and ^^^ parliament and CharWi. The king aih
Iit.ratuivatth».Uoynl>r.l.tarvColl.^-,&and- '^j j,,^ ,^^ . ^^j „„ „^^, ^,f j^ "^^^
lnir..t The son was ii.tende<l for business ; »„ p^.^ imyiay l»m). Chaloner. Tomkins.
but Ins artistic jflY-^mfies were strongly Wall^.amlafewothers implicated in it were
marked, and in I i9f> hf Ijecame a student ut
oil. but in \^mh.. K-fran to^xhibit at th^ j.^^, ,,f y^^^„ Both were found iruiltv
ga l..rv of t h.- \N «t.r-<olo..r N^ioty and in „„ j(„„,,,,^ , .-, j^,^ ,^„,, ^^^ sentence of deatk
1M)« b,,t.„nK- a iwmU-T ot tha Wly He ^-a., .-arried out on the following WVlnesdav
, . , . , . .1 r' • . '•f »"" "i?? fatlier offered him a roval iiar-
which IS now m til- >outh Kensington Mu- ,,„„ ^^.,,i^.,^ ,,g ,,^,5^^^ ^^ ^„„,.,, -jj^ '^^j
Miim In I-', hr w«« ehctod ass.,ci«te of ,,;, friond Tomkiiis alone suffen.>d cai.ital
th»' Koyal Ac;iil«MTiy, and became a full mem- •ouni-iliment
>)er ill i>?41. Amonjr lii^ lator works may be ^
»u])porte<l him.s<'lf by toacliing. He exhi-
biti.fl, how.'v»T, as many as !.'« pictures in CHALONER, JAMES (1603-1660), re-
oils at tlu; iJoyal Acafb'my and at the IWtish picid« and antiquary*, was fourth son of Sir
lii.stitut<*, aiul had niadp his mark, moreover, Thomas Chaloner theyoimprer ^i-v.";, of Guis-
as a watfT-rolour ]>airitrT. In 18:?0 he pub- . Ixjronp^h, Yorkshire, and Steeple Claydon in
ll.shed a book of 'Sk<*tches of Parisian Man- [ Buckin^fhamshire. Inl616 he entered Brase-
n<»rs,* which was niucli admired byStothard. , nose College, Oxford, and after leavin^r the
He was a friend of C. II. Leslie, R.A., who
ffreatly n'S|)ect«;d his genius, and wrote of
)iim tiiut few painters had so great a range,
university became a member of one of the
inns of court. He married Ursula, daughterof
Sir William Fairfax of Steeton, and his con-
nectioLii witli tbia liunily, joined vrith the grie-
Tonces of his own. led nim lo adopt tlie side
■if tlie porliiuiient durtng the emi vita. lu
1045 tie was elected member Tor Aid borough,
the tvrogvnllemeii who represented that placo
having oeen disabled as rovalbts ( C^mmoni'
Jtturnab, 12 Sept. IBIfi). " In llUT he
appointed
tlia refarm
I the
o refomiBtion of the tmivereity of Ibiford.
In the following yew he was named one of
the kings judges, and wae present at Ihe first
threesittiugt of tfaecgnrt, but from that time
abstained, and was not there when gcDtence
was pronounced agaiii«l the king (Nalsok,
JimmeU nf thr High Voart of Jiaticn). A
more congenial appointment was olTered him
in 16o2, when hifl wife's cnuaia. Lord Fair-
fajt, to whom I he Isle of Man liud been granted
bytheparlininent, named him one of the three
«ommi«notuir8 to settle lUs affairs in that
island 1,17 Aug. lf)S2). In Ihe dedication to
Lord Fairfax of his 'Short Treatise of the
Isle of Man,' Chalonertmys: '"We gave your
lordship nn (iccount in writing, as well as by
word of mouth, of our proceedings there, as
in relation Ui your revenues and the govern-
ment of the country. BO aUowliat our actions
were in pursuance of your pious intentions
for ihi! promotion of religion and learning.'
He goes un to say that he himself ' having
made a more than ordinarj' inquisition into
the state of the island,' now offers it to his
Etron. The preface is dated 1 Dtie. 1653,
,t the book itself wan not published til!
three years later. In 16^8 Chaloner was ap-
pointed govemorof the island. When Monck
marched ogniuat Lambert ,Chalonerattempted
to secure the Isle of Man for the parliamen-
tary party, hnt was himself seiied by the
Sirtisans of the army and imprisoned in Peel
tatte (Petition of his son Edmond Cha-
loner, Hintarieal MSS. Commimion, Tth Rep.
147). ' During his imprisonment,' says the
petition, 'being of a tender and weak con-
stitution, he took liis death sickness, whereof
he shortly after died before the Act of In-
demnity passed.' He left anliquarianmanu-
Hiripts. which passed into the possesion of
John Vincent. Nothing is known of them
lifter Vincent's death in 1671.
[A Short Tmatiee of Iho lale of Man. digested
into Six Chapters, London, 1653. pabtished as
an AppMiiti* to King's Vale Royal of England.
Jt wSH reiTinled by tho Maai tlocivty in 1874,
ulilad by the Rev. J. O, Cvinniiiig. Wood's
Athans OxDoicniiM, «l, Bliss, iii . 60S-4 .- i^krtoh
prelUscl tn Mr, Cuoimitig'B sditiou of the Trea-
tiae. Tht Fmrfai eiirrwpondcncc coutains two
l«tt«nt«t'nn1»Fairf<uraiid two inFsnlinaiido.
Loid Fairtni. A^etitiou dated 12 Aug. lSfi7
•tncw hi* liMnvi by ths war. and the opprwsliHi
af the king (CulMtdar of Domestic Slate Btpen),
£Eil)
I
uiid ibe lact of his iiu]>rieu]uiient in ISiU ii cou-
flriiied by tlis JoumalB of ihellcniBe of Commons,
27 Dec. 1669.] C. H. P.
CHALONER, Sik THOMAS, the elder
(1 5-21-1 iiBii), dipiomntist and author, eldest
Hin of Roger Chaloner, citiien and mercer of
London, a member of nn old Welsh family,
was boni in Lmdon, probably in the parish
of St, DunBtan's-in-t lie-East,* in 1621. It is
conjectured tliat he studied for a lime at St.
John's College, Cambridge, and was also for
a time at Oxford. In 1540 he accompanied
Sir Thomas Knyvet'a embassy to the court
of Cliarles V, was well received by the em-
peror, went with him to Algiers, and very
nearly lost, his life on the const of Barbsry
in 1541 (Haklcvt, Prinripnll yamgation*,
. 1810, ii. :^10). On his return lo Knghind
I Chaloner became clerk of the privy council,
I Somerset took him into favour at the end of
Henry's reign, and in 1647 Chaloner accom-
panied him to Scotland, fought at the battle of
Musselburgh 'ir Piiickie, niid wo» knighted on
thfljatiK'-fii'Iii, Hi' nil- i.iifPFij;f>d in procuring
eiidenc'ii;;.iiri-( Sheii.c- t'-liriilher and rival.
Lord Se^ijii'Lii-, in l-">-l--'': ivue one of the
wilneNx.'^i.i^.'Liii-i l:.>0N.-n l.'>4i')andGardiner
( 1351) ; i-et'en ed u lireiu* lo eut flesh in Lent
(1 June )i>50); was granted the lands lie-
longing to Gnisborough priorv, Yorkshire
(31 Oct. 1650) ; and on 10 May 1351 was
one of the commissioners numinnted to ne-
gotiate with the envoyaof Ihe queen of Scots
regarding dehateable land on tlie border of
the two kingdoiuB of England and Scotland,
proceedings which led to the treatv of Nor-
ham (10 June). He fulfilled similar func-
tions on 8 Mapci 1551-^, negotiating another
treaty with Scotland -J-i Sejit. 1553, and
received from Edward VI a grant of lands
■t St. Decs in Cumberland in 1553. At the
end of Edward's reign he went with Dr.
Woltou and Sir William Pickering on an
etahossy to France, but was immediately re-
called on Mary's accession. Although a pro-
testant,Chalauer wasnot excluded from pub-
licemploymentunderQueen Slori-. He was
sent to Scotland in February 156,^<i; had a
mnt of the manor of Steeple CInvdon, Buck-
inghamshire, 13 Aug. 1557. ami on 13 Jan.
1557-8 was directed lo provide Inmsportfor
the English troops proceeding to Dunkirk.
Further lands at Ouisborough were also as-
signed him on 16 July 1558. On the accse-
sion of Elixabeth. Chaloner was ordered to
proceed lo the emperor Ferdinand at Cour-
tray, in order to detach him fivm the French
alUance, and, after satisfactorily porforniinK
this service, was deapatched to ITiilip II,
then residinc ut Bni^wls, in c>rder to arrange
for a peac^l treaty between the Spanish
■ -^ V _. -- ■ ...... --.i'. •■ - •- " -_- iT"^ -1" r. •■ ■_!.- l\I:-r.:r ?f Vi-
> :... ,• ■--;- '-■■ :- • - - .:.■. :. ?-•; • -.::- «■- '\.^' i^ :"! ;- l "."t.:.—
.•*^..- ■ .-^ . , ■" .^ — ■' .• ..— ■ ;.- "^ .:;'* .- Iz^ _■ ..I UlTl'TLZ-' "Z. •" i-^ *.! .•
•,'■•■ '' - ■-:' ■■ -' -■- '■-- '.... "..-r ■ :• "^.TL-r "vu- inii^r-ri :■"* H ■•■ .:
■■ --. • . . . ' "■.-■■'' ■ . 1 ■■ ■-- "^ Tj" * \L-- _•! - Zj^tl*. "^4.'
■;... ...* • ■ - .- ■ .. J"":. •- V - r.l. " — ' '. " '.r- i.I_ll '•"• ■! ^ J- L' : '*-£_ 3 T-
"' ■ "" . . -■ .- a. ' — ■' ■■ " t
' ' ' ' ' • - ',1. " " • _* ^>''" * Z "^ -■'.'^ T"" - -••' "
1.
. -- •• "- - ■^-
/.• •
■ ■ -
• ' 'r .' " ; . • 11- * 1 - • H-L ""
•■•1.. .. ■ ■**, '"
■ i ^ -
■/. .. v- -- - - :-: -■ :. ■- I- •: i;-r.L.
> .
• •
r.. .
' ■ :.,■■..',::;;;. .;. ■ i ■. pr;..- •.: K. /■. •-;-... :.v--.vt : n.-fi-r.-r « ■. : :r.-: ..
i •• ', L':.:r. ■. .:..-. ■: hv -: Wilili:;. FI- •■■^v - ■:. r- ; r irr of L- : ■-. I:.
I . ' •. . r .-;•. i,;.;-. i^i*'*. ]:^-; :.•- T .•...•:.■:': -A >:.r Di-; ur-- :■;
; I; i' . ■.;••..• ..■■. .!.-• 1 .':.:.•;■. '*«:' -rr. :;.'.-• r--.--: V-r u*- -f N:*r- .' L^.r.-i-- n. V-;. t . .
.; I . .. ' '. :-..•.'/■. r ' Mj J f . r. r V \' I f f a p-a^* ! : •; i v.ork in :i i vAr.c-r ■■t ' l.v .':r-?. 1 r
' ■: ■: '.;. • l''//;..^.' '!.j,",Ta.'/;' i:.'] !.>,- K': h^i'l 'r.v Vfiol-inj. at ChrN* Ch:ir.:..^
-;,-..;.}. '. !.. '.fj ',.'. '/)...- ;.'/.'J j.«:r-',ri-. < fvfV H, ';f h''^>^r Du'll'ry. sr,n of T^ Flsrl '-I
'•. ■»,',!,/•■ ' jsi"': . .;n ::'i.'fjir;iM«- 'I'-v-v '*» J^-ifv?* •'■:■. siTi'l wu- kiii;rhT»rd whii'- ?^r^:T.J
I..,'!. ./....,. '.:r-, 'I.,»|., v.^ri \\.ir,!K>y'.xiA wirf. M:'- Kn::!!*}! army in Fraiicv in l'»'.»l.
',•}. I Ir.'i.'l (,/-fj."l L;iiiri ■,•.'■•:- Jii t],i; Fri l.j'«*J-7 li'; was ftffftin hbroad, and hi* l-'-
ii..*!..,!' |,r.ii.. fi .-..i fjr-t j,iilil:fli*"J in u-r-^, rVxfWy fnm Florence, to tho Earl t'f
I i/'.»l,v \\illi:iMi M;iliiii,fnirfi:r <,\' >K VtiwW K-rf x :ind Anthonv BiiCon "q.T." -tillMxi^t in
iili',',1. 'I III v. Iioli I- iji L;itiii v'r-«-,unfl w;i^ th'f La in }i<'th Library. It was excf^'dintrly
w/jMiii in : ii.iiii !n\v.i«n -J.*! l»«r. |.V;2 and i fond of natural history and philosophical in-
c BiHToimdiiig vogi^tiiri
14 tltal or iome piTts nf GuUboroiigli
hla own Yorkahif e(itnt'>, iinil nil liii-ri'iiii
iiboiit 1600, n.F>.l" il>" .tU.'ov..r, ..( i.ln
pope
fulmiiuited im nnatln
ttguiuBt CIlM-
i(! Young'* ' Wliirhy,'
Qrose'B ' Aatitiuiti
bat the tt-st is verriaiim lue curse "i i-.rnui-
phu8 in ' TriBtfMra Sliwiily,' In .rniues I'a
tuneChaloni'r'n woriwheciime verviii'critiihle,
ued tliroi ai royal mines, and th«y were
granted to Sir Pet(?r Pin.lur for l'2,fiO0l. a
veor to ibe king uiid l',2-IO/. to the Enrl of
iliilmve und unotlipr, «n(l after piying eight
hunuredwnrknien still prndiiced nn immense
prufiti In 15^ Chaloncr was mode justice of
the pence for Biickingham^liire. Townrdstlie
end of Eliaibi'th's reigii, nt Ibe instance uf
Sir Robert Cecil, nfierwards t»rl of 3ali»biir>'
t.j. v.], Chaloner went into Scotland, wbere
e became so great a favourite with King
Jamea tbnt oven Sir FmnciB Bacon souglii
hiarecoramondation. Ili-nttendeil.Iameson
hifl journey to take poeM*siiin (if the linplish
throne, and on the arrival nt York Iiciic1l>c1
iho depuuilioii 10 llie mayor, (iuceii Auiif
gave him the manngenipnt oF her priviilL-
Mtalc, and the king oppoiiiled him p>iLTni>r
of the king's eldest son Henrj- in ItKKt. lie
bad to fonn the Uouseliold into what ihi! king
called 'a eoiirtly college,' and no ifpnilamnn
could take tile prince out wicboiit his con-
Mnt, For bis services as the head official of
tlie 420 servants of the prince his ' wages
and diet ' were SSI. lHn. id. a your, la UUIS
he attended the prince to Oxford — Magdalen
College heing chosi'n out of respect to him
— and there, along with forty-two noble-
men, gentlemen, and esquires, he was made
ttiniiHterofarts, In 1005 hi- was entrusted
irith the repairs of Kenilworth Castle, the
planting of gardens, restonition of ii*h-pfmds,
game prewn'ra, Ac. In 1607 he and u Dune
and two Dutcbmiin showed ' rare flreworbs '
on the occjisinn of a Twelfth-night masque at
court. In IttIO, when tJie young prince wna
creati-d Prince of Wales und Itiike of CJorn-
null, and Chaloner wa4 made bis cbanib'-r-
lain, tlir scheme of M. Villeforesl to cstract
silver from lead waa entrusted by the princt-
. 4ia him dad Sir William Oodolphin for trial.
Initios he recommended the making of water-
pip°s of earthenware, of which be asserted
t^ighl thousand could be made in a day, aafi-r
and stronger than metal ones. On I'ette's
triul for xnsufliniency as u sbipwrigbt, the
king chose Chalontrlo make thut-xperimi-nta
on ibe powers and capacities ol' ships. The
ntyai Jiew-jear's gifts to him were of high
vnJuo. In lfi05 hla portion was 80 ojs, of
gilt plate, and at the christening of one of
hU children he received ■ 108 ox, of ^t [iltit«>
nf all kinds.' The public records mention a
few grants to him : in 1004, ICO/, a year in
lauds of the duchy of lAncastcr and 8CW. a
year in fee-farm of exchequer lands : and
subaequently part of the manor of Clotball,
Herifordabire. John Owen addressed one of
his ' Epigrams' to him ; niid Isaac Wake, in
bis 'Rex Platoniciis," Oxford, 1607, baa a
poem on him.
By his first wife, who died in 1603, be had
eleven children ; William, created a baro-
net on '20 July 1620, who died unmarried
at Scanderoon (the title became extinct in
UWl)! Kdward, Thomas [q. v.], James, the
regicide [q. v.l, end tliree other sons and four
daughters. Bv bis second wife, who died in
Ifilf), Judith, "dnughter of William Blunt of
Laudiiti. he hod four sons and three daugh-
ters. HewHsagr™! benefactor to the gram-
mar school of St. Bees, giving it in 1608 a
frond building site, with timber, stone, and
forty tons of sea coal, with an acre and a
half of adjoining land. There are two Cha-
loner scholarships still existing.
Chaloner left estates at Guisborough, York-
shire, and Steeple Claydon, Buckinghamshire,
and died on 17 Nov. 1615. In the chancel
of Chiswick Church, Sliddleaex, is a monu-
ment of alabaster having his effigies and his
lady's, with an inscribed plate. This monu-
ment makes his birth in 1561, and not 1569
as in Wood and Tanner.
[Htowe's Annals, p. 895; Wood's Athauic
Oion. i. 3DB. ii. 376. iii. 2d6; Wood's Fasti.
p. 173; Biog. Brit. (Kjppis).iii, 419; Childrey's
BriU Baconii«, p. 162 ; Bacan's Works, iv. 657 ;
Camden's Brit. p. 766 ; Fuller's Worthies (York-
shire), p. 186 ; Hymer'a Fcedeni. in. 64fi ; PsI.
I Jac. 1, p. 23, m. 10; Winirood's MeRiariali, il.
87; Sidney Pupora, ii. 3U7 : Dr. Bireb's Prinea
Henry, pp. 32, 97. 203; Dr. Birch's Qn«eti
EliEahelh. ii. I6D, 182, 23B. SSQ, -JSV, 304 :
Grose's Antiqailifs, vol, iv.; DnMUi'? Princae of
Wales, pp. 350, 877, 379; Ord's Cleveland, pp.
321. 323. 291; Cal. State Papera. Dom. Ser.
1603-10; Kiehnls'i Prngressss, i. 79. S53, Set».
603, ii. 2S2. 373; Rennet's CoUectiona. Harl.
MS. 983: Bnt«h!naan's Cumberland, ii. SS;
Peacbain's Complcat Oiintleman, c. 10, p. 93;
Cliilterbuck's BisL sod Antiq, of Eortronlahire.
ii. 361.1 J. W.-O.
Chaloaer
-cfc
Cbal*jaer
^x^.ir\ "'^'••H % p^^i-irr' i«nr tj*iiuii.' hit w-rii
•fiir* ujim. Aiiii** ' ^«^f'.^xtf\^isu '•caTai^SLL*.
aii'.n^T .-, ifMt .t,r* Hait >*<ffl. *«*<Tii*fi -r-.rii 'ii**
liMiKri -,n •!>. *.;.-. j.Hrr ' A a Ar*.'»Tr*r 'o •!•»
.S^^.'tt P*p«^r^ :rrv.7*r-r<i Lit a** H-.*Wir -/Cchl-
au.njt/ f ^-.tuli-x.. : ''^t, i^.-, ; ' Aa .Va-^-ww v,
4Fr3-«rraul ''J^f'/^ '-ft-* , , . a^ckJ-SAr. Mr, T. di*-
i/-*!^'* •*j^s^#r7:/ I>,tiiir-r.- I*i4^. 4?y. : • "Hut J m-
rhrr ^**«^>'-. 'i •-.»- K.r.i'/ f>r.--:..r.. I-i;*^:. i-.-..
f5o.»* *ri : p^i.r.S''..'*-^ ^i'* ."..*• :...* "J.r-*-* T^rr
r. ..V. -•.•',■..• .r. \-V^' r. f;. >i4r r.r- ir.-i O . '-.'.r.tL
T^r.-. p .*r Tc '**r -T-i* i ' ' rr..-:: . .— . r.*r» '^iT parLA-
'// *:.*- Tf..r,\ I :. >;►>>.** • i^r '. ^olrr.* 'ilvr. 1 1-
von ',f ^K*: ly.T^ jA-'i.Ani-E.*. Cr^nnr^ril caLftfi
•iraKfi HIT 31 1'
'. tad Ji iitiniar7 Jidi^viBir le -wm ictz
aflfii*^ -^fmnllrir 4^ ikaTp*. V^>iii *0'a^ f'
^.m. it^ixur t. J » u!Ji -ir 1. ui ^ a i iMv eaia w 1^
iye^AJiha l3i]pQrrjact*» ^ -:&u» '!i^ wir
■tr.ai"3itrtri-r* £wii!e. la. I*!5i> itt pabiidfti?*^ • A
Sp#jrt2L «?:n:a;T ng a. F^j/fm. i:r M jnar»r!ij/ L'c-
'2r.li. 4t»-.. ttxji^ *&ow^ taur it wikf bisgrrTT^'
•c • <^.T> rmaii ' wirii "rii* ti3Ks. bos ti» I*.'-.
Til .n, "lic: hi* WM »xeifpc#»^ «« ro bock lif-
acti ■»!?rA*.^ ^.m - ^ Act 'si fMizrvm, AlcbrAc*
•ii^ EatI :f iy-jiduBBftrm. '-J bmjL ritd %> lii-
Til- -.nlT 'TU>i 0/ il* £i3ily rh:lAti«:t* -•
:- I >'*t*Tr fnw J. W. -of Vvrk ::• Thonii*
•Vy ^-ut'n «ft*?Ju of A 2»titl*!nan. • yr-nr wife'*
hrr^rh^rr. Mr. Sr-thahte/
'N'-.* I^- R«fT^>«, :. 13-*; Ori't C*TrJL&L
Appir. ifx. p. ^^: : LoilpiV* M«Kr.ria:«w :::, «
Bi4LTr.r»Jif Co>r>.ca, pf. rr. rrrL si. {. 516:
Wcoi • A:h«:at Or t. ::L -541 : »ad Ch»:<«r#
W rkj. J. W.J5.
Z^
KNIi OF THE XINTH VOLUME.
INDEX
TO
THE NINTH VOLUME.
PAOK
1
See Robert of
Canute or Onut (994 ?-1086)
Canute, Robert (/f. 1170).
Cricklade.
Canvane, Peter (1720-1786) .
Canynges, William (1899 ?-1474) .
Cape, William Timothy (1806-1863)
Capel, Arthur, first Baron Capel of Hadham
(1610?-1649)
Capel, Arthur, Earl of Essex (1681-1688)
Capel, Sir Henry, Lord Capel of Tewkesbury
(d. 1696)
Capel, Richard (1686-1656)
Capel, Six Thomas Bladen (1776-1858)
Capel, William, third Earl of Essex ( 1697-1748)
Capell, Catherine, Countess of Essex (1794-
1882). See Stephens, Catherine.
CapeU, Edward (1718-1781)
Capellanus, John {fi. 1410 ?)
Capgrave, John (1893-1464) .
Capon, John, alias Salcot (d. 1557)
Capon, William {d. 1550)
Capon, William (1767-1827) .
Cappe, Newcome (1788-1800) .
Capper, Francis (1735-1818) .
Capper, James (1748-1825)
Capper, Joseph (1727-1804)
Camter, Louisa (1776-1840).
Capi)er, James.
Cappoch, Thomas (1719-1746). See Coppock.
Caraocioii, Charles {fi. 1766) ....
Caractacus (fl. 60)
Caradoo, Sir John Francis, first Baron How-
den (1762-1889) 27
Caradoo, Sir John Hobart, second Baron
Howden (1799-1878) 29
Caradog (<{. 1086) 80
Caradog of Llancarvan {d. 1147 ?) . .80
Caradori-Allan, Maria Caterina Rosalbina
(1800-1865) 80
Carantaous, in modem Welsh Carannog,
Saint (>7. 460) 81
Carausius (246 ?-298) 82
Carbery, second Earl of. See Vaughan,
Richard (1600 ?-1686).
Card, Hennr (1779-1844)
Cardale, John Bate (1802-1877)
Cardale, Paul (1705-1776) ....
Carder, Peter {fi. 1677-1586) ....
Cardigan, seyenth Earl of (1797-1868). See
Bmdenel, James Thomas.
Cardmaker, alUu Taylor, John {d. 1665)
VOL. DC.
See under
8
8
10
10
12
17
17
18
19
19
20
20
22
28
23
24
25
25
25
26
26
36
86
88
89
89
PAOR
Cardon, Anthony (1772-1818) . . 40
Cardon, Philip {d 1817 ?). See under Cardon,
Anthony.
Cardonnel, Adam [de] (d. 1719) 40
Cardonnel, afterwaids Cardonnel-Lawson
Adam [Mansfeldt] de (d. 1820) ... 41
Cardonnel, Philip de (d. 1667). See under
Cardonnel, Adam [del {d. 1719).
CardroBs, Barons. See Erskine, Daniel, second
Baron, 1616-1671; Erskine, Henry, third
Baron, 1650-1698.
Cardwell, Edward (1787-1861) ... 42
Cardwell, Edward, Viscount (1813-1886) . 43
Care, Henry (1646-1688) 45
Careless, William {d. 1689). See Carlos.
Carencross, Alexander {d. 1701). See Cairn-
cross.
Carew. See also Carey and Cary.
Carew, Sir Alexander (1609-1644) ... 46
Carew, Bamfylde Moore (1698-1770?) . . 47
Carew, Sir Benjamin Hallowell (1760-1884) . 47
Carew, Sir Edmund (1464-1513) ... 49
Carew, Elizabeth, Lady {fl. 1590). See Carey,
Elizabeth, Lady.
Carew, Sir George {d. 1612) . .50
Carew, George {d. 1588). See under Carew,
George, Baron Carew of Clopton and Earl
of Totnes.
Carew, George, Baron Carew of Clopton and
Earl of Totnes (1555-1629) . .51
Carew, Sir John (d. 1862) . .63
Carew, John {d. 1660) 54
Carew, John Edward (1785 ?-1868) . 54
Carew, Sir Matthew (d. 1618) .... 55
Carew, Sir Nicholas {d. 1589) .... 66
Carew, Sir Peter (1514-1575) . .69
Carew, Richard (1555-1620) . .60
Carew, Sir Richard {d. 1648 ?) .62
Carew or Cary, Robert, also called Cervinus
(>?. 1825) 68
Carew, Sir Thomas (d. 1481). See under
Carew, Sir John {d. 1362).
Carew, Thomas (1598 ?-1689 ?) .68
Carey. See also Carew and Cary.
Carey, David (1782-1824) .... 64
Carey or Carew, Elizabeth, Lady, the elder
(>?. 1590) 64
Carey, Eustace (1791-1855) .65
Carey, Felix (1786-1822) 65
Carey, George, second Baron Hunsdon (1647-
1608) 65
I I
462
Index to Volume IX.
FAGK
Ctfey, George Jftckaon > 1822-1 872 > . M
Carer, George SftviDe «174S-1807 . . 67
CureV, Henry, first Bsron Huoiidon 1<>24 ?-
1596J 68
Carey, Henry, second Earl of Mor^iuoath
tl596-1661« 70
Carey, Henry (<f. 174»! 71
Carey, James (1845-1883 • .72
Carey, John, third Baron Honsdon wf. 1617, . 78
Carey, John (1756-1896) 78
Carey, Mathew (1760-1889 74
Carey, Patrick {/1. 1651). See Carj-.
Carey, Robert, first Earl of Monmoath 1 500 ?-
16891 75
Carey, Valentine id. 1626 1. See Cary.
Care V, Williamt 1761-1884) .... 77
Carey, William* 1769-1846) .... 77
CArev,WiUiamPattlet. 1759-1889'. . 78
Cargill, Ann 1748 7-1784, known as Mi>s
Brown 79
Cargill, Donald, according to ^ome, Daniel
.1619?-16S1 79
Cargill, Jaiiit-s ■ /. 1605 80
Carier, Benjamin : 1566-1614 i . ... HO
Carilef, William de. Saint id. 1096; ... 81
Carkeet, Samnel (d. 1746i .84
Carkesse, James <y/. 1679 1 .84
Carkett, Robert J. 1780/ .84
Carleill, Christopher 15.51 ?-1.593 . .85
Curlell, Lodowick . Jf. 1629-1664 ... 86
Carleton, Baron td. 1725). See Bovie, Heurv.
Carleton, Sir Dudley, Viscoojit Dcirchester
(1573-1682) 87
Carleton, George (1 559-1628 j .... 90
Carleton, George (/. 1728. .01
Carleton, Guy 11598 ?-l«85t . . <♦•>
Carleton, Guy, first Baron Dorchester il7'24-
1808. im
CarleUjn, Hugh, Vinoount Carleton a7.'59-182(J i 95
Carleton, Mary 1 1642 ?-ir.7.^> .... I>5
Carleton, Richard (1561) ?-16.S8? .96
( larleton, Thomas • 1593 ?-1666 '. Se*- Compton.
Carleton, William .^/. l:;(iO?i . .97
Carleton, William .1794-18691 ... 97
rjarliell, Robert r7. 1622?i .98
(Jarlil**. Seealw^Carliell,CH^li^le.J^n'l Carlvl*-.
Carlile r.r Carlisle, Ajine (J. 1680 ?; . " . 99
Carlile, Christopher ^/. 15S8?' . . l>9
Carlile, Cljribtoplier 1 1551-15I»:) . See Car-
leill, Cliristopher.
Tarlile, .Jamert (r/. 1691i 99
Carlile, .lameM (1784-18541 .100
C.irlile, Richard (1790-184.3 . .100
(Jarlingford, Earls of. See Taafe, Theobakl,
firht Earl, d. 1077: Taa!^, Francis, third
Earl, 1639-1704.
Carliiigford, Viseounts of. See Taafe, Tlieo-
bald, second Viscount, d. 1677: Taafe,
Francis, fourth Viscount, ir»39-l 704 ; Taafe,
Nicholas, sixth Viscount, 1677-17fii>.
Carlini, .Vgostino id. 1790) .... 103
Carlisle. See also Carleill, CarlioU, CarliU-,
and Carlyle.
C.irliMlo, Sir Anthony (1768-18401 . . .103
Carlisle, Earls of. See Hav, James, first Earl,
d. 1636; Howard, Charles, first Earl of
the second creation, 1620-1685 ; Howard,
Charles, third Earl, 1674-1738; Howard,
Frederick, fifth Earl, 17 48-1825; Howard,
George, sixth Piarl, I77.'i-1H48: Howard,
(Miorge William Frederick, «>eventh Earl,
1802-1864.
PACI
Carlisle, Conntefls of (1599-1660). See Hay,
Lucy.
CarUsle,NichoU8 (1771-1847 ». . 1<M
Carloa, Edward John < 1798-1851) . .105
Carlos, Carles, or Careless, William \d. 1689 1 105
Carlse, James (1798-1855 > .106
Carlyle, Alexander (172S-1805 1 .106
Carlyle, Jane Baillie WeliOi (1801-1866 i. See
onder Carlyle. Thomas ■ 1795-1881 >.
Carlyle, John Aitken (1801-1879 • . .106
Carlyle, Joseph Dacre ( 1759-1804 1 . .109
Carlyle, Thomas (1808-1855) . .110
Carlyle, ThoBias (1795-18811 . .111
Carlyon, Clement a777-1864 1. .127
Carmarthen, Marqais of (1681-1712). See
Osborne, Thomas.
Carmelianns, Peter ^<7. 1.527 i . .127
Carmichael. Frederick 1708-1751 k .198
Carmichael, Sir James, fir^t Baron Carmichael
1.^78 ?-1672) 128
Canuichael, James t /?. 1587 .... 129
Carmichael, James WUson (1800-1868' . . 129
Carmichael, Sir John [d. 1600 1 .ISO
Carmichael, John, second Baron Carmichael
and first Earl of Hyndford • 1688-1710) . 180
Carmichael, John, third Earl of Hvndford
(1701-17671 * . .180
Carmichael, Richard. 1779-1 849. . .181
Carmvlvon. Alice or Ellvs t Jl. 1527-1581 » . 182
Camabv, William .1772-18391 .182
Camac,'Sir James Rivett (17^5-1846) . 1.S8
Camac, John (1716-1800) .... l.'W
Carnarvon, Elarls of. See Dormer, Rolwrt,
first Earl, d. 1643 ; Herbert, Henry John
George, third Earl of the third creation,
1800-1849.
Came, Sir Edward f/. 1.561 > . . . l:U
Carne, Eliziil>eth Catherine Thomas ,1817-
1873 1 135
Came, John 1789-1H44 135
Came, Jost'ph 17H-2-18'.8 . . 13«
Carne, Robert Harkness '1784-1H44. . 1.S7
Carnegie. Sir David, of Kinnaird. I.^»r«l Car
negie and Earl of Southesk 1 1575-1658 . 137
Carnegie, Sir Robert f7. 156t; . .1:^8
Carnegie, William. Earl of Northesk (1758-
18311 i:)9
Carnwath, Earls of. See Dalyell, Robert,
second Earl. d. 1654 ; Dalvell, Sir Rolx'rt,
sixth Earl, //. 1737.
Caroline 16S.V1 737) 139
Caroline Matilda 175I-1775j . . .145
Caroline Amelia Elizabeth of Brnn.swick-
Wolfenbiittel 1 1768-1821 1 . . . I'-O
Caron, Redmond I Hwr.?-l6iW; . . V>S
Carpenter, Alexander, latinised as Fabricius
(/. 1429) 153
Car}.>enter, George, Lord Caq>enter il657-
17321 154
Cari»enter, Janiefi Q 760-1845 1 . . 154
Can^nter, John 1370 .M441?; .155
Carpenter. John I r?. 1476 » .... 156
CarjwMiter. John 'd. 1621) .... 156
Curi)enter, Lant '1780-1840) . .157
Carpenter, Margaret Sarah 1 1793-1872' . . 159
Carpenter, Mary (1807-18771 . . .159
Cari)enter, Nathanael (158^1(;28?) .161
CanK-nter, Philip Pearsall (1819-1877' . .162
Carpenter, Richard (1575-1627) . .168
Carpenter, Richard J. 1670?i. . . 164
Can>enter, Richard Cromwell (1812-1 8.55 » . 164
Carpenter, William (1797-1874 > .165
Index to Volume IX.
463
I'AUE
Carpenter, William Benjamin (1818-1885) . 166
Carpenter, William Hookham (1792-1866) . 168
Carpenti^re or Charpentidre, irf. 1787) . 169
Carpentiers, Carpentier, or Charpenti^re,
Adrien {fl. 1760-1774) 169
Carpue, Joseph Constantine (1764-1846) . 169
Carr, John (1728-1807) 170
Carr, John (1782-1807) 170
Carr, Sir John (1772-1882) . .170
Carr, Johnson (1744-1765) . .171
Can-, Nicholas (1524-1568) .171
Carr, R. {fi. 1668) 172
Carr, Richard (1651-1706) .172
Carr, Robert, Earl of Somerset {d. 1645), or
Ker 172
Carr, Robert James ^"74-1841) .176
Carr, Roger (d. 16121 177
Carr, Thomas, alias Miles Pinkney (1599-
1674). See Carre, Thomas.
Carr, WUliam Holwell (1758-1880) . .177
Carre, Thomas (1599-1674), real name Miles
Pinkney 177
Carre, Walter Riddell (1807-1874) . .178
Carrick, Earl of (1253-1804). See Bruce,
Robert de VII.
Carrick, John Donald (1787-1837) . .178
Carrick, Thomas (1802-1875) . .179
Carrier, Benjamin (1566-1614). See Carier.
Carrington, Sir Codringfton Edmund (1769-
1849) 180
Carrington, Frederick George (1816-1864) . 180
Carrington, Lord (1617-1679). See Primrose,
Sir Archibald.
Carrington, first Baron (1752-1838). See
SmiUi, Robert.
Carrington, Noel Thomas (1777-1880) : . 180
Carrington, Richard Christopher (1826-1875). 181
Carroll, Anthony (1722-1794) . .188
Camithers, Andrew (1770-1852) .188
Camithers, James (1759-1882) .184
Carruthers, Robert (1799-1878) .184
Carse, Alexander ( fl. 1812-1820) . .185
Carse, William (/. 1818-1845) .185
Carsewell, John {fl. 1560-1572) .185
Carson, Aglionby Ross (1780-1850). .185
Carson, Alexander (1776-1844) .186
Carson, James (1772-1848) .186
Carstares, William (1649-1715) .187
Carswell, Sir Robert (1798-1857) . .191
Carte, Samuel (1653-1740) . .191
Carte, Thomas (1686-1754) .191
Carter, Edmund (;7. 1758) .194
Carter, Elizabeth (1717-1806). .194
Carter, Ellen (1762-1815) .196
Carter, Francis {d. 1788) 197
Carter, George (1787-1794) .197
Carter, Harry William (1787-1863). .198
Carter, Henry, otherwise Frank Leslie (1821-
1880) 198
Carter, James (1798-1855) .199
Carter, John, the elder (1554-1635J . . 199
Carter, John, the younger {d. 1655) . 200
Carter, John (1748-1817). . . .200
Carter, John (1815-1850) 202
Carter, Lawrence (1672-1745) .... 202
Carter, Matthew [fl. 1660) .... 208
Carter, Oliver (1540 ?-1605) .... 208
Carter, Owen Browne (1806-1859) . . 205
Carter, Peter (1580 ?-1590) . .205
Carter, Richard {d. 1692) .205
Carter, Thomas (r/. 1795) 206
Carter, Thomas (1785 ?-1804) . . .206
PAGB
. 807
. 207
. 208
. 210
. 215
. 216
. 216
after-
name
Carter, Thomas {d, 1867) .
Carter, WiUiam \d. 1584) .
Carteret, Sir George [d. 1680) .
Carteret, John, Earl Granville (1690-1768)
Carteret, Sir PhUip de (1584-1648) .
Carteret, Philip (d. 1796) .
Carthach, Saint, the elder (d. 580 ?)
Carthach, Saint, the younger {d. 686), called
also Mochnda 217
Carthew, George Alfred (1807-1882) . . 218
Carthew, Thomas (1657-1704). . .219
Cartier, Sir George Etienne (1814-1878) . 219
Cartwright, Christopher (1602-1658) . 220
Cartwright, Edmund (1748-1828) . .221
Cartwright, Frances Dorothy (1780-1868) . 223
Cartwright, George {fl. 1661) . .224
Cartwright, John ( fl. 1768-1808) . .224
Cartwright, John (1740-1824) . .224
Cartwright, Joseph (1789 ?-1829) . .225
Cartwright, Samuel (1789-1864) .226
Cartwright, Thomas (1535-1603) .226
Cartwright, Thomas (1634-1689) .230
Cartwright, Sir Thomas (1795-1850) . 282
Cartwright, William (1611-1643) . .232
Cartwright, William [d. 1687) . . .288
Carus, Thomas [d. 1572 ?).... 284
Carve, Thomas (1590-1672 ?) . .284
Carvell, Nicholas [d. 1566) .285
Carver, John (1575 ?-1621) .236
Carver, Jonathan (1782-1780) . . . 287
Carver, Rol>ert (d. 1791) 288
Carvosso, Benjamin (1789-1854) . .289
Carwardine, Penelope (1780 ?-1800 ?),
wards Mrs. Butler
Carwell, Thomas (1600-1664), real
Thorold
Cary. See also Carew and Carey.
Cary, Edward (d. 1711) .
Cary, Elizabeth, Viscountess Falkland (1585-
1639). See under Cary, Sir Henry.
Cary, Francis Stephen (1808-1880) . .240
Cary, Sir Henry, first Viscount Falkland (rf.
1638) 240
Cary, Henry Francis (1772-1844) . . .242
Cary, John (rf. 1895?) 244
Cary, John (<?. 1720?) 244
Cary, Lucius, second Viscount Falkland
(1610?-1648) 246
Cary, Patrick ( fl. 1651) 251
Cary, Robert (1615 ?-1688) .252
Cary, Valentine {d. 1626) 252
Gary, William (1759-1825) . . .258
Caryl, Joseph (1602-1673) . .268
Carvll, Jolui, titular Lord Carjll (102.'>-1711) 254
Caryll, John (1666 ?-1736) . . . .255
Caryftforfc, Earls of. See Proby, John Joshua,
first Earl, 1751-1828; Proby, Granville
Leveson, third Earl, 1781-1868.
Carysfort, first Baron (1720-1772). See
Probv, John.
Casali, Andrea (1720 ?-1788?) .256
Ctisanova, Francis (1727-1805) .256
Casaubon, Isaac (15.59-1614) . .257
Casaubon, Meric (1599-1671) . .261
Case, John [d. 1600) 262
Case, John [fl. 1680-1700) .268
Case, Thomas (1598-1682) .264
Caslon, William, the elder (1692-1766) . . 267
Caalon, William, the younger (1720-1778) . 267
Cassan, Stephen Hyde (1789-1841). .268
Cassel or Cassels, Richard (fl. 1757).
Castle, Richard.
289
289
240
See
464
Index to Volume IX.
PAOB
CaBsell, John (1817-1865) . .268
CasHie, James (1819-1879) . .269
Cassillis, Earls of. See Kennedy, Gilbert,
second Earl, d. 1527; Kennedy, Gilbert,
third Earl, 1517 ?-1558 ; Kennedy, Gilbert,
fourth Earl, 1541 ?-1576 ; Kennedy, John,
fifth Earl, 1567?-1615; Kennedy, John,
sixth Earl, 1595 ?-l 668; Kennedy, John,
seventh Earl, 1646?-1701.
GaAsivellannns {/I. 54 B.C.) .... 270
Gasteels, Peter (1684-1749) . .271
Gastell, Edmund (1606-1685) . .271
Castell, William {d. 1645) . . . .272
Gaetello, Adrian de (1460 ?-l 521 ?). See
Adrian de Gastello.
Castillo, John (1792-1845) . . .278
Castine, Thomas {d, 1798 ?) . . .278
Castle, Edmund (1698-1750) . .274
Castle, George (1685 ?-1678) . .274
Castle, Cassel, or Cassels, Richard {d. 1751) . 274
Castle, Thomas (1804 ?-1840?) . .275
Castlehaven, third Earl of (1617 ?-1684). See
Tonchet, James.
Castlemain, Countess of (1641-1709). See
Villiers, Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland.
Castlemain, Earl of {d. 1705). See Palmer,
Roger.
Castlereagh, Viscount (1789-1821). See
Stewart, Robert.
Castleton, Earl of {d. 1728). See Saunderson,
James.
Castro, Alfonso y (1495-1558) . .275
Caswall, Edward (1814-1878) . .276
Cat, Christopher {Jl. 1708-1783) . . .277
Catcher or Burton, Edward (1584 ?-1624 ?) . 278
Catchpole, Margaret (1778-1841) . . .278
Catcott, Alexander (1725-1779) .278
Catcott, Alexander Stopford (1692-1749) . 279
Catesby, Sir John (tZ. 1486) . .280
Catesby, Mark (1679 ?-1749) . .281
Catesby, Robert (1578-1605) . . .281
Catesby, William (^.1485) . . 284
Catharine. See Catherine.
Cathcart, Charles, ninth Baron Cathcart
(1721-1776) 285
Cathcart, Charles Murray, second Earl Cath-
cart (1788-1859) 285
Cathcart, David, Lord AUoway (d. 1829) . 286
Catlicart, Sir George (1794-1854) . . .286
Cathcart, Sir William Schaw, tenth Baron
Cathcart in the peerage of Scotland, and
first Viscount and Earl Cathcart in the
peerage of the United Kingdom (1755-
1848) 287
Catherine of Valois (1401-1487) . .289
Catherine of Arragon (1485-1536) . . 290
Catherine Howard (d. 1542) .... .S08
Catherine Parr (1512-1548) . . . .308
Catherine of Braganza (1688-1705). .812
Cathroe or Kadroe, Saint {d. 976?) See
Cadroe.
Catley, Ann (1745-1769) 819
Catlin, Sir Robert {d. 1674) .820
Catnach, James (of the Seven Dials) (1792-
1841) 821
Caton, William (1686-1665) . .821
Catrik, John {d. 1419). See Ketterich.
Cattermole, George (1800-1868) . . 822
Cattermole, Richard (1795 ?-1858) . .824
Catti, Twm Shon (1580-1620?). See Jones,
Thomas.
Catton, Charles, the elder (1728-1798) . . 825
PAGB
Catton, Charles, the younger (1756-1819) . 835
Catton, Thomas (1760-1888) . .823
Catton or Chattodunus, Walter (d. 1348) . 825
Cattwg, Ddoeth {d, 570 ?). See Cadoc.
Caulfeild, James, fourth Viscount and first
Earl of Charlemont (1728-1799) . .836
Caulfeild, Sir Toby or Tobias, first Baron
Charlemont (1565-1627) . . 828
Caulfeild, Toby or Tobias, third Baron
Charlemont id. 1642) 888
Caulfeild, William, fifth Baron and first
Viscount Charlemont {d. 1671) . .828
Caulfeild, William, second Viscount Charle-
mont {d. 1726) 888
Caulfield, James (1764-1826) . . .839
Caunt, Benjamin (1815-1861) . .881
Gaunter, John Hobart (1794-1851) . .633
Cans, Salomon de (1576-1680). See De Cans.
Causton, Michael de {d. 1895). See Cawston.
Causton, Thomas {d. 1569) . . . .883
Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas (1802-1871) . . 883
Caux, John de {d. 1268). See Caleto, John de.
Cavagnari, Sir Pierre Louis Napoleon (1841-
1879) 385
Cavalier or Cavallier, Jean (1681-1740) . . 835
Cavallo, Tiberius (1749-1809) . . . .887
Cavan, Earls of. See Lambart, Charles, first
Earl, 1600-1660; Lambart, Richard Ford
William, seventh Earl, 1768-1886.
Cave, Sir Ambrose id. 1568) . . . .388
Cave, Edward (1691-1754) . .338
Cave, John {d. 1657) 340
Cave, Sir Stephen (1820-1880) . .341
Cave, William (1687-1718) . . .341
CavelluR, Hugo (1571-1626). See MacCagh-
well, Hugh.
Cavendish, Charles (1620-1648) . .343
Cavendish, Christiana, Countess of Devon-
shire (d. 1676) 843
Cavendish, Elizabeth, Duchess of Devonshire
(1759-1824) 344
Cavendish, Lord Frederick (1729-1803) . . 344
Cavendish, Lord Frederick Charles (1836-
1882) 345
Cavendish, George (1500-1561?) . . .346
Cavendish, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire
(1757-1806) 847
Cavendish, Sir Henry (1782-1804) . . 848
Cavendish, Henry (1781-1810) . . . 348
Cavendish, Sir John {d. 1881) . . . .853
Cavendish, Lord John (1732-1796) . . .358
Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle
(1624?-1674) 3:>5
Cavendish, Richard {d. 1601 ?) . . . 857
Cavendish, Thomas (1555 ?-1592) . . 8.>8
Cavendish, Sir William (1505 ?-1557) . 868
Cavendish, William, first Earl of Devonshire
{d. 1626) 364
Cavendish, William, second Earl of Devon-
shire (1691 ?-1628) 364
Cavendish, William, Duke of Newcastle
(1592-1676) 364
Cavendish, William, third Earl of Devonshire
(1617-1684) 869
Cavendish, William, first Duke of Devonshire
(1640-1707) 370
Cavendish, William, fourth Duke of Devon-
shire (1720-1764) 875
Cavendish, William George Spencer, sixth
Duke of Devonshire (1790-1858) . .376
Cavendish- Ben tinck. See Bentinck.
Caverhill, John {d. 1781) 876
Index to Volume IX.
465
1395)
PAGE
, 876
. 877
. 877
. 877
. 878
. 879
. 880
. 880
. 881
See
881
Caw, John Young (1810 ?-1858)
Cawdell, James {d. 1800) .
Cawdry, Daniel (1588-1664) .
Cawdry, Zachary (1616-1684) .
Cawley. William (1602-1666 ?)
Cawood, John (1514-1572)
Cawston or Causton, Michael de [d
Cawthorn, James (1719-1761) .
Cawton, Thomas, the elder (1606-1659)
Cawton, Thomas, the younger {d. 1677).
under Cawton, Thomas, the eldei^
Cazton, WiUiam (1422 ?-l 491)
Cay, Henry Boult (d, 1795). See under Cay,
John.
Cay, John (1700-1757) 889
Cayley, Arthur id. 1848) 890
Cavley, Cliarles Bagot (1828-1888) . .890
Cayley, Cornelius (1729-1780?) .891
Ceadda, Saint {d. 672), better known as Chad 891
CeadwaUa. See CsBdwalla.
Ceallachan {d. 954) 898
Cearbhall, lord of Ossory (d. 888) . .898
Ceawlin (d. 593) 894
Cecil, Sir Edward, Viscount Wimbledon
(1572-1688) 895
Cecil, James, third Earl of Salisbury {d. 1688) 397
Cecil, James, fourth Earl of Salisbury {d.
1698)
CecU, Richard (1748-1810) ....
Cecil, Robert, first Earl of Salisbury and first
Viscount Cranbome (1568 ?-1612)
Cecil, Thomas, first Earl of Exeter and second
Baron Burghley (1542-1622)
Cecil, Thomas (fj. 1680) 405
Cecil. William, Baron Burghley (1520-1598) . 406
Cecilia or Cecily (1469-1507) . .412
Cedd or Cedda, Saint {d. 664) . .418
Cedmon, Saint (fl. 670). See Csedmon.
Celeclerech, 'Cilian, Saint {d. 697). See
Cilian.
Celesia, Dorothea (1788-1790) . .414
Celeste, Madame, proper name Celeste-Elliott
(1814?-1882) 415
Cellach, Saint (6th cent.) .415
CeUach, Saint (1079-1129). See Celsus.
Cellier, Elizabeth (/. 1680) . . .417
Celling, William, or perhaps more properly
William Tilly of Selling {d, 1494) . 417
Celsns or Cellach, Saint (1079-1129) . 418
Centlivre, Susannah (1667 ?-172d) . .420
Centwine or Kenten [d. 685) . .422
397
398
400
404
PAGE
Cenwalh, Kenwealh, or Coinwalch {d. 672) . 428
Cenwulf or Kenulf (d. 1006) . . .424
Ceolfrid or Ceolfrith, Saint (642-716) . 424
Ceohioth {d. 870) 426
Ceolred {d. 716) 426
Ceolric or Ceol {d. 597) 427
Ceolwulf (d. 764) 427
Cerdic {d. 534) 427
Cemach, Saint (/f. 450). See Carantacos.
Cervetto, Giacobbe (1682 ?-1788) . . .428
Cervetto, James (1749 ?-1887) . .429
Cestreton, Adam de (d. 1269) .... 429
Chabham or Chobham, Thomas de (/. 1280). 429
Cliabot, Charles (181.'>-1882j . . .429
Chacepore or Chaceport, Peter {d. 1254) . 480
Chad or Ceadda, Saint {d. 672). See Ceadda.
Chaderton, Laurence ( l.'>86 ?-1640) .
Chaderton, ChaddertOn, or Chatterton, Wil
liam (1540?-1608)
Chads, Sir Henry Ducie (1788?-1868)
Chadwick, James (1818-1882) .
Chafy, William (1779-1848) .
Chaigneau, William (1709-1781)
Chalk, Sir James Jell (1808-1878) .
Chalkhill, John {Jl. 1678)
Chalkley, Thomas ( 1075-1741 )
Challice, Annie Emma (1821-1875). See under
Challice, John.
Challice, John (1815-1868) ....
Challis, James (1803-1882) ....
Challoner, Richard (1691-1781)
Chalmers, Alexander (1759-1884) .
Chalmers or Chambers, David (1580 ?-1692).
See Chambers.
Chalmers, Sir George {d. 1791)
Chalmers, George (1742-1825)
Chalmers, George Paul (1836-1878)
Chalmers, James (1782-1858) .
Chalmers, Sir John (1756-1818)
Chalmers, Patrick (1802-1854)
Chalmers, Thomas (1780-1847)
Chalmers, W. A. (//. 1798)
Chalmers, Sir William (1787-1860)
Chalon, Alfred Edward (1780-1860)
Chalon, John James (1778-1854)
Chaloner, James (1603-1660) .
ChaJoner, Richard {d. 1043) .
Chaloner, Sir Thomas, the elder (1521-1565) . 467
Chaloner, Sir Thomas, the younger (1661-
1615) 458
Chaloner, Thomas (1595-1661) . . .460
480
482
484
485
486
436
436
437
487
488
488
440
448
446
445
446
447
447
448
449
464
454
455
456
466
467
PRCJTED BT
sro'nriftwooDK and co., new-strkri' squahs
IX>NI>OK
HUl
Stanford University Libraries
3 6105 118 444 921
I III